Topological Magnon Band Crossing in Y_{2}Ir_{2}O_{7}

Topological magnonic materials have attracted much interest because of the potential for dissipationless spintronic applications. Pyrochlore iridates are theoretically regarded as good candidates for designing topological magnon bands. However, experimental identification of topological magnon bands in pyrochlore iridates remains elusive. We explored this possibility in Y_{2}Ir_{2}O_{7} using Raman spectroscopy to measure both the single-magnon excitations and anomalous phonon shifts. From the single-magnon energies and tight-binding model calculations concerning the phonons, we determined the key parameters in the spin Hamiltonian. These confirm that Y_{2}Ir_{2}O_{7} hosts a nontrivial magnon band topology distinct from other pyrochlore iridate compounds. Our work demonstrates that pyrochlore iridates constitute a system in which the magnon band topology can be tailored and that Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique to explore magnon band topology.

Doping and temperature evolutions of optical response of Sr3(Ir1-xRux)2O7

We report on optical spectroscopic study of the Sr₃(Ir_1-xRu_x)₂O₇ system over a wide doping regime. We find that the changes in the electronic structure occur in the limited range of the concentration of Ru ions where the insulator-metal transition occurs. In the insulating regime, the electronic structure associated with the effective total angular momentum J_eff = 1/2 Mott state remains robust against Ru doping, indicating the localization of the doped holes. Upon entering the metallic regime, the Mott gap collapses and the Drude-like peak with strange metallic character appears. The evolution of the electronic structure registered in the optical data can be explained in terms of a percolative insulator-metal transition. The phonon spectra display anomalous doping evolution of the lineshapes. While the phonon modes of the compounds deep in the insulating and metallic regimes are almost symmetric, those of the semiconducting compound with x = 0.34 in close proximity to the doping-driven insulator-metal transition show a pronounced asymmetry. The temperature evolution of the phonon modes of the x = 0.34 compound reveals the asymmetry is enhanced in the antiferromagnetic state. We discuss roles of the S = 1 spins of the Ru ions and charge excitations for the conspicuous lineshape asymmetry of the x = 0.34 compound.

Uremic solutes of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol enhance protease-activated receptor-2 expression in vitro and in vivo in keratinocytes

OBJECTIVES

Uremic pruritus is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The retention of uremic solutes is thought to be associated with uremic pruritus. Meanwhile, activation of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) has been suggested to play an important role in pruritus. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of uremic solutes on the expression of PAR-2 in the skin.

METHODS

Indoxyl sulfate (IS), p-cresol (PC), and uremic sera from CKD patients were used to stimulate PAR-2 expression in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). Also, NHEKs were additionally pretreated with soybean trypsin inhibitor to evaluate its inhibitory effect on PAR-2 expression. Patterns of cutaneous PAR-2 expression were investigated in skin samples from five CKD patients and CKD mice.

RESULTS

In NHEKs, IS, PC, and sera from CKD patients significantly induced PAR-2 mRNA and protein expression. Soybean trypsin inhibitor significantly decreased PAR-2 mRNA and protein expression in NHEKs treated with IS, PC, and CKD sera. NHEKs treated with IS and PC exhibited significant increases in protease activity. Skin from both CKD patients and mice exhibited marked upregulation of PAR-2 expression compared to control skin.

CONCLUSIONS

Results from the present study suggest that uremic solutes either directly or indirectly affect PAR-2 expression in the skin of CKD subjects, potentially playing an important role in the pathogenesis of uremic pruritus.

3,5-Di-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl phloroacetophenone, a major component of Melicope ptelefolia, suppresses fibroblast activation and alleviates arthritis in a mouse model: Potential therapeutics for rheumatoid arthritis

Melicope ptelefolia has been traditionally used to treat rheumatism and fever. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of 3,5-di-C-β-_d-glucopyranosyl phloroacetophenone (βGP), a main component of M. ptelefolia, on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was established in mice using the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). The clinical scores of arthritis, swelling, histopathological findings, and micro-computed tomography in CIA mouse paws were assessed. The levels of anti-type II collagen antibody and cytokines were determined in the plasma and cell culture supernatant, respectively. Protein and gene expression levels were analyzed by western blot and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. βGP significantly decreased the gross arthritic scores of CIA mice and joint swelling, and decreased articular inflammation, cartilage degradation and bone erosion. However, βGP did not exert any effect on anti-type II collagen immunoglobulin G plasma levels or inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages. βGP significantly suppressed the expression of interleukin-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor and decreased the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand in tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated MEFs and in CIA mouse paws. Osteoclast-related gene expression was significantly reduced in CIA mouse paws. Taken together, βGP suppressed the development of RA by regulating the activation of synovial fibroblasts.

Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of DWP14012, a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker, in healthy male subjects

BACKGROUND

A novel potassium-competitive acid blocker, DWP14012, is in clinical development as a potential alternative to proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of acid-related diseases.

AIMS

To evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of DWP14012 in humans.

METHODS

A randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled, single- and multiple-ascending dose (SAD and MAD, respectively) study was conducted in healthy male subjects without Helicobacter pylori infection. Subjects randomly received a single oral dose of 10-320 mg DWP14012, esomeprazole (active comparator) or placebo in the SAD study (n = 72) and once daily doses of 20-160 mg DWP14012, esomeprazole or placebo for 7 days in the MAD study (n = 48; 8:2:2). Tolerability was evaluated using a microRNA-122 assay. Pharmacodynamics were evaluated through 24-hour gastric pH monitoring, and pharmacokinetics were evaluated plasma and urine DWP14012 concentrations.

RESULTS

DWP14012 was generally well tolerated. The liver toxicity of DWP14012 was not higher than that of placebo after multiple oral administrations. DWP14012 showed rapid and sustained suppression of gastric acid secretion for 24 hours after dosing. Clear dose-response and exposure-response relationships were observed. Plasma concentrations of DWP14012 increased in a dose-proportional manner in the MAD study, whereas in the SAD study, DWP14012 did not significantly accumulate in the plasma.

CONCLUSIONS

DWP14012 was well tolerated, and showed a rapid and long-lasting gastric acid suppression effect in healthy subjects. These results justify further investigation of DWP14012 in patients with acid-related disorders.

Hepatocyte SHP deficiency protects mice from acetaminophen-evoked liver injury in a JNK-signaling regulation and GADD45β-dependent manner

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a leading cause of drug-induced acute liver failure. Prolonged c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation plays a central role in APAP-induced liver injury; however, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 beta (GADD45β) is known to inhibit JNK phosphorylation. The orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP, NR0B2) acts as a transcriptional co-repressor of various genes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of SHP in APAP-evoked hepatotoxicity. We used lethal (750 mg/kg) or sublethal (300 mg/kg) doses of APAP-treated wild-type (WT), Shp knockout (Shp^-/-), hepatocyte-specific Shp knockout (Shp^hep-/-), and Shp and Gadd45β double knockout (Shp^-/-Gadd45β^-/-) mice for in vivo studies. Primary mouse hepatocytes were used for a comparative in vitro study. SHP deficiency protected against APAP toxicity with an increased survival rate, decreased liver damage, and inhibition of prolonged hepatic JNK phosphorylation in mice, which was independent of APAP metabolism regulation. Furthermore, Shp^hep-/- mice showed diminished APAP hepatotoxicity compared with WT mice. SHP-deficient primary mouse hepatocytes also showed decreased cell death and inhibition of sustained JNK phosphorylation following toxic APAP treatment. While SHP expression declined, GADD45β expression increased after APAP treatment in WT mice. In Shp^-/- mice, APAP-evoked GADD45β induction was significantly enhanced. Notably, the ameliorative effects of SHP deficiency on APAP-induced liver injury were abolished in Shp^-/-Gadd45β^-/- mice. The current study is the first to demonstrate that hepatocyte-specific SHP deficiency protects against APAP overdose-evoked hepatotoxicity in a JNK signaling regulation and GADD45β dependent manner. SHP is suggested to be a novel therapeutic target for APAP overdose treatment.

Charge-Spin Correlation in van der Waals Antiferromagnet NiPS_{3}

Strong charge-spin coupling is found in a layered transition-metal trichalcogenide NiPS_{3}, a van der Waals antiferromagnet, from studies of the electronic structure using several experimental and theoretical tools: spectroscopic ellipsometry, x-ray absorption, photoemission spectroscopy, and density functional calculations. NiPS_{3} displays an anomalous shift in the optical spectral weight at the magnetic ordering temperature, reflecting strong coupling between the electronic and magnetic structures. X-ray absorption, photoemission, and optical spectra support a self-doped ground state in NiPS_{3}. Our work demonstrates that layered transition-metal trichalcogenide magnets are useful candidates for the study of correlated-electron physics in two-dimensional magnetic materials.

Spin-Orbit Coupling and Interband Transitions in the Optical Conductivity of Sr_{2}RhO_{4}

The prototypical correlated metal Sr_{2}RhO_{4} was studied using optical and photoemission spectroscopy. At low energies and temperatures, the optical data reveal a complex, multicomponent response that on the surface points to an unconventional metallic state in this material. Via a comparison with photoemission, the anomalous optical response may be attributed to an unexpectedly strong interband transition near 180 meV between spin-orbit coupled bands that are nearly parallel along ΓX. This spin-orbit coupling effect is shown to occur in a number of related metallic ruthenates and explains the previously puzzling optical properties reported for these materials.

Author Correction: Two-magnon scattering in the 5d all-in-all-out pyrochlore magnet Cd2Os2O7

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML version of this article.

Two-magnon scattering in the 5d all-in-all-out pyrochlore magnet Cd2Os2O7

5d pyrochlore oxides with all-in-all-out magnetic order are prime candidates for realizing strongly correlated, topological phases of matter. Despite significant effort, a full understanding of all-in-all-out magnetism remains elusive as the associated magnetic excitations have proven difficult to access with conventional techniques. Here we report a Raman spectroscopy study of spin dynamics in the all-in-all-out magnetic state of the 5d pyrochlore Cd2Os2O7. Through a comparison between the two-magnon scattering and spin-wave theory, we confirm the large single ion anisotropy in this material and show that the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya and exchange interactions play a significant role in the spin-wave dispersions. The Raman data also reveal complex spin-charge-lattice coupling and indicate that the metal-insulator transition in Cd2Os2O7 is Lifshitz-type. Our work establishes Raman scattering as a simple and powerful method for exploring the spin dynamics in 5d pyrochlore magnets.Pyrochlore 5d transition metal oxides are expected to have interesting forms of magnetic order but are hard to study with conventional probes. Here the authors show that Raman scattering can be used to measure magnetic excitations in Cd2Os2O7 and that it exhibits complex spin-charge-lattice coupling.

Strong Spin-Phonon Coupling Mediated by Single Ion Anisotropy in the All-In-All-Out Pyrochlore Magnet Cd_{2}Os_{2}O_{7}

Spin-phonon coupling mediated by single ion anisotropy was investigated using optical spectroscopy and first-principles calculations in the all-in-all-out pyrochlore magnet Cd_{2}Os_{2}O_{7}. Clear anomalies were observed in both the phonon frequencies and linewidths at the magnetic ordering temperature. The renormalization of the phonon modes was exceptionally large, signifying the presence of an unconventional magnetoelastic term from large spin-orbit coupling. In addition, the relative phonon frequency shifts show a strong correlation with the modulation of noncubic crystal field by the corresponding lattice distortion. Our observation establishes a new type of spin-phonon coupling through single ion anisotropy, a second-order spin-orbit coupling term, in Cd_{2}Os_{2}O_{7}.

Polymorphic microsatellite markers for the endangered fish, the slender shiner Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpa and cross-species amplification across five related species

The slender shiner Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpa (Cypriniformes; Cyprinidae; Gobioninae) is an endangered freshwater fish species endemic to Korea. The current strategies for its conservation involve the study of population genetic characters and identification of management units. These strategies require suitable molecular markers to study genetic diversity and genetic structure. Here, we developed nine polymorphic microsatellite markers for P. tenuicorpa for the first time by applying an enrichment method from a size-selected genomic library. The developed microsatellite markers produced a total of 101 alleles (average 11.2). The observed and expected heterozygosities averaged 0.805 and 0.835, respectively. Among the nine identified markers, five markers showed successful amplification across five related Korean Gobioninae species. Thus, the microsatellite markers developed in this study will be useful to establish conservation strategies for both P. tenuicorpa and other related species.

Reliability of classification of ring and little finger carpometacarpal joint fracture subluxations: a comparison between two-dimensional computed tomography and three-dimensional computed tomography classifications

The aims of this study were to develop a classification for ring and little finger carpometacarpal joint fracture subluxations based on three-dimensional computed tomography images and evaluate the inter- and intraobserver reliability of the three-dimensional computed tomography classification. A retrospective review was performed of 30 cases of ring and little finger carpometacarpal joint fracture subluxations from 2005 to 2013. We classified ring and little finger carpometacarpal joint fracture subluxations into three types based on three-dimensional computed tomography images. An orthopaedic surgeon with 2 years of experience, a consultant hand surgeon with 8 years of experience, and a consultant radiologist with 9 years of experience, who were completely blind to the treatment algorithm, evaluated 30 cases twice at a 2-week interval using our new classification based on three-dimensional computed tomography images and the other classification based on two-dimensional computed tomography images. Our three-dimensional computed tomography classification showed almost perfect interobserver and intraobserver reliability and resulted in a better level of agreement than two-dimensional computed tomography classification.

Optical Spectroscopic Studies of the Metal-Insulator Transition Driven by All-In-All-Out Magnetic Ordering in 5d Pyrochlore Cd(2)Os(2)O(7)

We investigated the metal-insulator transition (MIT) driven by all-in-all-out (AIAO) antiferromagnetic ordering in the 5d pyrochlore Cd(2)Os(2)O(7) using optical spectroscopy and first-principles calculations. We showed that the temperature evolution in the band-gap edge and free carrier density were consistent with rigid upward (downward) shifts of electron (hole) bands, similar to the case of Lifshitz transitions. The delicate relationship between the band gap and free carrier density provides experimental evidence for the presence of an AIAO metallic phase, a natural consequence of such MITs. The associated spectral weight change at high energy and first-principles calculations further support the origin of the MIT from the band shift near the Fermi level. Our data consistently support that the MIT induced by AIAO ordering in Cd(2)Os(2)O(7) is not close to a Slater type but instead to a Lifshitz type.

Infrared probe of spin-phonon coupling in antiferromagnetic honeycomb lattice compound Li₂MnO₃

We investigated temperature-dependent infrared-active phonon modes of honeycomb Li2MnO3 which shows an antiferromagnetic transition at T(N)  =  36 K. In the far-infrared frequency region, we observed fourteen phonon modes. We obtained the temperature dependence of each phonon mode from the analysis of optical conductivity spectra by using the Lorentz and the Fano-type oscillator models. We found that the resonance frequencies of nine phonon modes showed an anomalous behavior near T(N) that should be attributed to the spin-phonon coupling. We calculated the magnitude of the spin-phonon coupling constant from the shift in the resonance frequencies of the phonon modes below T(N). Our results suggest that Li2MnO3 is weakly frustrated and that spin-phonon coupling plays a role in antiferromagnetic ordering.

Reliability and validity of lower extremity computed tomography as a screening tool for osteoporosis

We evaluated the correlation between central bone mineral density (BMD) and peripheral bone attenuation using lower extremity computed tomography (CT). A good correlation was found between lower extremity CT and central BMD suggesting that CT is useful for screening osteoporosis, and that peripheral bone attenuation adequately reflects central BMD.

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of CT as a screening tool for osteoporosis and to estimate the correlation between central BMD and peripheral bone attenuation using lower extremity CT.

METHODS

In total, 292 patients who underwent a lower extremity, lumbar spine, or abdomen and pelvic CT scan within a 3-month interval of a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) examination were included. Following reliability testing, bone attenuation of the L1, L2, L3, L4, femoral head, femoral neck, greater trochanter, distal femur, proximal tibia, distal tibia, and talus was measured by placing a circular region of interest on the central part of each bony region on a coronal CT image. Partial correlation was used to assess the correlation between CT and DEXA after adjusting for age and body mass index.

RESULTS

In terms of reliability, all bone attenuation measurements, except the femoral neck, showed good to excellent interobserver reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients, 0.691-0.941). In terms of validity, bone attenuation of the L1 to L4, femoral neck, and greater trochanter on CT showed significant correlations with BMD of each area on DEXA (correlation coefficients, 0.399-0.613). Bone attenuation of the distal tibia and talus on CT showed significant correlations with BMD of all parts on DEXA (correlation coefficients, 0.493-0.581 for distal tibia, 0.396-0.579 for talus).

CONCLUSION

Lower extremity CT is a useful screening tool for osteoporosis, and peripheral bone attenuation on lower extremity CT adequately reflects central BMD on DEXA.

Temperature evolution of itinerant ferromagnetism in SrRuO3 probed by optical spectroscopy

The temperature (T) dependence of the optical conductivity spectra σ(ω) of a single crystal SrRuO(3) thin film is studied over a T range from 5 to 450 K. We observed significant T dependence of the spectral weights of the charge transfer and interband d-d transitions across the ferromagnetic Curie temperature (T(c) ∼ 150 K). Such T dependence was attributed to the increase in the Ru spin moment, which is consistent with the results of density functional theory calculations. T scans of σ(Ω,T) at fixed frequencies Ω reveal a clear T(2) dependence below T(c), demonstrating that the Stoner mechanism is involved in the evolution of the electronic structure. In addition, σ(Ω,T) continues to evolve at temperatures above T(c), indicating that the local spin moment persists in the paramagnetic state. This suggests that SrRuO(3) is an intriguing oxide system with itinerant ferromagnetism.

Interlayer coherence and superconducting condensate in the c-axis response of optimally doped Ba(Fe(1-x)Co(x))2As2 high-T(c) superconductor using infrared spectroscopy

We report on the infrared studies of the interlayer charge dynamics of a prototypical pnictide superconductor Ba(Fe(0.926)Co(0.074))(2)As(2). We succeeded in probing the intrinsic interlayer response by performing infrared experiments on the crystals with a cleaved ac surface. Our experiments identify the coexistence of the suppression of the electronic spectral weight and the development of a coherent Drude-like response in the normal state. The formation of the interlayer condensate is clearly observed in the superconducting state and appears to be linked to coherent contribution to the normal-state conductivity.

Infrared measurement of the pseudogap of P-doped and Co-doped high-temperature BaFe2As2 superconductors

We report on infrared studies of charge dynamics in a prototypical pnictide system: the BaFe2As2 family. Our experiments have identified hallmarks of the pseudogap state in the BaFe2As2 system that mirror the spectroscopic manifestations of the pseudogap in the cuprates. The magnitude of the infrared pseudogap is in accord with that of the spin-density-wave gap of the parent compound. By monitoring the superconducting gap of both P- and Co-doped compounds, we find that the infrared pseudogap is unrelated to superconductivity. The appearance of the pseudogap is found to correlate with the evolution of the antiferromagnetic fluctuations associated with the spin-density-wave instability. The strong-coupling analysis of infrared data further reveals the interdependence between the magnetism and the pseudogap in the iron pnictides.

Electronic correlations and unconventional spectral weight transfer in the high-temperature pnictide BaFe(2-x)Co(x)As(2) superconductor using infrared spectroscopy

We report an infrared optical study of the pnictide high-temperature superconductor BaFe(1.84)Co(0.16)As(2) and its parent compound BaFe(2)As(2). We demonstrate that electronic correlations are moderately strong and do not change across the spin-density wave transition or with doping. By examining the energy scale and direction of spectral weight transfer, we argue that Hund's coupling J is the primary mechanism that gives rise to correlations.

Incoherent c-axis interplane response of the iron chalcogenide FeTe(0.55)Se(0.45) superconductor from infrared spectroscopy

We report on the interplane c-axis electronic response of FeTe(0.55)Se(0.45) investigated by infrared spectroscopy. We find that the normal-state c-axis electronic response of FeTe(0.55)Se(0.45) is incoherent and bears significant similarities to those of mildly underdoped cuprates. The c-axis optical conductivity σ(c)(ω) of FeTe(0.55)Se(0.45) does not display well-defined Drude response at all temperatures. As temperature decreases, σ(c)(ω) is continuously suppressed. The incoherent c-axis response is found to be related to the strong dissipation in the ab-plane transport: a pattern that holds true for various correlated materials as well as FeTe(0.55)Se(0.45).

Evidence of a precursor superconducting phase at temperatures as high as 180 K in RBa2Cu3O(7-δ) (R=Y, Gd, Eu) superconducting crystals from infrared spectroscopy

We show that a multilayer analysis of the infrared c-axis response of RBa2Cu3O(7-δ) (R=Y, Gd, Eu) provides important new information about the anomalous normal-state properties of underdoped cuprate high temperature superconductors. In addition to competing correlations which give rise to a pseudogap that depletes the low-energy electronic states below T*≫T(c), it enables us to identify the onset of a precursor superconducting state below T(ons)>T(c). We map out the doping phase diagram of T(ons) which reaches a maximum of 180 K at strong underdoping and present magnetic field dependent data which confirm our conclusions.

The electronic structure of epitaxially stabilized 5d perovskite Ca(1-x)Sr(x)IrO3 (x = 0, 0.5, and 1) thin films: the role of strong spin-orbit coupling

We have investigated the electronic structure of meta-stable perovskite Ca(1 - x)Sr(x)IrO(3)(x = 0, 0.5, and 1) thin films using transport measurements, optical spectroscopy, and first-principles calculations. We artificially fabricated the perovskite phase of Ca(1 - x)Sr(x)IrO(3), which has a hexagonal or post-perovskite crystal structure in bulk form, by growing epitaxial thin films on perovskite GdScO(3) substrates using an epi-stabilization technique. The transport properties of the perovskite Ca(1 - x)Sr(x)IrO(3) films systematically change from nearly insulating (or semi-metallic) for x = 0 to weakly metallic for x = 1. Due to the extended wavefunctions, 5d electrons are usually delocalized. However, the strong spin-orbit coupling in Ca(1 - x)Sr(x)IrO(3) results in the formation of effective total angular momentum J(eff) = 1/2 and 3/2 states, which puts Ca(1 - x)Sr(x)IrO(3) in the vicinity of a metal-insulator phase boundary. As a result, the electrical properties of the Ca(1 - x)Sr(x)IrO(3) films are found to be sensitive to x and strain.

A pilot study of brain activation in children with trichotillomania during a visual-tactile symptom provocation task: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study

OBJECTIVES

In order to reveal the etiology and pathophysiology of trichotillomania (TTM), it is necessary to investigate which brain regions are involved in TTM, but limited knowledge exists regarding the neurobiology of TTM and the available functional neuroimaging studies of TTM are little. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the specific brain regions involved in the pathophysiology of TTM with symptom provocation task using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for children and adolescents with TTM.

METHODS

Pediatric subjects who met the DSM-IV TR criteria for TTM (n=9) and age-, sex-, handedness-, IQ matched healthy controls (HC) (n=10), ages 9 to 17 years, were recruited for two fMRI experiments; symptom provocation of Visual Only (VO) and Visual and Tactile (VT). They were scanned while viewing two alternating blocks of symptom provocation (S) and neutral (N) movies.

RESULTS

Random effects between-group analysis revealed significant activation in left temporal cortex(including middle and superior temporal gyrus), dorsal posterior cingulate gyrus, and putamen for the contrast S>N in TTM subjects versus HC subjects during the VO session. And TTM subjects demonstrated higher activity in the precuneus and dorsal posterior cingulate gyrus to the contrast S>N during the VT session.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provided an objective whole-brain-based analysis that directed researchers to areas that were abnormal in TTM. Using the symptom provocation tasks, we found significant differences in regional brain function between pediatric TTM and HC subjects. However, in the face of modest statistical power, our preliminary findings in TTM need to be replicated in a larger sample. As the functional neuroanatomic circuits involved in TTM remain largely unexplored, future functional neuroimaging studies using other various paradigms may help investigate the neuroanatomic abnormalities of TTM.

Electronic structure of double perovskite A2FeReO6 (A = Ba and Ca): interplay between spin-orbit interaction, electron correlation, and lattice distortion

We have investigated the electronic structure of double perovskites, Ba(2)FeReO(6) (metallic) and Ca(2)FeReO(6) (insulating) using optical and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. By comparing the experimental results with the density functional theory calculations, we found that the electronic structure of Ba(2)FeReO(6) could be determined from the interaction of the electron correlation and spin-orbit coupling. On the other hand, for Ca(2)FeReO(6), the lattice distortion and electron correlation are important in determining the electronic structure. Additionally, the insulating gap in Ca(2)FeReO(6) is realized by the spin-orbit coupling. Our work shows that the subtle interplay of the spin-orbit interaction, electron correlation, and lattice distortion should be taken into account to understand the electronic structure of the 5d transition metal oxides.

A droplet-based building block approach for bladder smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation

Tissue engineering based on building blocks is an emerging method to fabricate 3D tissue constructs. This method requires depositing and assembling building blocks (cell-laden microgels) at high throughput. The current technologies (e.g., molding and photolithography) to fabricate microgels have throughput challenges and provide limited control over building block properties (e.g., cell density). The cell-encapsulating droplet generation technique has potential to address these challenges. In this study, we monitored individual building blocks for viability, proliferation and cell density. The results showed that (i) SMCs can be encapsulated in collagen droplets with high viability (>94.2 +/- 3.2%) for four cases of initial number of cells per building block (i.e. 7 +/- 2, 16 +/- 2, 26 +/- 3 and 37 +/- 3 cells/building block). (ii) Encapsulated SMCs can proliferate in building blocks at rates that are consistent (1.49 +/- 0.29) across all four cases, compared to that of the controls. (iii) By assembling these building blocks, we created an SMC patch (5 mm x 5 mm x 20 microm), which was cultured for 51 days forming a 3D tissue-like construct. The histology of the cultured patch was compared to that of a native rat bladder. These results indicate the potential of creating 3D tissue models at high throughput in vitro using building blocks.

Two-dimensional confinement of 3d{1} electrons in LaTiO_{3}/LaAlO{3} multilayers

We report spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements of the anisotropy of the interband transitions parallel and perpendicular to the planes of (LaTiO3)n(LaAlO3)5 multilayers with n=1-3. These provide direct information about the electronic structure of the two-dimensional (2D) 3d{1} state of the Ti ions. In combination with local density approximation, including a Hubbard U calculation, we suggest that 2D confinement in the TiO2 slabs lifts the degeneracy of the t{2g} states leaving only the planar d{xy} orbitals occupied. We outline that these multilayers can serve as a model system for the study of the t{2g} 2D Hubbard model.

Presenilin enhancer-2 (PSENEN), a component of the gamma-secretase complex, is involved in adipocyte differentiation

This study was conducted to identify genes expressed during adipocyte differentiation of bovine intramuscular fibroblast-like cells using differential display reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The presenilin enhancer-2 (PSENEN) gene was found to be down-regulated during adipocyte differentiation of bovine intramuscular fibroblast-like cells. The ectopic expression of bovine PSENEN in 3T3-L1 reduced adipogenesis and the inhibition of endogenous PSENEN by siRNA induced adipogenesis on d 4 of adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Interestingly, the expression of gamma-secretase complex gene-related Notch signaling was decreased at d 2 and d 4 during adipocyte differentiation. In addition, expression of the Notch-signaling genes (Notch-1, Hes-1, Pref-1, adipsin) was regulated during adipocyte differentiation by regulation of PSENEN expression. These results suggest that PSENEN plays an important role in adipocyte differentiation and that Notch signaling is involved in adipogenesis.

Dimensionality-controlled insulator-metal transition and correlated metallic state in 5d transition metal oxides Sr n+1Ir nO3n+1 (n=1, 2, and infinity)

We investigated the electronic structures of the 5d Ruddlesden-Popper series Sr n+1Ir nO3n+1 (n=1, 2, and infinity) using optical spectroscopy and first-principles calculations. As 5d orbitals are spatially more extended than 3d or 4d orbitals, it has been widely accepted that correlation effects are minimal in 5d compounds. However, we observed a Mott insulator-metal transition with a change of bandwidth as we increased n. In addition, the artificially synthesized perovskite SrIrO3 showed a very large mass enhancement of about 6, indicating that it was in a correlated metallic state.

Effect of coadsorbent on the photovoltaic performance of squaraine sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells

The effect of chenodeoxycholic acid as the coadsorbent with a squaraine sensitizer on TiO(2) nanocrystalline solar cells was investigated, and it was found that the coadsorbent prevents the squaraine sensitizer from aggregating on the TiO(2) nanoparticles but reduces dye loading leading to an interdependent photovoltaic performance. Analysis of the absorption spectra, and incident monochromatic photon-to-current conversion efficiency data showed that the load of squaraine sensitizer as well as the appearance of H-aggregates is strongly dependent on the molar concentration of chenodeoxycholic acid coadsorbent. The open circuit voltage of the solar cells with chenodeoxycholic acid increases due to the enhanced electron lifetime in the TiO(2) nanoparticles coupled with the band edge shift of TiO(2) to negative potentials.

High resolution soft x-ray spectroscopy of low Z K-shell emission from laser-produced plasmas

A large radius, R=44.3 m, high resolution grating spectrometer (HRGS) with 2400 lines/mm variable line spacing has been designed for laser-produced plasma experiments conducted at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Jupiter Laser Facility. The instrument has been run with a low-noise, charge-coupled device detector to record high signal-to-noise spectra in the 10-50 A wavelength range. The instrument can be run with a 10-20 microm wide slit to achieve the best spectral resolving power, approaching 1000 and similar to crystal spectrometers at 12-20 A, or in slitless operation with a small symmetrical emission source. We describe preliminary spectra emitted from various H-like and He-like low Z ion plasmas heated by 100-500 ps (full width at half maximum), 527 nm wavelength laser pulses. This instrument can be developed as a useful spectroscopy platform relevant to laboratory-based astrophysics as well as high energy density plasma studies.

Novel Jeff=1/2 Mott state induced by relativistic spin-orbit coupling in Sr2IrO4

We investigated the electronic structure of 5d transition-metal oxide Sr2IrO4 using angle-resolved photoemission, optical conductivity, x-ray absorption measurements, and first-principles band calculations. The system was found to be well described by novel effective total angular momentum Jeff states, in which the relativistic spin-orbit coupling is fully taken into account under a large crystal field. Despite delocalized Ir 5d states, the Jeff states form such narrow bands that even a small correlation energy leads to the Jeff=1/2 Mott ground state with unique electronic and magnetic behaviors, suggesting a new class of Jeff quantum spin driven correlated-electron phenomena.

Orbital-driven electronic structure changes and the resulting optical anisotropy of the quasi-two-dimensional spin gap compound La4Ru2O10

We investigated the electronic response of the quasi-two-dimensional spin gap compound La4Ru2O10 using optical spectroscopy. We observed the drastic changes in the optical spectra as the temperature decreased, resulting in anisotropy in the electronic structure of the spin-singlet ground state. Using the orbital-dependent hopping analysis, we found that orbital ordering plays a crucial role in forming the spin gap state in the non-one-dimensional material.

Podocyte biology in diabetic nephropathy

Glomerular visceral epithelial cells, namely podocytes, are highly specialized cells and give rise to primary processes, secondary processes, and finally foot processes. The foot processes of neighboring podocytes interdigitate, leaving between them filtration slits. These are bridged by an extracellular substance, known as the slit diaphragm, which plays a major role in establishing size-selective barrier to protein loss. Furthermore, podocytes are known to synthesize matrix molecules to the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), including type IV collagen, laminin, entactin, and agrin. Because diabetic nephropathy is clinically characterized by proteinuria and pathologically by glomerular hypertrophy and GBM thickening with foot process effacement, podocytes have been the focus in the field of research on diabetic nephropathy. As a result, many investigations have demonstrated that the diabetic milieu per se, hemodynamic changes, and local growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta and angiotensin II, which are considered mediators in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, induce directly and/or indirectly hypertrophy, apoptosis, and structural changes, and increase type IV collagen synthesis in podocytes. This review explores some of the structural and functional changes of podocytes under diabetic conditions and their role in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Pseudogap dependence of the optical conductivity spectra of Ca3Ru2O7: a possible contribution of the orbital flip excitation

Optical spectra of a double-layered perovskite ruthenate Ca3Ru2O7 show a pseudogap opening around 200 cm(-1) below 50 K, which is attributable to the partial k-space gap opening due to the density wave instability. Unlike most other density wave materials, Ca3Ru2O7 has spectral weight redistributions, not near the energy gap region, but at a much higher energy region around 800 cm(-1). As a possible origin of these intriguing features, we discuss the orbital flip excitation in the density wave ground state.

Continuous removal of hydrogen peroxide with immobilised catalase for wastewater reuse

Hydrogen peroxide was continuously removed for wastewater reuse using an immobilised biocatalyst. A commercial catalase, which is an enzyme to decompose hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, was entrapped in chitosan beads. Hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solutions of varying pH, temperature and concentration was continuously removed through a reactor containing the catalase-entrapped chitosan beads at high efficiency for 24 h. Additional silicate coating of the chitosan beads resulted in significant improvements in the catalase performance under harsh conditions, which are often found in peroxide-based industrial processes. We expect that immobilisation of catalases can enhance their applicability for continuous degradation of hydrogen peroxide for wastewater reuse.

Effect of orbital rotation and mixing on the optical properties of orthorhombic RMnO3 (R=La, Pr, Nd, Gd, and Tb)

We investigated the ab-plane absorption spectra of RMnO3 (R=La, Pr, Nd, Gd, and Tb) thin films. As the ionic radius of the R ion decreases, we observed a drastic suppression of the 2 eV peak, i.e., the intersite optical transition between spin- and orbital-aligned states across the Mott gap. We found that, in addition to orbital rotation, orbital mixing in the orbital-ordered state should play an important role in the suppression of 2 eV peak. We also found that the spectral weight of 2 eV peak is proportional to the A-type antiferromagnetic ordering temperature, which suggests that the magnetic interaction should be sensitively coupled to the orbital degree of freedom.

Orbital-selective mass enhancements in multiband Ca(2-x)Sr(x)RuO4 systems analyzed by the extended Drude model

We investigated optical spectra of quasi-two-dimensional multiband systems. The extended Drude model analysis on the -plane optical conductivity spectra indicates that the effective mass should be enhanced near . Based on the sum rule argument, we showed that the orbital-selective Mott-gap opening for the bands, the widely investigated picture, could not be the origin of the mass enhancement. We exploited the multiband effects in the extended Drude model analysis, and demonstrated that the intriguing heavy mass state near should come from the renormalization of the band.

Observation of a multiply ionized plasma with index of refraction greater than one

We present clear experimental evidence showing that the contribution of bound electrons can dominate the index of refraction of laser-created plasmas at soft x-ray wavelengths. We report anomalous fringe shifts in soft x-ray laser interferograms of Al laser-created plasmas. The comparison of measured and simulated interferograms shows that this results from the dominant contribution of low charge ions to the index of refraction. This usually neglected bound electron contribution can affect the propagation of soft x-ray radiation in plasmas and the interferometric diagnostics of plasmas for many elements.

Shock compressing diamond to a conducting fluid

Laser generated shock reflectance data show that diamond undergoes a continuous transition from optically absorbing to reflecting between Hugoniot pressures 600<P(H)<1000 GPa. The data are consistent with diamond having a thermal population of carriers at P(H) approximately 600 GPa, undergoing band overlap metallization at P(H) approximately 1000 GPa and melting at 800<P(H)<1000 GPa. The results agree well with an equation of state model that predicts that elemental carbon remains solid throughout the interior of Neptune.

Shock-induced transformation of Al2O3 and LiF into semiconducting liquids

Shock compression of sapphire (Al2O3) and lithium fluoride (LiF) to pressures above 5 Mbar has been observed to transform these transparent, wide band-gap insulators into partially degenerate liquid semiconductors with optical reflectivities of several percent. Reflectivities rise steadily with shock pressure up to 45% in sapphire at 20 Mbar and 20% in LiF at 13 Mbar. Using a simple model, the electron scattering length was inferred to be approximately the interatomic distance. In addition, several equation-of-state points at these pressures were measured.

Two-dimensional effects in laser-created plasmas measured with soft-x-ray laser interferometry

Soft-x-ray laser interferograms of laser-created plasmas generated at moderate irradiation intensities (1 x 10(11)-7 x 10(12) W cm(-2)) with lambda=1.06 microm light pulses of approximately 13-ns-FWHM (full width at half maximum) duration and narrow focus (approximately 30 microm) reveal the unexpected formation of an inverted density profile with a density minimum on axis and distinct plasma sidelobes. Model simulations show that this strong two-dimensional hydrodynamic behavior is essentially a universal phenomena that is the result of plasma radiation induced mass ablation and cooling in the areas surrounding the focal spot.

Artificial peptidase with an active site comprising a Cu(II) center and a proximal guanidinium ion. A carboxypeptidase A analogue

An immobile artificial metallopeptidase having a well-defined active site was constructed on the backbone of cross-linked polystyrene by adjoining a guanidinium moiety to the Cu(II) complex of a tetraaza ligand. The catalyst (CABP) and intermediate polymers were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, inductively coupled plasma measurement, electron probe microanalysis, test for primary amines, binding of Cu(II) ion, and complexation of p-nitrobenzoate ion. CABP effectively catalyzed amide hydrolysis of carboxyl-containing N-acyl amino acids. The catalytic rate of CABP in the hydrolysis of unactivated amides was comparable to that of the catalytic antibody with the highest peptidase activity reported to date. It is proposed that the guanidinium moiety of CABP recognizes the carboxylate anion of the substrate whereas the Cu(II) center participates in the cleavage of the amide bond of the complexed substrate. Several characteristic features of carboxypeptidase A were reproduced by CABP: catalytic action of the metal ion, participation of guanidinium in substrate recognition, hydrolysis of small unactivated amides, and substrate selectivity toward amide bonds adjacent to a carboxylate group.

Velocity distributions and correlations in homogeneously heated granular media

We compare the steady state velocity distributions from our three-dimensional inelastic hard sphere molecular dynamics simulation for homogeneously heated granular media, with the predictions of a mean field-type Enskog-Boltzmann equation for inelastic hard spheres [T. P. C. van Noije and M. H. Ernst, Granular Matter 1, 57 (1998)]. Although we find qualitative agreement for all values of density and inelasticity, the quantitative disagreement approaches approximately 40% at high inelasticity or density. By contrast the predictions of the pseudo-Maxwell molecule model [J. A. Carrillo, C. Cercignani, and I. M. Gamba, Phys. Rev. E, 62, 7700 (2000)] are both qualitatively and quantitatively different from those of our simulation. We also measure short-range and long-range velocity correlations exhibiting nonzero correlations at contact before the collision, and being consistent with a slow algebraic decay over a decade in the unit of the diameter of the particle, proportional to r(-(1+alpha)), where 0.2<alpha<0.3. The existence of these correlations implies the failure of the molecular chaos assumption and the mean field approximation, which is responsible for the quantitative disagreement of the inelastic hard sphere kinetic theory.

Ceramide inhibits cell proliferation through Akt/PKB inactivation and decreases melanin synthesis in Mel-Ab cells

Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid that mediates a variety of cell functions. However, the effects of ceramide on cell growth and the melanogenesis of melanocytes are not known. In the present study, we investigated the actions of cell-permeable ceramide and its possible role in the signaling pathway of a spontaneously immortalized mouse melanocyte cell line, Mel-Ab. Our results show that C2-ceramide inhibits DNA synthesis in Mel-Ab cells and G361 human melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis confirmed the inhibition of DNA synthesis by a reduction in the S phase. To investigate the ceramide signaling pathway, we studied whether C2-ceramide is able to influence extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and/or Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) activation. We demonstrated that phosphorylated Akt/PKB is decreased by C2-ceramide, whereas phosphorylated ERK was only slightly affected. Therefore, the C2-ceramide-induced inactivation of Akt/PKB may be closely related to the reduced cell proliferation of Mel-Ab cells. Furthermore, we assessed the effects of C2-ceramide on the pigmentation of Mel-Ab cells. The results obtained showed that the melanin content of cells was significantly reduced by C2-ceramide at concentrations in the range of 1-10 microM, and that the pigmentation-inhibiting effect of C2-ceramide is much greater than that of kojic acid at 1-100 microM. In addition, we found that the activity of tyrosinase is reduced by C2-ceramide treatment. Our results demonstrate that C2-ceramide reduces the pigmentation of Mel-Ab cells by inhibiting tyrosinase activity.

Early loss of synaptic protein PSD-95 from rod terminals of rhodopsin P347L transgenic porcine retina

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a type of retinal degeneration involving first rod and then slow cone photoreceptor degeneration, can be caused by any of a number of mutations in different genes. In the cases of mutations affecting rod-specific genes such as rhodopsin, it is unclear how the mutations may cause degeneration of cones. We have used the porcine retina, which is rod-dominated and has an abundance of cones, to study the mutation-induced changes in both rod and cone photoreceptors. Like patients with the same mutation, rhodopsin P347L transgenic swine manifest rod-cone degeneration. In addition, the rod bipolar cells fail to form synaptic connections with rods; instead, they form ectopic synapses with cones. The mechanisms that prevent the formation of the rod-rod bipolar cell synaptic connection are not known. We used specific antibodies and immunocytochemistry to show that the synaptic protein, PSD-95, is present in both normal and transgenic porcine retinas. During neonatal development, however, PSD-95 is lost from rod terminals in the transgenic swine. This loss is virtually complete (90%) by postnatal day 5, at a time when greater than 80% of rod cell bodies still remain. Furthermore, the remaining rods retain their outer segments and their gross morphology appears relatively normal. In contrast, PSD-95 expression continues in cone terminals, even in 10-month-old transgenic swine, where the rods have all disappeared and the cones show signs of severe degeneration. These results suggest that loss of PSD-95 may not be a general consequence of the deteriorating cell. Rather, the very early and selective loss of PSD-95 from the rod terminals may be causally related to the absence of rod-rod bipolar cell synapses in the rhodopsin P347L transgenic retina.

Time spent outdoors and seasonal variation in serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in Korean women

The vitamin D status of 179 Korean women between the ages of 20 and 75 were measured by the use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Related biochemical indices such as iPTH, alkaline, phosphatase, creatinine, albumin, Ca, Mg, and P were also measured. Factors such as demographic characteristics, intake of foods containing vitamin D, and proxy measure of sunlight exposure (time spent outdoors) were assessed to determine their effect on vitamin D status and used in the analysis. The purpose of this study was twofold. The first was to define reference data for the distribution of vitamin D status and to explore the relationship between vitamin D and the variables that affect the vitamin D status in Korean women. The second was to analyze the risk factors of the vitamin D status and the relation between the factors. The results of this study will provide valuable information regarding the role of vitamin D in Korean women. The mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) level was 25.8 ng/ml. Of the total subjects, 16.5% showed vitamin D deficiency (i.e. s-25-OHD < 10 ng/ml). Serum 25-OHD was inversely related to iPTH and alkaline phosphatase. There were significant changes in serum 25-OHD level from the pre- to the post-menopausal women with a positive correlation between vitamin D intake and serum at the 25-OHD level. Significant seasonal variation of serum 25-OHD and PTH were noted in 26 of the subjects and the serum 25-OHD level also correlated with sunlight exposure especially at 12.00 p.m. to 2.00 p.m. as assessed by the time spent outdoors. The relative importance of the two sources of vitamin D such as dietary intake (33.6% explained) and endogenous production of the time spent outdoors (19.7% explained) in serum 25-OHD were also evaluated. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the effects of aging on serum 25-OHD could largely be accounted for. Both the decline in dietary vitamin D intake and the time spent outdoors were closely related to the decreasing serum 25-OHD level. Among the determinants of low serum 25-OHD were age, dietary vitamin D intake, serum calcium level and dietary calcium intake, and serum alkaline phosphatase.

Inhibitory effect of mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions by sulfapyridine

We examined the effect of sulfapyridine on mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions. Sulfapyridine (1 and 10 microg/kg) significantly inhibited systemic allergic reaction induced by compound 48/80 in rats. Sulfapyridine (1 and 10 microg/kg) also inhibited significantly local mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions activated by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE. Moreover, sulfapyridine inhibited histamine release dose-dependently in the rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80 or anti-DNP IgE. When sulfapyridine was added, the level of cAMP in RPMC, transiently and significantly increased about 4-fold compared with that of basal cells. These results indicate that sulfapyridine inhibits mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in vivo and in vitro.

Biphasic effects of dithiocarbamates on the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB

Dithiocarbamates are well-known antioxidants and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitors. Recently, they have been characterized as zinc ionophores. Concentration-dependent biphasic effects of dithiocarbamates on NF-kappaB activity have been widely reported. We studied the mechanism of this phenomenon in relation to Zn(2+) influx. Two dithiocarbamates, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and diethyldithiocarbamate, showed concentration-dependent biphasic effects in inhibiting NF-kappaB activation in cerebral endothelial cells. These unique effects of dithiocarbamates on NF-kappaB were tightly linked to their ability to elevate intracellular Zn(2+)500 microM), dithiocarbamates started to lose their ability to promote Zn(2+) influx and to inhibit NF-kappaB activation. These results might provide insight into the appropriate use of dithiocarbamates in various disorders.