Spectrophotometric determination of trace sulphate in rain and snow after preconcentration with 2-aminoperimidine on a membrane filter

A simple and precise preconcentration technique, based on collecting a precipitate on a membrane filter and dissolving the filter and precipitate in an organic solvent, has been applied to the spectrophotometric determination of trace sulphate in rain and snow. The sulphate is precipitated with 2-aminoperimidine and the resulting compound is dissolved in nitric acid, made alkaline with sodium hydroxide and then adsorbed on tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium nitrate. The precipitate is then collected on a membrane filter and both precipitate and filter are dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). The absorbance of the DMSO solution is measured at 550 nm against a reagent blank. The molar absorptivity is 2.1 x 10(4) 1 . mole(-1) . cm(-1) and the coefficient of variation for six measurements is < 1.5%. The detection limit (S/N = 3) is 0.06 mug of sulphate in 5 ml of sample solution.

Regional differences in homicide patterns in five areas of Japan

This article describes regional differences in the homicide patterns which occurred in Sapporo City and the surrounding area, and in Akita, Ibaraki, Chiba and Toyama prefectures in Japan. Information collected from each case of homicide included factors such as age, sex of the victim and assailant, causes of death, disposition of the offender, relationship between assailant and victim, reasons for criminal action, et al. The statistical features of homicidal episodes among the five different regions showed considerable variation, as follows. The mean death rates for homicide (number of victims per 100,000 of population) during the period 1986-1995 were 0.44 (Sapporo), 0.8 (Akita), 0.58 (Toyama), 0.7 (Ibaraki) and 0.75 (Chiba), respectively. Close family relationship between the victim and assailant was observed in the homicidal acts which occurred in Sapporo, Akita and Toyama. Assailant's relationship to victim was commonly extra-familial in Ibaraki and Chiba-neighboring megalopolis Tokyo, where some events of murder by a foreigner occurred. Homicide by female assailant, murder by mentally abnormal killers and homicide-suicide events were closely associated with family members. And these factors contributed to the considerable number of victims in Sapporo, Akita and Toyama. But, this close family relationship of the victim to the assailant did not correspond with the elevation in the number of deaths, and it was rather inversely related to the higher death rates recognized in Ibaraki and Chiba. This comparative study suggested that rapid urbanization considerably affects regional differences in homicide patterns.

Regulatory effect of histamine H1 receptor antagonist on the expression of messenger RNA encoding CC chemokines in the human nasal mucosa

BACKGROUND

Allergic rhinitis is characterized by tissue accumulation of inflammatory cells. CC chemokines, including monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP) 1, MCP-3, RANTES, and eotaxin, are thought to play an important role in inducing selective recruitment of these cells to the allergic inflammatory site. Furthermore, MCPs have been indicated as histamine-releasing factors. Histamine is an important mediator in the pathogenesis of nasal allergy. The regulation of histamine may have a role in the management of allergic inflammation.

OBJECTIVE

The objectives of this study were to investigate the expression of MCP-1, MCP-3, RANTES, and eotaxin in the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis and to clarify the effect of histamine and antihistamine on the regulation of the expression of these CC chemokines.

METHODS

By using a semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR technique, the numbers of copies of messenger RNA encoding MCP-1, MCP-3, RANTES, and eotaxin were measured in explant cultures of human nasal mucosa. In culture medium, specific antigen or histamine was added. Furthermore, the effect of preincubation with the antihistamine carebastine was estimated.

RESULTS

Mite antigen (1:2 x 10(4) dilution) and histamine (10(-4) to 10(-3) mol/L) upregulated the messenger RNA expression of these CC chemokines at 3- to 10-fold increases. Carebastine (10(-7) to 10(-6) mol/L) inhibited this upregulation.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that histamine may induce CC chemokine production in the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis. This indicates that there may be a prolonged inflammatory cycle in the histamine-MCP axis in allergic rhinitis. The regulation of histamine-CC chemokine interaction could lead to new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of nasal allergy.

Giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) venomous phospholipases. The purification, characterization and inhibitory properties by biscoclaurine alkaloids

Two species of giant hornet phospholipase B (PLB), alpha and beta, were purified from the venom of Vespa mandarinia. The purification procedure was simplified by two steps of column chromatographies, Sephadex G-100 and SP-Sepharose. The molecular sizes of PLB alpha and beta were 29.5 and 26.0 kDa, respectively. The isoelectric point of alpha and beta enzymes were pH 10.6 and 10.7, respectively. The temperature optimum for egg yolk lecithin was a broad peak at 40-60 degrees C for both enzymes. Amino acid compositions of both enzymes were high contents of aspartic acid, glycine, leucine, lysine and other aliphatic amino acids. Cystine was similar amounts to other species of phospholipases (PLs). The K(m) values of alpha and beta enzymes were 8.29 and 7.53 mg/ml for egg yolk lecithin, respectively. In the catalytic specificity for L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine-beta-oleoil-gamma-palmitoil, the K(m) values of alpha enzyme for gamma-palmitoil and beta-oleoil residues were 0.528 and 1.392 mM, respectively. While the K(m) values of beta enzyme for gamma-palmitoil and beta-oleoil residues were 7.91 and 2. 68 mM, respectively. Both alpha and beta enzymes were inhibited strongly by cepharanthine. The lecithin hydrolysis of alpha enzyme was competitively inhibited, but beta enzyme was uncompetitive. Cepharanthine also inhibited noncompetitively PLA(2)s of bovine pancreas, bee venom and Naja mossambica mossambica.

Acute cerebellar hemorrhage in a patient with Klinefelter syndrome: XXY karyotype obtained postmortem from cells from pericardial fluid

A case of Klinefelter syndrome and a spontaneous cerebellar hemorrhage in a 12-year-old boy is presented. Autopsy revealed that the hemorrhage was due to the rupture of a dilated artery in an arteriovenous malformation in the right cerebellar hemisphere. The small, undescended testes exhibited partial atrophy of the seminiferous tubules. Postmortem chromosome analysis of cells from the pericardial fluid demonstrated a 47, XXY karyotype. He had previous surgical treatment for bilateral thumb polydactyly and patent ductus arteriosus. In juvenile cases of sudden death with overlapping morphological dysgenesis, postmortem karyotyping may provide important diagnostic information.

YM116, 2-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-9H-carbazole, decreases adrenal androgen synthesis by inhibiting C17-20 lyase activity in NCI-H295 human adrenocortical carcinoma cells

The concentrations of androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone, products of C17-20 lyase, in the medium after a 6-hr incubation of NCI-H295 cells were decreased by YM116 (2-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-9H-carbazole) (IC50: 3.6 and 2.1 nM) and ketoconazole (IC50: 54.9 and 54.2 nM). 17Alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, a product of 17alpha-hydroxylase, was increased by YM116 (1-30 nM) and by ketoconazole (10-300 nM) and then was decreased at higher concentrations of both agents (IC50: 180 nM for YM116, 906 nM for ketoconazole), indicating that YM116 and ketoconazole were 50- and 16.5-fold more specific inhibitors of C17-20 lyase, respectively, than 17alpha-hydroxylase. Compatible with these findings, progesterone, a substrate of 17alpha-hydroxylase, was increased by these agents. Cortisol production was inhibited by YM116 and ketoconazole (IC50: 50.4 and 80.9 nM, respectively). YM116 was a 14-fold more potent inhibitor of androstenedione production than cortisol production, whereas ketoconazole was a nonselective inhibitor of the production of both steroids. YM116 and ketoconazole inhibited the C17-20 lyase activity in human testicular microsomes (IC50: 4.2 and 17 nM, respectively). These results demonstrate that YM116 reduces the synthesis of adrenal androgens by preferentially inhibiting C17-20 lyase activity.

Monocyte chemotactic and activating factor/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-mediated histamine release from human nasal mucosa

OBJECTIVES

To demonstrate the existence and localization of monocyte chemotactic and activating factor or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCAF/MCP-1) in human nasal mucosa and to verify its activity as a histamine-releasing factor.

DESIGN

Detection of MCAF/MCP-1 in culture supernatants of nasal mucosa using Western blot analysis and assay of histamine release from basophils induced by these culture supernatants. Detection of MCAF/MCP-1 expression in nasal mucosa of patients with perennial allergic rhinitis using immunohistochemistry.

PATIENTS

Twenty-one patients with house dust mite allergy, 7 nonallergic patients, and 5 patients with chronic inflammatory sinusitis participated in the study. All the allergic patients had positive test results for mite nasal allergy, detected by a clinical history, a nasal provocation test, and determination of specific mite IgE antibodies by a radioallergosorbent test.

RESULTS

In Western blot analysis of supernatants of explant culture of human nasal mucosa, the band corresponding to approximately 13 to 15 kd was observed. This band was considered to be MCAF/MCP-1. These supernatants induced histamine release from basophils (approximately 3%-5% in net histamine release), and anti-MCAF/MCP-1 antibody inhibited this histamine-releasing activity. Immunoreactivity of MCAF/MCP-1 was observed in the nasal submucosa but not in the epithelium. Immunoreactive cells of MCAF/MCP-1 were also stained with the antibody, which recognizes monocytes and macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that MCAF/MCP-1, which is produced constantly by monocytes and macrophages and is stored in human nasal mucosa, possibly participates in the protracted histamine release from basophils and in the pathogenesis of perennial allergic rhinitis.

Novel nonsteroidal inhibitor of cytochrome P450(17alpha) (17alpha-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase), YM116, decreased prostatic weights by reducing serum concentrations of testosterone and adrenal androgens in rats

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a nonsteroidal C17-20 lyase inhibitor, 2-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-9H-carbazole (YM116), on serum concentrations of androgens and ventral prostatic weight in rats.

METHODS

Serum concentrations of testosterone and of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and prostatic weights were measured in rats treated with YM116.

RESULTS

YM116 inhibited testicular C17-20 lyase competitively (Ki, 0.38 nM), and decreased the serum testosterone concentration in gonadotropin-releasing hormone-treated rats (ED50, 0.7 mg/kg), indicating that YM116 was about 21-24 times more potent than other C17-20 lyase inhibitors such as ketoconazole and liarozole, and was twice as potent as CB7630. YM116 also reduced dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in ACTH-treated castrated rats (ED50, 11 mg/kg). YM116 (40 mg/kg, p.o., for 2 weeks) was almost comparable to bilateral orchiectomy with respect to the time course and magnitude of the reduction in prostatic weight. Each of these two treatments decreased the prostatic weight 3 days following the treatment. Contrarily, leuprolide transiently increased the prostatic weight and then decreased it. YM116 (100 mg/kg) had no effect on the serum cortisol level in guinea pigs, and slightly decreased the serum aldosterone level in rats.

CONCLUSIONS

YM116 is a selective C17-20 lyase inhibitor which decreases rat prostatic weight by reducing androgen production in the testes and adrenal glands.

Inhibitory effects of YM175, a bisphosphonate, on the progression of experimental periodontitis in beagle dogs

This study examined the efficacy of YM175 [disodium dihydrogen (cycloheptylamino) methylene-1, 1-bisphosphonate] in reducing alveolar bone loss caused by experimental periodontitis in beagle dogs. Thirty-six dogs were used and divided into 6 groups. Periodontitis was induced in 30 dogs (groups 2-6) by ligating the bilateral mandibular third and fourth premolar teeth with silk ligatures and by feeding a soft diet. Six dogs were sham-operated (group 1). Saline (placebo), flurbiprofen (0.02 mg/kg) and YM175 (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered to the dogs (groups 2-6) 5 d/wk for 25 wk. Radiographic and morphometric analyses were performed. In placebo-treated animals (group 2), the ligation caused a significant decrease in the alveolar bone height by 0.57 and 1.91 mm at 2 and 25 wk, respectively. YM175 (1.0 mg/kg) prevented the decrease in bone height by 47 and 31% at 2 and 25 wk. YM175 (0.1 mg/kg) and flurbiprofen tended to prevent bone loss after 15 wk. Although the ligation elicited no significant change in bone mineral density, it significantly decreased bone volume. YM175 (1.0 mg/kg) and flurbiprofen tended to increase the bone volume. The number of formative or resorptive Haversian canals and the bone turnover through the periosteal bone surface were increased by the ligation, indicating the increased turnover of the cortical bone. YM175 (1.0 mg/kg) reduced the increased bone turnover. The gingival index was maximally increased at 2 wk and was suppressed by YM175. These results suggest that YM175 prevents alveolar bone loss by reducing the increased alveolar bone turnover in dogs with periodontitis.

Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countries

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that human tuberculosis (TB) incidence and deaths for 1990 to 1999 will be 88 million and 30 million, respectively, with most cases in developing countries. Zoonotic TB (caused by Mycobacterium bovis) is present in animals in most developing countries where surveillance and control activities are often inadequate or unavailable; therefore, many epidemiologic and public health aspects of infection remain largely unknown. We review available information on zoonotic TB in developing countries, analyze risk factors that may play a role in the disease, review recent WHO activities, and recommend actions to assess the magnitude of the problem and control the disease in humans and animals.

Homicide patterns in the Toyama Prefecture, Japan

Homicides occurring in the Toyama prefecture, Japan, during the past 10 years were reviewed. Between 1985 and 1994, 56 offenders committed 63 homicides. The mean death rate for homicide was 0.55 per 100,000. The ratio of male to female victims was 1:1, while 82% of the assailants were male and 18% were female. The victim and the assailant had a close family relationship in 58.7% of the cases. Dyadic death (homicide followed by suicide) accounted for 27% of all victims. Twenty-nine per cent of the victims were murdered by mentally unstable offenders, and in almost half (44%) of the cases the offender was convicted. Homicides during robbery were rare (only two cases), and there was only one homicide during sexual assault. Death was caused by blunt instrument injury in 38.1% of cases, asphyxia in 31.7%, stabbing in 17.5%, burns in 9.5% and shooting in 3.2% (only two cases). The majority (80%) of homicides occurred at the residence of the victim(s). None of the victims had a history of drug abuse. Social conditions in Toyama prefecture, and their possible relevance to local homicide patterns, are discussed briefly.

Placental cavities

OBJECTIVE

To study placental cavities by gross and microscopic examination and ultrasonography and their frequency with various epidemiologic factors and intervillous thrombosis.

METHODS

After formalin fixation, interval sections of 567 placentas were prepared to search for cavities and intervillous thrombosis. Cavities were subjected to histologic and ultrasonographic examinations.

RESULTS

Frequency of cavities with diameter of 1 cm or more was 34.9% in 567 mature placentas. Frequency of cavities was significantly higher in heavy, thick placentas associated with male fetuses. Histologic examination revealed villus laceration in cavities and syncytial cells, isolated chorionic villi, or air bubbles in placental fetal veins. All 82 placentas with cavities showed villus lacerations in the cavities and air bubbles in the fetal veins. Intervillous thromboses in fetal lobules were located only in the cavities. Cavities were first found by ultrasonography at a mean gestational age of 30.9 +/- 3.8 weeks. Ultrasonography did not always differentiate accurately between intervillous thrombosis and cavities.

CONCLUSION

Placental cavities were found significantly more often in heavy, thick placentas associated with male fetuses. Strong uterine contractions during placental detachment could produce villus laceration in cavities, following contamination by air bubbles and isolated villus tissue in the fetal veins. Placental cavities are vulnerable to villus laceration. Intervillous thrombosis occurred only in cavities.

Increase of bone mass and mechanical strength in rats after treatment with a novel bisphosphonate, YM175, for two years

We have evaluated the relationship between bone mass and mechanical properties of bone from male and female rats treated with YM175, a novel bisphosphonate, for 104 weeks. YM175 [disodium (cycloheptylamino) methylenediphosphonate monohydrate] was given via the drinking water at a concentration of 0, 0.005, 0.015, 0.05, or 0.15%. Since the mortality in the male 0.15% group exceeded the exclusion criteria (75%) at week 88, this-group was omitted from the study. Mean daily intake of YM175 was 2.2-22.1 mg/kg for males and 3.6-104 mg/kg for females. After the treatment, mechanical properties and ash weight of the humerus were determined. In males, 0.015 and 0.05% of YM175 (6.6-22.1 mg/kg) significantly increased failure load of the midshaft. In females, failure load and stiffness of the midshaft tended to be increased by YM175 (up to 104 mg/kg). Furthermore, ultimate compressive load at the humeral metaphysis treated with the highest dose of YM175 was 2- or 3.5-fold greater than that of untreated male or female control. Ash weight of the humerus was increased dose-dependently and was positively correlated with failure load of the midshaft. These findings indicate that treatment for 2 years with YM175 increased bone mass and mechanical strength without blocking bone mineralization.

4-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives. II. Their renal vasodilation activity and structure-activity relationship

A series of 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives showed potent DA1 agonistic activities. We investigated the structure-activity relationship of the racemic compounds of this series. 4-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-7-methanesulfonamido-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroiso quinoline (43) was identified as a potent renal vasodilator with activity almost equal to that of YM435 (1).

Studies on aromatase inhibitors. I. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole derivatives

Various 4-N-substituted amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for aromatase-inhibitory activity (in vitro) and for pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)-induced estrogen synthesis-inhibitory activity (in vivo). The 4-(4-cyanophenyl) amino derivative and 4-(4-nitrophenyl)amino derivative, each possessing a strong electron-withdrawing group on the phenyl moiety, showed potent aromatase-inhibitory activity. Structure-activity relationship studies indicated that 4-[(4-bromobenzyl)(4-cyanophenyl)amino]-4H-1,2,4-triazole (5k, YM511) is a highly potent aromatase inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.4 and 0.12 nM in in vitro experiments using rat ovary and human placenta, respectively, and an in vivo ED50 of 0.002 mg/kg in rats on oral administration. YM511 was also a weak inhibitor of other steroid hormone synthesis enzymes. These data suggest that YM511 is a highly selective aromatase inhibitor and may be a useful agent for the treatment of estrogen-dependent diseases such as breast cancer.

Prevention of bone loss by bisphosphonate YM175 in ovariectomized dogs with dietary calcium restriction

We have evaluated the effects of YM175 (disodium dihydrogen (cycloheptylamino) methylenebisphosphonate monohydrate), a novel bisphosphonate, on bone mineral densities (BMD) at the lumbar spine and forelimb in ovariectomized beagles with dietary calcium restriction. Groups 1 and 2 were given a sham operation and Groups 3-6 were ovariectomized. One month later (month 0), a low calcium diet was given to Groups 2-6. Groups 4-6 were orally treated with YM175 at doses of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg, respectively, for 18 months. Changes in BMD at the lumbar spine and left forelimb were determined serially by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Calcium restriction decreased lumbar BMD by 19% at month 2 and by up to 30% at month 17 compared to its baseline value, but ovariectomy itself had a minimal effect on bone mass in dogs with restricted calcium intake. YM175 (1 mg/kg) prevented the bone loss at month 2 and YM175 at 0.1 mg/kg or more inhibited the BMD reduction at month 17. The magnitude of BMD reduction of the forelimb was less remarkable as compared to that of the lumbar spine. Urinary hydroxyproline excretion and plasma osteocalcin levels were increased by calcium restriction, indicating a high turnover of bone. YM175 reduced hydroxyproline excretion but not osteocalcin levels. These results indicate that YM175 prevents bone loss induced by calcium restriction and ovariectomy through partially normalizing high bone turnover.

Inhibitory effect of a novel non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor, YM511 on the proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cancer cell

The proliferation of MCF-7, human breast cancer cell line, was stimulated by testosterone and estradiol. The aromatase activity in MCF-7 cells, which catalysed the conversion of testosterone to estradiol, was inhibited by a novel non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor, YM5111, with the IC50 of 0.2 nM, indicating that its inhibitory activity was 5.5 times more potent than that of CGS 16949A. YM511 inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 stimulated by testosterone but did not inhibit the cell proliferation stimulated by estradiol. The IC50 values of YM511 for cell growth and DNA synthesis were 0.13 nM and 0.18 nM, respectively, demonstrating that YM511 was about 3-5 times more potent than CGS 16949A and had no anti-estrogenic or cytotoxic activity. YM511 significantly inhibited testosterone-stimulated transcriptional activation of estrogen-responsive element (ERE) in MCF-7 cells transfected transiently with ERE-luciferase reporter plasmid. The IC50 of YM511 for transactivation was 0.36 nM, suggesting that its inhibitory potency was comparable to the inhibition of aromatase activity of MCF-7 cells. These data may indicate that the inhibition by YM511 of cell proliferation of MCF-7 is attributed to the decreased production of estrogen due to the inhibition of aromatase activity. YM511 may be useful in the treatment of estrogen-dependent cancers.

Novel potassium channel activators: synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazine derivatives

Strong potassium channel-activating effects were found among a series of novel 4-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazine derivatives. The key step in preparation was the nucleophilic substitution of 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazine (3) with activated halogenopyridines, such as halogenopyridine N-oxides (15a--c) and the borane adduct (15d) of 4-bromopyridine. Structure-activity relationship studies identified 2-(3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-6-nitro-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-4-yl)pyridin e-1-oxide (16a: YM934) as the optimal compound. This compound (16a) showed a more potent oral antihypertensive effect than cromakalim in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Blood gas analysis of placental and uterine blood during cesarean delivery

OBJECTIVE

To measure blood gases in uterine venous blood and maternal and fetal blood from the placenta, and to characterize gas exchange in the intervillous space.

METHODS

Blood gas measurements were performed immediately after collecting placental and uterine blood from the subchorial and marginal lakes, from the chorionic vein and artery in the placenta in utero, and from the uterine vein during 12 cesarean deliveries.

RESULTS

The mean oxygen pressure (PO2) values of the chorionic vein and subchorial lake were 28.7 +/- 6.0 and 29.9 +/- 7.5 mmHg, respectively, with a difference of 1.2 mmHg. The individual data for PO2 of the chorionic vein exceeded those of the subchorial lake in five subjects and were almost equal in two of the 12 subjects. The mean values of carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2) and bicarbonate were greater in the chorionic vein than in the subchorial lake, but the mean pH values were the same in the two groups. The mean values of blood gas analysis were not different between subchorial and marginal lakes with similar blood composition. The mean PO2 of the uterine vein in ten subjects was 45.9 mmHg, significantly higher than that of the subchorial lake.

CONCLUSIONS

The human placenta may be defined as a multivillous model with a high degree of oxygen transfer. Arteriovenous anastomoses are suspected in the pregnant uterus beyond 37 weeks' gestation. Subchorial and marginal lakes contain similar admixed blood, which circulates and performs gas exchange.

Histochemical and functional characteristics of metachromatic cells in the nasal epithelium in allergic rhinitis: studies of nasal scrapings and their dispersed cells

BACKGROUND

In allergic rhinitis, metachromatic cells in the nasal epithelium increase in number and are thought to play an important role in nasal allergic manifestation.

METHODS

To determine immunohistochemical and functional characteristics of the metachromatic cells, nasal scrapings and their dispersed cells from patients with perennial allergic rhinitis were studied.

RESULTS

Eighty-three percent of all metachromatic cells in dispersed cell preparations were tryptase-positive mast cells (MCT), 10% were tryptase-chymase-positive cells (MCTC), and 7% were negative (n = 10). The mean histamine chymase-positive cells (MCTC), and 7% were negative (n = 10). The mean histamine content per metachromatic cell was 1.9 +/- 2 pg. The histamine content and histamine release from nasal surface scrapings of patients sensitized with mite antigen were strongly correlated with the level of serum IgE antibody for mite antigen. The net histamine release from nasal scraping was antigen-dose-dependent (1:2 x 10(7) to 1:2 x 10(3) dilution), and the antigen stimulated release of up to 17% of cell-associated histamine within 5 to 7 minutes. Histamine release from nasal scrapings induced by calcium ionophore A23187 was up to 21% of cell-associated histamine within 2 to 4 minutes, but no histamine release was stimulated by compound 48/80, substance P, or poly-L-lysine. Histamine release from nasal scrapings was inhibited 46% (10(-5) mol/L) to 96% (10(-4) mol/L) by quercetin and 58% (10(-4) mol/L) to 72% (10(-3) mol/L) by sodium cromoglycate.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings show the predominant characteristics of mast cells in the nasal epithelium in allergic rhinitis, and this information may be useful in relation to a therapeutic approach.

[Operative removal of esophageal leiomyosarcoma: a case report]

This is a case report of 56-year-old man complaining of dysphasia. Upon admission, his chest X-ray film revealed medium amount of fluid accumulation in the right pleural space. Cytological examination of the aspirated fluid revealed nothing particular. Preoperative radiological examination including esophagogram, CT and MRI demonstrated cystic appearance of mass lesion, measuring approximately 5 cm in size located in posterior aspect of the lower portion of the mediastinum. Upon operation, it was found that a tumor with pedunculated connection to the esophageal muscle layer, suspecting diagnosis of leiomyoma of the esophagus. Then, tumor was removed together with the part of esophageal muscle. Postoperative pathology reported leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus with low grade malignancy. We added no esophagectomy. He made uneventful recovery without no sign of recurrence of the malignancy, 4 years after the surgery.

[Discovery and development of tamsulosin hydrochloride, a new alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist]

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-related disorder characterized by urinary outlet obstruction. This obstruction is due to both mechanical compression of the urethra by the hypertrophied prostate and to functional contraction of the prostate and urethra by sympathetic stimulation. We invented a novel compound tamsulosin hydrochloride, a sulphamoylphenethylamine derivative which possesses potent and selective alpha a-antagonism, and showed that this compound selectively reduced the intra-urethral pressure in the prostatic segment of the urethra in vivo. We also found that the alpha 1-adrenoceptor plays an important functional role in the prostate and urethra. For clinical use, a control release formulation was developed. This formulation did not induce orthostatic hypotension and could be administered at a fixed dose. A placebo-controlled double-blind dose finding study resulted in 0.2 mg/d as the optimal dose. This formulation significantly improved urinary outlet obstruction without affecting blood pressure as compared with placebo in P-III study, and was approved in 1993 for use in the treatment of bladder outlet obstruction associated with BPH. Tamsulosin hydrochloride is the first alpha 1-antagonist which improves bladder outlet obstruction associated with BPH without affecting blood pressure, and the treatment can be initiated and maintained at a fixed dose. Recently, the alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes alpha 1A, alpha 1B and alpha 1C were identified. The alpha 1C subtype is predominant and plays an important role in the human prostate. Tamsulosin hydrochloride shows high selectivity for this subtype, further supporting the clinical findings that tamsulosin hydrochloride improves bladder outlet obstruction associated with BPH with no effect on the cardiovascular system.

The potent and selective inhibition of estrogen production by non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor, YM511

YM511 inhibited aromatase activities in microsomes from rat ovary and human placenta competitively (IC50s: 0.4 and 0.12 nM, respectively). YM511 was about 3 times more potent than other aromatase inhibitors, such as CGS 16949A, CGS 20267 and R 76713. YM511 decreased the contents of estradiol stimulated by pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin in rat ovary with an ED50 of 0.002 mg/kg, indicating that YM511 was equipotent to CGS 20267 and 3 times more potent than the other two inhibitors. Serum estradiol levels in female rats were reduced by YM511 at 0.01 mg/kg into the ovariectomized range. YM511 at 1 mg/kg for 2 weeks decreased rat uterine weight to levels comparable to ovariectomy, showing it was 10 times more potent than other inhibitors. But the maximal inhibitory effect of tamoxifen failed to reach ovariectomized level. YM511 slightly inhibited production of other steroid hormones in vitro and in vivo. The IC50s of YM511 for aldosterone and cortisol production from adrenal cells were from 5500 to 9800 times higher than that for rat ovarian aromatase and 130,000 times higher for testosterone production, indicating that YM511 is a highly specific aromatase inhibitor. The data suggest that YM511 may be a potent and selective agent for suppressing estrogen-dependent action without affecting serum levels of other steroid hormones.

[Study of monocyte chemotactic and activating factor in the human nasal mucosa]

Recently monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) has been reported to be a potent histamine releasing factor (HRF) for human basophils. In this study we investigated the localization and biological activity of MCAF in human nasal mucosa. To investigate the localization of MCAF within the nasal mucosa we performed specific immunohistochemical staining of sections of large pieces of the inferior turbinate obtained by conchotomy from patients with nasal allergy and without nasal allergy and compared them. Sections of nasal mucosa from allergic subjects stained with anti-MCAF mAb demonstrated the presence of many MCAF-positive cells in the lamina propria especially around small vessels and excretory gland, but only a few positive cells were found in the nasal mucosa of normal subjects. We cultured allergic nasal mucosa and sinus mucosa from patients with chronic inflammation for 2 days and detected MCAF by western blot analysis of the culture supernatants. One portion separated from sinus mucosa supernatant by column chromatography also released histamine from human basophils. Mean release was 3-4% and the difference from the control was statistically significant (p < 0.05). In the human nasal mucosa it seemed to exist IgE independent histamine releasing system sustained by MCAF producing cells. These results suggested that MCAF is one of the important mediators causing histamine release in the late phase reaction and in protracted inflammation of the nasal mucosa.

[A case report of the radical correction of a truncus arteriosus and peripheral pulmonary stenosis in association with Holt-Oram syndrome]

A one year and 6 months old female infant was admitted to our department for a radical correction of a truncus arteriosus (Collett-Edwards type II). She also had a peripheral pulmonary stenosis and Holt-Oram syndrome. Under a cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermia, PFO was closed directly. First of all, the pulmonary arteries were dissected from the aorta, the defect of the aorta was closed directly and VSD was closed with Dacron fabric patch. The reconstruction of the pulmonary arteries were performed with valved conduit which consisted of Dacron graft and 14 mm Björk-Shily valve. The post-operative course was uneventful. Cardiac catheterization study, done 77 days after surgery, revealed 44 mmHg of pressure gradient between RV outflow tract and right PA. The patient was doing well and two years have passed since the surgery. She should be observed carefully at the out-patient clinic due to the mechanical valve and the presence of pressure gradient at RV outflow tract.

Elevation of ratio of urinary N-acetylneuraminlactose to free sialic acid in some advanced cancer patients

We estimated the levels of free sialic acid and sialylated oligosaccharides excreted in the urine of normal donors (n = 10) and patients with gastric cancer (n = 6) and colorectal cancer (n = 4). The total sialic acid level in cancer patients was similar to that in normal donors. However, the ratios of glycosidically bound sialic acids to free sialic acid were higher in some advanced cancer patients than in the normal donors. A major component of sialylated oligosaccharides was N-acetylneuraminyl alpha (2-->3) lactose. The elevation of the urinary ratio of this sialylated oligosaccharide to free sialic acid observed in some advanced cancer patients in this study may reflect the elevation of sialyltransferase activity in tumor tissues.

Pharmacologic profiles of YM934, a novel potassium channel opener

Pharmacologic profiles of YM934, a newly synthesized 1,4-benzoxazin derivative K channel opener were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo experiments. In isolated rat portal vein, YM934 and a benzopyran derivative K channel opener lemakalim inhibited the frequency of spontaneous rhythmic contractions concentration dependently, with IC50 values of 14 and 38 nM, respectively. These inhibitory effects were competitively antagonized by glibenclamide (an ATP-sensitive K channel blocker; 10(-7)-3 x 10(-6) M). In isolated rabbit aorta, YM934 (10(-8)-10(-6) M) and lemakalim (10(-8)-10(-6) M) relaxed the contractions induced by 20 mM KCl concentration dependently but were ineffective against the contractions induced by 50 mM KCl. YM934 (10(-8)-3 x 10(-6) M) and lemakalim (3 x 10(-8)-10(-5) M), but not the calcium antagonist nifedipine, relaxed the contractions induced by norepinephrine (NE 10(-6) M) or prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha 3 x 10(-6) M) in the aorta. In pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, YM934 (1-10 micrograms/kg intravenously, i.v.) dose-dependently increased coronary artery blood flow (CBF), and decreased total peripheral resistance (TPR) and mean blood pressure (MBP). YM934 selectively increased CBF, but had little effect on vertebral, carotid, mesenteric, renal and femoral artery BF. These vasodilatory effects of YM934 were antagonized by glibenclamide. YM934 is a potent K channel opener and possesses potent vasodilatory effects, with particularly pronounced effects on the coronary artery. These effects of YM934 may, like lemakalim, be mediated by opening of ATP-sensitive K channels.

Mast cell quantitation in nasal polyps, sinus mucosa and nasal turbinate mucosa

The distribution and abundance of mast cells in nasal polyps, the maxillary sinus mucosa of patients with sinusitis and the turbinate mucosa of allergic rhinitis was microscopically examined using different methods of fixation. In the epithelium of the surface and the ducts of nasal polyps (n = 8), the mean number of mast cells was over 20,000 per mm3 using Mota's fixation and the increase was correlated with the epithelial thickness (P < 0.05). On the other hand those of the maxillary sinus mucosa (n = 6) and the nasal turbinate mucosa (n = 7) were less than 6,000 per mm3. In the subepithelial layer or areas deeper than the area with the glands, however, mast cell counts were less than 3,200 per mm3 in all diseases. More than 70-90 per cent of all mast cells in the epithelium of the mucosal surface and the ducts of the polyp, the maxillary sinus mucosa and nasal turbinates were formalin sensitive. Most of the mast cells in the subepithelial and deeper areas were formalin resistant in all diseases. These results suggest that conditions for mast cell growth differ between polyps and the other diseases, and that the conditions which affect mast cells may contribute to polyp development.

Heterogeneous expression of blood group A-determinant in a human gastric cancer cell line derived from a blood group A individual

The human gastric cancer cell line MKN 45 was derived from the tumour of a blood group A individual, and was known to express large quantities of blood group A-antigen. Using immunofluorescence we found the MKN 45 cells, donated from the Japanese Cancer Research Resources Bank, consisted of A-antigen positive cells (18%) and A-antigen negative cells (82%). After limiting dilution, wild type and mutant cells were cloned with regard to the expression of a cell surface A-antigen. ELISA was used to detect A-antigen in the cell extract of the wild type cells, but none was evident in those of the mutant cells. However, blood group A-gene-specified transferase activity of the mutant cells was comparable to that of the wild type cells.

Pharmacological properties of YM-21095, a potent and highly specific renin inhibitor

A novel renin inhibitor, YM-21095 [2RS), (3S)-3-[N alpha-[1,4-dioxo-4-morpholino-2-(1-naphthylmethyl)-buthyl]-L- histidil-amino]-4-cyclohexyl-1-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]-2-but anol), has been synthesized in our laboratories. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacological properties of YM-21095 in in vitro and in vivo experiments. YM-21095 inhibited human renin with an IC50 value of 4.7 x 10(-10) mol/L. YM-21095 was also a potent inhibitor against squirrel monkey renin, but less effective against renins from dog, rabbit, and rat. The effect of YM-21095 is highly specific for renin, since it did not inhibit cathepsin D, pepsin, or angiotensin converting enzyme up to a concentration of 10(-4) mol/L. YM-21095 was resistant to proteolytic actions of the enzymes (pepsin, chymotrypsin, trypsin) and squirrel monkey tissue homogenates (liver, kidney, small intestine). Intravenous infusion of YM-21095 (0.1 to 100 micrograms/kg/min) decreased mean blood pressure and inhibited plasma renin activity in a dose-dependent manner with no effect on heart rate in anesthetized sodium-depleted and sodium-replete squirrel monkeys. The hypotensive effect of YM-21095 in sodium-depleted squirrel monkeys was about ten times as potent as that in sodium-replete squirrel monkeys. Oral administration of YM-21095 to conscious sodium-depleted squirrel monkeys produced dose-related decreases of systolic blood pressure. We conclude that YM-21095 is a potent and highly specific inhibitor of primate renin and produces a blood pressure lowering effect.

Synthesis, resolution, and renal vasodilation activity of novel DA1 agonists: 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives

7,8-Dihydroxy-4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1) and 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-8-methyl-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (2) are potent renal vasodilators which selectively stimulate DA1 (peripheral dopamine receptor-1) receptors. Especially, (S)-(-)-1 is the most potent. Its DA1 agonist activity is about 10 times stronger than dopamine for increasing renal blood flow in anesthetized dogs. The renal and cardiovascular effects of (S)-(-)-1 may be suitable for the treatment of patients with renal insufficiency, heart failure and hypertension.

[Allergic rhinitis nasal epithelial cell conditioned medium stimulates growth and differentiation of basophil/mast cell and eosinophil progenitors from atopic blood]

We examined the conditions, kinetics and cell sources for basophil/mast cell and eosinophil colony stimulating activity (CSA) production by nasal epithelial cells taken from house dust (HD) nasal allergic patients. Epithelial scrapings removed from HD nasal allergic patients were grown to confluence over 7 days as a monolayer of epithelial cells in medium supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS) on collagen coated microwell plates. CSA in nasal epithelial cells conditioned medium (CM) was assessed with density-gradient separated, nonadherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 14-day and 21-day methylcellulose assays. In the 14-day methylcellulose assays, the number of Eo-type colonies in the presence of either 10% or 5% CM was significantly higher than the background number of Eo-type colonies (negative control). Comparison of Gm CSA among 1%, 5% and 10% CM with negative, revealed no significant differences. We also compared the Eo-type CSA in the presence of 10% significant differences. We also compared the Eo-type CSA in the presence of 10% CM in the 14-day methylcellulose assay with 21-day methylcellulose assay. There was no significant difference in the number of Eo-type colony between the 14-day and 21-day methylcellulose assays. We also examined the composition of the cells in the colonies in the 14-day and 21-day methylcellulose cultures. The percentage of metachromatic granule containing cells in a Eo-type colony in 14-day methylcellulose assay was significantly higher than in a Eo-type colony in 21-day methylcellulose assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Surgical repair of postinfarction cardiac rupture in three cases]

Operative managements and results of postinfarction left ventricular (LV) rupture in 2 patients and right atrial (RA) rupture in one patient are reviewed. Two patients showed both subacute onset of LV rupture in association with cardiac tamponade. The site of infarction was inferior wall in one and anterior wall in the other. Both patients underwent infarctectomy with closure of the defect using a Dacron felt patch. Endocardial site of the Dacron patches were covered with own pericardium to avoid bleeding from the patch and postoperative complication of endocardial clot formation. The case with extended inferior wall infarction was succumbed to cardiac failure and acute renal failure at the twelfth postoperative day. The other case was uneventful postoperatively and shows excellent long-term result. Left ventriculography and coronary angiographic studies were carried out 3 months after the surgery. It demonstrated 43% of LVEF. Multiple stenotic lesions were also noted in left coronary artery. The third patient was rupture of the RA in association with cardiac tamponade. Direct suture closure of the rupture was carried out under extracorporeal circulatory support. Patient tolerated the procedure well. Postoperatively, he suffered from exacerbation of renal insufficiency necessitating hemodialysis for a month. He discharged from hospital and now in the good condition. Postoperative RI study and coronary angiography demonstrated no compatible finding of right atrial infarction. However, pathological specimen revealed definite diagnosis of the infarction at the RA appendage.

Monoclonal antibody to blood group glycosyltransferases, produced by hybrids constructed with Epstein-Barr-virus-transformed B lymphocytes from a patient with ABO-incompatible bone marrow transplant and mouse myeloma cells

A patient with chronic myeloid leukemia secreted an antibody to blood group glycosyltransferases after ABO-incompatible bone marrow transplantation (B recipient/O donor). Peripheral B lymphocytes from the recipient were transformed with Epstein-Barr virus, and then fused by polyethylene glycol with mouse myeloma cell line P3-X63/Ag8.653. After the cloning of the hybridoma cells, a cell line which produced human IgM antibody to blood group glycosyltransferases was established. The antibody completely neutralized B transferase activity at low concentration, while a larger amount of immunoglobulins was required to neutralize A transferase activity.

Pharmacological profiles of YM-16151-1 and its optical isomers: a novel calcium entry blocking and selective beta-1 adrenoceptor blocking agent

The pharmacological properties of YM-16151-1 [(+/-)-dimethyl 4-[2-[4-(2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropylamino)butoxyl]-5-nitrop hen yl]-2,6- dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate hydrochloride] and its optical isomers were evaluated in in vitro studies and radioligand binding assay. In isolated tissues, YM-16151-1 produced a competitive antagonism of CaCl2-induced contraction in the isolated rabbit aorta with a pKca-1 value of 8.17, and also produced a competitive antagonism of isoproterenol-induced positive chronotropic responses in the isolated rat atria with a pA2 value of 8.47. In rat brain membrane preparations, YM-16151-1 produced dose-dependent inhibitions of [3H]nitrendipine and [3H]dihydroalprenolol bindings with pKi values of 7.21 and 8.07, respectively. Calcium entry blocking activity of YM-16151-1 was 7 times weaker and 3 times greater than nifedipine and diltiazem, respectively. Beta-1 adrenoceptor blocking activity of YM-16151-1 was 2 times weaker than that of propranolol. YM-16151-1 showed about 900-fold selectivity for beta-1 adrenoceptor. YM-16151-1 also showed a weak alpha-1 adrenoceptor blocking activity and its potency was about 13 times weaker than that of phentolamine. S-(-)- and R-(+)-isomers of YM-16151-1 showed the same potency of calcium entry blocking activity. However, in beta-1 adrenoceptor blocking activity, the S-(-)-enantiomer was about 13 to 22 times more potent than the R-(+)-enantiomer. Oral administration of YM-16151-1 produced a dose-dependent blood pressure lowering effect without increasing heart rate in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Unilateral thickening of placental fetal veins

Unilateral muscular thickening (ULT) was observed in the wall of the fetal veins on the placental surface beneath the amnion. The maternal facing wall of the fetal veins was thin, and protruded into the amniotic sac. The ratio of the thickness of the maternal facing to the fetal facing wall was 4:1 to 3:1 in the fetal veins. ULT was found to develop after 17 weeks of gestation and was not observed in the small veins less than 1.0 mm in diameter or in the veins located in the deep portion of the chorionic plate. The intimal thickening was not recognized and there was no lipid deposition in ULT. ULT was found in every one of 110 mature placentae and was assumed to be a normal histological finding.

Ascaris suum: human lymphocyte mitogenic factor content

Ascaris suum extract was found to contain a mitogenic factor which stimulates human lymphocytes. The extract (100 micrograms protein/ml) induced an increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation into human lymphocytes at a level similar to that obtained with pokeweed mitogen (11 micrograms/ml). Stimulation of mitosis appeared to be more effective with T lymphocytes than non-T lymphocytes. The mitogenic activity of the extract was reduced by only 27% when treated at 56 C for 30 min or when immersed into boiling water for 1 min. The extract was fractionated into four protein peaks by Sephacryl S-200 column chromatography. Lymphocyte mitogenic activity was observed in the first half of the first protein peak. Allergenic activity, assessed by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test in rats, was observed in the latter half of the same peak. These results suggest that A. suum contains both an allergen and a mitogenic substance.

Malignant and benign ovarian neoplasms among atomic bomb survivors, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1950-80

For 1950-80, 194 ovarian cancer cases were ascertained among the 70,030 females of the Radiation Effects Research Foundation's Life-Span Study E-85 sample, and 106 autopsied cases with benign ovarian neoplasms were ascertained among all 3,046 autopsies performed in the same sample. On the basis of microscopic review, 66% of the cancer and 84% of the benign tumor cases were classified by histologic type. The age-adjusted ovarian cancer incidence rates showed a statistically significant increase with increased exposure dose, both in the entire exposed group (P less than .01) and in the microscopically reviewed subset (P less than .01). This dose response was only significant (P less than .01) in the latter half of the study period, 1965-80. The radiation effect was higher in the younger age group at the time of the bomb (ATB) for the specific attained age or was adjusted for attained age. In general, relative risk (greater than or equal to 100 rad vs. 0 rad) did not differ by attained age, except for the youngest age group, less than 20 years old ATB, where the relative risk tended to decrease with increased attained age, although cases were few in number and follow-up study was necessary. Estimated minimum latent period for radiation-induced ovarian cancer seemed to be 15-20 years. The proportion of autopsied cases with benign ovarian tumor increased with increasing exposure dose, both in the entire series of cases (P less than .05) and in the microscopically reviewed subset. Statistical significance, however, was not achieved in the latter group (P greater than .10). The distribution of histologic types of both cancer and benign tumor of the ovary did not vary significantly with radiation dose. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that radiation injury of the ovaries and secondary excess of gonadotropic hormones are important causative factors in the development of ovarian neoplasms.

Measurement of active phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes by fluorescence liberation from phagocytized microspheres

Phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was determined by a newly developed technique based on measurement of liberation of a fluorescence substance from PMN phagosomes; 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (4MUGL), which is a substrate of beta-glucuronidase in lysosome, was conjugated with a microsphere, and 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU) liberated from phagocytized 4MUGL-microspheres was measured. The microspheres were composed of glyceryl-methacrylate having a diameter of 2.0 micron. Liberating activity of six kinds of 4MUGL-microspheres containing various amounts of amino and carboxyl groups was compared. Among these six kinds of 4MUGL-microspheres, four kinds showed activity similar to that of morphological phagocytosis. These four kinds of 4MUGL-microspheres liberated 4MU into the extracellular fluid from PMN during phagocytosis. Furthermore, they were recognized as a substrate of purified beta-glucuronidase. 4MUGL-MS610 showed the highest liberating activity among the four kinds of microspheres. Optimal conditions for phagocytosis by PMN were determined using 4MUGL-MS610. Total liberation of 4MU from the microspheres increased almost linearly with incubation time with PMN from 0 to 60 min and was linear with 4MUGL-MS in concentrations up to 4 X 10(8) microspheres/ml. This liberation was parallel to phagocytosis in a dose-dependent fashion. During 10-min incubation 20.4% of 4MU was liberated from 4MUGL-microspheres with phagocytosis. Seventy-five percent of the liberated 4MU was distributed in the extracellular fluid. 4MU distributed in the extracellular fluid was not attributable to hydrolysis of unphagocytized microspheres by beta-glucuronidase extracellularly leaked from PMN by phagocytosis. Also phagocytized 4MUGL-MS610 by PMN was observed by scanning electron microscopy. These results indicate that 4MU was liberated from 4MUGL-MS by hydrolysis due to beta-glucuronidase released into phagosomes with phagocytosis by PMN. Sensitivity of this assay was limited to about 50 pmol/ml, being less than 0.5-1 microsphere phagocytized into one cell.

Similarity of kinetics of three types of myeloperoxidase from human leukocytes and four types from HL-60 cells

Km values for H2O2 and Vmax values for three types of myeloperoxidase (MPO) from human leukocytes (MPO-I, -II, and -III) and four types from human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells (MPO-IA, -IB, -II, and -III) were determined. Km values of human leukocyte MPOs decreased with increasing pH from 4.4 to 6.2 and increased with increasing NaCl concentration from 0.025 to 0.14 M. There was no significant difference among Km values of leukocyte MPO-I, -II, and -III. NaBr also showed a tendency similar to that of NaCl with regard to the effects of pH and halide concentration on Km values. However, Km values in the presence of NaBr were lower than those in the presence of NaCl. Effects of pH and NaCl concentration on Vmax values of MPO-I, -II, and -III were also examined. Vmax values of MPO-I, -II, and -III were higher at pH 4.9 and 5.4 and increased with increasing NaCl concentration. In addition, no difference was observed between Km values of leukocyte and those of HL-60 cells. MPO-IB, the half-molecular-weight enzyme of HL-60 cells, also had the same Km values as the others. Furthermore, inhibition of the activities of seven MPOs of leukocytes and HL-60 cells by H2O2 was similarly observed at concentrations above 1 mM at pH 5.4 but not at pH 4.4. These results indicate that there is no difference in the affinity to H2O2 among leukocyte MPO-I, -II, and -III and HL-60 cell MPO-IA, -IB, -II, and -III.

Differences among primates in defence against infection: sensitivity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to fMet-Leu-Phe

The sensitivity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe) for chemotaxis and for lysosomal enzyme release was examined using the PMN of four primate species, human (H. sapiens), chimpanzee (P. troglodytes), rhesus monkey (M. mulatta), and cotton-headed tamarin (S. (O) oedipus). The 50 per cent effective concentrations (EC50) of fMet-Leu-Phe for chemotaxis were 2.5 X 10(-9) M in human, 10(-9) M in chimpanzee, 8 X 10(-8) M in rhesus monkey, and 3.3 X 10(-6) M in tamarin. The EC50 values of fMet-Leu-Phe for myeloperoxidase (MPO) release were 10(-8) M in human, 4 X 10(-8) M in chimpanzee, 4 X 10(-8) M in rhesus monkey, and 10(-6) M in tamarin and those for beta-glucuronidase release were 4 X 10(-9) M, 6.4 X 10(-8) M, 1.8 X 10(-7) M, and 1.6 X 10(-6) M, respectively. Thus, the sensitivity to fMet-Leu-Phe for chemotaxis was in the order: chimpanzee congruent to human greater than rhesus monkey greater than tamarin, and that for the release of lysosomal enzymes, MPO and beta-glucuronidase, was in the order: human greater than chimpanzee greater than rhesus monkey greater than tamarin. These results appear to indicate that the sensitivity to fMet-Leu-Phe increases in the order of evolution of primates toward the human, and suggest that the sensitivity of PMN in the defence function against infection also increases in the same order.

A parathyroid cyst effectively treated with a sclerosing agent

Sclerosing solution was injected into a parathyroid cyst through a needle used for aspiration biopsy cytology. One year has passed without a recurrence and a cure is expected.

Effects of nicotine on the functions of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro

Effects of nicotine on migration, extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes, and superoxide anion (O-2) production of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were studied. Nicotine (5 X 10(-6) to 5 X 10(-4) M) had no effect on random migration, chemotaxis to fMet-Leu-Phe, nor on chemokinesis induced by fMet-Leu-Phe. Nicotine, however, inhibited both extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes from PMN and O-2 production of PMN, both of which were induced by fMet-Leu-Phe and cytochalasin B. The inhibition of enzyme release and O-2 production by nicotine was not affected by atropine, hexamethonium, or acetyl beta-methylcholine, suggesting a direct action of nicotine on PMN functions. It is presumed that nicotine does not affect PMN migration to inflammatory sites, but inhibits the microbicidal functions of PMN. Exposure to PMN to nicotine introduced into the body by smoking could suppress their functions. This might result in harmful influences on the host defense mechanism, including antitumor function.