The negative hydrogen Penning ion gauge ion source for KIRAMS-13 cyclotron

The cold-cathode-type Penning ion gauge (PIG) ion source for the internal ion source of KIRAMS-13 cyclotron has been used for generation of negative hydrogen ions. The dc H-beam current of 650 microA from the PIG ion source with the Dee voltage of 40 kV and arc current of 1.0 A is extrapolated from the measured dc extraction beam currents at the low extraction dc voltages. The output optimization of PIG ion source in the cyclotron has been carried out by using various chimneys with different sizes of the expansion gap between the plasma boundary and the chimney wall. This paper presents the results of the dc H-extraction measurement and the expansion gap experiment.

Treponema innocens lipids and further description of an unusual galactolipid of Treponema hyodysenteriae

The lipids of Treponema innocens, type strain B256, formerly considered a nonpathogenic isolate of T. hyodysenteriae, have been analyzed and compared with the lipids of T. hyodysenteriae. The lipids of T. innocens comprised 16% of the cell dry weight. Polar lipids amounted to about two-thirds of the total lipids and consisted of 61.9% phospholipids and 38.1% glycolipid. Neutral lipids consisted mainly of sterols. The phospholipids were principally phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and cardiolipin. Minor amounts of lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomoyelin, and a relatively nonpolar, unidentified phospholipid were present. The latter lipid has not been detected in T. hyodysenteriae. The glycolipid fraction of T. innocens contained a single component, monoglucosyldiglyceride, in contrast to the occurrence in T. hyodysenteriae of two components: monogallactosyldiglyceride and a less-polar glycolipid tentatively identified as acylmonogalactosyldiglyceride (the additional acyl moieties being 86.6% acetyl, 11.6% propionyl, and 1.6% n-butyryl groups). Alk-1-enyl ether analogs comprised 24.6% of the total phospholipids and glycolipid of T. innocens, or about one-third of the amount in T. hyodysenteriae. The acyl and alk-1-enyl moieties of T. innocens consisted of greater than or equal to 92% of 14:0, iso-15:0, and 16:0 chains. In contrast to T. hyodysenteriae, anteiso-15:0 moieties were not detected, and a reversed distribution of 14:0 and iso-15:0 alk-1-enyl moieties occurred in the two species.

Alk-1-enyl ether phospholipids (plasmalogens) and glycolipids of Treponema hyodysenteriae. Analysis of acyl and alk-1-enyl moieties

The lipids of Treponema hyodysenteriae B78, the etiologic agent of swine dysentery, comprised 16.4% of the cell dry weight, and consisted of 37.4% glycolipids, 28.6% phospholipids, and 34.0% neutral lipids. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, a major lipid in all Treponema except Treponema pallidum, comprised 80% of the glycolipids. An unidentified galactolipid less polar than monogalactosyldiacylglycerol was also detected. Phosphatidylglycerol (19.5% of the total lipids) was the major phospholipid. Phosphatidylcholine, characteristically the major phospholipid of treponemes, comprised 6.1% of the total lipids. Cardiolipin and lysophosphatidylcholine were minor components. The alk-1-enyl ether forms of both the phospholipids (plasmalogens) and glycolipids predominated. The alk-1-enyl ether forms of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, the unidentified galactolipid, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and phosphatidylcholine were 88.3, 96.4, 74.8, 60.6, and 6.3%, respectively. The acyl and alk-1-enyl chains of the organism were qualitatively similar and differed dramatically from those of the medium indicating a capability for fatty acid synthesis that most Treponema do not possess. Saturated C14, C15, and C16 chains comprised more than 95% of the acyl and alk-1-enyl groups. About 25% of the chains were iso-15:0, anteiso-15:0, and other branched moieties.

Unique lipid composition of Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain)

The lipid composition of Treponema pallidum (Nichols virulent strain) was determined after purification of the organisms from the infected testes of corticosteroid-treated rabbits by differential centrifugation, filtration through Nuclepore membranes, and sedimentation in Hypaque density gradients. The total lipids were comprised of 32.2% neutral lipids, mainly cholesterol, and 67.8% phospholipids consisting of phosphatidylcholine (32.1%), sphingomyelin (14.8%), cardiolipin (13.0%), phosphatidylethanolamine (6.2%), phosphatidylinositol-serine (1.2%), and lysophosphatidylcholine (0.4%). Monoglycosyldiglyceride, a glycolipid comprising 25 to 50% of thetotal lipid of all Treponema previously examined, was not detected. The fatty acid composition was similar but quntitatively distinct from that of the infected testes tissue.

Phospholipid composition of Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus cells in logarithmic and stationary growth phases

Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus cells were grown in spinner culture and harvested in logarithmic and stationary phases of growth. The phospholipids were extracted from the cells, and the fatty acid profiles of the phospholipid classes were determined and compared. The major components were phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, constituting greater than or equal to 80% of the phospholipid. The fatty acid profiles of lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and cardiolipin showed changes with aging of the Culex cells and between the species. In the lysophosphatidylcholine fraction, there was an increase in saturation of the fatty acids of the C. quinquefasciatus cells, and chain lengthening occurred in both species from the logarithmic to stationary phases of growth. In the phosphatidylinositiol fraction, both Culex species showed a decrease in monoenes and an increase in polyenes, while only the C. tritaeniorhynchus cells showed an increase in fatty acid chain length with aging. The C. quinquefasciatus cells had an increase in polyenes with aging in the cardiolipin fraction. Differences in the percentage composition of the fatty acids were shown in all the phospholipid fractions between the Culex species in the logarithmic phase of growth and all except the phosphatidylinositiol and cardiolipin fractions in the stationary phase.

Chain elongation and desaturation of palmitic acid in liver microsomes of rats subjected to hyperbaric exposure

The enzyme activities associated with chain elongation and desaturation of fatty acid in hepatic microsomes from rats held at 1 ATA of air, 1 ATA of He-O2, and 20 ATA of He-O2 were studied. It was found that both the microsomal chain elongation and desaturation of fatty acids were depressed in rats held at 1 ATA of He-O2 as compared to animals held at 1 ATA of air. When animals were exposed to an environment of 20 ATA of He-O2, the chain elongation of fatty acid was about the same as for rats held at 1 ATA of air and was two times greater than for the rats held at 1 ATA of He-O2. The desaturase activity was depressed as compared to the two groups of control animals held at 1 ATA of air and 1 ATA of He-O2.

Comparison of the lipid composition of Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus cells obtained from the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth

Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus cells were grown in spinner culture medium. The cells were harvested at late logarithmic and stationary phases of growth. The total lipid, total neutral lipid, and total phospholipid contents of the cells were analyzed to determine changes that occurred in the fatty acid profiles of the lipids with aging and between species. There was an increase in the amount of total neutral lipids with a corresponding decrease in amount of total phospholipid from logarithmic to stationary phases of growth of the Culex quinquefasciatus cells. Chain elongation and/or desaturation of acids occurred with aging of cells. The fatty acids of the phospholipids had a longer average chain length than the neutral lipids.

Neutral lipid composition of Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus cells at two phases of growth

The mosquito cells Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus were grown in spinner cultures. The fatty acid profiles of the neutral lipid classes were analyzed, and comparisons were made between the two species at logarithmic and stationary phases of growth and between the species and the medium. The results from the data suggest an increase in the average chain length of the fatty acids in the free fatty acid and sterol ester fractions of the Culex quinquefasciatus cells with aging. From the logarighmic to stationary phase, both Culex cells showed some increase in desaturation of acids in the di- and triglyceride and free fatty acid fractions. The Culex tritaeniorhynchus cells also showed some increase in desaturation of acids in the monoglyceride fraction. Differences between the two Culex species at the logarithmic phase of growth were observed in the fatty acid profiles of all the neutral lipid fractions examined and at the stationary phase of growth in the free fatty acid, triglyceride, and sterol ester fractions.

Comparison of phospholipid composition of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus cells obtained from logarithmic and stationary phases of growth

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus cells were grown in tissue culture and harvested at logarithmic and stationary phases of development. The phospholipids were extracted, separated into lipid classes, and fatty acid composition of each fraction determined. The phosphatidylethanolamine fraction was the major lipid (42-54%). With aging, the A. aegypti cells showed an increase in polyenes in the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions and in monoenes and polyenes in the phosphatidylinositol fraction. The lysophosphatidylcholine fraction had an increase in chain length of the fatty acids with aging of the A. aegypti cells. The A. albopictus cells, with aging, showed increases in chain length and in the relative percentage of polyenes in the lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylserine fractions. In the phosphatidylinositol fraction, chain elongation of fatty acids occurred as the cells aged. In the ceramide phosphorylcholine fraction, there were increases in saturation and chain elongation of the fatty acids from the logarithmic to the stationary phase of the A. albopictus cells. An increase in polyenes was observed with aging of the cells in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction.

The effect of hyperbaric exposure of 20 atmospheres-absolute (He-O2) on sphingoglycolipids of rat tissues

The effect of hyperbaric exposure of helium-oxygen at 20 atmospheres-absolute (ATA) on sphingoglycolipids of rat liver, kidney, lung and spleen was studied. No changes were found in the total lipids of the tissues of rats held in ambient air, helium-oxygen mixtures at 1 ATA and 20 ATA. The amounts of three glycolipids in the spleen and the monoglycosyl ceramide in the lung were decreased in the stressed animals. There were changes in the fatty acid profiles of glycolipids between groups of animals held in ambient air and He-O2 at 1 ATA. Greater changes were observed in the amount of glycolipids from liver and kidney of animals held at 1 ATA and 20 ATA, providing additional evidence that helium can affect cellular metablism at ambient pressure. Chain elongation of fatty acids was observed in glycolipids of liver, kidney and spleen of rats exposed to helium-oxygen at 20 ATA compared to animals held in helium-oxygen at 1 ATA.

Comparison of lipid composition of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus cells obtained from logarithmic and stationary phases of growth

The total lipids, total neutral lipids, and total phospholipids from Aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus cells cultivated in vitro in a medium containing fetal calf serum were analyzed. The mosquito cells were harvested in the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth. The fatty acid profiles of the lipids showed differences during the aging of the cells but not betweeen species. There was an increase in chain elongation and unsaturation of the fatty acids in the stationary phase when compared with the logarithmic phase of growth. The major components of the fatty acid profiles of the cells were 16:0, 16:1, and 18:1 fatty acids. Few similarities were found between the lipid analysis of the mosquito cells and the growth medium.

Serum hexosaminidase activity in man under simulated diving conditions (38523)

The activities of serum hexosaminidases from human divers before, during and after simulated dives was measured. Decreases in hexosaminidase A activities were observed in the 1000 FSW saturation dive, whereas an increase in hexosaminidase A activity was observed during decompression in the subsaturation dives at 400 FSW and 650 FSW.