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Ottomanelli L, Goetz LL, Barnett SD, Njoh E, Dixon TM, Holmes SA, LePage JP, Ota D, Sabharwal S, White KT. Individual Placement and Support in Spinal Cord Injury: A Longitudinal Observational Study of Employment Outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2017; 98:1567-1575.e1. [PMID: 28115071 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of a 24-month program of Individual Placement and Support (IPS) supported employment (SE) on employment outcomes for veterans with spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN Longitudinal, observational multisite study of a single-arm, nonrandomized cohort. SETTING SCI centers in the Veterans Health Administration (n=7). PARTICIPANTS Veterans with SCI (N=213) enrolled during an episode of either inpatient hospital care (24.4%) or outpatient care (75.6%). More than half the sample (59.2%) had a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI). INTERVENTION IPS SE for 24 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Competitive employment. RESULTS Over the 24-month period, 92 of 213 IPS participants obtained competitive jobs for an overall employment rate of 43.2%. For the subsample of participants without TBI enrolled as outpatients (n=69), 36 obtained competitive jobs for an overall employment rate of 52.2%. Overall, employed participants averaged 38.2±29.7 weeks of employment, with an average time to first employment of 348.3±220.0 days. Nearly 25% of first jobs occurred within 4 to 6 months of beginning the program. Similar employment characteristics were observed in the subsample without TBI history enrolled as outpatients. CONCLUSIONS Almost half of the veterans with SCI participating in the 24-month IPS program as part of their ongoing SCI care achieved competitive employment, consistent with their expressed preferences at the start of the study. Among a subsample of veterans without TBI history enrolled as outpatients, employment rates were >50%. Time to first employment was highly variable, but quite long in many instances. These findings support offering continued IPS services as part of ongoing SCI care to achieve positive employment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ottomanelli
- Veterans Affairs Health Services Research & Development Center of Innovation on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL; Department of Rehabilitation and Mental Health Counseling, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
| | - Lance L Goetz
- Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Scott D Barnett
- Veterans Affairs Health Services Research & Development Center of Innovation on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL
| | - Eni Njoh
- Veterans Affairs Health Services Research & Development Center of Innovation on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL
| | - Thomas M Dixon
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - James P LePage
- Veterans Affairs North Texas Healthcare System, Dallas, TX; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX
| | - Doug Ota
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Sunil Sabharwal
- Veterans Affairs Boston Health Care System, Boston, MA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kevin T White
- Veterans Affairs Health Services Research & Development Center of Innovation on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Dixon
- Correspondence to: Thomas M. Dixon, Louis Stokes Cleveland DVA Medical Center, Psychology Service, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Abstract
The present experiment measured the speed with which people escaped from a highly self-focusing situation after an initial failure or success. Consistent with predictions, the fastest escapes were found among people who were low in self-complexity and who experienced initial failure. These results support the notion that high self-complexity serves as a buffer against the threatening implications of failure, presumably because many aspects of the self-concept remain untouched by the failure. Additional findings showed that failure impaired the subsequent performance (in writing an essay about the self of people with low self-complexity, but it actually improved the performance of people with high self-complexity. These results suggest that an identical failure may have different levels of global aversiveness and may elicit different coping styles as a function of self-complexity.
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Russell HF, Richardson EJ, Bombardier CH, Dixon TM, Huston TA, Rose J, Sheaffer D, Smith SA, Ullrich PM. Professional standards of practice for psychologists, social workers, and counselors in SCI rehabilitation. J Spinal Cord Med 2015; 39:127-45. [PMID: 26707599 PMCID: PMC5072492 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2015.1119966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth J. Richardson
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jon Rose
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Dawn Sheaffer
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Philip M. Ullrich
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Ottomanelli L, Goetz LL, Suris A, McGeough C, Sinnott PL, Toscano R, Barnett SD, Cipher DJ, Lind LM, Dixon TM, Holmes SA, Kerrigan AJ, Thomas FP. Effectiveness of supported employment for veterans with spinal cord injuries: results from a randomized multisite study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 93:740-7. [PMID: 22541306 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether supported employment (SE) is more effective than treatment as usual (TAU) in returning veterans to competitive employment after spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled, multisite trial of SE versus TAU for vocational issues with 12 months of follow-up data. SETTING SCI centers in the Veterans Health Administration. PARTICIPANTS Subjects (N=201) were enrolled and completed baseline interviews. In interventional sites, subjects were randomly assigned to the SE condition (n=81) or the TAU condition (treatment as usual-interventional site [TAU-IS], n=76). In observational sites where the SE program was not available, 44 subjects were enrolled in a nonrandomized TAU condition (treatment as usual-observational site [TAU-OS]). INTERVENTIONS The intervention consisted of an SE vocational rehabilitation program called the Spinal Cord Injury Vocational Integration Program, which adhered as closely as possible to principles of SE as developed and described in the individual placement and support model of SE for persons with mental illness. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary study outcome measurement was competitive employment in the community. RESULTS Subjects in the SE group were 2.5 times more likely than the TAU-IS group and 11.4 times more likely than the TAU-OS group to obtain competitive employment. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first and only controlled study of a specific vocational rehabilitation program to report improved employment outcomes for persons with SCI. SE, a well-prescribed method of integrated vocational care, was superior to usual practices in improving employment outcomes for veterans with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ottomanelli
- Veterans Affairs (VA) North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Harrington AL, Dixon TM, Ho CH. Vitamin B12 Deficiency as a Cause of Delirium in a Patient With Spinal Cord Injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2011; 92:1917-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Turkstra LS, Dixon TM, Baker KK. Theory of Mind and social beliefs in adolescents with traumatic brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation 2004; 19:245-56. [PMID: 15502257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Impairments in social performance are common consequences of TBI, yet the neuropsychological basis of these impairments is not well understood. This is particularly true for adolescents, who have the highest incidence of TBI and are at a critical stage of developing social and relationship skills. To address this, adolescents with TBI were compared to their typically developing peers on a social cognition task that included Theory of Mind (ToM) questions. As ToM may be necessary for the development of culture-specific social knowledge, the two groups also were compared in regard to their social beliefs. There were significant differences between injured and uninjured adolescents in social cognition, with group differences increasing as a function of the requirement for ToM. There were few differences in self-reported social knowledge and social beliefs. The implication of this discrepancy for the rehabilitation of adolescents with TBI is discussed.
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Abstract
Interest in the biology of adipose tissue has undergone a revival in recent years with the discovery of a host of genes that contribute to the regulation of satiety and metabolic rate. The catecholamines have long been known to be key modulators of adipose tissue lipolysis and the hydrolysis of triglyceride energy stores. However, more recent efforts to understand the role of individual adrenergic receptor subtypes expressed in adipocytes and their signal transduction pathways have revealed a complexity not previously appreciated. Combined with this interest in the modulation of adipocyte metabolism is a renewed focus upon brown adipose tissue and the mechanisms of whole body thermogenesis in general. The discovery of novel homologs of the brown fat uncoupling protein (UCP) such as UCP2 and UCP3 has provoked intensive study of these mitochondrial proteins and the role that they play in fuel metabolism. The story of the novel UCPs has proven to be intriguing and still incompletely understood. Here, we review the status of adipose tissue from inert storage depot to endocrine organ, interesting signal transduction pathways triggered by beta-adrenergic receptors in adipocytes, the potential of these receptors for discriminating and coordinated metabolic regulation, and current views on the role of UCP2 and UCP3 based on physiological studies and gene knockout models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Collins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Dixon TM, Daniel KW, Farmer SR, Collins S. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha is required for transcription of the beta 3-adrenergic receptor gene during adipogenesis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:722-8. [PMID: 11024036 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008440200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (beta(3)AR) is expressed predominantly in adipocytes, and it plays a major role in regulating lipolysis and adaptive thermogenesis. Its expression in a variety of adipocyte cell models is preceded by the appearance of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBP alpha), which has been shown to regulate a number of other adipocyte-specific genes. Importantly, it has been demonstrated that several adipocyte cell lines that fail to express C/EBP alpha exhibit reduced insulin sensitivity, despite an apparent adipogenic phenotype. Here we show that transcription and function of the beta(3)AR correlates with C/EBP alpha expression in these adipocyte models. A 5.13-kilobase pair fragment of the mouse beta(3)AR promoter was isolated and sequenced. This fragment conferred a 50-fold increase in luciferase reporter gene expression in adipocytes. Two putative C/EBP binding sites exist at -3306 to -3298 and at -1462 to -1454, but only the more distal site is functional. Oligonucleotides corresponding to both the wild-type and mutated -3306 element were inserted upstream of a thymidine kinase luciferase construct. When cotransfected in fibroblasts with a C/EBP alpha expression vector, reporter gene expression increased 3-fold only in the wild-type constructs. The same mutation, when placed into the intact 5.13-kilobase pair promoter, reduced promoter activity in adipocytes from 50-fold to <10-fold. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis demonstrated that the site at -3306 generated a specific protein-oligonucleotide complex that was supershifted by C/EBP alpha antibody, while a probe corresponding to a putative site at -1462 did not. These results define C/EBP alpha as a key transcriptional regulator of the mouse beta(3)AR gene during adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Dixon
- Department of Pharmacology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Cao W, Luttrell LM, Medvedev AV, Pierce KL, Daniel KW, Dixon TM, Lefkowitz RJ, Collins S. Direct binding of activated c-Src to the beta 3-adrenergic receptor is required for MAP kinase activation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:38131-4. [PMID: 11013230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c000592200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Both beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenergic receptors (ARs) are able to activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. We previously showed that c-Src is required for ERK activation by beta(2)AR and that it is recruited to activated beta(2)AR through binding of the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain to proline-rich regions of the adapter protein beta-arrestin1. Despite the absence of sites for phosphorylation and beta-arrestin binding, ERK activation by beta(3)AR still requires c-Src. Agonist activation of beta(2)AR, but not beta(3)AR, led to redistribution of green fluorescent protein-tagged beta-arrestin to the plasma membrane. In beta-arrestin-deficient COS-7 cells, beta-agonist-dependent co-precipitation of c-Src with the beta(2)AR required exogenous beta-arrestin, but activated beta(3)AR co-precipitated c-Src in the absence or presence of beta-arrestin. ERK activation and Src co-precipitation with beta(3)AR also occurred in adipocytes in an agonist-dependent and pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. Protein interaction studies show that the beta(3)AR interacts directly with the SH3 domain of Src through proline-rich motifs (PXXP) in the third intracellular loop and the carboxyl terminus. ERK activation and Src co-precipitation were abolished in cells expressing point mutations in these PXXP motifs. Together, these data describe a novel mechanism of ERK activation by a G protein-coupled receptor in which the intracellular domains directly recruit c-Src.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cao
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Pharmacology, and Medicine and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the expression and function of the adipocyte-specific beta3-adrenergic receptor (beta3AR) are significantly depressed in single gene and diet-induced rodent models of obesity. Furthermore, these models are relatively unresponsive to the anti-obesity effects of beta3AR agonists. Because all of these models are hyperinsulinemic, we hypothesized that hyperinsulinemia could be responsible for this abnormality in beta3AR function. The goal of this study was to determine whether lowering insulin with the K-ATP channel agonist, diazoxide (Dz) would reverse the depressed expression and function of the beta3AR found in a model of diet-induced diabetes and obesity in C57BL/6J (B6) mice. B6 male mice were placed on either high fat (HF) or low fat experimental diets. After 4 weeks, HF-fed mice were assigned to a group: HF or HF containing disodium (R,R)-5- [2-( [2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-amino]propyl-1,3-benzodioxole-2,2-di carboxylate (CL; 0.001%, wt/wt), Dz (0.32%, wt/wt), or their combination (CLDz). Dz animals exhibited significantly reduced plasma insulin levels as well as increased 3pAR expression and agonist-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in adipocytes. CLDz was more effective in reducing percent body fat, lowering nonesterified fatty acids, improving glucose tolerance, and reducing feed efficiency than either treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Surwit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Dixon TM. Review of Brain injury and neuropsychological rehabilitation: International perspectives. Rehabil Psychol 1995. [DOI: 10.1037/h0092831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rich DH, Ksendzov A, Terhune RW, Grunthaner FJ, Wilson BA, Shen H, Dutta M, Vernon SM, Dixon TM. Polarized-cathodoluminescence study of uniaxial and biaxial stress in GaAs/Si. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1991; 43:6836-6839. [PMID: 9998143 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.6836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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