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Chuangsuwanich T, Tun TA, Braeu FA, Wang X, Chin ZY, Panda SK, Buist M, Milea D, Strouthidis N, Perera S, Nongpiur ME, Aung T, Girard MJA. Adduction induces large optic nerve head deformations in subjects with normal-tension glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2024; 108:522-529. [PMID: 37011991 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2022-322461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess intraocular pressure (IOP)-induced and gaze-induced optic nerve head (ONH) strains in subjects with high-tension glaucoma (HTG) and normal-tension glaucoma (NTG). DESIGN Clinic-based cross-sectional study. METHODS The ONH from one eye of 228 subjects (114 subjects with HTG (pre-treatment IOP≥21 mm Hg) and 114 with NTG (pre-treatment IOP<21 mm Hg)) was imaged with optical coherence tomography (OCT) under the following conditions: (1) OCT primary gaze, (2) 20° adduction from OCT primary gaze, (3) 20° abduction from OCT primary gaze and (4) OCT primary gaze with acute IOP elevation (to approximately 33 mm Hg). We then performed digital volume correlation analysis to quantify IOP-induced and gaze-induced ONH tissue deformations and strains. RESULTS Across all subjects, adduction generated high effective strain (4.4%±2.3%) in the LC tissue with no significant difference (p>0.05) with those induced by IOP elevation (4.5%±2.4%); while abduction generated significantly lower (p=0.01) effective strain (3.1%±1.9%). The lamina cribrosa (LC) of HTG subjects exhibited significantly higher effective strain than those of NTG subjects under IOP elevation (HTG: 4.6%±1.7% vs NTG: 4.1%±1.5%, p<0.05). Conversely, the LC of NTG subjects exhibited significantly higher effective strain than those of HTG subjects under adduction (NTG: 4.9%±1.9% vs HTG: 4.0%±1.4%, p<0.05). CONCLUSION We found that NTG subjects experienced higher strains due to adduction than HTG subjects, while HTG subjects experienced higher strain due to IOP elevation than NTG subjects-and that these differences were most pronounced in the LC tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanadet Chuangsuwanich
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Fabian A Braeu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Yun Chin
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
| | - Satish K Panda
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Buist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan Milea
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Shamira Perera
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Monisha Esther Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Michael J A Girard
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Braeu FA, Chuangsuwanich T, Tun TA, Perera S, Husain R, Thiery AH, Aung T, Barbastathis G, Girard MJA. AI-based clinical assessment of optic nerve head robustness superseding biomechanical testing. Br J Ophthalmol 2024; 108:223-231. [PMID: 36627175 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2022-322374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To use artificial intelligence (AI) to: (1) exploit biomechanical knowledge of the optic nerve head (ONH) from a relatively large population; (2) assess ONH robustness (ie, sensitivity of the ONH to changes in intraocular pressure (IOP)) from a single optical coherence tomography (OCT) volume scan of the ONH without the need for biomechanical testing and (3) identify what critical three-dimensional (3D) structural features dictate ONH robustness. METHODS 316 subjects had their ONHs imaged with OCT before and after acute IOP elevation through ophthalmo-dynamometry. IOP-induced lamina cribrosa (LC) deformations were then mapped in 3D and used to classify ONHs. Those with an average effective LC strain superior to 4% were considered fragile, while those with a strain inferior to 4% robust. Learning from these data, we compared three AI algorithms to predict ONH robustness strictly from a baseline (undeformed) OCT volume: (1) a random forest classifier; (2) an autoencoder and (3) a dynamic graph convolutional neural network (DGCNN). The latter algorithm also allowed us to identify what critical 3D structural features make a given ONH robust. RESULTS All three methods were able to predict ONH robustness from a single OCT volume scan alone and without the need to perform biomechanical testing. The DGCNN (area under the curve (AUC): 0.76±0.08) outperformed the autoencoder (AUC: 0.72±0.09) and the random forest classifier (AUC: 0.69±0.05). Interestingly, to assess ONH robustness, the DGCNN mainly used information from the scleral canal and the LC insertion sites. CONCLUSIONS We propose an AI-driven approach that can assess the robustness of a given ONH solely from a single OCT volume scan of the ONH, and without the need to perform biomechanical testing. Longitudinal studies should establish whether ONH robustness could help us identify fast visual field loss progressors. PRECIS Using geometric deep learning, we can assess optic nerve head robustness (ie, sensitivity to a change in IOP) from a standard OCT scan that might help to identify fast visual field loss progressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Braeu
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Thanadet Chuangsuwanich
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Shamira Perera
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Rahat Husain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Alexandre H Thiery
- Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - George Barbastathis
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michaël J A Girard
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
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Shan J, Li Z, Ma P, Tun TA, Yonamine S, Wu Y, Baskaran M, Nongpiur ME, Chen D, Aung T, Li S, He M, Yang Y, Han Y. Deep Learning Classification of Angle Closure based on Anterior Segment OCT. Ophthalmol Glaucoma 2024; 7:8-15. [PMID: 37437884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogla.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the performance and generalizability of a convolutional neural network (CNN) model for objective and high-throughput identification of primary angle-closure disease (PACD) as well as PACD stage differentiation on anterior segment swept-source OCT (AS-OCT). DESIGN Cross-sectional. PARTICIPANTS Patients from 3 different eye centers across China and Singapore were recruited for this study. Eight hundred forty-one eyes from the 2 Chinese centers were divided into 170 control eyes, 488 PACS, and 183 PAC + PACG eyes. An additional 300 eyes were recruited from Singapore National Eye Center as a testing data set, divided into 100 control eyes, 100 PACS, and 100 PAC + PACG eyes. METHODS Each participant underwent standardized ophthalmic examination and was classified by the presiding physician as either control, primary angle-closure suspect (PACS), primary angle closure (PAC), or primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). Deep Learning model was used to train 3 different CNN classifiers: classifier 1 aimed to separate control versus PACS versus PAC + PACG; classifier 2 aimed to separate control versus PACD; and classifier 3 aimed to separate PACS versus PAC + PACG. All classifiers were evaluated on independent validation sets from the same region, China and further tested using data from a different country, Singapore. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Area under receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC), precision, and recall. RESULTS Classifier 1 achieved an AUC of 0.96 on validation set from the same region, but dropped to an AUC of 0.84 on test set from a different country. Classifier 2 achieved the most generalizable performance with an AUC of 0.96 on validation set and AUC of 0.95 on test set. Classifier 3 showed the poorest performance, with an AUC of 0.83 and 0.64 on test and validation data sets, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Convolutional neural network classifiers can effectively distinguish PACD from controls on AS-OCT with good generalizability across different patient cohorts. However, their performance is moderate when trying to distinguish PACS versus PAC + PACG. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Zhixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Sean Yonamine
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yangyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Monisha E Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Dake Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Shuning Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China.
| | - Mingguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Yangfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Ophthalmology Section, Surgical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
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Tun TA, Nongpiur ME, Xu BY, Wang X, Tan M, Quah JHM, Lim HB, Cheng CY, Aung T. Investigating the determinants of iridolenticular contact area: a novel parameter for angle closure. Br J Ophthalmol 2023:bjo-2022-322810. [PMID: 37793787 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2022-322810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To identify ocular determinants of iridolenticular contact area (ILCA), a recently introduced swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) derived parameter, and assess the association between ILCA and angle closure. METHODS In this population-based cross-sectional study, right eyes of 464 subjects underwent SSOCT (SS-1000, CASIA, Tomey Corporation, Nagoya, Japan) imaging in the dark. Eight out of 128 cross-sectional images (evenly spaced 22.5° apart) were selected for analysis. Matlab (Matworks, Massachusetts, USA) was used to measure ILCA, defined as the circumferential extent of contact area between the pigmented iris epithelium and anterior lens surface. Gonioscopic angle closure (GAC) was defined as non-visibility of the posterior trabecular meshwork in two or more angle quadrants. RESULTS The mean age of subjects was 62±6.6 years, with the majority being female (65.5%). 143/464 subjects (28.6%) had GAC. In multivariable linear regression analysis, ILCA was significantly associated with anterior chamber width (β=1.03, p=0.003), pupillary diameter (β=-1.9, p<0.001) and iris curvature (β=-17.35, p<0.001). ILCA was smaller in eyes with GAC compared with those with open angles (4.28±1.6 mm2 vs 6.02±2.71 mm2, p<0.001). ILCA was independently associated with GAC (β=-0.03, p<0.001), iridotrabecular contact index (β=-6.82, p<0.001) or angle opening distance (β=0.02, p<0.001) after adjusting for covariates. The diagnostic performance of ILCA for detecting GAC was acceptable (AUC=0.69). CONCLUSIONS ILCA is a significant predictor of angle closure independent of other biometric factors and may reflect unique anatomical information associated with pupillary block. ILCA represents a novel biometric risk factor in eyes with angle closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Monisha Esther Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Y Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Marcus Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Ophthalmology Service, Jurong Health Service, Singapore
| | | | - Hou-Boon Lim
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Ching Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Tun TA, Sawicki A, Wilkos-Kuc A, Aung T, Zarnowski T. Changes in Anterior Segment Parameters After Laser Peripheral Iridotomy in Caucasian Eyes With Different Primary Angle Closure Mechanisms. J Glaucoma 2023; 32:820-825. [PMID: 37523648 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000002282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
PRCIS Subgrouping of angle closure mechanisms based on the swept-source optical coherence tomography images may help to identify the predominant underlying anatomic mechanism, evaluate personal treatment, and improve the better outcomes. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in anterior segment parameters in Caucasian eyes with different angle closure mechanisms before and after laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI). METHODS Sixty-six subjects underwent swept-source optical coherence tomography (CASIA, Tomey Corporation) angle imaging in the dark before and 7 days after LPI. On the basis of the baseline swept-source optical coherence tomography images, the eyes were categorized into 4 angle closure mechanisms, namely pupillary block (PB), plateau iris configuration (PIC), thick peripheral iris (TPI), and large lens vault (LLV). Sixteen out of 128 cross-sectional images (11.25 degrees apart) per volume scan were selected for analysis. We used a generalized estimating equation to compare quantitative parameters among angle closure mechanisms and between before and after LPI after adjusting the intereye correlation. RESULTS The mean age of subjects was 67.7±9.2 years, with the majority being female (82.2%). One hundred twenty-nine eyes (67 primary angle closure suspects, 34 primary angle closure, and 28 primary angle closure glaucoma) were categorized into PB (n=71, 55%), PIC (n=40, 31%), TPI (n=14, 10.9%), and LLV (n=4, 3.1%). Anterior chamber depth was the shallowest in the LLV, followed by TPI, PB, and PIC group at baseline. Widening of the angle and reduction of the iris curvature (IC) due to LPI were observed in all groups (all P <0.01). When compared to the PB group, the LPI-induced angle widening in the TPI group was significantly less even though the iris curvature reduction in the TPI group was greater (all P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS In patients with angle closure, anterior segment morphology and LPI-induced angle widening were different among the various angle closure mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre
- Duke-NUS Medical School
| | - Andrzej Sawicki
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wilkos-Kuc
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre
- Duke-NUS Medical School
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tomasz Zarnowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Braeu FA, Chuangsuwanich T, Tun TA, Perera SA, Husain R, Kadziauskienė A, Schmetterer L, Thiéry AH, Barbastathis G, Aung T, Girard MJA. Three-Dimensional Structural Phenotype of the Optic Nerve Head as a Function of Glaucoma Severity. JAMA Ophthalmol 2023; 141:882-889. [PMID: 37589980 PMCID: PMC10436184 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.3315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Importance The 3-dimensional (3-D) structural phenotype of glaucoma as a function of severity was thoroughly described and analyzed, enhancing understanding of its intricate pathology beyond current clinical knowledge. Objective To describe the 3-D structural differences in both connective and neural tissues of the optic nerve head (ONH) between different glaucoma stages using traditional and artificial intelligence-driven approaches. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional, clinic-based study recruited 541 Chinese individuals receiving standard clinical care at Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, and 112 White participants of a prospective observational study at Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania. The study was conducted from May 2022 to January 2023. All participants had their ONH imaged using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and had their visual field assessed by standard automated perimetry. Main Outcomes and Measures (1) Clinician-defined 3-D structural parameters of the ONH and (2) 3-D structural landmarks identified by geometric deep learning that differentiated ONHs among 4 groups: no glaucoma, mild glaucoma (mean deviation [MD], ≥-6.00 dB), moderate glaucoma (MD, -6.01 to -12.00 dB), and advanced glaucoma (MD, <-12.00 dB). Results Study participants included 213 individuals without glaucoma (mean age, 63.4 years; 95% CI, 62.5-64.3 years; 126 females [59.2%]; 213 Chinese [100%] and 0 White individuals), 204 with mild glaucoma (mean age, 66.9 years; 95% CI, 66.0-67.8 years; 91 females [44.6%]; 178 Chinese [87.3%] and 26 White [12.7%] individuals), 118 with moderate glaucoma (mean age, 68.1 years; 95% CI, 66.8-69.4 years; 49 females [41.5%]; 97 Chinese [82.2%] and 21 White [17.8%] individuals), and 118 with advanced glaucoma (mean age, 68.5 years; 95% CI, 67.1-69.9 years; 43 females [36.4%]; 53 Chinese [44.9%] and 65 White [55.1%] individuals). The majority of ONH structural differences occurred in the early glaucoma stage, followed by a plateau effect in the later stages. Using a deep neural network, 3-D ONH structural differences were found to be present in both neural and connective tissues. Specifically, a mean of 57.4% (95% CI, 54.9%-59.9%, for no to mild glaucoma), 38.7% (95% CI, 36.9%-40.5%, for mild to moderate glaucoma), and 53.1 (95% CI, 50.8%-55.4%, for moderate to advanced glaucoma) of ONH landmarks that showed major structural differences were located in neural tissues with the remaining located in connective tissues. Conclusions and Relevance This study uncovered complex 3-D structural differences of the ONH in both neural and connective tissues as a function of glaucoma severity. Future longitudinal studies should seek to establish a connection between specific 3-D ONH structural changes and fast visual field deterioration and aim to improve the early detection of patients with rapid visual field loss in routine clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A. Braeu
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thanadet Chuangsuwanich
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin A. Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Shamira A. Perera
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Rahat Husain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Aiste Kadziauskienė
- Clinic of Ears, Nose, Throat and Eye Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Center of Eye Diseases, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre H. Thiéry
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - George Barbastathis
- Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Tin Aung
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Michaël J. A. Girard
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
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Chuangsuwanich T, Tun TA, Braeu FA, Yeoh CHY, Chong RS, Wang X, Aung T, Hoang QV, Girard MJA. How Myopia and Glaucoma Influence the Biomechanical Susceptibility of the Optic Nerve Head. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:12. [PMID: 37552032 PMCID: PMC10411647 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess optic nerve head (ONH) deformations following acute intraocular pressure (IOP) elevations and horizontal eye movements in control eyes, highly myopic (HM) eyes, HM eyes with glaucoma (HMG), and eyes with pathologic myopia (PM) alone or PM with staphyloma (PM + S). METHODS We studied 282 eyes, comprising of 99 controls (between +2.75 and -2.75 diopters), 51 HM (< -5 diopters), 35 HMG, 21 PM, and 75 PM + S eyes. For each eye, we imaged the ONH using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) under the following conditions: (1) primary gaze, (2) 20 degrees adduction, (3) 20 degrees abduction, and (4) primary gaze with acute IOP elevation (to ∼35 mm Hg) achieved through ophthalmodynamometry. We then computed IOP- and gaze-induced ONH displacements and effective strains. Effective strains were compared across groups. RESULTS Under IOP elevation, we found that HM eyes exhibited significantly lower strains (3.9 ± 2.4%) than PM eyes (6.9 ± 5.0%, P < 0.001), HMG eyes (4.7 ± 1.8%, P = 0.04), and PM + S eyes (7.0 ± 5.2%, P < 0.001). Under adduction, we found that HM eyes exhibited significantly lower strains (4.8% ± 2.7%) than PM + S eyes (6.0 ± 3.1%, P = 0.02). We also found that eyes with higher axial length were associated with higher strains. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that eyes with HMG experienced significantly greater strains under IOP compared to eyes with HM. Furthermore, eyes with PM + S had the highest strains on the ONH of all groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanadet Chuangsuwanich
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Tin A. Tun
- Eye-ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian A. Braeu
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clarice H. Y. Yeoh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rachel S. Chong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Tin Aung
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Eye-ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quan V. Hoang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Eye-ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Michaël J. A. Girard
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Eye-ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
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Chan ASY, Tun SBB, Lynn MN, Ho C, Tun TA, Girard MJA, Sultana R, Barathi VA, Aung T, Aihara M. Intravitreal Neuroglobin Mitigates Primate Experimental Glaucomatous Structural Damage in Association with Reduced Optic Nerve Microglial and Complement 3-Astrocyte Activation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:961. [PMID: 37371541 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Current management of glaucomatous optic neuropathy is limited to intraocular pressure control. Neuroglobin (Ngb) is an endogenous neuroprotectant expressed in neurons and astrocytes. We recently showed that exogenous intravitreal Ngb reduced inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation in a rodent model of hypoxia. We thus hypothesised that IVT-Ngb may also be neuroprotective in experimental glaucoma (EG) by mitigating optic nerve (ON) astrogliosis and microgliosis as well as structural damage. In this study using a microbead-induced model of EG in six Cynomolgus primates, optical coherence imaging showed that Ngb-treated EG eyes had significantly less thinning of the peripapillary minimum rim width, retinal nerve fibre layer thickness, and ON head cupping than untreated EG eyes. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that ON astrocytes overexpressed Ngb following Ngb treatment. A reduction in complement 3 and cleaved-caspase 3 activated microglia and astrocytes was also noted. Our findings in higher-order primates recapitulate the effects of neuroprotection by Ngb treatment in rodent EG studies and suggest that Ngb may be a potential candidate for glaucoma neuroprotection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Y Chan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Sai B B Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Myoe N Lynn
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Candice Ho
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Michaël J A Girard
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory (OEIL), Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | | | - Veluchamy A Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
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Randhawa J, Chiang M, Porporato N, Pardeshi AA, Dredge J, Apolo Aroca G, Tun TA, Quah JH, Tan M, Higashita R, Aung T, Varma R, Xu BY. Generalisability and performance of an OCT-based deep learning classifier for community-based and hospital-based detection of gonioscopic angle closure. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:511-517. [PMID: 34670749 PMCID: PMC9018872 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the generalisability and performance of a deep learning classifier for automated detection of gonioscopic angle closure in anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) images. METHODS A convolutional neural network (CNN) model developed using data from the Chinese American Eye Study (CHES) was used to detect gonioscopic angle closure in AS-OCT images with reference gonioscopy grades provided by trained ophthalmologists. Independent test data were derived from the population-based CHES, a community-based clinic in Singapore, and a hospital-based clinic at the University of Southern California (USC). Classifier performance was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) metrics. Interexaminer agreement between the classifier and two human examiners at USC was calculated using Cohen's kappa coefficients. RESULTS The classifier was tested using 640 images (311 open and 329 closed) from 127 Chinese Americans, 10 165 images (9595 open and 570 closed) from 1318 predominantly Chinese Singaporeans and 300 images (234 open and 66 closed) from 40 multiethnic USC patients. The classifier achieved similar performance in the CHES (AUC=0.917), Singapore (AUC=0.894) and USC (AUC=0.922) cohorts. Standardising the distribution of gonioscopy grades across cohorts produced similar AUC metrics (range 0.890-0.932). The agreement between the CNN classifier and two human examiners (Ҡ=0.700 and 0.704) approximated interexaminer agreement (Ҡ=0.693) in the USC cohort. CONCLUSION An OCT-based deep learning classifier demonstrated consistent performance detecting gonioscopic angle closure across three independent patient populations. This automated method could aid ophthalmologists in the assessment of angle status in diverse patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeen Randhawa
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Chiang
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Natalia Porporato
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Anmol A Pardeshi
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Justin Dredge
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Galo Apolo Aroca
- Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | | | - Marcus Tan
- Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Tin Aung
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rohit Varma
- Southern California Eye Institute, CHA Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Y Xu
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
Purpose (1) To assess the performance of geometric deep learning in diagnosing glaucoma from a single optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan of the optic nerve head and (2) to compare its performance to that obtained with a three-dimensional (3D) convolutional neural network (CNN), and with a gold-standard parameter, namely, the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. Methods Scans of the optic nerve head were acquired with OCT for 477 glaucoma and 2296 nonglaucoma subjects. All volumes were automatically segmented using deep learning to identify seven major neural and connective tissues. Each optic nerve head was then represented as a 3D point cloud with approximately 1000 points. Geometric deep learning (PointNet) was then used to provide a glaucoma diagnosis from a single 3D point cloud. The performance of our approach (reported using the area under the curve [AUC]) was compared with that obtained with a 3D CNN, and with the RNFL thickness. Results PointNet was able to provide a robust glaucoma diagnosis solely from a 3D point cloud (AUC = 0.95 ± 0.01).The performance of PointNet was superior to that obtained with a 3D CNN (AUC = 0.87 ± 0.02 [raw OCT images] and 0.91 ± 0.02 [segmented OCT images]) and with that obtained from RNFL thickness alone (AUC = 0.80 ± 0.03). Conclusions We provide a proof of principle for the application of geometric deep learning in glaucoma. Our technique requires significantly less information as input to perform better than a 3D CNN, and with an AUC superior to that obtained from RNFL thickness. Translational Relevance Geometric deep learning may help us to improve and simplify diagnosis and prognosis applications in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre H. Thiéry
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Braeu
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin A. Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Michaël J. A. Girard
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore,Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
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Braeu FA, Thiéry AH, Tun TA, Kadziauskiene A, Barbastathis G, Aung T, Girard MJA. Geometric Deep Learning to Identify the Critical 3D Structural Features of the Optic Nerve Head for Glaucoma Diagnosis. Am J Ophthalmol 2023; 250:38-48. [PMID: 36646242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the performance of 2 relatively recent geometric deep learning techniques in diagnosing glaucoma from a single optical coherence tomographic (OCT) scan of the optic nerve head (ONH); and to identify the 3-dimensional (3D) structural features of the ONH that are critical for the diagnosis of glaucoma. DESIGN Comparison and evaluation of deep learning diagnostic algorithms. METHODS In this study, we included a total of 2247 nonglaucoma and 2259 glaucoma scans from 1725 participants. All participants had their ONHs imaged in 3D with Spectralis OCT. All OCT scans were automatically segmented using deep learning to identify major neural and connective tissues. Each ONH was then represented as a 3D point cloud. We used PointNet and dynamic graph convolutional neural network (DGCNN) to diagnose glaucoma from such 3D ONH point clouds and to identify the critical 3D structural features of the ONH for glaucoma diagnosis. RESULTS Both the DGCNN (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.97±0.01) and PointNet (AUC: 0.95±0.02) were able to accurately detect glaucoma from 3D ONH point clouds. The critical points (ie, critical structural features of the ONH) formed an hourglass pattern, with most of them located within the neuroretinal rim in the inferior and superior quadrant of the ONH. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic accuracy of both geometric deep learning approaches was excellent. Moreover, we were able to identify the critical 3D structural features of the ONH for glaucoma diagnosis that tremendously improved the transparency and interpretability of our method. Consequently, our approach may have strong potential to be used in clinical applications for the diagnosis and prognosis of a wide range of ophthalmic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Braeu
- From the Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre (F.A.B., M.J.A.G.), Singapore; Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (F.A.B., G.B.), Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (F.A.B., T.A.), Singapore
| | - Alexandre H Thiéry
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore (A.H.T.), Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre (T.A.T., T.A.), Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School (T.A.T., T.A., M.J.A.G.), Singapore
| | - Aiste Kadziauskiene
- Clinic of Ears, Nose, Throat and Eye Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University (A.K.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Center of Eye diseases, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (A.K.), Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - George Barbastathis
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (F.A.B., G.B.), Singapore; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (G.B.), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tin Aung
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (F.A.B., T.A.), Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre (T.A.T., T.A.), Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School (T.A.T., T.A., M.J.A.G.), Singapore
| | - Michaël J A Girard
- From the Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre (F.A.B., M.J.A.G.), Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School (T.A.T., T.A., M.J.A.G.), Singapore; Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology (M.J.A.G.), Basel, Switzerland.
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Chuangsuwanich T, Tun TA, Braeu FA, Wang X, Chin ZY, Panda SK, Buist M, Strouthidis N, Perera S, Nongpiur M, Aung T, Girard MJA. Differing Associations between Optic Nerve Head Strains and Visual Field Loss in Patients with Normal- and High-Tension Glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2023; 130:99-110. [PMID: 35964710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the associations between optic nerve head (ONH) strains under intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation with retinal sensitivity in patients with glaucoma. DESIGN Clinic-based cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred twenty-nine patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (subdivided into 115 patients with high-tension glaucoma [HTG] and 114 patients with normal-tension glaucoma [NTG]). METHODS For 1 eye of each patient, we imaged the ONH using spectral-domain OCT under the following conditions: (1) primary gaze and (2) primary gaze with acute IOP elevation (to approximately 35 mmHg) achieved through ophthalmodynamometry. A 3-dimensional strain-mapping algorithm was applied to quantify IOP-induced ONH tissue strain (i.e., deformation) in each ONH. Strains in the prelaminar tissue (PLT), the retina, the choroid, the sclera, and the lamina cribrosa (LC) were associated (using linear regression) with measures of retinal sensitivity from the 24-2 Humphrey visual field test (Carl Zeiss Meditec). This was performed globally, then locally according to a previously published regionalization scheme. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Associations between ONH strains and values of retinal sensitivity from visual field testing. RESULTS For patients with HTG, we found (1) significant negative linear associations between ONH strains and retinal sensitivity (P < 0.001; on average, a 1% increase in ONH strains corresponded to a decrease in retinal sensitivity of 1.1 decibels [dB]), (2) that high-strain regions colocalized with anatomically mapped regions of high visual field loss, and (3) that the strongest negative associations were observed in the superior region and in the PLT. In contrast, for patients with NTG, no significant associations between strains and retinal sensitivity were observed except in the superotemporal region of the LC. CONCLUSIONS We found significant negative associations between IOP-induced ONH strains and retinal sensitivity in a relatively large glaucoma cohort. Specifically, patients with HTG who experienced higher ONH strains were more likely to exhibit lower retinal sensitivities. Interestingly, this trend in general was less pronounced in patients with NTG, which could suggest a distinct pathophysiologic relationship between the two glaucoma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanadet Chuangsuwanich
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Fabian A Braeu
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Yun Chin
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Satish Kumar Panda
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Martin Buist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nicholas Strouthidis
- National Institute of Health Research, Biomedical Sciences Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shamira Perera
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Monisha Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michaël J A Girard
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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Panda SK, Cheong H, Tun TA, Devella SK, Senthil V, Krishnadas R, Buist ML, Perera S, Cheng CY, Aung T, Thiéry AH, Girard MJ. Describing the Structural Phenotype of the Glaucomatous Optic Nerve Head Using Artificial Intelligence. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 236:172-182. [PMID: 34157276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a novel deep-learning approach that can describe the structural phenotype of the glaucomatous optic nerve head (ONH) and can be used as a robust glaucoma diagnosis tool. DESIGN Retrospective, deep-learning approach diagnosis study. METHOD We trained a deep-learning network to segment 3 neural-tissue and 4 connective-tissue layers of the ONH. The segmented optical coherence tomography images were then processed by a customized autoencoder network with an additional parallel branch for binary classification. The encoder part of the autoencoder reduced the segmented optical coherence tomography images into a low-dimensional latent space (LS), whereas the decoder and the classification branches reconstructed the images and classified them as glaucoma or nonglaucoma, respectively. We performed principal component analysis on the latent parameters and identified the principal components (PCs). Subsequently, the magnitude of each PC was altered in steps and reported how it impacted the morphology of the ONH. RESULTS The image reconstruction quality and diagnostic accuracy increased with the size of the LS. With 54 parameters in the LS, the diagnostic accuracy was 92.0 ± 2.3% with a sensitivity of 90.0 ± 2.4% (at 95% specificity), and the corresponding Dice coefficient for the reconstructed images was 0.86 ± 0.04. By changing the magnitudes of PC in steps, we were able to reveal how the morphology of the ONH changes as one transitions from a "nonglaucoma" to a "glaucoma" condition. CONCLUSIONS Our network was able to identify novel biomarkers of the ONH for glaucoma diagnosis. Specifically, the structural features identified by our algorithm were found to be related to clinical observations of glaucoma.
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Panda SK, Cheong H, Tun TA, Chuangsuwanich T, Kadziauskiene A, Senthil V, Krishnadas R, Buist ML, Perera S, Cheng CY, Aung T, Thiery AH, Girard MJ. The three-dimensional structural configuration of the central retinal vessel trunk and branches as a glaucoma biomarker. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 240:205-216. [PMID: 35247336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether the 3-dimensional (3D) structural configuration of the central retinal vessel trunk and its branches (CRVT&B) could be used as a diagnostic marker for glaucoma. DESIGN Retrospective, deep-learning approach diagnosis study. METHODS We trained a deep learning network to automatically segment the CRVT&B from the B-scans of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) volume of the optic nerve head. Subsequently, 2 different approaches were used for glaucoma diagnosis using the structural configuration of the CRVT&B as extracted from the OCT volumes. In the first approach, we aimed to provide a diagnosis using only 3D convolutional neural networks and the 3D structure of the CRVT&B. For the second approach, we projected the 3D structure of the CRVT&B orthographically onto sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes to obtain 3 two-dimensional (2D) images, and then a 2D convolutional neural network was used for diagnosis. The segmentation accuracy was evaluated using the Dice coefficient, whereas the diagnostic accuracy was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs). The diagnostic performance of the CRVT&B was also compared with that of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness (calculated in the same cohorts). RESULTS Our segmentation network was able to efficiently segment retinal blood vessels from OCT scans. On a test set, we achieved a Dice coefficient of 0.81 ± 0.07. The 3D and 2D diagnostic networks were able to differentiate glaucoma from nonglaucoma subjects with accuracies of 82.7% and 83.3%, respectively. The corresponding AUCs for the CRVT&B were 0.89 and 0.90, higher than those obtained with RNFL thickness alone (AUCs ranging from 0.74 to 0.80). CONCLUSIONS Our work demonstrated that the diagnostic power of the CRVT&B is superior to that of a gold-standard glaucoma parameter, that is, RNFL thickness. Our work also suggested that the major retinal blood vessels form a "skeleton"-the configuration of which may be representative of major optic nerve head structural changes as typically observed with the development and progression of glaucoma.
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15
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Porporato N, Chong R, Xu BY, Tun TA, Quah JH, Tan M, Baskaran M, Cheng CY, Aung T. Angle closure extent, anterior segment dimensions and intraocular pressure. Br J Ophthalmol 2022:bjophthalmol-2021-320453. [PMID: 35236713 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-320453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association between the extent of iridotrabecular contact and other quantitative anterior segment dimensions measured by swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT; CASIA SS-1000, Tomey, Nagoya, Japan) with intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS Cross-sectional study. All subjects who were ≥50 years with no history of glaucoma, ocular surgery or trauma, underwent SS-OCT imaging (eight equally spaced radial scans), Goldman applanation tonometry and gonioscopy on the same day. We measured iridotrabecular contact (ITC) index and area, total volume of trabeculo-iris space area and angle opening distance at 500 and 750 from the scleral spur (TISA 500 and 750, AOD 500 and 750, respectively), anterior chamber depth (ACD), volume, area and width, pupil diameter, lens vault and iris volume.Their relationship with IOP (dependent variable) was assessed by locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (Lowess) regression with change-point analysis and generalised additive models adjusted for confounders. RESULTS 2027 right eyes of mostly Chinese Singaporeans (90%) were analysed. ITC index above a threshold of ~60% (95% CI 34% to 92%) was significantly associated with higher IOP. Independent of the extent of ITC, ACD was also significantly associated with higher IOP below a threshold of 2.5 mm (95% CI 2.33 mm to 2.71 mm). Greater ITC index and shallower ACD had a joint association with IOP. A model including ACD and ITC index was more predictive of IOP than a model considering these variables separately, particularly for women with gonioscopically closed angles (R2 52.7%, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The extent of angle closure and the ACD below a certain threshold had a significant joint association with IOP. These parameters, as biometrical surrogates of mechanical obstruction of the aqueous outflow, may jointly contribute to elevated IOP, particularly in women with gonioscopic angle closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Porporato
- Glaucoma, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Rachel Chong
- Glaucoma, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Benjamin Y Xu
- Ophthalmology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tin A Tun
- Glaucoma, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Marcus Tan
- Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Glaucoma, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Ching Yu Cheng
- Glaucoma, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Glaucoma, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore .,DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Ma P, Wu Y, Oatts J, Patlidanon J, Yu Y, Ying GS, Kline B, Tun TA, He M, Aung T, Li S, Yang Y, Han Y. Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of Swept-Source Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in Primary Angle Closure Disease. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 233:68-77. [PMID: 34283974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the diagnostic performance of swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in differentiating eyes with primary angle closure disease (PACD) from eyes of control subjects, as well as eyes with PAC and PAC glaucoma (PACG) from eyes with PAC suspect (PACS) disease. DESIGN Multicenter cross-sectional study. METHODS Chinese patients were classified into control, PACS, and PAC/PACG groups. The area under the receiving operating characteristic curve (AUC) from logistic regression models was used to evaluate discriminating ability. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated, and performance of the models was validated using an independent dataset. RESULTS A total of 2928 SS-OCT images from 366 eyes of 260 patients were recruited to develop diagnostic models. The validation dataset included 1176 SS-OCT images from 147 eyes of 143 patients. For distinguishing PACD from control eyes, average anterior chamber depth had the highest AUC (0.94). With a cutoff of 2.2 mm for average anterior chamber depth, the sensitivity and specificity were 90.2% and 85.2% in the training set. For distinguishing PAC/PACG from PACS, a multivariate model had an AUC of 0.83, with sensitivity and specificity of 82.0% and 62.8% in the training set. The validation set confirmed the findings. CONCLUSIONS SS-OCT of the anterior segment showed excellent diagnostic performance distinguishing PACD from normal eyes and moderate diagnostic ability distinguishing eyes with PAC/PACG from eyes with PACS. ACD alone may provide a simple and effective way to diagnose PACD from control subjects. As ACD can be obtained using other more available modalities, this has implications for the early diagnosis of PACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ma
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.M., J.O., P.J., K.B., T.A.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Caliornia, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julius Oatts
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.M., J.O., P.J., K.B., T.A.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Caliornia, USA
| | - Jutima Patlidanon
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.M., J.O., P.J., K.B., T.A.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Caliornia, USA
| | - Yinxi Yu
- Center for Preventive Ophthalmology and Biostatistics, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gui-Shuang Ying
- Center for Preventive Ophthalmology and Biostatistics, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brad Kline
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.M., J.O., P.J., K.B., T.A.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Caliornia, USA
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Mingguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;; Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuning Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Yangfan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China;.
| | - Ying Han
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.M., J.O., P.J., K.B., T.A.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Caliornia, USA; From the Department of Ophthalmology (P.M., J.O., P.J., K.B., T.A.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Caliornia, USA; Ophthalmology Section, Surgical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA..
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Panda SK, Tan RKY, Tun TA, Buist ML, Nongpiur M, Baskaran M, Aung T, Girard MJA. Changes in Iris Stiffness and Permeability in Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:29. [PMID: 34714323 PMCID: PMC8558521 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.13.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the biomechanical properties of the iris by evaluating iris movement during pupil constriction and to compare such properties between healthy and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) subjects. Methods A total of 140 subjects were recruited for this study. In a dark room, the anterior segments of one eye per subject were scanned using anterior segment optical coherence tomography imaging during induced pupil constriction with an external white light source of 1700 lux. Using a custom segmentation code, we automatically isolated the iris segments from the AS-OCT images, which were then discretized and transformed into a three-dimensional point cloud. For each iris, a finite element (FE) mesh was constructed from the point cloud, and an inverse FE simulation was performed to match the clinically observed iris constriction in the AS-OCT images. Through this optimization process, we were able to identify the elastic modulus and permeability of each iris. Results For all 140 subjects (95 healthy and 45 PACG of Indian/Chinese ethnicity; age 60.2 ± 8.7 for PACG subjects and 57.7 ± 10.1 for healthy subjects), the simulated deformation pattern of the iris during pupil constriction matched well with OCT images. We found that the iris stiffness was higher in PACG than in healthy controls (24.5 ± 8.4 kPa vs. 17.1 ± 6.6 kPa with 40 kPa of active stress specified in the sphincter region; P < 0.001), whereas iris permeability was lower (0.41 ± 0.2 mm2/kPa s vs. 0.55 ± 0.2 mm2/kPa s; p = 0.142). Conclusions This study suggests that the biomechanical properties of the iris in PACG are different from those in healthy controls. An improved understanding of the biomechanical behavior of the iris may have implications for the understanding and management of angle-closure glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K Panda
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory (OEIL), Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Royston K Y Tan
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory (OEIL), Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Martin L Buist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Monisha Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michaël J A Girard
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory (OEIL), Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular & Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Tun TA, Sawicki A, Wilkos-Kuc A, Aung T, Zarnowski T. Circumferential Assessment of Changes in Anterior Segment Characteristics and Baseline Predictors of Angle Widening After Laser Iridotomy in Caucasian Eyes. J Glaucoma 2021; 30:839-845. [PMID: 33927153 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PRCIS Laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) widened the iridocorneal angle and flattened the iris circumferentially in Caucasian eyes and baseline refractive error, lens vault, and iris volume play a significant role in the angle widening. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate circumferential angle widening and iris changes after LPI using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in Caucasian eyes with the use of novel anterior segment parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 130 eyes (68 primary angle-closure suspect, 34 primary angle closure, and 28 primary angle-closure glaucoma eyes) of 66 subjects underwent 360-degree SS-OCT (SS-1000 CASIA) angle imaging and gonioscopy in the dark before and 7, 30, 90 days after LPI. For each eye, 16 frames (11.25 degree apart) were selected for analysis from 128 cross-sectional images, and novel 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional anterior segment parameters namely angle opening distance area (AODA) and the trabecular-iris space volume (TISV) 750 µm from the scleral spur, as well as iris parameters such as iris thickness (IT750 and IT2000), iris curvature, and iris curvature area were measured for each image. RESULTS AODA and TISV were significantly increased and the iris curvature and iris curvature area were significantly decreased at days 7, 30, and 90 after LPI when compared with their baseline (all P<0.001) but there was no significant change in the IT750 and IT2000 (all P>0.05). The multivariable linear regression model showed a significant association of ΔAODA with refractive error (β=-0.23, P=0.013), lens vault (β=2.8, P=0.007), and iris volume (β=-0.11, P=0.027) after adjusting for age and sex. CONCLUSIONS LPI widened the iridocorneal angle and flattened the iris circumferentially in Caucasian eyes in this study. Baseline refractive error, lens vault, and iris volume play a significant role in the circumferential angle widening by LPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre
| | - Andrzej Sawicki
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wilkos-Kuc
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre
- Duke-NUS Medical School
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tomasz Zarnowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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19
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Tan SS, Tun TA, Sultana R, Tan M, Quah JH, Mani B, Allen JC, Cheng CY, Nongpiur ME, Aung T. Diagnostic accuracy of swept source optical coherence tomography classification algorithms for detection of gonioscopic angle closure. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 106:1716-1721. [PMID: 34193408 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the performance of swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) to detect gonioscopic angle closure using different classification algorithms. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 2028 subjects without ophthalmic symptoms recruited from a community-based clinic. All subjects underwent gonioscopy and SS-OCT (Casia, Tomey Corporation, Nagoya, Japan) under dark room conditions. For each eye, 8 out of 128 frames (22.5° interval) were selected to measure anterior chamber parameters namely anterior chamber width, depth, area and volume (ACW, ACD, ACA, and ACV), lens vault (LV), iris curvature (IC), iris thickness (IT) from 750 µm and 2000 µm from the scleral spur, iris area and iris volume. Five diagnostic algorithms-stepwise logistic regression, random forest, multivariate adaptive regression splines, recursive partitioning and Naïve Bayes were evaluated for detection of gonioscopic angle closure (defined as ≥2 closed quadrants). The performance of the horizontal frame was compared with that of other meridians. RESULTS Data from 1988 subjects, including 143 (7.2%) with gonioscopic angle closure, were available for analysis. They were divided into two groups: training (1391, 70%) and validation (597, 30%). The best algorithm for detecting gonioscopic angle closure was stepwise logistic regression with an area under the curve of 0.91 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.93) using all parameters, and 0.88 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.93) using only ACA, LV and IC of the horizontal meridian scan. CONCLUSIONS A stepwise logistic regression model incorporating SS-OCT measurements has a high diagnostic ability to detect gonioscopic angle closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne S Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | | | - Marcus Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | | | - Baskaran Mani
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Ching Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Monisha Esther Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore .,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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20
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Porporato N, Tun TA, Baskaran M, Wong DWK, Husain R, Fu H, Sultana R, Perera S, Schmetterer L, Aung T. Towards 'automated gonioscopy': a deep learning algorithm for 360° angle assessment by swept-source optical coherence tomography. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 106:1387-1392. [PMID: 33846160 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-318275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To validate a deep learning (DL) algorithm (DLA) for 360° angle assessment on swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) (CASIA SS-1000, Tomey Corporation, Nagoya, Japan). METHODS This was a reliability analysis from a cross-sectional study. An independent test set of 39 936 SS-OCT scans from 312 phakic subjects (128 SS-OCT meridional scans per eye) was analysed. Participants above 50 years with no previous history of intraocular surgery were consecutively recruited from glaucoma clinics. Indentation gonioscopy and dark room SS-OCT were performed. Gonioscopic angle closure was defined as non-visibility of the posterior trabecular meshwork in ≥180° of the angle. For each subject, all images were analysed by a DL-based network based on the VGG-16 architecture, for gonioscopic angle-closure detection. Area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) and other diagnostic performance indicators were calculated for the DLA (index test) against gonioscopy (reference standard). RESULTS Approximately 80% of the participants were Chinese, and more than half were women (57.4%). The prevalence of gonioscopic angle closure in this hospital-based sample was 20.2%. After analysing a total of 39 936 SS-OCT scans, the AUC of the DLA was 0.85 (95% CI:0.80 to 0.90, with sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 87%) to classify gonioscopic angle closure with the optimal cut-off value of >35% of circumferential angle closure. CONCLUSIONS The DLA exhibited good diagnostic performance for detection of gonioscopic angle closure on 360° SS-OCT scans in a glaucoma clinic setting. Such an algorithm, independent of the identification of the scleral spur, may be the foundation for a non-contact, fast and reproducible 'automated gonioscopy' in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Porporato
- Singapore Eye Research Institute/Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute/Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute/Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Damon W K Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute/Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE) Program, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Rahat Husain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute/Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Huazhu Fu
- Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Shamira Perera
- Singapore Eye Research Institute/Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute/Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE) Program, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, Austria.,Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, Austria
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute/Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore .,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Cheong H, Krishna Devalla S, Chuangsuwanich T, Tun TA, Wang X, Aung T, Schmetterer L, Buist ML, Boote C, Thiéry AH, Girard MJA. OCT-GAN: single step shadow and noise removal from optical coherence tomography images of the human optic nerve head. Biomed Opt Express 2021; 12:1482-1498. [PMID: 33796367 PMCID: PMC7984803 DOI: 10.1364/boe.412156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Speckle noise and retinal shadows within OCT B-scans occlude important edges, fine textures and deep tissues, preventing accurate and robust diagnosis by algorithms and clinicians. We developed a single process that successfully removed both noise and retinal shadows from unseen single-frame B-scans within 10.4ms. Mean average gradient magnitude (AGM) for the proposed algorithm was 57.2% higher than current state-of-the-art, while mean peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), contrast to noise ratio (CNR), and structural similarity index metric (SSIM) increased by 11.1%, 154% and 187% respectively compared to single-frame B-scans. Mean intralayer contrast (ILC) improvement for the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), photoreceptor layer (PR) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layers decreased from 0.362 ± 0.133 to 0.142 ± 0.102, 0.449 ± 0.116 to 0.0904 ± 0.0769, 0.381 ± 0.100 to 0.0590 ± 0.0451 respectively. The proposed algorithm reduces the necessity for long image acquisition times, minimizes expensive hardware requirements and reduces motion artifacts in OCT images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Cheong
- Ophthalmic Engineering and Innovation Laboratory (OEIL), Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sripad Krishna Devalla
- Ophthalmic Engineering and Innovation Laboratory (OEIL), Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Thanadet Chuangsuwanich
- Ophthalmic Engineering and Innovation Laboratory (OEIL), Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin A. Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Tin Aung
- Ophthalmic Engineering and Innovation Laboratory (OEIL), Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- School of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin L. Buist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Craig Boote
- Ophthalmic Engineering and Innovation Laboratory (OEIL), Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Alexandre H. Thiéry
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michaël J. A. Girard
- Ophthalmic Engineering and Innovation Laboratory (OEIL), Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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22
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Fisher LK, Wang X, Tun TA, Chung HW, Milea D, Girard MJA. Gaze-evoked deformations of the optic nerve head in thyroid eye disease. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 105:1758-1764. [PMID: 33468490 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-318246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess gaze evoked deformations of the optic nerve head (ONH) in thyroid eye disease (TED), using computational modelling and optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS Multiple finite element models were constructed: one model of a healthy eye, and two models mimicking effects of TED; one with proptosis and another with extraocular tissue stiffening. Two additional hypothetical models had extraocular tissue softening or no extraocular tissue at all. Horizontal eye movements were simulated in these models. OCT images of the ONH of 10 healthy volunteers and 1 patient with TED were taken in primary gaze. Additional images were recorded in the same subjects performing eye movements in adduction and abduction. The resulting ONH deformation in the models and human subjects was measured by recording the 'tilt angle' (relative antero-posterior deformation of the Bruch's membrane opening). RESULTS In our computational models the eyes with proptosis and stiffer extraocular tissue had greater gaze-evoked deformations than the healthy eye model, while the models with softer or no extraocular tissue had lesser deformations, in both adduction and abduction. In healthy subjects, the mean tilt angle was 1.46°±0.25 in adduction and -0.42°±0.12 in abduction. The tilt angle measured in the subject with TED was 5.37° in adduction and -2.21° in abduction. CONCLUSION Computational modelling and experimental observation suggest that TED can cause increased gaze-evoked deformations of the ONH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam K Fisher
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Tin A Tun
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Hsi-Wei Chung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Dan Milea
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Michael J A Girard
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore .,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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23
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Wang X, Tun TA, Nongpiur ME, Htoon HM, Tham YC, Strouthidis NG, Aung T, Cheng CY, Girard MJ. Peripapillary sclera exhibits a v-shaped configuration that is more pronounced in glaucoma eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 106:491-496. [PMID: 33334817 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the shape of the anterior surface of the peripapillary sclera (PPS) between glaucoma and healthy subjects. METHODS 88 primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), 98 primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) and 372 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited in this study. The optic nerve head of one randomly selected eye of each subject was imaged with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. The shape of the PPS was measured through an angle defined between a line parallel to the nasal anterior PPS boundary and one parallel to the temporal side. A negative value indicated that the PPS followed an inverted v-shaped configuration (peak pointing towards the vitreous), whereas a positive value indicated that it followed a v-shaped configuration. RESULTS The mean PPS angle in normal controls (4.56±5.99°) was significantly smaller than that in POAG (6.60±6.37°, p=0.011) and PACG (7.90±6.87°, p<0.001). The v-shaped PPS was significantly associated with older age (β=1.79, p<0.001), poorer best-corrected visual acuity (β=3.31, p=0.047), central corneal thickness (β=-0.28, p=0.001), peripapillary choroidal thickness (β=-0.21, p<0.001) and presence of POAG (β=1.94, p<0.009) and PACG (β=2.96, p<0.001). The v-shaped configuration of the PPS significantly increased by 1.46° (p=0.001) in healthy controls for every 10-year increase in age, but not in glaucoma groups. CONCLUSIONS The v-shaped configuration of the PPS was more pronounced in glaucoma eyes than in healthy eyes. This posterior bowing of the PPS may have an impact on the biomechanical environment of the optic nerve head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Tin A Tun
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Monisha Esther Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Hla M Htoon
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Yih Chung Tham
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Nicholas G Strouthidis
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Michael Ja Girard
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore .,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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24
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Nongpiur ME, Verma S, Tun TA, Wong TT, Perera SA, Aung T. Plateau Iris and Severity of Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 220:1-8. [PMID: 32735788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the distribution of plateau iris in eyes across varying severity of primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) using standardized ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) criteria. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS UBM was performed on 210 patients with PACG who had previously undergone laser peripheral iridotomy. Plateau iris was defined as the presence of all the following UBM criteria in ≥2 quadrants of the angle: anteriorly directed ciliary body, absent ciliary sulcus, iris angulation, flat iris plane, and iridotrabecular contact. Disease severity was based on the visual field mean deviation (MD) and classified as early-to-moderate (MD ≥ -12 dB), advanced (-12.01 dB to -20 dB), and severe (MD < -20 dB). RESULTS Of 210 subjects recruited, 23 were excluded because of poor quality UBM images. The remaining 187 patients were categorized as having early-to-moderate (n = 103), advanced (n = 38), and severe PACG (n = 46). Of these subjects, 48.1% were male, and 90.9% were of Chinese ethnicity. The overall proportion of plateau iris was 36.9%, with 32.0% (33/103) in early-to-moderate, 34.2% (13/38) in advanced, and 50% (23/46) in severe PACG (P = .03, comparing severe PACG with early-to-moderate groups). Among the severe PACG group, those with plateau iris configuration had significantly smaller anterior chamber area (P = .03) and volume (P = .01) compared with those without plateau iris. CONCLUSION The higher proportion of plateau iris configuration in eyes with severe PACG compared with early-to-moderate PACG suggest that this may be a contributory factor for disease severity.
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25
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Devalla SK, Pham TH, Panda SK, Zhang L, Subramanian G, Swaminathan A, Yun CZ, Rajan M, Mohan S, Krishnadas R, Senthil V, De Leon JMS, Tun TA, Cheng CY, Schmetterer L, Perera S, Aung T, Thiéry AH, Girard MJA. Towards label-free 3D segmentation of optical coherence tomography images of the optic nerve head using deep learning. Biomed Opt Express 2020; 11:6356-6378. [PMID: 33282495 PMCID: PMC7687952 DOI: 10.1364/boe.395934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently proposed deep learning (DL) algorithms for the segmentation of optical coherence tomography (OCT) images to quantify the morphological changes to the optic nerve head (ONH) tissues during glaucoma have limited clinical adoption due to their device specific nature and the difficulty in preparing manual segmentations (training data). We propose a DL-based 3D segmentation framework that is easily translatable across OCT devices in a label-free manner (i.e. without the need to manually re-segment data for each device). Specifically, we developed 2 sets of DL networks: the 'enhancer' (enhance OCT image quality and harmonize image characteristics from 3 devices) and the 'ONH-Net' (3D segmentation of 6 ONH tissues). We found that only when the 'enhancer' was used to preprocess the OCT images, the 'ONH-Net' trained on any of the 3 devices successfully segmented ONH tissues from the other two unseen devices with high performance (Dice coefficients > 0.92). We demonstrate that is possible to automatically segment OCT images from new devices without ever needing manual segmentation data from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripad Krishna Devalla
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tan Hung Pham
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Satish Kumar Panda
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Zhang
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giridhar Subramanian
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anirudh Swaminathan
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chin Zhi Yun
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - John Mark S De Leon
- Department of Health Eye Center, East Avenue Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Tin A Tun
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shamira Perera
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Alexandre H Thiéry
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michaël J A Girard
- Ophthalmic Engineering and Innovation Laboratory (OEIL), Singapore Eye Research Institute, 20 College Road, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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Tun TA, Wang X, Baskaran M, Nongpiur ME, Tham YC, Nguyen DQ, Strouthidis NG, Aung T, Cheng CY, Boote C, Girard MJA. Determinants of lamina cribrosa depth in healthy Asian eyes: the Singapore Epidemiology Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:367-373. [PMID: 32434775 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-315840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the determinants of lamina cribrosa depth (LCD) in healthy eyes of Chinese and Indian Singaporean adults. METHODS The optic nerve head (ONH) of the right eye of 1396 subjects (628 Chinese and 768 Indian subjects) was imaged with optical coherence tomography (OCT, Spectralis, Heidelberg, Germany). LCD was defined as the distance from the Bruch's membrane opening (LCD-BMO) or the peripapillary sclera (LCD-PPS) reference plane to the laminar surface. A linear regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between the LCD and its determinants. RESULTS Both LCDs were significantly different between the two races (LCD-BMO: 421.95 (95% CI 365.32 to 491.79) µm in Chinese vs 430.39 (367.46-509.81) µm in Indians, p=0.021; and LCD-PPS: 353.34 (300.98-421.45) µm in Chinese vs 376.76 (313.39-459.78) µm in Indians, p<0.001). In the multivariable regression analysis, the LCD-PPS of the whole cohort was independently associated with females (β=-31.93, p<0.001), Indians subjects (β=21.39, p=0.004) (Chinese as the reference), axial length (Axl) (β=-6.68, p=0.032), retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFL) (β=0.71, p=0.019), choroidal thickness (ChT) (β=0.41, p<0.001), vertical cup disc ratio (VCDR) (β=24.42, p<0.001) and disc size (β=-60.75, p=0.001). For every 1 year older in age, the LCD-PPS was deeper on average by 1.95 µm in Chinese subjects (p=0.01) but there was no association in Indians subjects (p=0.851). CONCLUSIONS The LCD was influenced by age, gender, race, Axl, RNFL, ChT, VCDR and disc size. This normative LCD database may facilitate a more accurate assessment of ONH cupping using OCT in Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin A Tun
- Glaucoma, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Glaucoma, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Monisha Esther Nongpiur
- Glaucoma, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yih Chung Tham
- Ocular Epidemiology Research Group and Data Science, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Duc Quang Nguyen
- Ocular Epidemiology Research Group and Data Science, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Nicholas G Strouthidis
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Tin Aung
- Glaucoma, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Ocular Epidemiology Research Group and Data Science, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Craig Boote
- Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J A Girard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Zhang L, Beotra MR, Baskaran M, Tun TA, Wang X, Perera SA, Strouthidis NG, Aung T, Boote C, Girard MJA. In Vivo Measurements of Prelamina and Lamina Cribrosa Biomechanical Properties in Humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:27. [PMID: 32186670 PMCID: PMC7401475 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop and use a custom virtual fields method (VFM) to assess the biomechanical properties of human prelamina and lamina cribrosa (LC) in vivo. Methods Clinical data of 20 healthy, 20 ocular hypertensive (OHT), 20 primary open-angle glaucoma, and 16 primary angle-closure glaucoma eyes were analyzed. For each eye, the intraocular pressure (IOP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the optic nerve head (ONH) were acquired at the normal state and after acute IOP elevation. The IOP-induced deformation of the ONH was obtained from the OCT volumes using a three-dimensional tracking algorithm and fed into the VFM to extract the biomechanical properties of the prelamina and the LC in vivo. Statistical measurements and P values from the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests were reported. Results The average shear moduli of the prelamina and the LC were 64.2 ± 36.1 kPa and 73.1 ± 46.9 kPa, respectively. The shear moduli of the prelamina of healthy subjects were significantly lower than those of the OHT subjects. Comparisons between healthy and glaucoma subjects could not be made robustly due to a small sample size. Conclusions We have developed a methodology to assess the biomechanical properties of human ONH tissues in vivo and provide preliminary comparisons in healthy and OHT subjects. Our proposed methodology may be of interest for glaucoma management.
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Porporato N, Baskaran M, Perera S, Tun TA, Sultana R, Tan M, Quah JH, Allen JC, Friedman D, Cheng CY, Aung T. Evaluation of meridional scans for angle closure assessment with anterior segment swept-source optical coherence tomography. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:131-134. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background/aimsAs swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) simultaneously obtains 128 meridional scans, it is important to identify which scans are playing the main role in classifying gonioscopic angle closure to simplify the analysis. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of every meridional scan in its ability to detect gonioscopic angle closure.MethodsObservational study with 2027 phakic subjects consecutively recruited from a community polyclinic. Gonioscopy and SS-OCT were performed. Gonioscopic angle closure was defined as non-visibility of the posterior trabecular meshwork in ≥180° of the angle, while SS-OCT was defined as iridotrabecular contact anterior to the scleral spur. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the diagnostic performance of each single scan, the sequential anticlockwise cumulative effect of those single scans and different combinations of them.ResultsThe AUCs of each scan ranged from 0.73 to 0.82. The single scan at 80°–260° had the highest AUC (0.82, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.84) and performed significantly better than most of the temporonasal scans (from 0° to 52° and from 153° to 179°). The superoinferior scans achieved higher AUCs compared with the temporonasal ones. When assessing the cumulative effect of adding individual scans consecutively, the peak AUC (0.80) was obtained when considering the superoinferior scans closer to 80°–85°, but no further positive cumulative effect was seen when adding the rest of the temporonasal scans of the circumference.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the single SS-OCT scan at 80°–260° had the highest diagnostic performance. Our study suggests that the 360° evaluation may not translate to better clinical utility for detection of gonioscopic angle closure.
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Tan RKY, Perera SA, Tun TA, Boote C, Girard MJA. Performance of a temperature-controlled shape-memory pupil expander for cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2020; 46:116-124. [PMID: 32050241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2019.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform ex vivo and in vivo validation of a manufactured, optimized shape-memory pupil expander and compare its performance to that of existing devices. SETTING National University of Singapore and SingHealth Academy. DESIGN Prospective randomized blinded assessment. METHODS Shape-memory expanders were manufactured by overmolding and were inserted into ex vivo porcine eyes and in vivo monkey eyes for validation. The shape-memory expander was compared to the Malyugin ring, OASIS iris expander, and iris hook. After insertion and removal of the devices, the eyes were fixed, and the iris images were analyzed. RESULTS The shape-memory was successful in pupil expansion for both in vivo and ex vivo experiments. Subsequent ex vivo device comparison revealed iris pigment epithelial loss in 36.4% of eyes for the iris hooks, 30.8% for the iris expander, and 20.0% for the Malyugin ring. Sphincter tears were observed in 27.3% of eyes for the iris hooks and 10.0% for the Malyugin ring. No observable tissue irregularities were observed in the shape-memory expander. CONCLUSION The shape-memory expander was optimized to minimize stress exerted onto the iris tissue. The in vivo and ex vivo experimental validation demonstrate efficacy in engineering design and further highlight the translational potential of smart materials in implant development to improve patient healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royston K Y Tan
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory (Tan, Tun, Boote, Girard), National University of Singapore, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre (Perera, Tun, Girard), Duke-NUS Medical School (Perera), Singapore; and Structural Biophysics Research Group, School of Optometry & Vision Sciences (Boote), Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
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Tun TA, Atalay E, Baskaran M, Nongpiur ME, Htoon HM, Goh D, Cheng CY, Perera SA, Aung T, Strouthidis NG, Girard MJA. Association of Functional Loss With the Biomechanical Response of the Optic Nerve Head to Acute Transient Intraocular Pressure Elevations. JAMA Ophthalmol 2019; 136:184-192. [PMID: 29302683 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.6111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance The acute biomechanical response of the optic nerve head (ONH) to intraocular pressure (IOP) elevations may serve as a biomarker for the development and progression of glaucoma. Objective To evaluate the association between visual field loss and the biomechanical response of the ONH to acute transient IOP elevations. Design, Setting, and Participants In this observational study, 91 Chinese patients (23 with primary open-angle glaucoma [POAG], 45 with primary angle-closure glaucoma, and 23 without glaucoma) were recruited from September 3, 2014, through February 2, 2017. Optical coherence tomography scans of the ONH were acquired at baseline and at 2 sequential IOP elevations (0.64 N and then 0.90 N, by applying forces to the anterior sclera using an ophthalmodynamometer). In each optical coherence tomography volume, lamina cribrosa depth (LCD) and minimum rim width (MRW) were calculated. The mean deviation (MD) and the visual field index (VFI), as assessed by automated perimetry, were correlated with IOP-induced changes of LCD and MRW globally and sectorially. Main Outcomes and Measures The LCD, MRW, MD, and VFI. Results Among the 91 patients, 39 (42.9%) were women; the mean (SD) age was 65.48 (7.23) years. In POAG eyes, a greater change in LCD (anterior displacement) was associated with worse MD and VFI (R = -0.64; 95% CI, -0.97 to -0.31; P = .001; and R = -0.57; 95% CI, -0.94 to -0.19; P = .005, respectively) at the first IOP elevation, and a greater reduction in MRW was also associated with worse MD and VFI (first IOP elevation: R = -0.48; 95% CI, -0.86 to -0.09; P = .02; and R = -0.57; 95% CI, -0.94 to -0.20; P = .004, respectively; second IOP elevation: R = -0.56; 95% CI, -0.98 to -0.13; P = .01; and R = -0.60; 95% CI, -1.03 to -0.17; P = .008, respectively), after adjusting for age, sex, and baseline IOP. A correlation was found between the reduction in MRW in the inferior-temporal sector and the corresponding visual field cluster in POAG eyes at the second elevation (ρ = -0.55; 95% CI, -0.78 to -0.18; P = .006). Conclusions and Relevance The biomechanical response of the ONH to acute IOP elevations was associated with established visual field loss in POAG eyes, but not in primary angle-closure glaucoma eyes. This suggests that ONH biomechanics may be related to glaucoma severity in POAG and that the 2 glaucoma subgroups exhibit inherently different biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Ophthalmic Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eray Atalay
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Monisha E Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hla M Htoon
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - David Goh
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shamira A Perera
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas G Strouthidis
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michaël J A Girard
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Ophthalmic Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Porporato N, Baskaran M, Tun TA, Sultana R, Tan M, Quah JH, Allen JC, Perera S, Friedman DS, Cheng CY, Aung T. Understanding diagnostic disagreement in angle closure assessment between anterior segment optical coherence tomography and gonioscopy. Br J Ophthalmol 2019; 104:795-799. [PMID: 31492674 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Although being a more objective tool for assessment and follow-up of angle closure, reliability studies have reported a moderate diagnostic performance for anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) technologies when comparing with gonioscopy as the reference standard. We aim to determine factors associated with diagnostic disagreement in angle closure when assessed by anterior segment swept source OCT (SS-OCT, CASIA SS-1000; Tomey, Nagoya, Japan) and gonioscopy. METHODS Cross-sectional study. A total of 2027 phakic subjects aged ≥50 years, with no relevant previous ophthalmic history, were consecutively recruited from a community polyclinic in Singapore. Gonioscopy and SS-OCT (128 radial scans) for the entire circumference of the angle were performed for each subject. A two-quadrant closed gonioscopic definition was used. On SS-OCT images, angle closure was defined as iridotrabecular contact (ITC) to the extent of ≥35%, ≥50% and ≥75% of the circumferential angle. Diagnostic disagreements between both methods, that is, false positives or overcalls and false negatives or undercalls were defined, respectively, as gonioscopic open/closed angles inversely assessed as closed/open by SS-OCT. RESULTS Two hundred and seventy-two (14.7%) resulted in overcall results (false positives) when ≥50% of the angle circumference was closed using SS-OCT. These eyes had significantly wider (anterior chamber width, 11.7 vs 11.6 mm, p<0.001) and deeper (anterior chamber depth (ACD), 2.4 vs 2.2 mm, p<0.001) anterior chambers than eyes assessed by both methods as closed (true positives). Deeper ACD (OR 9.31) and lower lens vault (LV) (OR 0.04) were significantly associated with a false positive diagnosis in the multivariate analysis. Most of these cases had short (52.6%) or irregular (39%) ITC in SS-OCT images. CONCLUSIONS We found that anterior chamber dimensions, determined by ACD and LV, were factors significantly associated with diagnostic disagreement between anterior segment SS-OCT and gonioscopy in angle closure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Porporato
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Rehena Sultana
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Marcus Tan
- Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - John C Allen
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Shamira Perera
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - David S Friedman
- Glaucoma, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ching Yu Cheng
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
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Tun TA, Wang X, Baskaran M, Nongpiur ME, Tham YC, Perera SA, Strouthidis NG, Aung T, Cheng CY, Girard MJA. Variation of Peripapillary Scleral Shape With Age. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3275-3282. [PMID: 31369672 PMCID: PMC6675518 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To define the shape of the anterior surface of the peripapillary sclera (PPS) and evaluate its relationship with age and ocular determinants in a population-based Chinese cohort. Methods The optic nerve heads of 619 healthy Chinese subjects were imaged with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. To assess the shape of the PPS/Bruch's membrane (BM), we measured the angle between a line parallel to the nasal anterior PPS/BM boundary and one parallel to the temporal side. A negative value indicated that the PPS/BM followed an inverted v-shaped configuration (peak pointing toward the vitreous), whereas a positive value indicated that it followed a v-shaped configuration (peak pointing toward the orbital tissues). A linear regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between the PPS angle and other ocular parameters. Results The mean PPS angle was 3.68° ± 6.73° and the BM angle was 9.69° ± 5.05°. The PPS angle increased on average by 0.233 deg/y. A v-shaped PPS was significantly associated with age (β = 0.087, P = 0.004), peripapillary choroidal thickness (β = -0.479, P < 0.001), lamina cribrosa depth (β = 0.307, P < 0.001), and BM angle (β = 0.487, P < 0.001) after adjusting for best corrected visual acuity, central corneal thickness, and axial length. Conclusions The anterior surface of PPS of an elderly adult population had a v-shaped configuration and was more pronounced with increasing age, thin peripapillary choroid, and a deep cup. Such a change in shape with age could have an impact on the biomechanical environment of the optic nerve head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin A. Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Monisha E. Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Yih-Chung Tham
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Shamira A. Perera
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Nicholas G. Strouthidis
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michaël J. A. Girard
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Fu H, Baskaran M, Xu Y, Lin S, Wong DWK, Liu J, Tun TA, Mahesh M, Perera SA, Aung T. A Deep Learning System for Automated Angle-Closure Detection in Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Images. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 203:37-45. [PMID: 30849350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) provides an objective imaging modality for visually identifying anterior segment structures. An automated detection system could assist ophthalmologists in interpreting AS-OCT images for the presence of angle closure. DESIGN Development of an artificial intelligence automated detection system for the presence of angle closure. METHODS A deep learning system for automated angle-closure detection in AS-OCT images was developed, and this was compared with another automated angle-closure detection system based on quantitative features. A total of 4135 Visante AS-OCT images from 2113 subjects (8270 anterior chamber angle images with 7375 open-angle and 895 angle-closure) were examined. The deep learning angle-closure detection system for a 2-class classification problem was tested by 5-fold cross-validation. The deep learning system and the automated angle-closure detection system based on quantitative features were evaluated against clinicians' grading of AS-OCT images as the reference standard. RESULTS The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the system using quantitative features was 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.891-0.914) with a sensitivity of 0.79 ± 0.037 and a specificity of 0.87 ± 0.009, while the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the deep learning system was 0.96 (95% CI 0.953-0.968) with a sensitivity of 0.90 ± 0.02 and a specificity of 0.92 ± 0.008, against clinicians' grading of AS-OCT images as the reference standard. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate the potential of the deep learning system for angle-closure detection in AS-OCT images.
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Porporato N, Baskaran M, Tun TA, Sultana R, Tan MCL, Quah JHM, Allen J, Friedman DS, Cheng CY, Aung T. Assessment of Circumferential Angle Closure with Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography: a Community Based Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 199:133-139. [PMID: 30502338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the diagnostic performance of swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT, CASIA SS-1000; Tomey Corporation, Nagoya, Japan) for angle closure detection, in comparison with gonioscopy, in a community setting. DESIGN Reliability analysis. METHODS A total of 2027 phakic subjects aged ≥50 years, with no previous history of glaucoma, laser (including peripheral iridotomy), intraocular surgery, or ocular trauma, were consecutively recruited from a community polyclinic in Singapore. Gonioscopy was performed by a single trained ophthalmologist. SS-OCT angle scans, which obtain radial scans for the entire circumference of the angle, were analyzed by a single examiner, masked to the subject's clinical details. On SS-OCT images, angle closure was defined as contact between the iris and any part of the angle wall anterior to the scleral spur. Different cutoff values of the degree of circumferential angle closure (≥35%, ≥50%, and ≥75%) were taken for analysis to assess SS-OCT performance in detecting angle closure. RESULTS A total of 1857 subjects (91.6%) were included in the final analysis after excluding poor-quality SS-OCT scans. Almost 90% of the subjects were Chinese, with a mean age of 61.8 ± 6.7 years, and more than half were women (63.5%). The overall AUC of SS-OCT manual grading against gonioscopy was 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.88). The prevalence of angle closure on SS-OCT was 26.1% for the ≥35% definition, with an area under the curve of 0.80 (0.77-0.84), sensitivity of 82.5% (75.3%-88.4%), and specificity of 78.5% (76.5%-80.4%). The first-order agreement coefficient statistics for the 2-quadrant gonioscopic definition of angle-closure with corresponding ≥35%, ≥50%, and ≥75% angle closure definitions for SS-OCT were good at 0.89 (0.83-0.93), 0.88 (0.842-0.93), and 0.88 (0.831-0.99), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this large community-based study, SS-OCT exhibited moderate performance for angle closure detection compared to gonioscopy as the reference standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Porporato
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | | | - Marcus C L Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanne H M Quah
- SingHealth Polyclinics, Singapore; SingHealth Duke-NUS Family Medicine Academic Clinic Program, Singapore
| | | | - David S Friedman
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
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Wahlig S, Yam GHF, Chong W, Seah XY, Kocaba V, Ang M, Htoon HM, Tun TA, Ong HS, Mehta JS. Quantification of the Posterior Cornea Using Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:2. [PMID: 30197834 PMCID: PMC6126962 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We define optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurement parameters of the corneal endothelium/Descemet's membrane (DM) complex and peripheral transition zone (TZ) and describe these measurements in an ethnically Chinese population. Methods OCT images of the anterior segment and iridocorneal angle were obtained from 129 healthy Chinese subjects (129 eyes), aged 40 to 81 years. The scleral spur (SS) and Schwalbe's line (SL) were identified in each image. Endothelium/DM diameter, referred to as endothelial arc length (EAL), is the SL-to-SL distance. The SS-to-SL distance encompasses the TZ and trabecular meshwork (TM). Since the TZ cannot be visualized by OCT, a ratio of TZ-to-TZ+TM width was calculated from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images obtained from 5 cadaveric corneas. The SS-to-SL distance was multiplied by this ratio to approximate in vivo TZ width. Results From SEM measurements, the relationship TZ = 0.20*(TZ+TM) was determined. From OCT measurements, mean EAL was 12.15 ± 0.58 mm and mean TZ width was 156 ± 20 μm. For eyes with horizontal and vertical images, vertical EAL was significantly greater than horizontal EAL (P = 0.03). Conclusions Corneal endothelium/DM diameter and TZ width can be obtained from OCT images. Although only combined TZ+TM is visualized on OCT, TZ width can be reasonably approximated. Translational Relevance Emerging procedures, like endothelial cell injection and DM transplantation (DMT), require accurate measurements of endothelium/DM size for preoperative planning. Size of the TZ, which may contain progenitor cells, also could contribute to endothelial regeneration in these procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wahlig
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore.,Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gary Hin-Fai Yam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Center (SNEC), Singapore
| | | | - Xin-Yi Seah
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore
| | - Viridiana Kocaba
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marcus Ang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Center (SNEC), Singapore.,Eye-ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hla Myint Htoon
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore.,Eye-ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Center (SNEC), Singapore
| | - Hon Shing Ong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Center (SNEC), Singapore.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jodhbir S Mehta
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Center (SNEC), Singapore.,Eye-ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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36
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Beotra MR, Wang X, Tun TA, Zhang L, Baskaran M, Aung T, Strouthidis NG, Girard MJA. In Vivo Three-Dimensional Lamina Cribrosa Strains in Healthy, Ocular Hypertensive, and Glaucoma Eyes Following Acute Intraocular Pressure Elevation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:260-272. [PMID: 29340640 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare in vivo lamina cribrosa (LC) strains (deformations) following acute IOP elevation in healthy, glaucoma, and ocular hypertensive subjects. Methods There were 20 healthy, 20 high-tension primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), 16 primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), and 20 ocular hypertensive (OHT; with normal visual fields) eyes studied. For each test eye, the optic nerve head was imaged three times (at baseline IOP, following an acute elevation of IOP to approximately 35 then 45 mm Hg using an ophthalmodynamomter) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). A three-dimensional (3D) strain-mapping algorithm was applied to both sets of baseline and IOP-elevated OCT volumes to extract IOP-induced 3D strains. Octant-wise LC strains were also extracted to study the pattern of local deformation. Results The average LC strain in OHT subjects (3.96%) was significantly lower than that measured in healthy subjects (6.81%; P < 0.05). On average, POAG subjects experienced higher strain than the PACG subjects (4.05%), healthy subjects experienced higher strains than the POAG and PACG subjects, but these difference were not statistically significant. Local LC deformations showed lowest strain in the infero-temporal and temporal octant in the POAG and OHT subjects. Conclusions We demonstrate measurable LC strains in vivo in humans as a response to acute IOP elevation. In this population, our data suggest that OHT LCs experience lower IOP-induced strains than healthy LCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna R Beotra
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Liang Zhang
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas G Strouthidis
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.,Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michaël J A Girard
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
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37
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Devalla SK, Renukanand PK, Sreedhar BK, Subramanian G, Zhang L, Perera S, Mari JM, Chin KS, Tun TA, Strouthidis NG, Aung T, Thiéry AH, Girard MJA. DRUNET: a dilated-residual U-Net deep learning network to segment optic nerve head tissues in optical coherence tomography images. Biomed Opt Express 2018; 9:3244-3265. [PMID: 29984096 PMCID: PMC6033560 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.003244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Given that the neural and connective tissues of the optic nerve head (ONH) exhibit complex morphological changes with the development and progression of glaucoma, their simultaneous isolation from optical coherence tomography (OCT) images may be of great interest for the clinical diagnosis and management of this pathology. A deep learning algorithm (custom U-NET) was designed and trained to segment 6 ONH tissue layers by capturing both the local (tissue texture) and contextual information (spatial arrangement of tissues). The overall Dice coefficient (mean of all tissues) was 0.91 ± 0.05 when assessed against manual segmentations performed by an expert observer. Further, we automatically extracted six clinically relevant neural and connective tissue structural parameters from the segmented tissues. We offer here a robust segmentation framework that could also be extended to the 3D segmentation of the ONH tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripad Krishna Devalla
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prajwal K Renukanand
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bharathwaj K Sreedhar
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giridhar Subramanian
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Zhang
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shamira Perera
- Duke-NUS, Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Jean-Martial Mari
- GePaSud, Université de la Polynésie française, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Khai Sing Chin
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Nicholas G Strouthidis
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Alexandre H Thiéry
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michaël J A Girard
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
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38
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Devalla SK, Chin KS, Mari JM, Tun TA, Strouthidis NG, Aung T, Thiéry AH, Girard MJA. A Deep Learning Approach to Digitally Stain Optical Coherence Tomography Images of the Optic Nerve Head. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:63-74. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sripad Krishna Devalla
- Ophthalmic Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khai Sing Chin
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean-Martial Mari
- GePaSud, Université de la Polynésie Française, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Tin A. Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Nicholas G. Strouthidis
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexandre H. Thiéry
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michaël J. A. Girard
- Ophthalmic Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
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Chua J, Thakku SG, Pham TH, Lee R, Tun TA, Nongpiur ME, Tan MCL, Wong TY, Quah JHM, Aung T, Girard MJA, Cheng CY. Automated Detection of Iris Furrows and their Influence on Dynamic Iris Volume Change. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17894. [PMID: 29263345 PMCID: PMC5738384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduced a new method for detecting iris surface furrows and identify its associations with dynamic changes in iris volume in healthy eyes. Swept-source optical coherence tomography was performed on 65 subjects with open angle under light and dark conditions. Iris boundaries were identified and a reconstruction of the anterior iris surface was obtained. Furrows were detected by identifying locally deep (minima) points on the iris surface and reported as furrow length in millimetres. Iris volume was quantified. Associations between furrow length and dynamic changes in iris volume were assessed using linear regression model. With pupil dilation, furrow length increased (15.84 mm) whereas iris volume decreased (−1.19 ± 0.66 mm3). Longer furrow length was associated with larger static iris volume, as well as smaller loss of iris volume with pupil dilation (β = −0.10, representing 0.1 mm3 less loss in iris volume per 10 mm increase in iris furrow length; P = 0.002, adjusted for age, gender and changes in pupil size). Our iris furrow length measurements are robust and intuitive. Eyes with longer furrows have larger iris volume and lose less volume during physiological pupil dilation. These findings highlight the potential for iris surface features as indicators of iris morphological behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Chua
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sri Gowtham Thakku
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tan Hung Pham
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ryan Lee
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Monisha E Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus Chiang Lee Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael J A Girard
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. .,Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
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40
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Tun TA, Baskaran M, Tan SS, Perera SA, Aung T, Husain R. Evaluation of the Anterior Segment Angle-to-Angle Scan of Cirrus High-Definition Optical Coherence Tomography and Comparison With Gonioscopy and With the Visante OCT. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:59-64. [PMID: 28061511 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the anterior segment angle-to-angle scan of the Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) in detecting eyes with closed angles. Methods All subjects underwent dark-room gonioscopy by an ophthalmologist. A technician performed anterior segment imaging with Cirrus (n = 202) and Visante OCT (n = 85) under dark-room conditions. All eyes were categorized by two masked graders as per number of closed quadrants. Each quadrant of anterior chamber angle was categorized as a closed angle if posterior trabecular meshwork could not be seen on gonioscopy or if there was any irido-corneal contact anterior to scleral spur in Cirrus and Visante images. An eye was graded as having a closed angle if two or more quadrants were closed. Agreement and area under the curve (AUC) were performed. Results There were 50 (24.8%) eyes with closed angles. The agreements of closed-angle diagnosis (by eye) between Cirrus HD-OCT and gonioscopy (k = 0.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45-0.72; AC1 = 0.76) and between Cirrus and Visante OCT (k = 0.65; 95% CI 0.48-0.82, AC1 = 0.77) were moderate. The AUC for diagnosing the eye with gonioscopic closed angle by Cirrus HD-OCT was good (AUC = 0.86; sensitivity = 83.33; specificity = 77.78). The diagnostic performance of Cirrus HD-OCT in detecting the eyes with closed angles was similar to that of Visante (AUC 0.87 vs. 0.9, respectively; P = 0.51). Conclusions The anterior segment angle-to-angle scans of Cirrus HD-OCT demonstrated similar diagnostic performance as Visante in detecting gonioscopic closed angles. The agreement between Cirrus and gonioscopy for detecting eyes with closed angles was moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 2Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shayne S Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shamira A Perera
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 2Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 3Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rahat Husain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 2Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Sharma S, Tun TA, Baskaran M, Atalay E, Thakku SG, Liang Z, Milea D, Strouthidis NG, Aung T, Girard MJ. Effect of acute intraocular pressure elevation on the minimum rim width in normal, ocular hypertensive and glaucoma eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 102:131-135. [PMID: 28490427 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To estimate and compare changes in the Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) and area in normal, ocular hypertensive and glaucoma eyes following acute elevations in intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS The optic nerve heads (ONHs) of 104 subjects (31 normals, 20 ocular hypertension (OHT) and 53 with primary glaucoma) were imaged using Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT; Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering, Germany). IOP was raised twice by applying a force (0.64 n then 0.9 n) to the anterior sclera using an ophthalmo-dynamometer. After each IOP increment, IOP was held constant, measured with a Tonopen (AVIA applanation tonometer, Reichert, Depew, New York, USA), and ONH was rescanned with OCT. In each OCT volume, BMO-MRW and area were calculated and at each IOP increment. RESULTS The baseline MRW was significantly smaller in glaucoma subjects (174.3±54.3 µm) compared with normal (287.4±42.2 µm, p<0.001) and OHT subjects (255.4±45.3 µm, p<0.001). MRW of glaucoma subjects was significantly thinner at the first and second IOP elevations than that at baseline (both p<0.01), but no significant change was noted in normal and OHT subjects. There was no significant change of BMO area at acute IOP elevations from baseline in all diagnoses (all p>0.05). CONCLUSION Acute IOP elevation leads to compression of the nerve fibre layers of neuroretinal rim in glaucoma subjects only without changing ONH size. This suggests that the neural and connective tissues at ONH level in glaucoma subjects are more susceptible to acute IOP episodes than OHT or normal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Sharma
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eray Atalay
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sri Gowtham Thakku
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhang Liang
- Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan Milea
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas G Strouthidis
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Ja Girard
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmic Engineering & Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Tun TA, Tan SS, Atalay E, Verma S, Nongpiur ME, Baskaran M, Aung T, Husain R. Investigation of the variability of anterior chamber scan protocol with Cirrus high definition optical coherence tomography. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 45:464-471. [PMID: 28098418 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The evaluation of anterior chamber scan of Cirrus optical coherence tomography for routine clinical use. BACKGROUND To assess the variability of anterior chamber angle measurements. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS Forty subjects aged 40-80 years were included. METHODS One randomly selected eye from 40 subjects was imaged with Cirrus optical coherence tomography (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) by two different operators (expert vs. non-expert) with a 15-min interval for inter-observer and intra-observer variability of image acquisition. For image grading, the angle opening distance (AOD750) and the trabecular iris space area (TISA750) of nasal and temporal quadrants were measured with a customized algorithm (ImageJ, NIH, Bethesda, MD) by two different graders in a masked and random fashion. Bland Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ICC and limit of agreements (LOA). RESULTS There were 15 (37.5%) eyes with closed angles. For inter-observer variability, the mean difference (95% LOA) of AOD750 for image acquisition and grading were -0.0039 mm (-0.0486, 0.0408) and 0.0011 mm (-0.0228, 0.025), respectively. The mean difference (95% LOA) of AOD750 for intra-observer variability for image acquisition and grading were 0.0013 mm (-0.0362, 0.0389) and -0.0013 mm (-0.0482, 0.0457), respectively. The ICCs were all ≥0.9. There was no significant difference in measurement variability between open and closed angles (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Anterior chamber scan had low inter-observer and intra-observer variability in quantitative evaluation that was not affected by the angle status or the experience of an operator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Shayne S Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eray Atalay
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Sushma Verma
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Monisha E Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rahat Husain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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43
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Tun TA, Thakku SG, Png O, Baskaran M, Htoon HM, Sharma S, Nongpiur ME, Cheng CY, Aung T, Strouthidis NG, Girard MJA. Shape Changes of the Anterior Lamina Cribrosa in Normal, Ocular Hypertensive, and Glaucomatous Eyes Following Acute Intraocular Pressure Elevation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:4869-4877. [PMID: 27654413 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to estimate and compare changes in anterior lamina cribrosa (LC) morphology in normal, ocular hypertensive (OHT), and glaucomatous eyes following acute elevations in intraocular pressure (IOP). Methods The optic nerve heads (ONHs) of 97 subjects (17 OHT, 19 primary open-angle glaucoma [POAG], 31 primary angle-closure glaucoma [PACG], and 30 normal subjects) were imaged using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Intraocular pressure was raised twice by applying forces to the anterior sclera, using an ophthalmodynamometer. After each IOP elevation, IOP was held constant and measured; each ONH was rescanned with OCT. In each OCT volume, the anterior LC was enhanced, delineated, and its global shape index (GSI) calculated and compared across groups. Results The baseline IOP was 17.5 ± 3.5 mm Hg and was increased to 38 ± 5.9 mm Hg and then to 46.5 ± 5.9 mm Hg. At the first IOP increment, mean GSI was significantly smaller than that at baseline in normal subjects and glaucoma subjects (P < 0.05) but not in OHT subjects (P = 0.12). For the second IOP increment, the mean GSI was significantly smaller than that at baseline in normal subjects and in OHT eyes (P < 0.05). After adjusting for age, sex, and baseline IOP, the LC of POAG eyes was found to be significantly more posteriorly curved than that of normal subjects (P = 0.04). Conclusions Acute IOP elevations altered anterior LC shape in a complex nonlinear fashion. The LC of POAG eyes was more cupped following acute IOP elevations compared to that of normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore
| | - Sri Gowtham Thakku
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore
| | - Owen Png
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore 2Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore 2Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Hla M Htoon
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore 2Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Sourabh Sharma
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore
| | - Monisha E Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore 2Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore 2Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 3Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore 2Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 3Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas G Strouthidis
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore 4National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, National Health Service Foundation Trust, and University College London (UCL) Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom 5Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michaël J A Girard
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore 6Ophthalmic Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Tun TA, Chua J, Shi Y, Sidhartha E, Thakku SG, Shei W, Tan MCL, Quah JHM, Aung T, Cheng CY. Association of iris surface features with iris parameters assessed by swept-source optical coherence tomography in Asian eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 2016; 100:1682-1685. [PMID: 26994112 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-308256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To characterise the association of iris surface features (crypts, furrows and colour) with iris volume and curvature assessed by swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) in Asian eyes. METHODS Iris crypts (by number and size) and furrows (by number and circumferential extent) were graded from iris photographs. Iris colour was measured by a customised algorithm written on MATLAB (MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA). The iris was imaged by SSOCT (SS-1000, CASIA, Tomey, Nagoya, Japan). The associations of surface features with iris parameters were analysed using a generalised estimating equation. RESULTS A total of 1704 subjects (3297 eyes) were included in the analysis. The majority was Chinese (86.4%), and 63.2% were females, and their mean age (±SD) was 61.4±6.6 years. After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, pupil size and corneal arcus, higher iris crypt grade was independently associated with smaller iris volume (β=-0.54, p<0.001), whereas darker irides and higher iris furrow grade were associated with larger iris volume (β=-0.041, p<0.001) and (β=0.233, p<0.001), respectively. Lighter coloured irides with more crypts and/or more furrows were also associated with less convexity (crypts: β=-0.003, p=0.03; furrows: β=-0.004, p=0.007; and colour: β=-0.001, p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS Iris surface features were highly correlated with iris volume and curvature. Irides with more crypts have a smaller volume; and darker irides with more furrows have a larger volume. Lighter irides with more crypts and/or furrows have less convexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jacqueline Chua
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuan Shi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elizabeth Sidhartha
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sri Gowtham Thakku
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - William Shei
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus Chiang Lee Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology Service, Jurong Health Service, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Narayanaswamy A, Baskaran M, Perera SA, Nongpiur ME, Htoon HM, Tun TA, Wong TT, Goh D, Su DH, Chew PTK, Ho CL, Aung T. Argon Laser Peripheral Iridoplasty for Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ophthalmology 2015; 123:514-21. [PMID: 26707418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effectiveness of argon laser peripheral iridoplasty (ALPI) in primary angle closure (PAC) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS Eighty PAC or PACG subjects who underwent laser iridotomy (LI) and had at least 180° of persistent appositional angle closure and intraocular pressure (IOP) of more than 21 mmHg were enrolled. METHODS Subjects were randomized to receive either 360° ALPI (Visulas 532s; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) or medical therapy (Travoprost 0.004%; Alcon-Couvreur, Puurs, Antwerp, Belgium). Repeat ALPI was performed if the IOP reduction was less than 20% from baseline along with inadequate angle widening at the month 1 or month 3 visit. Intraocular pressure was controlled with systematic addition of medications when required. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was success rates after ALPI at 1 year. Complete success was defined as an IOP of 21 mmHg or less without medication, and qualified success was defined as an IOP of 21 mmHg or less with medication. Failure was defined as an IOP more than 21 mmHg despite additional medications or requiring glaucoma surgery. RESULTS Forty subjects (51 eyes) were randomized to ALPI and 40 subjects (55 eyes) were randomized to medical therapy. Complete success (IOP ≤21 mmHg without medication) was achieved in 35.0% eyes of the ALPI group compared with 85.0% of eyes in the prostaglandin analog (PGA) group (P < 0.001), and qualified success (IOP ≤21 mmHg with medication) was achieved in 35.0% and 7.5%, respectively (P = 0.003). The IOP decreased by 4.9 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.5-6.3 mmHg) in the ALPI group (P < 0.001) and by 6.1 mmHg (95% CI, 5.1-7.1 mmHg) in the medication group (P < 0.001). A failure rate of 30.0% was noted in the ALPI group compared with 7.5% in the medication group (P = 0.01). No treatment-related complications were recorded in either group. CONCLUSIONS After 1 year, ALPI was associated with higher failure rates and lower IOP reduction compared with PGA therapy in eyes with persistent appositional angle closure and raised IOP after LI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Narayanaswamy
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shamira A Perera
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Monisha E Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hla M Htoon
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tina T Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - David Goh
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Daniel H Su
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Paul T K Chew
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ching-Lin Ho
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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Chan HH, Zhao Y, Tun TA, Tong L. Repeatability of tear meniscus evaluation using spectral-domain Cirrus® HD-OCT and time-domain Visante® OCT. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2015; 38:368-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tun TA, Sun CH, Baskaran M, Girard MJA, de Leon JMS, Cheng CY, Htoon HM, Wong TY, Aung T, Strouthidis NG. Determinants of optical coherence tomography-derived minimum neuroretinal rim width in a normal Chinese population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3337-44. [PMID: 26024117 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize an optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived parameter, Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW), and its association with demographic and clinical parameters in normal Chinese subjects. METHODS Right eyes of 466 consecutive healthy subjects from a population-based study of Singaporean Chinese underwent Cirrus OCT imaging. The retinal internal limiting membrane (ILM) and BMO were automatically delineated using the built-in Cirrus algorithm. The standard 36 interpolated radial B-scans (72 BMO points, 5° increments) of each optic nerve head were manually extracted from the central circle (3.46-mm diameter). We used Matlab to measure the shortest distance from the BMO points to the ILM. Associations of BMO-MRW with demographic and clinical parameters were evaluated using marginal general estimating equations analysis. RESULTS There was a slight preponderance of male subjects (50.9%), with a mean age of 54.8 ± 7.63 years. Mean BMO-MRW was 304.67 ± 58.96 μm (range, 173.32-529.23 μm), which was highly associated with OCT-derived disc area (DA) (β = -91.78, P < 0.001) and rim area (RA) (β = 194.31, P < 0.001), followed by spherical refractive error (SRE) (β = -2.23, P = 0.02) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness (β = 0.5, P = 0.04), after adjusting for the associated factors such as age, sex, intraocular pressure (IOP), and vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR). CONCLUSIONS Disc area and RA had the strongest association with BMO-MRW, followed by SRE and RNFL thickness. The availability of this normative database will facilitate optic nerve head assessment using the BMO-MRW parameter in Chinese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Chen-Hsin Sun
- Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 3Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 2Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 4Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
| | - Michael J A Girard
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 5In Vivo Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 2Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 4Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
| | - Hla M Htoon
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 2Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien Y Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 2Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 4Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 2Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 4Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
| | - Nicholas G Strouthidis
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 7National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and University College London (
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Nongpiur ME, Foo VHX, de Leon JM, Baskaran M, Tun TA, Husain R, Perera SA, Aung T. Evaluation of Choroidal Thickness, Intraocular Pressure, and Serum Osmolality After the Water Drinking Test in Eyes With Primary Angle Closure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 56:2135-43. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monisha E. Nongpiur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 2Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 3Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Valencia H. X. Foo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 2Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 3Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin A. Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | | | | | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 3Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 4Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
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Girard MJA, Tun TA, Husain R, Acharyya S, Haaland BA, Wei X, Mari JM, Perera SA, Baskaran M, Aung T, Strouthidis NG. Lamina cribrosa visibility using optical coherence tomography: comparison of devices and effects of image enhancement techniques. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:865-74. [PMID: 25593025 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the visibility of the lamina cribrosa (LC) in optic disc images acquired from 60 glaucoma and 60 control subjects using three optical coherence tomography (OCT) devices, with and without enhanced depth imaging (EDI) and adaptive compensation (AC). METHODS A horizontal B-scan was acquired through the center of the disc using two spectral-domain (Spectralis and Cirrus; with and without EDI) and a swept-source (DRI) OCT. Adaptive compensation was applied post acquisition to improve image quality. To assess LC visibility, four masked observers graded the 1200 images in a randomized sequence. The anterior LC was graded from 0 to 4, the LC insertions from 0 to 2, and the posterior LC either 0 or 1. The effect of EDI, AC, glaucoma severity, and other clinical/demographic factors on LC visibility was assessed using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS The anterior LC was the most detectable feature, followed by the LC insertions. Adaptive compensation improved anterior LC visibility independent of EDI. Cirrus+EDI+AC generated the greatest anterior LC visibility grades (2.79/4). For LC insertions visibility, DRI+AC was the best method (1.10/2). Visibility of the posterior LC was consistently poor. Neither glaucoma severity nor clinical/demographic factors consistently affected LC visibility. CONCLUSIONS Adaptive compensation is superior to EDI in improving LC visibility. Visibility of the posterior LC remains poor suggesting impracticality in using LC thickness as a glaucoma biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël J A Girard
- In Vivo Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Tin A Tun
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Rahat Husain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Sanchalika Acharyya
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Benjamin A Haaland
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Wei
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jean M Mari
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shamira A Perera
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Mani Baskaran
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas G Strouthidis
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Tun TA, Baskaran M, Perera SA, Htoon HM, Aung T, Husain R. Swept-source optical coherence tomography assessment of iris–trabecular contact after phacoemulsification with or without goniosynechialysis in eyes with primary angle closure glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99:927-31. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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