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Adinugroho I, Stafford T, Bentall RP. The correlation between conspiracy mentality and vaccine intentions is moderated by social events: Evidence from longitudinal data during COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00510-3. [PMID: 38704262 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Social events may provide important cues that influence the sense of reality, including the perception that conspiracy theories are plausible. Using longitudinal panel data collected in the UK from March 2020 to December 2021, this study aims to identify whether social events influenced the strength of the association between conspiracy mentality and vaccine intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Consistent with previous research, the conspiracy mentality was a significant predictor of vaccine intentions across three-time points, but also that conspiracy mentality measured in March 2020 predicted that participants were more hesitant to the vaccines in December 2020. The primary finding was that different social events moderated the strength of the correlation between conspiracy mentality and vaccine intentions within similar participants. Conspiracy mentality became more vital to evaluate COVID-19 vaccines in December 2020, when the vaccination program was about to commence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indro Adinugroho
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Faculty of Psychology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Panagiotidi M, Zavlis O, Jones M, Stafford T. The three-dimensional community structure of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits captured by the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale: An exploratory graph analysis. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2023; 33:e1997. [PMID: 38010081 PMCID: PMC10804265 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To employ a novel analytic method-namely, exploratory graph analysis (EGA)-to subclinical attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) trait scores in order to reveal their dimensional structure, as well as compare EGA's performance with traditional factor-analytic techniques in doing so. METHOD 1149 respondents from a survey panel completed the ASRS, a common ADHD scale made up of 18 distinct trait measures. EGA and factor analysis were applied to identify traits which associate with each other. RESULTS EGA revealed 3 distinct communities, and ruled out a 2-community structure. This was in contrast to the 2-factor structure suggested by the factor analysis, and the conventional division of ADHD into two subdimensions (hyperactivity and inattention). CONCLUSION A dimensional structure of three clusters (hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention) may better reflect the traits underlying ADHD. EGA has benefits in terms of both analytic approach and interpretability of findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orestis Zavlis
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Myles Jones
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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Stafford T, Rombach I, Hind D, Mateen B, Woods HB, Dimario M, Wilsdon J. Where next for partial randomisation of research funding? The feasibility of RCTs and alternatives. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:309. [PMID: 37663796 PMCID: PMC10474338 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19565.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We outline essential considerations for any study of partial randomisation of research funding, and consider scenarios in which randomised controlled trials (RCTs) would be feasible and appropriate. We highlight the interdependence of target outcomes, sample availability and statistical power for determining the cost and feasibility of a trial. For many choices of target outcome, RCTs may be less practical and more expensive than they at first appear (in large part due to issues pertaining to sample size and statistical power). As such, we briefly discuss alternatives to RCTs. It is worth noting that many of the considerations relevant to experiments on partial randomisation may also apply to other potential experiments on funding processes (as described in The Experimental Research Funder's Handbook. RoRI, June 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Stafford
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England, UK
| | - Ines Rombach
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England, UK
| | - Dan Hind
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England, UK
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Copeland A, Stafford T, Field M. Recovery from nicotine addiction: A diffusion model decomposition of value-based decision-making in current smokers and ex-smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2023:7079257. [PMID: 36929415 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A considerable number of people successfully give up tobacco smoking. In nicotine-dependent individuals, tobacco choice is determined by greater expected drug value; however, less is known about the underlying mechanisms through which people quit smoking. This study aimed to explore whether computational parameters of value-based decision-making characterise recovery from nicotine addiction. METHODS Using a pre-registered, between-subject design, current daily smokers (n = 51) and ex-smokers who used to smoke daily (n = 51) were recruited from the local community. Participants completed a two-alternative forced choice task in which they chose between either two tobacco-related images (in one block) or tobacco-unrelated images (in a different block). During each trial, participants pressed a computer key to select the image they rated most positively during a previous task block. To estimate evidence accumulation (EA) processes and response thresholds during the different blocks, a drift-diffusion model was fitted to the reaction time and error data. RESULTS Ex-smokers had significantly higher response thresholds when making tobacco-related decisions (p = .01, d = .45) compared to current smokers, although there were no significant group differences during tobacco-unrelated decisions. Furthermore, there were no significant group differences in EA rates when making tobacco or tobacco-unrelated decisions. CONCLUSIONS Greater cautiousness when making value-based decisions about tobacco-related cues characterised recovery from nicotine addiction. IMPLICATIONS The number of people dependent on nicotine has decreased steadily during the past decade; however, the mechanisms that underlie recovery are currently less well understood. The present study applied advances in the measurement of value-based choice. The aim was to explore whether the internal processes that underpin value-based decision-making (VBDM) discriminate current daily tobacco smokers from ex-tobacco smokers who used to smoke daily. Findings revealed that recovery from nicotine addiction was characterised by higher response thresholds when making value-based decisions about tobacco-related cues; this may serve as a novel target for treatment interventions that focus on helping people to stop smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Matt Field
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, UK
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Copeland A, Stafford T, Acuff SF, Murphy JG, Field M. Behavioral economic and value-based decision-making constructs that discriminate current heavy drinkers versus people who reduced their drinking without treatment. Psychol Addict Behav 2023; 37:132-143. [PMID: 35901378 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A substantial number of people reduce their consumption of alcohol in the absence of formal treatment; however, less is known about the mechanisms of change. The aim of this study is to explore whether constructs derived from behavioral economics and computational decision-modeling characterize the moderation of alcohol consumption that many heavy drinkers experience without treatment. METHOD Between-subject, preregistered design. People who reside in the United Kingdom and who drink heavily (n = 60) or used to drink heavily but now consume alcohol in moderation (n = 60) were recruited. Participants completed self-report behavioral economic measures (alcohol demand and alcohol-related and alcohol-free reinforcement) and a two-alternative forced choice task in which they chose between two alcoholic (in one block) or two soft drink images (in a different block). A drift-diffusion model was fitted to responses from this task to yield the underlying parameters of value-based choice. RESULTS Compared to heavy drinkers, moderated drinkers had significantly lower alcohol demand, Omax, p = .03, Cohen's d = .36; elasticity, p = .03, rank-biserial correlation (rrb) = .21, and higher proportionate alcohol-free reinforcement (p < .001, Cohen's d = .75). However, contrary to hypotheses, there were no robust between-group differences in value-based decision-making (VBDM) parameters. CONCLUSIONS Self-report behavioral economic measures demonstrate that alcohol moderation without treatment is characterized by lowered alcohol demand and greater behavioral allocation to alcohol-free reinforcement, in line with behavioral economic theory. However, a computerized VBDM measure yielded inconclusive findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Stafford T. On Impact, Again... My Farewell Editorial. SIGMIS Database 2022. [DOI: 10.1145/3571823.3571825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To paraphrase the late Jerry Garcia, "it's been a minute," and that certainly dates me as to my generation, eh? I started my journey in 2007 with SIGMIS and its publication, The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems, and that is now over 15 years ago. I had grand aspirations for the journal at the time: at top, to get our review process online (we did that in the first year of my first term by joining Editorial Manager) and secondly, to get us included in the ISI Journal Citation Reports survey for production of a Journal Impact Factor (that took the rest of the first editorial term).
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Brand CO, Stafford T. Using dialogues to increase positive attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines in a vaccine-hesitant UK population. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:220366. [PMID: 36312562 PMCID: PMC9554510 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Altay et al. (Altay et al. 2021. J. Exp.Psychol.: Appl. (doi:10.1037/xap0000400)) showed that 5 min of interaction with a chatbot led to increases in positive COVID-19 vaccination attitudes and intentions in a French population. Here we replicate this effect in a vaccine-hesitant, UK-based population. We attempt to isolate what made the chatbot condition effective by controlling the amount of information provided, the trustworthiness of the information and the level of interactivity. Like Altay et al., our experiment allowed participants to navigate a branching dialogue by choosing questions of interest about COVID-19 vaccines. Our control condition used the same questions and answers but removed participant choice by presenting the dialogues at random. Importantly, we also targeted those who were either against or neutral towards COVID-19 vaccinations to begin with, screening-out those with already positive attitudes. Replicating Altay et al., we found a similar size increase in positive attitudes towards vaccination, and in intention to get vaccinated. Unlike Altay et al., we found no difference between our two conditions: choosing the questions did not increase vaccine attitudes or intentions any more than our control condition. These results suggest that the attitudes of the vaccine hesitant are modifiable with exposure to in-depth, trustworthy and engaging dialogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 1HD, UK
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Copeland A, Stafford T, Field M. Methodological issues with value-based decision-making (VBDM) tasks: The effect of trial wording on evidence accumulation outputs from the EZ drift-diffusion model. Cogent Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2022.2079801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amber Copeland
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matt Field
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Abstract
Gaming is a domain of profound skill development. Players’ digital traces create data that track the development of skill from novice to expert levels. We argue that existing work, although promising, has yet to take advantage of the potential of game data for understanding skill acquisition, and that to realize this potential, future studies can use the fit of formal learning curves to individual data as a theoretical anchor. Learning-curve analysis allows learning rate, initial performance, and asymptotic performance to be separated out, and so can serve as a tool for reconciling the multiple factors that may affect learning. We review existing research on skill development using data from digital games, showing how such work can confirm, challenge, and extend existing claims about the psychology of expertise. Learning-curve analysis provides the foundation for direct experiments on the factors that affect skill development, which are necessary for a cross-domain cognitive theory of skill. We conclude by making recommendations for, and noting obstacles to, experimental studies of skill development in digital games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield
| | - Nemanja Vaci
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield
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Stafford T, Tazkarji M. Whole Lotta COVID Goin' On. SIGMIS Database 2021. [DOI: 10.1145/3508484.3508486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It's been a long year-and-a-half or since the initial outbreak arose down here in Louisiana, right after Mardi Gras 2020, February. New Orleans and its widely attended Mardi Gras looked to be the "spreader event" of our region, it seemed like.
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Stafford T, Armstrong DJ. From the Editors. SIGMIS Database 2021. [DOI: 10.1145/3505639.3505641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Friends, Deb Armstrong and I have reached the culmination of our editorial term, and K.D. Joshi of University of Nevada-Reno has been chosen as the new Editor-in-Chief. Professor Joshi is a long-time contributor, Senior Editor, and thought leader in our parent organization, ACM SIGMIS, and its venerable CPR conference. K.D. has a marvelous vision, superb connections with our ACM SIGMIS CPR constituency, and an operational record second to none. She will be a great leader for continuing the growth trajectory of The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems.
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Pirrone A, Reina A, Stafford T, Marshall JAR, Gobet F. Magnitude-sensitivity: rethinking decision-making. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 26:66-80. [PMID: 34750080 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Magnitude-sensitivity refers to the result that performance in decision-making, across domains and organisms, is affected by the total value of the possible alternatives. This simple result offers a window into fundamental issues in decision-making and has led to a reconsideration of ecological decision-making, prominent computational models of decision-making, and optimal decision-making. Moreover, magnitude-sensitivity has inspired the design of new robotic systems that exploit natural solutions and apply optimal decision-making policies. In this article, we review the key theoretical and empirical results about magnitude-sensitivity and highlight the importance that this phenomenon has for the understanding of decision-making. Furthermore, we discuss open questions and ideas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Pirrone
- Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
| | - Andreagiovanni Reina
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies on Artificial Intelligence (IRIDIA), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Fernand Gobet
- Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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Stafford T. Pandemic Pedagogy and Possibilities. SIGMIS Database 2021. [DOI: 10.1145/3481629.3481631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Greetings, scholars and friends of The DATA BASE. It's been a long and interesting year we just lived through, and everybody has an interesting story to tell about it, to be sure. I'm no different in that respect, but I have not yet written on the matter, as so many already have. Special issues on the topic of technological remediation of pandemic restrictions on pedagogy abound; it's quite interesting.
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Stafford T. A Famine of Riches in Scholarly Publication. SIGMIS Database 2021. [DOI: 10.1145/3462766.3462768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
I have been editing for a while. Long enough to have witnessed the evolution from pre-digital journals to the post-digital pure play. I negotiated and obtained the first online review system for this fine journal, back in 2006 when I was building my first proposal to edit The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems. I felt at the time that I might be a tad late coming to the digital field, seeing that the association I belonged to had already launched two digital pure-play publications which appeared to be destined for notice.
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Stafford T. Uncommon Method Bias. SIGMIS Database 2020. [DOI: 10.1145/3433148.3433150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As we prepare to administer comprehensive exams for our doctoral students, the insistence of colleagues on Common Method Bias (CMB) questioning as part of the exam corpus got me thinking about the pragmatic principles of paradigmatic practicality in the review process. Say that three times fast!
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Stafford T, Pirrone A, Croucher M, Krystalli A. Quantifying the benefits of using decision models with response time and accuracy data. Behav Res Methods 2020; 52:2142-2155. [PMID: 32232739 PMCID: PMC7575468 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-020-01372-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Response time and accuracy are fundamental measures of behavioral science, but discerning participants' underlying abilities can be masked by speed-accuracy trade-offs (SATOs). SATOs are often inadequately addressed in experiment analyses which focus on a single variable or which involve a suboptimal analytic correction. Models of decision-making, such as the drift diffusion model (DDM), provide a principled account of the decision-making process, allowing the recovery of SATO-unconfounded decision parameters from observed behavioral variables. For plausible parameters of a typical between-groups experiment, we simulate experimental data, for both real and null group differences in participants' ability to discriminate stimuli (represented by differences in the drift rate parameter of the DDM used to generate the simulated data), for both systematic and null SATOs. We then use the DDM to fit the generated data. This allows the direct comparison of the specificity and sensitivity for testing of group differences of different measures (accuracy, reaction time, and the drift rate from the model fitting). Our purpose here is not to make a theoretical innovation in decision modeling, but to use established decision models to demonstrate and quantify the benefits of decision modeling for experimentalists. We show, in terms of reduction of required sample size, how decision modeling can allow dramatically more efficient data collection for set statistical power; we confirm and depict the non-linear speed-accuracy relation; and we show how accuracy can be a more sensitive measure than response time given decision parameters which reasonably reflect a typical experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield, S1 2LT, UK.
| | - Angelo Pirrone
- Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | | | - Anna Krystalli
- Research Software Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Stafford T. Metaphilosophical Musings. SIGMIS Database 2020. [DOI: 10.1145/3400043.3400045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been some time now since we have had our Philosopher's Corner feature in place at The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems, and we have seen some truly magnificent work appear in these pages in that time. I am gilding the lily in saying so, to be sure, but as an Editor-in-Chief, I have a certain pride of ownership in regard to it. I don't want to claim that The Philosopher's Corner was all my idea; we are a team here in the Editorial office, and we do things as a team and by consensus.
Even so, I have a great deal of enthusiasm for the feature and take it upon myself to shamelessly promote it at every turn and in every quarter. Just as I am now.
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Williams L, Butler JS, Thirkettle M, Stafford T, Quinlivan B, McGovern E, O'Riordan S, Redgrave P, Reilly R, Hutchinson M. Slowed Luminance Reaction Times in Cervical Dystonia: Disordered Superior Colliculus Processing. Mov Disord 2020; 35:877-880. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Williams
- Department of NeurologySt. Vincent's University Hospital Dublin Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - John S. Butler
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Technological University Dublin Dublin 2 Dublin Ireland
| | - Martin Thirkettle
- Department of Psychology, Sociology & PoliticsSheffield Hallam University Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Brendan Quinlivan
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Eavan McGovern
- Department of NeurologySt. Vincent's University Hospital Dublin Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Sean O'Riordan
- Department of NeurologySt. Vincent's University Hospital Dublin Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Peter Redgrave
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Richard Reilly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Michael Hutchinson
- Department of NeurologySt. Vincent's University Hospital Dublin Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
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Abstract
Implicit bias training (IBT) is now frequently provided by employers, in order to raise awareness of the problems related to implicit biases, and of how to safeguard against discrimination that may result. However, as Atewologun et al. (2018) have noted, there is very little systematicity in IBT, and there are many unknowns about what constitutes good IBT. One important issue concerns the tone of information provided regarding implicit bias. This paper engages this question, focusing in particular on the observation that much bias training is delivered in exculpatory tone, emphasising that individuals are not to blame for possessing implicit biases. Normative guidance around IBT exhorts practitioners to adopt this strategy (Moss-Racusin et al. 2014). However, existing evidence about the effects of moralized feedback about implicit bias is equivocal (Legault et al. 2011; Czopp et al. 2006). Through a series of studies, culminating in an experiment with a pre-registered analysis plan, we develop a paradigm for evaluating the impact of moralized feedback on participants’ implicit racial bias scores. We also conducted exploratory analyses of the impact on their moods, and behavioural intentions. Our results indicated that an exculpatory tone, rather than a blaming or neutral tone, did not make participants less resistant to changing their attitudes and behaviours. In fact, participants in the blame condition had significantly stronger explicit intentions to change future behaviour than those in the ‘no feedback’ condition (see experiment 3). These results indicate that considerations of efficacy do not support the need for implicit bias feedback to be exculpatory. We tease out the implications of these findings, and directions for future research.
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Field M, Heather N, Murphy JG, Stafford T, Tucker JA, Witkiewitz K. Recovery from addiction: Behavioral economics and value-based decision making. Psychol Addict Behav 2019; 34:182-193. [PMID: 31599604 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral economics provides a general framework to explain the shift in behavioral allocation from substance use to substance-free activities that characterizes recovery from addiction, but it does not attempt to explain the internal processes that prompt those behavioral changes. In this article we outline a novel analysis of addiction recovery based on computational work on value-based decision making (VBDM), which can explain how people with addiction are able to overcome the reinforcement pathologies and decision-making vulnerabilities that characterize the disorder. The central tenet of this account is that shifts in molar reinforcer preferences over time from substance use to substance-free activities can be attributed to changes in evidence accumulation rates and response thresholds in the context of choices involving substance use and substance-free alternatives. We discuss how this account can be reconciled with the established mechanisms of action of psychosocial interventions for addiction and demonstrate how it has the potential to empirically address longstanding debates regarding the nature of impairments to self-control in addiction. We also highlight conceptual and methodological issues that require careful consideration in translating VBDM to addiction and recovery. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Abstract
Models of cognitive development suggest that cognitive control, a complex construct that ensures goal-directedness even in the face of distractions, is still maturing across adolescence. In the present study, we investigated how the ability to dynamically adjust cognitive control develops in this period of life, as indexed by the magnitude of the congruency sequence effect (CSE) in conflict tasks, and how this ability might relate to lapses of attention (mind-wandering [MW]). To these ends, participants from four age groups (12-13, 14-15, 18-20 and 25-27 years old) completed confound-minimized variants of the flanker and Simon tasks, along with a Go/No-Go task with thought probes to assess their frequency of mind-wandering. The CSE was present in both tasks, but was not affected by age in either of them. In addition, the size of the CSE in the flanker, but not in the Simon task was negatively associated with the frequency of MW with awareness. Trait MW and the probability of reporting MW during the task was found to increase with age in accordance with cognitive resource views of MW. Our findings suggest that at the behavioral level there are no substantial developmental changes through the adolescent period in control adjustment ability as measured by the CSE. Response inhibition performance in the Go/No-Go task, however, improved significantly with age. The implications of the present results for the conflict monitoring account of the CSE and extant theories of MW are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Hampsey E, Overton PG, Stafford T. Microsaccade rate as a measure of drug response. J Eye Mov Res 2019; 12:10.16910/jemr.12.6.12. [PMID: 33828750 PMCID: PMC7962677 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.12.6.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In 22 human subjects we measured microsaccade count across 60 brief fixation trials both pre- and post- administration of 300mg of caffeine. There was a statistically significant reduction in average microsaccade count post-caffeine administration, with a moderate effect size (Cohen's d of 0.42). Microsaccade count was stable within individuals across time points (Pearson's r of 0.89). Sensitivity analysis suggests that the pre/post caffeine effect size is robust to choice of parameters used to identify microsaccades. Bootstrap resampling suggests that both the pre/post-caffeine difference and the across-time stability within individuals could be reliably assessed with far fewer trials. The results support the use of microsaccade count as both a trait measure of individual differences and a state measure of caffeine response. We discuss the results in the context of the theory that the superior colliculus is central to the generation of microsaccades and hence that microsaccade rate may be a useful assay for at least some drug-induced changes at the level of the colliculus: a potentially useful tool in the development of therapies for disorders that may involve collicular dysfunction such as ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, UK
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Abstract
Objective: ADHD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be viewed as the extreme end of traits found in the general population. Clinical and genetic studies suggest that ADHD and ASD often co-occur and share genetic susceptibility. The aim of this study was to examine co-occurrence of ADHD and ASD traits in the general population. Method: In total, 334 participants were recruited from a population-based sample. Four questionnaires assessing current and retrospective ADHD and ASD traits were administered online: the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Symptom Checklist, the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS-25), the Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ), and the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Results: A significant correlation was found between ADHD and autistic traits. In particular, higher inattention and overall ADHD scores were associated with self-reported deficits in communication and social skills. Conclusion: Our findings are similar to results from studies on clinical populations, suggesting that ADHD and ASD might share common etiology.
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Stafford T, Petter S. Our Paradigm for Paradigms in IS. SIGMIS Database 2019. [DOI: 10.1145/3353401.3353403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the "publish or perish" world that we exist in as scholars, we note the emergence of an interesting pattern. Research is increasingly oriented around pre-existing, well-known, and widely accepted theoretical models, for which incremental advancements are devised by way of contribution. This is the way of "traditional" scientific work (consistent with Kuhn, 1962; 1970). Yet, this "traditional" approach to science is not as interesting as it could be for those of us editors, reviewers, and readers who are thirsty for new theoretical vistas and fresh ideas to inform our worldview of information systems.
Indeed, it would seem that our paradigm (that which guides us in Kuhnian practice of our scientific craft of article production) has become what Kuhn, himself, might have said of paradigms at the late stage of maturity, just in advance of revolutions in which normal science puzzle solving ceased to work as expected: the paradigm by which we operate in our normal science practice, and the paradigms with which we study our scientific problems, are as limiting to us as anything else.
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Stafford T. The Philosophy that Guides our Science? SIGMIS Database 2019. [DOI: 10.1145/3330472.3330474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
I come before you in this forum as the Jester in the Court of the Philosopher Kings.
Keeping in mind the medieval commensuration of the term ?fool" with ?jester" and you will have a closer appreciation of the self-deprecating point I seek to make in this sense. I am but a lay reader of the literature of philosophy. However much I appreciate it, enthuse over it, or embrace it as the principle upon which my science is grounded, all the same, I am a simple journeyman, to borrow from Eric Clapton's similar self-deprecation, when it comes to the field of philosophy.
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Thirkettle M, Thyoka M, Gopalan P, Fernandes N, Stafford T, Offiah AC. Internet-based measurement of visual assessment skill of trainee radiologists: developing a sensitive tool. Br J Radiol 2019; 92:20180958. [DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20180958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Thirkettle
- Department of Psychology, Sociology & Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mandela Thyoka
- Department of Radiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Padmini Gopalan
- Department of Radiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nadiah Fernandes
- Imperial College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Amaka C Offiah
- Department of Radiology, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Bannard C, Leriche M, Bandmann O, Brown CH, Ferracane E, Sánchez-Ferro Á, Obeso J, Redgrave P, Stafford T. Reduced habit-driven errors in Parkinson's Disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3423. [PMID: 30833640 PMCID: PMC6399280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease can be understood as a disorder of motor habits. A prediction of this theory is that early stage Parkinson’s patients will display fewer errors caused by interference from previously over-learned behaviours. We test this prediction in the domain of skilled typing, where actions are easy to record and errors easy to identify. We describe a method for categorizing errors as simple motor errors or habit-driven errors. We test Spanish and English participants with and without Parkinson’s, and show that indeed patients make fewer habit errors than healthy controls, and, further, that classification of error type increases the accuracy of discriminating between patients and healthy controls. As well as being a validation of a theory-led prediction, these results offer promise for automated, enhanced and early diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Bannard
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Mariana Leriche
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Oliver Bandmann
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Elisa Ferracane
- Department of Linguistics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Álvaro Sánchez-Ferro
- HM Hospitales, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience AC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Mostoles and CEU San Pablo University. Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Obeso
- HM Hospitales, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience AC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Mostoles and CEU San Pablo University. Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Redgrave
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Stafford T, Petter S. On the March of Time and the Meaning of Days. SIGMIS Database 2019. [DOI: 10.1145/3312576.3312578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
As of this issue, The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems marks its 50th year of publication. We are minded to introspect, then, on what it means to have been here for 50 years. For some, it means that this journal came to be in the year that astronauts first landed on the moon; that sounds like a very modern occurrence, but having transpired in 1969, it was literally a half century ago. That is 18,250 days, or 2,607 weeks, or 599 months, or, of course, one half of a century.
Century - the Latin root of which connotes groups of 100; half of 100 being fifty, and that being a darned large number in some respects, but in others very small. It depends on point of view, as the physicist Einstein (1921) would have put it. When you are moving at great speeds, time seems to pass more slowly (as compared to the perceptions of a less-fast moving observer). Time and its passage are a subjective perception of the perceiver, even outside of the physics of relativity (Evans, 2005). As Carol Saunders once speculated in a closing essay during her time at MIS Quarterly, it only seems like yesterday that we came to be a field of inquiry in Management Information Systems, and we could consider ourselves in the geological scheme of time to be very young indeed (Saunders, 2007). On the other hand, for those busily engaged in the fast-moving activities of publishing a journal like ours, time flies in different ways when we consider how long significant landmarks of the field of Management Information Systems have been in place (as has this journal, for a similar period of time). It was just yesterday, and it has been forever. We only just took Volume 48, Number 1 to press, it seems, and here we are at 50(1)! Time is in the Einsteinian details.
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Pirrone A, Johnson I, Stafford T, Milne E. A diffusion model decomposition of orientation discrimination in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). European Journal of Developmental Psychology 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2018.1561364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Pirrone
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Illin Johnson
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Elizabeth Milne
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Silberzahn R, Uhlmann EL, Martin DP, Anselmi P, Aust F, Awtrey E, Bahník Š, Bai F, Bannard C, Bonnier E, Carlsson R, Cheung F, Christensen G, Clay R, Craig MA, Dalla Rosa A, Dam L, Evans MH, Flores Cervantes I, Fong N, Gamez-Djokic M, Glenz A, Gordon-McKeon S, Heaton TJ, Hederos K, Heene M, Hofelich Mohr AJ, Högden F, Hui K, Johannesson M, Kalodimos J, Kaszubowski E, Kennedy DM, Lei R, Lindsay TA, Liverani S, Madan CR, Molden D, Molleman E, Morey RD, Mulder LB, Nijstad BR, Pope NG, Pope B, Prenoveau JM, Rink F, Robusto E, Roderique H, Sandberg A, Schlüter E, Schönbrodt FD, Sherman MF, Sommer SA, Sotak K, Spain S, Spörlein C, Stafford T, Stefanutti L, Tauber S, Ullrich J, Vianello M, Wagenmakers EJ, Witkowiak M, Yoon S, Nosek BA. Many Analysts, One Data Set: Making Transparent How Variations in Analytic Choices Affect Results. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245917747646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-nine teams involving 61 analysts used the same data set to address the same research question: whether soccer referees are more likely to give red cards to dark-skin-toned players than to light-skin-toned players. Analytic approaches varied widely across the teams, and the estimated effect sizes ranged from 0.89 to 2.93 ( Mdn = 1.31) in odds-ratio units. Twenty teams (69%) found a statistically significant positive effect, and 9 teams (31%) did not observe a significant relationship. Overall, the 29 different analyses used 21 unique combinations of covariates. Neither analysts’ prior beliefs about the effect of interest nor their level of expertise readily explained the variation in the outcomes of the analyses. Peer ratings of the quality of the analyses also did not account for the variability. These findings suggest that significant variation in the results of analyses of complex data may be difficult to avoid, even by experts with honest intentions. Crowdsourcing data analysis, a strategy in which numerous research teams are recruited to simultaneously investigate the same research question, makes transparent how defensible, yet subjective, analytic choices influence research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Silberzahn
- Organisational Behaviour, University of Sussex Business School
| | | | - D. P. Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia
| | - P. Anselmi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | - F. Aust
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne
| | - E. Awtrey
- Department of Management, University of Cincinnati
| | - Š. Bahník
- Department of Management, Faculty of Business Administration, University of Economics, Prague
| | - F. Bai
- Department of Management and Marketing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University
| | - C. Bannard
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool
| | - E. Bonnier
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics
| | - R. Carlsson
- Department of Psychology, Linnaeus University
| | - F. Cheung
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong
| | - G. Christensen
- Berkeley Institute for Data Science, University of California, Berkeley
| | - R. Clay
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York
| | - M. A. Craig
- Department of Psychology, New York University
| | - A. Dalla Rosa
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | - L. Dam
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen
| | - M. H. Evans
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester
| | | | - N. Fong
- Department of Marketing and Supply Chain Management, Temple University
| | - M. Gamez-Djokic
- Department of Management and Organizations, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University
| | - A. Glenz
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich
| | | | - T. J. Heaton
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield
| | - K. Hederos
- Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), Stockholm University
| | - M. Heene
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | | | - F. Högden
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne
| | - K. Hui
- School of Management, Xiamen University
| | | | | | - E. Kaszubowski
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Santa Catarina
| | - D. M. Kennedy
- School of Business, University of Washington Bothell
| | - R. Lei
- Department of Psychology, New York University
| | | | - S. Liverani
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London
| | - C. R. Madan
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham
| | - D. Molden
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
| | - E. Molleman
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen
| | | | - L. B. Mulder
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen
| | - B. R. Nijstad
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen
| | - N. G. Pope
- Department of Economics, University of Maryland
| | - B. Pope
- Department of Economics, Brigham Young University
| | | | - F. Rink
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen
| | - E. Robusto
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | - H. Roderique
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto
| | - A. Sandberg
- Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), Stockholm University
| | - E. Schlüter
- Department of Social Sciences and Cultural Studies, Institute of Sociology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen
| | - F. D. Schönbrodt
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - M. F. Sherman
- Department of Psychology, Loyola University Maryland
| | | | - K. Sotak
- Department of Marketing and Management, SUNY Oswego
| | - S. Spain
- John Molson School of Business, Concordia University
| | - C. Spörlein
- Lehrstuhl für Soziologie, insb. Sozialstrukturanalyse, Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg
| | - T. Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield
| | - L. Stefanutti
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | - S. Tauber
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen
| | - J. Ullrich
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich
| | - M. Vianello
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padua
| | | | | | - S. Yoon
- Department of Marketing and Supply Chain Management, Temple University
| | - B. A. Nosek
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia
- Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Stafford T. New Theoretical Perspectives in Behavioral IS Security Research. SIGMIS Database 2018. [DOI: 10.1145/3210530.3210532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
As we come to press with this fifth issue of the year, we have an exciting development. It is a special case, this issue; we normally have issues 1 through 4 for each volume, but we chose this year to issue number "SI" in addition to issues 1,2,3, and 4, in order to accommodate something very special. The grand joy of editing a journal is the ability to do something unusual and innovative occasionally. With Stacie's concurrence, that is what we did this time around. As you may know, I am a member of the Behavioral Information Security society that styles itself through the highly prestigious "IFIP Working Group 8.11/11.13 Dewald Roode Behavioral Information Security Workshop." This special workshop is an event that takes place each year among the most visible and prolific information security scholars in the world. And, having gained admittance to their august company not so long ago, I sought an opportunity for The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems to support and promote behavioral information security research through its presence at the meetings (by virtue of my membership, as an Editor). A couple of meetings ago, when the call for papers went out for the annual research competition that provides the manuscripts for the meeting, I sought permission to issue a joint call for papers on behavior for a special issue of The DATA BASE dedicated to "Theoretical Advances in Behavioral Information Security Research." To my vast delight, the colleagues assented, indicating they thought it was a good idea. (Caveat: what follows will gore several oxen. My apologies in advance, but what needs to be said will inevitably cross lines of mild political sensibility, in the greater service of Theoretical Advancement.)
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Abstract
Nothing matters as much in our world of published research as does Impact. Perhaps tenure and promotion are more important, on the face of it, but when considered carefully, T&P comes as the result of our own research work having Impact. We want our work to matter; we want our journal to matter. We want the world to notice what we are doing and approve of it. Impact: it's our coin of the realm, pretty much. I like journal editing because it makes me feel like I have an impact on the field. Not in any particularly vainglorious way, but rather in a sense of service. Editing makes me feel like I'm playing a part in helping important research come to the attention of the colleagues. If I can help others have Impact with their carefully crafted research, then I feel my editorial service has Impact, as well-and that satisfies my need for playing a part in the advancement of science. Impact: it's important. It's also sort of vaguely understood, despite the metrics we have at hand to indicate it and assess it. This leads to an issue of internal validity, in my mind, as regards what Impact is and what it means. To repeat a bit of Appalachian wisdom from my youth as regards my naive understanding of Impact, "I'm no judge of beauty, but I sure know ugly when I see it." Impact is like that. We know it better by what it is not than by what it is, from the critical realist's perspective. That is why Stacie and I agreed that at some point a brief essay on Impact and its meaning in the context of your Data Base would be a good thing. I undertake that task here, in this editorial. I undertake it from the perspective of one who has lived and breathed Impact at Data Base for over a decade. I once would have said, "The crowning achievement of my last term in the Editor's seat was achieving Journal Citation Report survey status from Thomson Reuters for development of an Impact Factor score."
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Abstract
Stereotype threat has been offered as a potential explanation of differential performance between men and women in some cognitive domains. Questions remain about the reliability and generality of the phenomenon. Previous studies have found that stereotype threat is activated in female chess players when they are matched against male players. I used data from over 5.5 million games of international tournament chess and found no evidence of a stereotype-threat effect. In fact, female players outperform expectations when playing men. Further analysis showed no influence of degree of challenge, player age, nor prevalence of female role models in national chess leagues on differences in performance when women play men versus when they play women. Though this analysis contradicts one specific mechanism of influence of gender stereotypes, the persistent differences between male and female players suggest that systematic factors do exist and remain to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield
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Panagiotidi M, Overton PG, Stafford T. The relationship between ADHD traits and sensory sensitivity in the general population. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 80:179-185. [PMID: 29121555 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Preliminary studies in children and adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) report both hypo-responsiveness and hyper-responsiveness to sensory stimuli, as well as problems modulating sensory input. As it has been suggested that those with ADHD exist at the extreme end of a continuum of ADHD traits, which are also evident in the general population, we investigated the link between ADHD and sensory sensitivity in the general population. Two online questionnaires measuring ADHD traits and sensory responsivity across various sensory domains were administered to 234 participants. Results showed a highly significant positive correlation between the number of ADHD traits and the frequency of reported sensory processing problems. An increased number of sensory difficulties across all modalities were associated with the level of ADHD. Furthermore, ADHD traits predicted sensory difficulties and exploratory factor analysis revealed a factor that combined ADHD trait and sensory processing items. This is the first study to identify a positive relationship between sensory processing and ADHD traits in the general population. Our results suggest that sensory difficulties could be part of the ADHD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Panagiotidi
- School of Psychology, Sport and Exercise, Staffordshire University, College Road, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 2DE, UK.
| | - Paul G Overton
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Panagiotidi M, Overton PG, Stafford T. Multisensory integration and ADHD-like traits: Evidence for an abnormal temporal integration window in ADHD. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 181:10-17. [PMID: 29024843 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in multimodal processing have been found in many developmental disorders such as autism and dyslexia. However, surprisingly little empirical work has been conducted to test the integrity of multisensory integration in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The main aim of the present study was to examine links between symptoms of ADHD (as measured using a self-report scale in a healthy adult population) and the temporal aspects of multisensory processing. More specifically, a Simultaneity Judgement (SJ) and a Temporal Order Judgement (TOJ) task were used in participants with low and high levels of ADHD-like traits to measure the temporal integration window and Just-Noticeable Difference (JND) (respectively) between the timing of an auditory beep and a visual pattern presented over a broad range of stimulus onset asynchronies. The Point of Subjective Similarity (PSS) was also measured in both cases. In the SJ task, participants with high levels of ADHD-like traits considered significantly fewer stimuli to be simultaneous than participants with high levels of ADHD-like traits, and the former were found to have significantly smaller temporal windows of integration (although no difference was found in the PSS in the SJ or TOJ tasks, or the JND in the latter). This is the first study to identify an abnormal temporal integration window in individuals with ADHD-like traits. Perceived temporal misalignment of two or more modalities can lead to distractibility (e.g., when the stimulus components from different modalities occur separated by too large of a temporal gap). Hence, an abnormality in the perception of simultaneity could lead to the increased distractibility seen in ADHD.
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Abstract
As we begin to publish more articles in the area of cybersecurity, a case in point being the fine set of security papers presented in this particular issue as well as the upcoming special issue on Advances in Behavioral Cybersecurity Research which is currently in the review phase, it comes to mind that there is an emerging rubric of interest to the research community involved in security. That rubric concerns itself with the increasingly odd and inexplicable degree of comfort that computer users appear to have while operating in an increasingly threat-rich online environment. In my own work, I have noticed over time that users are blissfully unconcerned about malware threats (Poston et al., 2005; Stafford, 2005; Stafford and Poston, 2010; Stafford and Urbaczewski, 2004). This often takes the avenue of "it can't happen to me," or, "that's just not likely," but the fact is, since I first started noticing this odd nonchalance it seems like it is only getting worse, generally speaking. Mind you, a computer user who has been exploited and suffered harm from it will be vigilant to the end of his or her days, but for those who have scraped by, "no worries," is the order of the day, it seems to me.
This is problematic because the exploits that are abroad in the online world these days are a whole order of magnitude more harmful than those that were around when I first started studying the matter a decade ago. I would not have commented on the matter, having long since chalked it up to the oddities of civilian computing, so to speak, but an odd pattern I encountered when engaging in a research study with trained corporate users brought the matter back to the fore recently. I have been collecting neurocogntive data on user response to security threats, and while my primary interest was to see if skin conductance or pupillary dilation varied during exposure to computer threat scenarios, I noticed an odd pattern that commanded my attention and actually derailed my study for a while as I dug in to examine it.
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Kalfaoğlu Ç, Stafford T, Milne E. Frontal theta band oscillations predict error correction and posterror slowing in typing. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2017; 44:69-88. [PMID: 28447844 DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Performance errors are associated with robust behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) effects. However, there is a debate about the nature of the relationship between these effects and implicit versus explicit error awareness. Our aim was to study the relationship between error related electrophysiological effects, such as spectral perturbations in fronto-medial theta band oscillations (FMT), and error awareness in typing. Typing has an advantage as an experimental paradigm in that detected errors are quickly and habitually signaled by the participant using backspace, allowing separation of detected from undetected errors without interruption in behavior. Typing is thought to be controlled hierarchically via inner and outer loops, which rely on different sources for error detection. Touch-typist participants were asked to copy-type 100 sentences as EEG was recorded in the absence of visual feedback. Continuous EEG data were analyzed using independent component analysis (ICA). Time-frequency and ERP analyses were applied to emergent independent components. The results show that single-trial FMT parameters and error related negativity (ERN) amplitude predict overt, adaptive posterror actions such as error correction via backspace; and, posterror slowing, reflecting implicit error awareness. In addition, we found that those uncorrected errors which were slowed down the most were also the ones associated with a high level of FMT activity. Our results as a whole show that FMT are related to neural mechanisms involved in explicit awareness of errors, and input from inner loop is sufficient for error correction in typing. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield
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Abstract
In this issue of The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems, we are reminded of one of the key reasons why we engage in MIS research: to study ways in which technology management serves the enterprise. This connotes the notion of Work and the value of Workforces. This special issue, from the ACM SIGMIS Computers and People Research (CPR) Conference, provides a rich and impactful illumination on the nature of the technological workforce, both in terms of its composition and its management. This is vital research within our field. In this issue, we have a sampling of workforce research that focuses on computers and people issues in two broad ways: ensuring broad participation in the technology workforce through inclusion and informing wise managerial guidance of technological workforces. We typically call the former area of inquiry "inclusion research," while referring to the latter as "workforce research." They are really part and parcel of the same important underlying notion: what can we do to better manage the technological function in the firm, such that work proceeds effectively, productively, profitably?
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Abstract
Microsaccades are involuntary, small, jerk-like eye-movements with high-velocity that are observed during fixation. Abnormal microsaccade rates and characteristics have been observed in a number of psychiatric and developmental disorders. In this study, we examine microsaccade differences in 43 non-clinical participants with high and low levels of ADHD-like traits, assessed with the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS, Kessler, Adler, et al., 2005). A simple sustained attention paradigm, which has been previously shown to elicit microsaccades, was employed. A positive correlation was found between ADHD-like traits and binocular and monocular microsaccade rates. No other differences in microsaccade properties were observed. The relationship between ADHD traits and microsaccades suggests that abnormal oculomotor behaviour is a core deficit in ADHD and could potentially lead to the development of a biomarker for the disorder.
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Pirrone A, Azab H, Hayden BY, Stafford T, Marshall JAR. Evidence for the speed-value trade-off: human and monkey decision making is magnitude sensitive. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 5:129-142. [PMID: 29682592 DOI: 10.1037/dec0000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Complex natural systems from brains to bee swarms have evolved to make adaptive multifactorial decisions. Recent theoretical and empirical work suggests that many evolved systems may take advantage of common motifs across multiple domains. We are particularly interested in value sensitivity (i.e., sensitivity to the magnitude or intensity of the stimuli or reward under consideration) as a mechanism to resolve deadlocks adaptively. This mechanism favours long-term reward maximization over accuracy in a simple manner, because it avoids costly delays associated with ambivalence between similar options; speed-value trade-offs have been proposed to be evolutionarily advantageous for many kinds of decision. A key prediction of the value-sensitivity hypothesis is that choices between equally-valued options will proceed faster when the options have a high value than when they have a low value. However, value-sensitivity is not part of idealised choice models such as diffusion to bound. Here we examine two different choice behaviours in two different species, perceptual decisions in humans and economic choices in rhesus monkeys, to test this hypothesis. We observe the same value sensitivity in both human perceptual decisions and monkey value-based decisions. These results endorse the idea that neural decision systems make use of the same basic principle of value-sensitivity in order to resolve costly deadlocks and thus improve long-term reward intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Pirrone
- Department of Psychology & Department of Computer Science, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Habiba Azab
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, USA
| | - Benjamin Y Hayden
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, USA
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, UK
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Abstract
It is a new year and a new editorial team. We are pleased to introduce ourselves as the new editors-in-chief for The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems: Stacie Petter and Tom Stafford.
The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems has been in continuous publication since 1969, marking it as one of the longest-published research publications in the field of information systems. In two short years, we will celebrate our 50th year of publication, and we are pleased to begin our editorial term with initiatives intended to move The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems toward an even more impactful performance and notable presence in the world of information systems scholarship than ever before as we approach this important milestone.
A hallmark of our editorial tenure shall be the broad and inclusive promotion of this publication toward the end of drawing submissions and readership from greatly expanded audiences world-wide. To that end, you will see us exhibiting The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems at leading information systems conferences around the world in the coming months and years. Come greet us when we do! Further, we look to you to lend your voice and presence to the promotion of our emerging editorial agenda for growth and impact.
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Pirrone A, Dickinson A, Gomez R, Stafford T, Milne E. Understanding perceptual judgment in autism spectrum disorder using the drift diffusion model. Neuropsychology 2017; 31:173-180. [DOI: 10.1037/neu0000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Abstract
We examined the performance of nonclinical subjects with high and low levels of self-reported attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like traits in a novel distractibility paradigm with far peripheral visual distractors, the likely origin of many distractors in everyday life. Subjects were tested on a Sustained Attention to Response Task with distractors appearing before some of the target or nontarget stimuli. When the distractors appeared 80 ms before the targets or nontargets, participants with high levels of ADHD-like traits were less affected in their reaction times than those with lower levels. Reducing the distractor-target or nontarget interval to 10 ms removed the reaction time advantage for the high group. We suggest that at 80 ms, the distractors were cueing the arrival of the target or nontarget, and that those with high levels of ADHD-like traits were more sensitive to the cues. Increased sensitivity to stimuli in the visual periphery is consistent with hyperresponsiveness at the level of the superior colliculus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul G. Overton
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, UK
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, UK
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Stafford T, Haasnoot E. Testing Sleep Consolidation in Skill Learning: A Field Study Using an Online Game. Top Cogn Sci 2016; 9:485-496. [DOI: 10.1111/tops.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology; University of Sheffield
| | - Erwin Haasnoot
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science; University of Twente
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Bednark JG, Reynolds JNJ, Stafford T, Redgrave P, Franz EA. Action Experience and Action Discovery in Medicated Individuals with Parkinson's Disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:427. [PMID: 27610079 PMCID: PMC4997014 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that markedly affects voluntary action. While regular dopamine treatment can help restore motor function, dopamine also influences cognitive portions of the action system. Previous studies have demonstrated that dopamine medication boosts action-effect associations, which are crucial for the discovery of new voluntary actions. In the present study, we investigated whether neural processes involved in the discovery of new actions are altered in PD participants on regular dopamine treatment, compared to healthy age-matched controls. We recorded brain electroencephalography (EEG) activity while PD patients and age-matched controls performed action discovery (AD) and action control tasks. We found that the novelty P3, a component normally present when there is uncertainty about the occurrence of the sensory effect, was enhanced in PD patients. However, AD was maintained in PD patients, and the novelty P3 demonstrated normal learning-related reductions. Crucially, we found that in PD patients the causal association between an action and its resulting sensory outcome did not modulate the amplitude of the feedback correct-related positivity (fCRP), an EEG component sensitive to the association between an action and its resulting effect. Collectively, these preliminary results suggest that the formation of long-term action-outcome representations may be maintained in PD patients on regular dopamine treatment, but the initial experience of action-effect association may be affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery G Bednark
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland Brisbane St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - John N J Reynolds
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, and The Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Peter Redgrave
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Franz
- Department of Psychology and fMRIotago, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
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Eiser JR, Fazio RH, Stafford T, Prescott TJ. Connectionist Simulation of Attitude Learning: Asymmetries in the Acquisition of Positive and Negative Evaluations. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2016; 29:1221-35. [PMID: 15189584 DOI: 10.1177/0146167203254605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Connectionist computer simulation was employed to explore the notion that, if attitudes guide approach and avoidance behaviors, false negative beliefs are likely to remain uncorrected for longer than false positive beliefs. In Study 1, the authors trained a three-layer neural network to discriminate “good” and “bad” inputs distributed across a two-dimensional space. “Full feedback” training, whereby connection weights were modified to reduce error after every trial, resulted in perfect discrimination. “Contingent feedback,” whereby connection weights were only updated following outputs representing approach behavior, led to several false negative errors (good inputs misclassified as bad). In Study 2, the network was redesigned to distinguish a system for learning evaluations from a mechanism for selecting actions. Biasing action selection toward approach eliminated the asymmetry between learning of good and bad inputs under contingent feedback. Implications for various attitudinal phenomena and biases in social cognition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard Eiser
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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Stafford T. The perspectival shift: how experiments on unconscious processing don't justify the claims made for them. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1067. [PMID: 25285091 PMCID: PMC4168673 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
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Stafford T. Technology in the Middle East. Journal of Global Information Technology Management 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/1097198x.2008.10856470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Baldassarre G, Stafford T, Mirolli M, Redgrave P, Ryan RM, Barto A. Intrinsic motivations and open-ended development in animals, humans, and robots: an overview. Front Psychol 2014; 5:985. [PMID: 25249998 PMCID: PMC4158798 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Baldassarre
- Laboratory of Computational Embodied Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council Rome, Italy
| | - Tom Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Marco Mirolli
- Laboratory of Computational Embodied Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Redgrave
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Richard M Ryan
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester River, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Barto
- Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts, USA
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