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Kim K, Fazzone B, Cort TA, Kunz EM, Alvarez S, Moerschel J, Palzkill VR, Dong G, Anderson EM, O'Malley KA, Berceli SA, Ryan TE, Scali ST. Mitochondrial targeted catalase improves muscle strength following arteriovenous fistula creation in mice with chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8288. [PMID: 38594299 PMCID: PMC11004135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Hand dysfunction is a common observation after arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation for hemodialysis access and has a variable clinical phenotype; however, the underlying mechanism responsible is unclear. Grip strength changes are a common metric used to assess AVF-associated hand disability but has previously been found to poorly correlate with the hemodynamic perturbations post-AVF placement implicating other tissue-level factors as drivers of hand outcomes. In this study, we sought to test if expression of a mitochondrial targeted catalase (mCAT) in skeletal muscle could reduce AVF-related limb dysfunction in mice with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Male and female C57BL/6J mice were fed an adenine-supplemented diet to induce CKD prior to placement of an AVF in the iliac vascular bundle. Adeno-associated virus was used to drive expression of either a green fluorescent protein (control) or mCAT using the muscle-specific human skeletal actin (HSA) gene promoter prior to AVF creation. As expected, the muscle-specific AAV-HSA-mCAT treatment did not impact blood urea nitrogen levels (P = 0.72), body weight (P = 0.84), or central hemodynamics including infrarenal aorta and inferior vena cava diameters (P > 0.18) or velocities (P > 0.38). Hindlimb perfusion recovery and muscle capillary densities were also unaffected by AAV-HSA-mCAT treatment. In contrast to muscle mass and myofiber size which were not different between groups, both absolute and specific muscle contractile forces measured via a nerve-mediated in-situ preparation were significantly greater in AAV-HSA-mCAT treated mice (P = 0.0012 and P = 0.0002). Morphological analysis of the post-synaptic neuromuscular junction uncovered greater acetylcholine receptor cluster areas (P = 0.0094) and lower fragmentation (P = 0.0010) in AAV-HSA-mCAT treated mice. Muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was not different between groups, but AAV-HSA-mCAT treated mice had lower succinate-fueled mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide emission compared to AAV-HSA-GFP mice (P < 0.001). In summary, muscle-specific scavenging of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide significantly improves neuromotor function in mice with CKD following AVF creation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungrae Kim
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, 1864 Stadium Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Brian Fazzone
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100128, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tomas A Cort
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, 1864 Stadium Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Eric M Kunz
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, 1864 Stadium Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Samuel Alvarez
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, 1864 Stadium Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jack Moerschel
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, 1864 Stadium Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Victoria R Palzkill
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, 1864 Stadium Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Gengfu Dong
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, 1864 Stadium Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Erik M Anderson
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100128, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kerri A O'Malley
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100128, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Scott A Berceli
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100128, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Terence E Ryan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, 1864 Stadium Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Salvatore T Scali
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100128, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Kim K, Cort TA, Kunz EM, Moerschel J, Palzkill VR, Dong G, Moparthy CN, Anderson EM, Fazzone B, O'Malley KA, Robinson ST, Berceli SA, Ryan TE, Scali ST. N-acetylcysteine treatment attenuates hemodialysis access-related limb pathophysiology in mice with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F271-F282. [PMID: 37439200 PMCID: PMC10511162 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00083.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine if treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could reduce access-related limb dysfunction in mice. Male and female C57BL6J mice were fed an adenine-supplemented diet to induce chronic kidney disease (CKD) prior to the surgical creation of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in the iliac vascular bundle. AVF creation significantly increased peak aortic and infrarenal vena cava blood flow velocities, but NAC treatment had no significant impact, indicating that fistula maturation was not impacted by NAC treatment. Hindlimb muscle and paw perfusion recovery and muscle capillary density in the AVF limb were unaffected by NAC treatment. However, NAC treatment significantly increased the mass of the tibialis anterior (P = 0.0120) and soleus (P = 0.0452) muscles post-AVF. There was a significant main effect of NAC treatment on hindlimb grip strength at postoperative day 12 (POD 12) (P = 0.0003), driven by significantly higher grip strength in both male (P = 0.0273) and female (P = 0.0031) mice treated with NAC. There was also a significant main effect of NAC treatment on the walking speed at postoperative day 12 (P = 0.0447), and post hoc testing revealed an improvement in NAC-treated male mice (P = 0.0091). The area of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors (P = 0.0263) and motor endplates (P = 0.0240) was also increased by NAC treatment. Interestingly, hindlimb skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation trended higher in NAC-treated female mice but was not statistically significant (P = 0.0973). Muscle glutathione levels and redox status were not significantly impacted by NAC treatment in either sex. In summary, NAC treatment attenuated some aspects of neuromotor pathology in mice with chronic kidney disease following AVF creation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hemodialysis via autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred first-line modality for renal replacement therapy in patients with end-stage kidney disease. However, patients undergoing AVF surgery frequently experience a spectrum of hand disability symptoms postsurgery including weakness and neuromotor dysfunction. Unfortunately, no treatment is currently available to prevent or mitigate these symptoms. Here, we provide evidence that daily N-acetylcysteine supplementation can attenuate some aspects of limb neuromotor function in a preclinical mouse model of AVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungrae Kim
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Tomas A Cort
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Eric M Kunz
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Jack Moerschel
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Victoria R Palzkill
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Gengfu Dong
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Chatick N Moparthy
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Erik M Anderson
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Brian Fazzone
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Kerri A O'Malley
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Scott T Robinson
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Scott A Berceli
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Terence E Ryan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Salvatore T Scali
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Khattri RB, Kim K, Anderson EM, Fazzone B, Harland KC, Hu Q, Palzkill VR, Cort TA, O'Malley KA, Berceli SA, Scali ST, Ryan TE. Metabolomic profiling reveals muscle metabolic changes following iliac arteriovenous fistula creation in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F577-F589. [PMID: 36007889 PMCID: PMC9602894 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00156.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
End-stage kidney disease, the most advanced stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD), requires renal replacement therapy or kidney transplant to sustain life. To accomplish durable dialysis access, the creation of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) has emerged as a preferred approach. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of patients that receive an AVF experience some form of hand dysfunction; however, the mechanisms underlying these side effects are not understood. In this study, we used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the muscle metabolome following iliac AVF placement in mice with CKD. To induce CKD, C57BL6J mice were fed an adenine-supplemented diet for 3 wk and then randomized to receive AVF or sham surgery. Two weeks following surgery, the quadriceps muscles were rapidly dissected and snap frozen for metabolite extraction and subsequent nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Principal component analysis demonstrated clear separation between groups, confirming a unique metabolome in mice that received an AVF. AVF creation resulted in reduced levels of creatine, ATP, and AMP as well as increased levels of IMP and several tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites suggesting profound energetic stress. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses identified several metabolites that were strongly linked to measures of limb function (grip strength, gait speed, and mitochondrial respiration). In summary, AVF creation generates a unique metabolome profile in the distal skeletal muscle indicative of an energetic crisis and myosteatosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Creation of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred approach for dialysis access, but some patients experience hand dysfunction after AVF creation. In this study, we provide a detailed metabolomic analysis of the limb muscle in a murine model of AVF. AVF creation resulted in metabolite changes associated with an energetic crisis and myosteatosis that associated with limb function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Khattri
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kyoungrae Kim
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Erik M Anderson
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brian Fazzone
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kenneth C Harland
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Qiongyao Hu
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Victoria R Palzkill
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Tomas A Cort
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kerri A O'Malley
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Scott A Berceli
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Salvatore T Scali
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Terence E Ryan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Anderson EM, Kim K, Fazzone BJ, Harland KC, Hu Q, Salyers Z, Palzkill VR, Cort TA, Kunz EM, Martin AJ, Neal D, O’Malley KA, Berceli SA, Ryan TE, Scali ST. Influences of Renal Insufficiency and Ischemia on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Limb Dysfunction in a Novel Murine Iliac Arteriovenous Fistula Model. JVS Vasc Sci 2022; 3:345-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Kim K, Anderson EM, Fazzone B, Harland KC, Hu Q, Khattri RB, Salyers Z, Palzkill VR, Cort TA, O'Malley KA, Berceli SA, Scali ST, Ryan TE. Assessment of hindlimb myopathy and mitochondrial bioenergetics in a unique mouse model of access‐related hand dysfunction. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungrae Kim
- Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Erik M. Anderson
- Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
- University of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Brian Fazzone
- Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
- University of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Kenneth C. Harland
- Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
- University of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Qiongyao Hu
- Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
- University of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Ram B. Khattri
- Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Zach Salyers
- Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Victoria R. Palzkill
- Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Tomas A. Cort
- Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Kerri A. O'Malley
- Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
- University of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | - Scott A. Berceli
- Vascular Surgery and Endovascular TherapyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
- University of FloridaGainesvilleFL
| | | | - Terence E. Ryan
- Department of Applied Physiology and KinesiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
- Center for Exercise ScienceUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL
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Kim K, Anderson EM, Martin AJ, Hu Q, Cort TA, Harland KC, O'Malley KA, Lu G, Berceli SA, Ryan TE, Scali ST. Development of a murine iliac arteriovenous fistula model for examination of hemodialysis access-related limb pathophysiology. JVS Vasc Sci 2021; 2:247-259. [PMID: 34816137 PMCID: PMC8591416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvssci.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hemodialysis access-related hand dysfunction is a common clinical feature of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) after arteriovenous fistula (AVF) placement. The heterogeneity in symptoms and the lack of a predictive association with changes in hemodynamic alterations precipitated by the AVF suggest that other factors are involved in the mechanisms responsible for causing hand and limb dysfunction postoperatively. To the best of our knowledge, no suitable animal models have provided a platform for performing preclinical experiments designed to elucidate the biologic drivers of access-related hand dysfunction. Therefore, our objective was to develop a novel murine AVF model that could be used to study dialysis access-related limb dysfunction. METHODS Male 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice (n = 15/group) were exposed to either an adenine-supplemented diet to induce CKD or casein-based chow (control). Four weeks after the diet intervention, the mice were randomly assigned to receive an iliac AVF (n = 10/group) or sham surgery (n = 5/group) on the left hindlimb. The mice were sacrificed 2 weeks after surgery, and AVF specimens and hindlimb skeletal muscles were collected for further analysis. RESULTS Before AVF or sham surgery, the glomerular filtration rates were significantly reduced and the blood urea nitrogen levels were significantly elevated in the CKD groups compared with the controls (P < .05). AVF surgery was associated with an ∼80% patency rate among the survivors (four control and three CKD mice died postoperatively). Patency was verified by changes in hemodynamics using Doppler ultrasound imaging and altered histologic morphology. Compared with sham surgery, AVF surgery reduced ipsilateral hindlimb perfusion to the tibialis anterior muscle (20%-40%) and paw (40%-50%), which remained stable until euthanasia. Analysis of gastrocnemius muscle mitochondrial respiratory function uncovered a significant decrease (40%-50%) in mitochondrial function in the AVF mice. No changes were found in the muscle mass, myofiber cross-sectional area, or centrally nucleated fiber proportion in the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles between the sham and AVF mice. CONCLUSIONS The results from the present study have demonstrated that iliac AVF formation is a practical animal model that facilitates examination of hemodialysis access-related limb dysfunction. AVF surgery produced the expected hemodynamic changes, and evaluation of the limb muscle revealed a substantial mitochondrial impairment that was present without changes in muscle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungrae Kim
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Erik M. Anderson
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
- Malcolm Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Andrew J. Martin
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
- Malcolm Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Qiongyao Hu
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
- Malcolm Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Tomas A. Cort
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Kenneth C. Harland
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
- Malcolm Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Kerri A. O'Malley
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
- Malcolm Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Guanyi Lu
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Scott A. Berceli
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
- Malcolm Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Terence E. Ryan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
- Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Salvatore T. Scali
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
- Malcolm Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Fla
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Kim K, Anderson EM, Thome T, Lu G, Salyers ZR, Cort TA, O'Malley KA, Scali ST, Ryan TE. Skeletal myopathy in CKD: a comparison of adenine-induced nephropathy and 5/6 nephrectomy models in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F106-F119. [PMID: 34121452 PMCID: PMC8321803 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00117.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical animal models of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are critical to investigate the underlying mechanisms of disease and to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutics aimed to treat CKD-associated pathologies. The objective of the present study was to compare the adenine diet and 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx) CKD models in mice. Male and female 10-wk-old C57BL/6J mice (n = 5-9 mice/sex/group) were randomly allocated to CKD groups (0.2-0.15% adenine-supplemented diet or 5/6 Nx surgery) or the corresponding control groups (casein diet or sham surgery). Following the induction of CKD, the glomerular filtration rate was reduced to a similar level in both adenine and 5/6 Nx mice (adenine diet-fed male mice: 81.1 ± 41.9 µL/min vs. 5/6 Nx male mice: 160 ± 80.9 µL/min, P = 0.5875; adenine diet-fed female mice: 112.9 ± 32.4 µL/min vs. 5/6 Nx female mice: 107.0 ± 45.7 µL/min, P = 0.9995). Serum metabolomics analysis indicated that established uremic toxins were robustly elevated in both CKD models, although some differences were observed between CKD models (i.e., p-cresol sulfate). Dysregulated phosphate homeostasis was observed in the adenine model only, whereas Ca2+ homeostasis was disturbed in male mice with both CKD models. Compared with control mice, muscle mass and myofiber cross-sectional areas of the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles were ∼18-24% smaller in male CKD mice regardless of the model but were not different in female CKD mice (P > 0.05). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory function was significantly decreased (19-24%) in CKD mice in both models and sexes. These findings demonstrate that adenine diet and 5/6 Nx models of CKD have similar levels of renal dysfunction and skeletal myopathy. However, the adenine diet model demonstrated superior performance with regard to mortality (∼20-50% mortality for 5/6 Nx vs. 0% mortality for the adenine diet, P < 0.05 for both sexes) compared with the 5/6 Nx surgical model.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Numerous preclinical models of chronic kidney disease have been used to evaluate skeletal muscle pathology; however, direct comparisons of popular models are not available. In this study, we compared adenine-induced nephropathy and 5/6 nephrectomy models. Both models produced equivalent levels of muscle atrophy and mitochondrial impairment, but the adenine model exhibited lower mortality rates, higher consistency in uremic toxin levels, and dysregulated phosphate homeostasis compared with the 5/6 nephrectomy model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungrae Kim
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Erik M Anderson
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Trace Thome
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Guanyi Lu
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Zachary R Salyers
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Tomas A Cort
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kerri A O'Malley
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Salvatore T Scali
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Malcom Randall Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Terence E Ryan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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