1
|
Giri AK, Aavikko M, Wartiovaara L, Lemmetyinen T, Karjalainen J, Mehtonen J, Palin K, Välimäki N, Tamlander M, Saikkonen R, Karhu A, Morgunova E, Sun B, Runz H, Palta P, Luo S, Joensuu H, Mäkelä TP, Kostiainen I, Schalin-Jäntti C, FinnGen, Palotie A, Aaltonen LA, Ollila S, Daly MJ. Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies 4 Novel Risk Loci for Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors Including a Missense Mutation in LGR5. Gastroenterology 2023; 165:861-873. [PMID: 37453564 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor (SI-NET) is a rare disease, but its incidence has increased over the past 4 decades. Understanding the genetic risk factors underlying SI-NETs can help in disease prevention and may provide clinically beneficial markers for diagnosis. Here the results of the largest genome-wide association study of SI-NETs performed to date with 405 cases and 614,666 controls are reported. METHODS Samples from 307 patients with SI-NETs and 287,137 controls in the FinnGen study were used for the identification of SI-NET risk-associated genetic variants. The results were also meta-analyzed with summary statistics from the UK Biobank (n = 98 patients with SI-NET and n = 327,529 controls). RESULTS We identified 6 genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10-8) loci associated with SI-NET risk, of which 4 (near SEMA6A, LGR5, CDKAL1, and FERMT2) are novel and 2 (near LTA4H-ELK and in KIF16B) have been reported previously. Interestingly, the top hit (rs200138614; P = 1.80 × 10-19) was a missense variant (p.Cys712Phe) in the LGR5 gene, a bona-fide marker of adult intestinal stem cells and a potentiator of canonical WNT signaling. The association was validated in an independent Finnish collection of 70 patients with SI-NETs, as well as in the UK Biobank exome sequence data (n = 92 cases and n = 392,814 controls). Overexpression of LGR5 p.Cys712Phe in intestinal organoids abolished the ability of R-Spondin1 to support organoid growth, indicating that the mutation perturbed R-Spondin-LGR5 signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the largest genome-wide association study to date on SI-NETs and reported 4 new associated genome-wide association study loci, including a novel missense mutation (rs200138614, p.Cys712Phe) in LGR5, a canonical marker of adult intestinal stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Giri
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Foundation for the Finnish Cancer Institute, Helsinki, Finland; iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mervi Aavikko
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics and Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Linnea Wartiovaara
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toni Lemmetyinen
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Juha Mehtonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Palin
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics and Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niko Välimäki
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics and Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Max Tamlander
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Saikkonen
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Auli Karhu
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics and Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Morgunova
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Sun
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Heiko Runz
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Priit Palta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Shuang Luo
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Joensuu
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi P Mäkelä
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iiro Kostiainen
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Schalin-Jäntti
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - FinnGen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lauri A Aaltonen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics and Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saara Ollila
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark J Daly
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Domènech-Moreno E, Brandt A, Lemmetyinen TT, Wartiovaara L, Mäkelä TP, Ollila S. Tellu - an object-detector algorithm for automatic classification of intestinal organoids. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:297124. [PMID: 36804687 PMCID: PMC10067441 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial organoids recapitulate many of the in vivo features of the intestinal epithelium, thus representing excellent research models. Morphology of the organoids based on light-microscopy images is used as a proxy to assess the biological state of the intestinal epithelium. Currently, organoid classification is manual and, therefore, subjective and time consuming, hampering large-scale quantitative analyses. Here, we describe Tellu, an object-detector algorithm trained to classify cultured intestinal organoids. Tellu was trained by manual annotation of >20,000 intestinal organoids to identify cystic non-budding organoids, early organoids, late organoids and spheroids. Tellu can also be used to quantify the relative organoid size, and can classify intestinal organoids into these four subclasses with accuracy comparable to that of trained scientists but is significantly faster and without bias. Tellu is provided as an open, user-friendly online tool to benefit the increasing number of investigations using organoids through fast and unbiased organoid morphology and size analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Domènech-Moreno
- HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00014 University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Stenbäckinkatu 9 Hallintokeskus, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Brandt
- HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00014 University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Stenbäckinkatu 9 Hallintokeskus, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toni T Lemmetyinen
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Linnea Wartiovaara
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi P Mäkelä
- HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00014 University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Stenbäckinkatu 9 Hallintokeskus, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saara Ollila
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kurki MI, Karjalainen J, Palta P, Sipilä TP, Kristiansson K, Donner KM, Reeve MP, Laivuori H, Aavikko M, Kaunisto MA, Loukola A, Lahtela E, Mattsson H, Laiho P, Della Briotta Parolo P, Lehisto AA, Kanai M, Mars N, Rämö J, Kiiskinen T, Heyne HO, Veerapen K, Rüeger S, Lemmelä S, Zhou W, Ruotsalainen S, Pärn K, Hiekkalinna T, Koskelainen S, Paajanen T, Llorens V, Gracia-Tabuenca J, Siirtola H, Reis K, Elnahas AG, Sun B, Foley CN, Aalto-Setälä K, Alasoo K, Arvas M, Auro K, Biswas S, Bizaki-Vallaskangas A, Carpen O, Chen CY, Dada OA, Ding Z, Ehm MG, Eklund K, Färkkilä M, Finucane H, Ganna A, Ghazal A, Graham RR, Green EM, Hakanen A, Hautalahti M, Hedman ÅK, Hiltunen M, Hinttala R, Hovatta I, Hu X, Huertas-Vazquez A, Huilaja L, Hunkapiller J, Jacob H, Jensen JN, Joensuu H, John S, Julkunen V, Jung M, Junttila J, Kaarniranta K, Kähönen M, Kajanne R, Kallio L, Kälviäinen R, Kaprio J, Kerimov N, Kettunen J, Kilpeläinen E, Kilpi T, Klinger K, Kosma VM, Kuopio T, Kurra V, Laisk T, Laukkanen J, Lawless N, Liu A, Longerich S, Mägi R, Mäkelä J, Mäkitie A, Malarstig A, Mannermaa A, Maranville J, Matakidou A, Meretoja T, Mozaffari SV, Niemi MEK, Niemi M, Niiranen T, O Donnell CJ, Obeidat ME, Okafo G, Ollila HM, Palomäki A, Palotie T, Partanen J, Paul DS, Pelkonen M, Pendergrass RK, Petrovski S, Pitkäranta A, Platt A, Pulford D, Punkka E, Pussinen P, Raghavan N, Rahimov F, Rajpal D, Renaud NA, Riley-Gillis B, Rodosthenous R, Saarentaus E, Salminen A, Salminen E, Salomaa V, Schleutker J, Serpi R, Shen HY, Siegel R, Silander K, Siltanen S, Soini S, Soininen H, Sul JH, Tachmazidou I, Tasanen K, Tienari P, Toppila-Salmi S, Tukiainen T, Tuomi T, Turunen JA, Ulirsch JC, Vaura F, Virolainen P, Waring J, Waterworth D, Yang R, Nelis M, Reigo A, Metspalu A, Milani L, Esko T, Fox C, Havulinna AS, Perola M, Ripatti S, Jalanko A, Laitinen T, Mäkelä TP, Plenge R, McCarthy M, Runz H, Daly MJ, Palotie A. FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population. Nature 2023; 613:508-518. [PMID: 36653562 PMCID: PMC9849126 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 543.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Population isolates such as those in Finland benefit genetic research because deleterious alleles are often concentrated on a small number of low-frequency variants (0.1% ≤ minor allele frequency < 5%). These variants survived the founding bottleneck rather than being distributed over a large number of ultrarare variants. Although this effect is well established in Mendelian genetics, its value in common disease genetics is less explored1,2. FinnGen aims to study the genome and national health register data of 500,000 Finnish individuals. Given the relatively high median age of participants (63 years) and the substantial fraction of hospital-based recruitment, FinnGen is enriched for disease end points. Here we analyse data from 224,737 participants from FinnGen and study 15 diseases that have previously been investigated in large genome-wide association studies (GWASs). We also include meta-analyses of biobank data from Estonia and the United Kingdom. We identified 30 new associations, primarily low-frequency variants, enriched in the Finnish population. A GWAS of 1,932 diseases also identified 2,733 genome-wide significant associations (893 phenome-wide significant (PWS), P < 2.6 × 10-11) at 2,496 (771 PWS) independent loci with 807 (247 PWS) end points. Among these, fine-mapping implicated 148 (73 PWS) coding variants associated with 83 (42 PWS) end points. Moreover, 91 (47 PWS) had an allele frequency of <5% in non-Finnish European individuals, of which 62 (32 PWS) were enriched by more than twofold in Finland. These findings demonstrate the power of bottlenecked populations to find entry points into the biology of common diseases through low-frequency, high impact variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitja I Kurki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Priit Palta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Timo P Sipilä
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kati M Donner
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mary P Reeve
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannele Laivuori
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mervi Aavikko
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari A Kaunisto
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Loukola
- Helsinki Biobank, University of Helsinki and Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Lahtela
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannele Mattsson
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Laiho
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pietro Della Briotta Parolo
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arto A Lehisto
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nina Mars
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joel Rämö
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomo Kiiskinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrike O Heyne
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Digital Health Center, Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kumar Veerapen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sina Rüeger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Lemmelä
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wei Zhou
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanni Ruotsalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kalle Pärn
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero Hiekkalinna
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Koskelainen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Paajanen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincent Llorens
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Javier Gracia-Tabuenca
- TAUCHI Research Center, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Harri Siirtola
- TAUCHI Research Center, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kadri Reis
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Benjamin Sun
- Translational Biology, Research and Development, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA.,BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher N Foley
- Optima Partners, Edinburgh, UK.,MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kaur Alasoo
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mikko Arvas
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Olli Carpen
- Helsinki Biobank, University of Helsinki and Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Oluwaseun A Dada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zhihao Ding
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | | | - Kari Eklund
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Orton Orthopedic Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martti Färkkilä
- Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilary Finucane
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Awaisa Ghazal
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Antti Hakanen
- Auria Biobank, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Åsa K Hedman
- Pfizer, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Clinical Biobank Tampere, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Reetta Hinttala
- Medical Research Center Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Iiris Hovatta
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Laura Huilaja
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Dermatology and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Heikki Joensuu
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Valtteri Julkunen
- Neuro Center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marc Jung
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Juhani Junttila
- Northern Finland Biobank Borealis, University of Oulu, Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Risto Kajanne
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lila Kallio
- Auria Biobank, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Reetta Kälviäinen
- Epilepsy Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Nurlan Kerimov
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Computational Medicine, Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elina Kilpeläinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terhi Kilpi
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- Biobank of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Central Finland Biobank, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Venla Kurra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Triin Laisk
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jari Laukkanen
- Central Finland Biobank, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Aoxing Liu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anders Malarstig
- Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Biobank of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Athena Matakidou
- Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tuomo Meretoja
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mari E K Niemi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianna Niemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,TAUCHI Research Center & Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu Niiranen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Ma En Obeidat
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - George Okafo
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Hanna M Ollila
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antti Palomäki
- Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Palotie
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Partanen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Hematological Biobank, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dirk S Paul
- Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Margit Pelkonen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Slavé Petrovski
- Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Pitkäranta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adam Platt
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Eero Punkka
- Helsinki Biobank, University of Helsinki and Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Pussinen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Deepak Rajpal
- Translational Sciences, Sanofi R&D, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Nicole A Renaud
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Rodosthenis Rodosthenous
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elmo Saarentaus
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aino Salminen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eveliina Salminen
- Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Genetics, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Auria Biobank, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Raisa Serpi
- Northern Finland Biobank Borealis, University of Oulu, Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District, Oulu, Finland
| | - Huei-Yi Shen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard Siegel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kaisa Silander
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Siltanen
- Finnish Clinical Biobank Tampere, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sirpa Soini
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilkka Soininen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Ioanna Tachmazidou
- Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kaisa Tasanen
- PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Dermatology and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pentti Tienari
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Toppila-Salmi
- Department of Allergy, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taru Tukiainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program of Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joni A Turunen
- Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Eye Genetics Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jacob C Ulirsch
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Felix Vaura
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Virolainen
- Auria Biobank, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Mari Nelis
- Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Reigo
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Aki S Havulinna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Jalanko
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Laitinen
- Finnish Clinical Biobank Tampere, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tomi P Mäkelä
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Mark J Daly
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao Y, Päivinen P, Tripathi S, Domènech-Moreno E, Wong IPL, Vaahtomeri K, Nagaraj AS, Talwelkar SS, Foretz M, Verschuren EW, Viollet B, Yan Y, Mäkelä TP. Inactivation of AMPK Leads to Attenuation of Antigen Presentation and Immune Evasion in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 28:227-237. [PMID: 34667030 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in STK11 (LKB1) occur in 17% of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and drive a suppressive (cold) tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and resistance to immunotherapy. The mechanisms underpinning the establishment and maintenance of a cold TIME in LKB1-mutant LUAD remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of the LKB1 substrate AMPK in immune evasion in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and mouse models and explored the mechanisms involved. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We addressed the role of AMPK in immune evasion in NSCLC by correlating AMPK phosphorylation and immune-suppressive signatures and by deleting AMPKα1 (Prkaa1) and AMPKα2 (Prkaa2) in a KrasG12D -driven LUAD. Furthermore, we dissected the molecular mechanisms involved in immune evasion by comparing gene-expression signatures, AMPK activity, and immune infiltration in mouse and human LUAD and gain or loss-of-function experiments with LKB1- or AMPK-deficient cell lines. RESULTS Inactivation of both AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 together with Kras activation accelerated tumorigenesis and led to tumors with reduced infiltration of CD8+/CD4+ T cells and gene signatures associated with a suppressive TIME. These signatures recapitulate those in Lkb1-deleted murine LUAD and in LKB1-deficient human NSCLC. Interestingly, a similar signature is noted in human NSCLC with low AMPK activity. In mechanistic studies, we find that compromised LKB1 and AMPK activity leads to attenuated antigen presentation in both LUAD mouse models and human NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence that the immune evasion noted in LKB1-inactivated lung cancer is due to subsequent inactivation of AMPK and attenuation of antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Gao
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Colorectal Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Pekka Päivinen
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sushil Tripathi
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Domènech-Moreno
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iris P L Wong
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Vaahtomeri
- Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ashwini S Nagaraj
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sarang S Talwelkar
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Emmy W Verschuren
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Yan Yan
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Tomi P Mäkelä
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gao Y, Yan Y, Tripathi S, Pentinmikko N, Amaral A, Päivinen P, Domènech-Moreno E, Andersson S, Wong IPL, Clevers H, Katajisto P, Mäkelä TP. LKB1 Represses ATOH1 via PDK4 and Energy Metabolism and Regulates Intestinal Stem Cell Fate. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1389-1401.e10. [PMID: 31930988 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In addition to the Notch and Wnt signaling pathways, energy metabolism also regulates intestinal stem cell (ISC) function. Tumor suppressor and kinase STK11 (also called LKB1) regulates stem cells and cell metabolism. We investigated whether loss of LKB1 alters ISC homeostasis in mice. METHODS We deleted LKB1 from ISCs in mice using Lgr5-regulated CRE-ERT2 (Lkb1Lgr5-KO mice) and the traced lineages by using a CRE-dependent TdTomato reporter. Intestinal tissues were collected and analyzed by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses. We purified ISCs and intestinal progenitors using flow cytometry and performed RNA-sequencing analysis. We measured organoid-forming capacity and ISC percentages using intestinal tissues from Lkb1Lgr5-KO mice. We analyzed human Ls174t cells with knockdown of LKB1 or other proteins by immunoblotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the Seahorse live-cell metabolic assay. RESULTS Some intestinal crypts from Lkb1Lgr5-KO mice lost ISCs compared with crypts from control mice. However, most crypts from Lkb1Lgr5-KO mice contained functional ISCs that expressed increased levels of Atoh1 messenger RNA (mRNA), acquired a gene expression signature associated with secretory cells, and generated more cells in the secretory lineage compared with control mice. Knockdown of LKB1 in Ls174t cells induced expression of Atoh1 mRNA and a phenotype of increased mucin production; knockdown of ATOH1 prevented induction of this phenotype. The increased expression of Atoh1 mRNA after LKB1 loss from ISCs or Ls174t cells did not involve Notch or Wnt signaling. Knockdown of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) or inhibition with dichloroacetate reduced the up-regulation of Atoh1 mRNA after LKB1 knockdown in Ls174t cells. Cells with LKB1 knockdown had a reduced rate of oxygen consumption, which was partially restored by PDK4 inhibition with dichloroacetate. ISCs with knockout of LKB1 increased the expression of PDK4 and had an altered metabolic profile. CONCLUSIONS LKB1 represses transcription of ATOH1, via PDK4, in ISCs, restricting their differentiation into secretory lineages. These findings provide a connection between metabolism and the fate determination of ISCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Gao
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yan Yan
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sushil Tripathi
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nalle Pentinmikko
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ana Amaral
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pekka Päivinen
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Domènech-Moreno
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simon Andersson
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iris P L Wong
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht and Princess Máxima Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pekka Katajisto
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomi P Mäkelä
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland; HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kovac B, Mäkelä TP, Vallenius T. Increased α-actinin-1 destabilizes E-cadherin-based adhesions and associates with poor prognosis in basal-like breast cancer. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196986. [PMID: 29742177 PMCID: PMC5942811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The controlled formation and stabilization of E-cadherin-based adhesions is vital for epithelial integrity. This requires co-operation between the E-cadherin-based adhesions and the associated actin cytoskeleton. In cancer, this co-operation often fails, predisposing cells to migration through molecular mechanisms that have only been partially characterized. Here, we demonstrate that the actin filament cross-linker α-actinin-1 is frequently increased in human breast cancer. In mammary epithelial cells, the increased α-actinin-1 levels promote cell migration and induce disorganized acini-like structures in Matrigel. This is accompanied by a major reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and the associated E-cadherin-based adhesions. Increased expression of α-actinin-1 is particularly noted in basal-like breast cancer cell lines, and in breast cancer patients it associates with poor prognosis in basal-like subtypes. Downregulation of α-actinin-1 in E-cadherin expressing basal-like breast cancer cells demonstrate that α-actinin-1-assembled actin fibers destabilize E-cadherin-based adhesions. Taken together, these results indicate that increased α-actinin-1 expression destabilizes E-cadherin-based adhesions, which is likely to promote the migratory potential of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, our results identify α-actinin-1 as a candidate prognostic biomarker in basal-like breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Kovac
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi P. Mäkelä
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tea Vallenius
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ollila S, Domènech-Moreno E, Laajanen K, Wong IP, Tripathi S, Pentinmikko N, Gao Y, Yan Y, Niemelä EH, Wang TC, Viollet B, Leone G, Katajisto P, Vaahtomeri K, Mäkelä TP. Stromal Lkb1 deficiency leads to gastrointestinal tumorigenesis involving the IL-11-JAK/STAT3 pathway. J Clin Invest 2017; 128:402-414. [PMID: 29202476 DOI: 10.1172/jci93597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in the gene encoding tumor suppressor kinase LKB1 lead to gastrointestinal tumorigenesis in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) patients and mouse models; however, the cell types and signaling pathways underlying tumor formation are unknown. Here, we demonstrated that mesenchymal progenitor- or stromal fibroblast-specific deletion of Lkb1 results in fully penetrant polyposis in mice. Lineage tracing and immunohistochemical analyses revealed clonal expansion of Lkb1-deficient myofibroblast-like cell foci in the tumor stroma. Loss of Lkb1 in stromal cells was associated with induction of an inflammatory program including IL-11 production and activation of the JAK/STAT3 pathway in tumor epithelia concomitant with proliferation. Importantly, treatment of LKB1-defcient mice with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib dramatically decreased polyposis. These data indicate that IL-11-mediated induction of JAK/STAT3 is critical in gastrointestinal tumorigenesis following Lkb1 mutations and suggest that targeting this pathway has therapeutic potential in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saara Ollila
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine and.,HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eva Domènech-Moreno
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine and.,HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Laajanen
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine and.,HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iris Pl Wong
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine and.,HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sushil Tripathi
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine and.,HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nalle Pentinmikko
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yajing Gao
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine and.,HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yan Yan
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine and.,HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina H Niemelä
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine and.,HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Pekka Katajisto
- HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Georgiadou M, Lilja J, Jacquemet G, Guzmán C, Rafaeva M, Alibert C, Yan Y, Sahgal P, Lerche M, Manneville JB, Mäkelä TP, Ivaska J. AMPK negatively regulates tensin-dependent integrin activity. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:1107-1121. [PMID: 28289092 PMCID: PMC5379951 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201609066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Georgiadou et al. show that the major metabolic sensor AMPK regulates integrin activity and integrin-dependent processes in fibroblasts by modulating tensin levels. Loss of AMPK up-regulates tensin expression, triggering enhanced integrin activity in fibrillar adhesions, fibronectin remodeling, and traction stress. Tight regulation of integrin activity is paramount for dynamic cellular functions such as cell matrix adhesion and mechanotransduction. Integrin activation is achieved through intracellular interactions at the integrin cytoplasmic tails and through integrin–ligand binding. In this study, we identify the metabolic sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as a β1-integrin inhibitor in fibroblasts. Loss of AMPK promotes β1-integrin activity, the formation of centrally located active β1-integrin– and tensin-rich mature fibrillar adhesions, and cell spreading. Moreover, in the absence of AMPK, cells generate more mechanical stress and increase fibronectin fibrillogenesis. Mechanistically, we show that AMPK negatively regulates the expression of the integrin-binding proteins tensin1 and tensin3. Transient expression of tensins increases β1-integrin activity, whereas tensin silencing reduces integrin activity in fibroblasts lacking AMPK. Accordingly, tensin silencing in AMPK-depleted fibroblasts impedes enhanced cell spreading, traction stress, and fibronectin fiber formation. Collectively, we show that the loss of AMPK up-regulates tensins, which bind β1-integrins, supporting their activity and promoting fibrillar adhesion formation and integrin-dependent processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Georgiadou
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Lilja
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Guillaume Jacquemet
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Camilo Guzmán
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Rafaeva
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Charlotte Alibert
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Université Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Yan Yan
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pranshu Sahgal
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Martina Lerche
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jean-Baptiste Manneville
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Université Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Tomi P Mäkelä
- Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ollila S, Laajanen K, Wong I, Vaahtomeri K, Mäkelä TP. Abstract 4857: Clonal expansion of Lkb1-deficient stromal cells underlies polyp development in mouse models of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-4857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
While the role of LKB1 mutations in the Peutz-Jeghers polyposis syndrome (PJS) is uncontroversial, the originating cell type remains unclear as Lkb1 mutations in both epithelial cells and stromal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) have been proposed as tumor drivers. Since SMCs do not represent a major fraction of stromal cells in polyps, altered signaling from Lkb1-deficient SMCs to epithelium has been suggested as a possible mechanism for polyposis. Here we investigate the cell type origin and tumor development mechanism of PJS type polyps in mice by targeting Lkb1 in either early mesenchymal progenitors (Twist2-Cre) or in stromal fibroblasts (Fsp1-Cre). Remarkably, both Twist2 (Twist2-Cre;Lkb1flox/+) and Fsp1-driven (Fsp1-Cre;Lkb1flox/+ and Fsp1-Cre;Lkb1flox/flox) Lkb1 deletion led to formation of PJS-type gastrointestinal polyps predominantly in the stomach, as noted before for Lkb1+/- mice. Furthermore, lineage-tracing experiments demonstrated that Lkb1 deletion results in early local expansion of Lkb1-deficient myofibroblast-like alpha smooth muscle actin-expressing cells between gastric glands, and subsequent clonal expansion filling the stroma of the forming polyps. The simultaneous expansion of the adjacent epithelium seems to be secondary to the stromal growth, based on lack of noticeable genetic alterations in the epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical and mRNA analyses demonstrate that the polyps arising from the stromal deletion models are indistinguishable from Lkb1+/- mice and PJS patient polyps. These results indicate that polyps in the Twist2-Cre and Fsp1-Cre mice represent stromal tumors, and suggest that the identified tumorigenic mechanism is shared in PJS syndrome.
Citation Format: Saara Ollila, Kaisa Laajanen, Iris Wong, Kari Vaahtomeri, Tomi P. Mäkelä. Clonal expansion of Lkb1-deficient stromal cells underlies polyp development in mouse models of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4857. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4857
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iris Wong
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kuuluvainen E, Hakala H, Havula E, Sahal Estimé M, Rämet M, Hietakangas V, Mäkelä TP. Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 module expression profiling reveals requirement of mediator subunits 12 and 13 for transcription of Serpent-dependent innate immunity genes in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16252-61. [PMID: 24778181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.541904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cdk8 (cyclin-dependent kinase 8) module of Mediator integrates regulatory cues from transcription factors to RNA polymerase II. It consists of four subunits where Med12 and Med13 link Cdk8 and cyclin C (CycC) to core Mediator. Here we have investigated the contributions of the Cdk8 module subunits to transcriptional regulation using RNA interference in Drosophila cells. Genome-wide expression profiling demonstrated separation of Cdk8-CycC and Med12-Med13 profiles. However, transcriptional regulation by Cdk8-CycC was dependent on Med12-Med13. This observation also revealed that Cdk8-CycC and Med12-Med13 often have opposite transcriptional effects. Interestingly, Med12 and Med13 profiles overlapped significantly with that of the GATA factor Serpent. Accordingly, mutational analyses indicated that GATA sites are required for Med12-Med13 regulation of Serpent-dependent genes. Med12 and Med13 were also found to be required for Serpent-activated innate immunity genes in defense to bacterial infection. The results reveal a novel role for the Cdk8 module in Serpent-dependent transcription and innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Kuuluvainen
- From the Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki
| | - Heini Hakala
- From the Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki
| | - Essi Havula
- From the Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, the Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki
| | - Michelle Sahal Estimé
- From the Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki
| | - Mika Rämet
- the Institute of Biomedical Technology, and BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, the Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, 22521 Tampere, the Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, and the Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ville Hietakangas
- From the Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, the Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki
| | - Tomi P Mäkelä
- From the Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang Y, Roine N, Mäkelä TP. CCRK depletion inhibits glioblastoma cell proliferation in a cilium-dependent manner. EMBO Rep 2013; 14:741-7. [PMID: 23743448 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of primary cilia is frequently observed in tumour cells, including glioblastoma cells, and proposed to benefit tumour growth, but a causal link has not been established. Here, we show that CCRK (cell cycle-related kinase) and its substrate ICK (intestinal cell kinase) inhibit ciliogenesis. Depletion of CCRK leads to accumulation of ICK at ciliary tips, altered ciliary transport and inhibition of cell cycle re-entry in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. In glioblastoma cells with deregulated high levels of CCRK, its depletion restores cilia through ICK and an ICK-related kinase MAK, thereby inhibiting glioblastoma cell proliferation. These results indicate that inhibition of ciliogenesis might be a mechanism used by cancer cells to provide a growth advantage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Udd L, Gao Y, Ristimäki AP, Mäkelä TP. N-methylnitrosourea aggravates gastrointestinal polyposis in Lkb1+/- mice. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2409-14. [PMID: 23722652 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peutz-Jeghers patients develop hamartomatous polyps and carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Cyclooxygenase-2 accelerates polyp growth in Lkb1 (+/-) mice modelling Peutz-Jeghers polyposis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of the mutagenic carcinogen N-methylnitrosourea (MNU) on gastrointestinal tumourigenesis in Lkb1 (+/-) mice and to investigate the role of cyclooxygenase-2 on the tumourigenesis. We treated 40 Lkb1 (+/-) and 51 wild-type mice with MNU, 10 mice from both groups received the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib. Carcinogen-treated Lkb1 (+/-) mice displayed worse survival (60%) than treated wild-type (100%, P = 0.028) or untreated Lkb1 (+/-) mice (92%, P = 0.045). Also, the gastrointestinal tumour burden was almost 10-fold higher in carcinogen-treated (2181 mm(3)) than in untreated (237 mm(3), P = 0.00045) Lkb1 (+/-) mice. Celecoxib was much less efficient in reducing tumourigenesis in MNU-treated mice (by 23%; 1686 mm(3)) than in untreated mice (76%; 58 mm(3)). Surprisingly, the increase in tumour burden in MNU-treated mice was not accompanied by consistent histological changes, with only a single focus of epithelial dysplasia noted. This study suggests that MNU promotes Peutz-Jeghers polyposis independently from the acceleration by cyclooxygenase-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Udd
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland and
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kovac B, Teo JL, Mäkelä TP, Vallenius T. Assembly of non-contractile dorsal stress fibers requires α-actinin-1 and Rac1 in migrating and spreading cells. J Cell Sci 2012; 126:263-73. [PMID: 23132927 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.115063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and spreading is driven by actin polymerization and actin stress fibers. Actin stress fibers are considered to contain α-actinin crosslinkers and nonmuscle myosin II motors. Although several actin stress fiber subtypes have been identified in migrating and spreading cells, the degree of molecular diversity of their composition and the signaling pathways regulating fiber subtypes remain largely uncharacterized. In the present study we identify that dorsal stress fiber assembly requires α-actinin-1. Loss of dorsal stress fibers in α-actinin-1-depleted cells results in defective maturation of leading edge focal adhesions. This is accompanied by a delay in early cell spreading and slower cell migration without noticeable alterations in myosin light chain phosphorylation. In agreement with the unaltered myosin II activity, dorsal stress fiber trunks lack myosin II and are resistant to myosin II ATPase inhibition. Furthermore, the non-contractility of dorsal stress fibers is supported by the finding that Rac1 induces dorsal stress fiber assembly whereas contractile ventral stress fibers are induced by RhoA. Loss of dorsal stress fibers either by depleting α-actinin-1 or Rac1 results in a β-actin accumulation at the leading edge in migrating and spreading cells. These findings molecularly specify dorsal stress fibers from other actin stress fiber subtypes. Furthermore, we propose that non-contractile dorsal stress fibers promote cell migration and early cell spreading through Rac1-induced actin polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Kovac
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) culprit kinase LKB1 phosphorylates and activates multiple intracellular kinases regulating cell metabolism and polarity. The relevance of each of these pathways is highly variable depending on the tissue type, but typically represents functions of differentiated cells. These include formation and maintenance of specialized cell compartments in nerve axons, swift refunneling of metabolites and restructuring of cell architecture in response to environmental cues in committed lymphocytes, and ensuring energy-efficient oxygen-based energy expenditure. Such features are often lost or reduced in cancer cells, and indeed LKB1 defects in PJS-associated and sporadic cancers and even the benign PJS polyps lead to differentiation defects, including expansion of partially differentiated epithelial cells in PJS polyps and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in carcinomas. This review focuses on the involvement of LKB1 in the differentiation of epithelial, mesenchymal, hematopoietic and germinal lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Udd
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Biocenter 1), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Thiel A, Narko K, Heinonen M, Hemmes A, Tomasetto C, Rio MC, Haglund C, Mäkelä TP, Ristimäki A. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 causes regression of gastric adenomas in trefoil factor 1 deficient mice. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:1032-41. [PMID: 22034055 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression is a marker of reduced survival in gastric cancer patients, and inhibition of Cox-2 suppresses gastrointestinal carcinogenesis in experimental animal models. To investigate the role of Cox-2 in gastric carcinogenesis in vivo, we utilized trefoil factor 1 (Tff1) deficient mice, which model the neoplastic process of the stomach by developing gastric adenomas with full penetrance. These tumors express Cox-2 protein and mRNA, and we have now investigated the effects of genetic deletion of the mouse Cox-2 gene [also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2)] and a Cox-2 selective drug celecoxib. Our results show that genetic deletion of Cox-2 in the Tff1 deleted background resulted in reduced adenoma size and ulceration with a chronic inflammatory reaction at the site of the adenoma. To characterize the effect of Cox-2 inhibition in more detail, mice that had already developed an adenoma were fed with celecoxib for 8-14 weeks, which resulted in disruption of the adenoma that ranged from superficial erosion to deep ulcerated destruction accompanied with chronic inflammation. Importantly, mice fed with celecoxib for 16 weeks, followed by control food for 9 weeks, redeveloped a complete adenoma with no detectable inflammatory process. Finally, we determined the identity of the Cox-2 expressing cells and found them to be fibroblasts. Our results show that inhibition of Cox-2 is sufficient to reversibly disrupt gastric adenomas in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Thiel
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB and Haartman Institute, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Genome-Scale Biology, Research Program Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene LKB1 are important in hereditary Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, as well as in sporadic cancers including lung and cervical cancer. LKB1 is a kinase-activating kinase, and a number of LKB1-dependent phosphorylation cascades regulate fundamental cellular and organismal processes in at least metabolism, polarity, cytoskeleton organization, and proliferation. Conditional targeting approaches are beginning to demonstrate the relevance and specificity of these signaling pathways in development and homeostasis of multiple organs. More than one of the pathways also appear to contribute to tumor growth following Lkb1 deficiencies based on a number of mouse tumor models. Lkb1-dependent activation of AMPK and subsequent inactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling are implicated in several of the models, and other less well characterized pathways are also involved. Conditional targeting studies of Lkb1 also point an important role of LKB1 in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, significantly expanding knowledge on the relevance of LKB1 in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saara Ollila
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9B, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chilov D, Sinjushina N, Rita H, Taketo MM, Mäkelä TP, Partanen J. Phosphorylated β-catenin localizes to centrosomes of neuronal progenitors and is required for cell polarity and neurogenesis in developing midbrain. Dev Biol 2011; 357:259-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
Vallenius T, Vaahtomeri K, Kovac B, Osiceanu AM, Viljanen M, Mäkelä TP. An association between NUAK2 and MRIP reveals a novel mechanism for regulation of actin stress fibers. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:384-93. [PMID: 21242312 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.072660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin stress fiber assembly and contractility in nonmuscle motile cells requires phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (MLC). Dephosphorylation and disassembly are mediated by MLC phosphatase, which is targeted to actin fibers by the association of its regulatory subunit MYPT1 with myosin phosphatase Rho-interacting protein (MRIP). In the present study, we identify the kinase NUAK2 as a second protein targeted by MRIP to actin fibers. Association of NUAK2 with MRIP increases MLC phosphorylation and promotes formation of stress fibers. This activity does not require the kinase activity of NUAK2 but is dependent on both MRIP and MYPT1, indicating that the NUAK2-MRIP association inhibits fiber disassembly and MYPT1-mediated MLC dephosphorylation. NUAK2 levels are strongly induced by stimuli increasing actomyosin fiber formation, and NUAK2 is required for fiber maintenance in exponentially growing cells, implicating NUAK2 in a positive-feedback loop regulating actin stress fibers independently of the MLC kinase Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK). The identified MRIP-NUAK2 association reveals a novel mechanism for the maintenance of actin stress fibers through counteracting MYPT1 and, together with recent results, implicates the NUAK proteins as important regulators of the MLC phosphatase acting in both a kinase-dependent and kinase-independent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tea Vallenius
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genome-Scale Biology Program, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56 Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Helenius K, Yang Y, Tselykh TV, Pessa HKJ, Frilander MJ, Mäkelä TP. Requirement of TFIIH kinase subunit Mat1 for RNA Pol II C-terminal domain Ser5 phosphorylation, transcription and mRNA turnover. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:5025-35. [PMID: 21385826 PMCID: PMC3130277 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevance of serine 5 phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain during initiation has been difficult to determine in mammalian cells as no general in vivo Ser5 kinase has been identified. Here, we demonstrate that deletion of the TFIIH kinase subunit Mat1 in mouse fibroblasts leads to dramatically reduced Pol II Ser5 phosphorylation. This is associated with defective capping and reduced Ser2 phosphorylation, decreased Pol II progression into elongation and severely attenuated transcription detected through analysis of nascent mRNAs, establishing a general requirement for mammalian Mat1 in transcription. Surprisingly, the general defect in Pol II transcription in Mat1−/− fibroblasts is not reflected in the majority of steady-state mRNAs. This indicates widespread stabilization of mRNAs and points to the existence of a regulatory mechanism to stabilize mRNAs following transcriptional attenuation, thus revealing a potential caveat in similar studies limited to analysis of steady-state mRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Helenius
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56 Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Udd L, Katajisto P, Kyyrönen M, Ristimäki AP, Mäkelä TP. Impaired gastric gland differentiation in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Am J Pathol 2010; 176:2467-76. [PMID: 20363912 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps in the Peutz-Jeghers cancer predisposition syndrome and its mouse model (Lkb1(+/-)) are presumed to contain all cell types native to the site of their occurrence. This study aimed to explore the pathogenesis of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome polyposis by characterizing cell types and differentiation of the epithelium of gastric polyps and predisposed mucosa. Both antral and fundic polyps were characterized by a deficit of pepsinogen C-expressing differentiated gland cells (antral gland, mucopeptic, and chief cells); in large fundic polyps, parietal cells were also absent. Gland cell loss was associated with an increase in precursor neck cells, an expansion of the proliferative zone, and an increase in smooth muscle alpha-actin expressing myofibroblasts in the polyp stroma. Lack of pepsinogen C-positive gland cells identified incipient polyps, and even the unaffected mucosa of young predisposed mice displayed an increase in pepsinogen C negative glands (25%; P = 0045). In addition, in small intestinal polyps, gland cell differentiation was defective, with the absence of Paneth cells. There were no signs of metaplastic differentiation in any of the tissues studied, and both the gastric and small intestinal defects were seen in Lkb1(+/-) mice, as well as polyps from patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. These results identify impaired epithelial differentiation as the earliest pathological sign likely to contribute to tumorigenesis in individuals with inherited Lkb1 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Udd
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Björklund MA, Vaahtomeri K, Peltonen K, Viollet B, Mäkelä TP, Band AM, Laiho M. Non-CDK-bound p27 (p27(NCDK)) is a marker for cell stress and is regulated through the Akt/PKB and AMPK-kinase pathways. Exp Cell Res 2009; 316:762-74. [PMID: 20036235 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
p27Kip1 (p27) tumour suppressor protein is regulated by multiple mechanisms including its turnover, localization and complex formation with its key targets, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and cyclins. We have earlier shown that p27 exists in cells in a form that lacks cyclin/CDK interactions (hence non-CDK, p27(NCDK)) but the nature of p27(NCDK) has remained unresolved. Here we demonstrate that the epitope recognized by the p27(NCDK)-specific antibody resides in the p27 CDK-interaction domain and that p27(NCDK) is regulated by the balance of CDK inhibitors and cyclin-CDK complexes. We find that signalling by cellular growth promoting pathways, like phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and specifically Akt/PKB kinase, inversely correlates with p27(NCDK) levels whereas total p27 levels are unaffected. p27(NCDK), but not total p27, is increased by cellular perturbations such as hyperosmotic and metabolic stress and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). By using AMPK catalytic subunit proficient and deficient cells we further demonstrate that the AMPK pathway governs p27(NCDK) responses to metabolic stress and PI3K inhibition. These results indicate that p27(NCDK) is a sensitive marker for both cell stress and proliferation over and above p27 and is regulated by Akt/PKB and AMPK pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mia A Björklund
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mäkelä TP, Helenius K, Yang Y, Tselykh T, Pessa HK, Frilander MJ. Genetic analysis of mammalian Cdk7 kinase submodule of TFIIH: uncoupling of RNAPII CTD Serine 5 phosphorylation and transcription. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.495.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Heli K Pessa
- Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu J, Vallenius T, Ovaska K, Westermarck J, Mäkelä TP, Hautaniemi S. Integrated network analysis platform for protein-protein interactions. Nat Methods 2008; 6:75-7. [PMID: 19079255 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for network analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). We introduce a web-based protein interaction network analysis platform (PINA), which integrates PPI data from six databases and provides network construction, filtering, analysis and visualization tools. We demonstrated the advantages of PINA by analyzing two human PPI networks; our results suggested a link between LKB1 and TGFbeta signaling, and revealed possible competitive interactors of p53 and c-Jun.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Wu
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vaahtomeri K, Ventelä E, Laajanen K, Katajisto P, Wipff PJ, Hinz B, Vallenius T, Tiainen M, Mäkelä TP. Lkb1 is required for TGFbeta-mediated myofibroblast differentiation. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:3531-40. [PMID: 18840652 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.032706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations of the tumor-suppressor kinase gene LKB1 underlie Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), which is characterized by gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps with a prominent smooth-muscle and stromal component. Recently, it was noted that PJS-type polyps develop in mice in which Lkb1 deletion is restricted to SM22-expressing mesenchymal cells. Here, we investigated the stromal functions of Lkb1, which possibly underlie tumor suppression. Ablation of Lkb1 in primary mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) leads to attenuated Smad activation and TGFbeta-dependent transcription. Also, myofibroblast differentiation of Lkb1(-/-) MEFs is defective, resulting in a markedly decreased formation of alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive stress fibers and reduced contractility. The myofibroblast differentiation defect was not associated with altered serum response factor (SRF) activity and was rescued by exogenous TGFbeta, indicating that inactivation of Lkb1 leads to defects in myofibroblast differentiation through attenuated TGFbeta signaling. These results suggest that tumorigenesis by Lkb1-deficient SM22-positive cells involves defective myogenic differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Vaahtomeri
- Genome-Scale Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Londesborough A, Vaahtomeri K, Tiainen M, Katajisto P, Ekman N, Vallenius T, Mäkelä TP. LKB1 in endothelial cells is required for angiogenesis and TGFbeta-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell recruitment. Development 2008; 135:2331-8. [PMID: 18539926 DOI: 10.1242/dev.017038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the tumor suppressor kinase Lkb1 in mice leads to vascular defects and midgestational lethality at embryonic day 9-11 (E9-E11). Here, we have used conditional targeting to investigate the defects underlying the Lkb1(-/-) phenotype. Endothelium-restricted deletion of Lkb1 led to embryonic death at E12.5 with a loss of vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) and vascular disruption. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) pathway activity was reduced in Lkb1-deficient endothelial cells (ECs), and TGFbeta signaling from Lkb1(-/-) ECs to adjacent mesenchyme was defective, noted as reduced SMAD2 phosphorylation. The addition of TGFbeta to mutant yolk sac explants rescued the loss of vSMCs, as evidenced by smooth muscle alpha actin (SMA) expression. These results reveal an essential function for endothelial Lkb1 in TGFbeta-mediated vSMC recruitment during angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anou Londesborough
- Genome-Scale Biology Program and Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Katajisto P, Vaahtomeri K, Ekman N, Ventelä E, Ristimäki A, Bardeesy N, Feil R, DePinho RA, Mäkelä TP. LKB1 signaling in mesenchymal cells required for suppression of gastrointestinal polyposis. Nat Genet 2008; 40:455-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
27
|
Partanen JI, Nieminen AI, Mäkelä TP, Klefstrom J. Suppression of oncogenic properties of c-Myc by LKB1-controlled epithelial organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14694-9. [PMID: 17766436 PMCID: PMC1976192 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704677104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular organization into epithelial architecture maintains structural integrity and homeostasis by suppressing cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, it is unclear whether the epithelial organization is sufficient to block induction of cell-autonomous cell cycle progression and apoptotic sensitivity by activated oncogenes. We show that chronic activation of oncogenic c-Myc, starting in the developing 3D organotypic mammary acinar structures, results in hyperproliferation and transformed acinar morphology. Surprisingly, acute c-Myc activation in mature quiescent acini with established epithelial architecture fails to reinitiate the cell cycle or transform these structures. c-Myc does reinitiate the cell cycle in quiescent, but structurally unorganized, acini, which demonstrates that proper epithelial architecture is needed for the proliferation blockade. The capability of c-Myc to reinitiate the cell cycle in acinar structures is also restored by the loss of LKB1, a human homologue of the cell polarity protein PAR4. The epithelial architecture also restrains the apoptotic activity of c-Myc, but coactivation of c-Myc and a complementary TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand death receptor pathway can induce a strong Bim and Bid-mediated apoptotic response in the established acini. The results together expose surprising proliferation and apoptosis resistance of organized epithelial structures and identify a role for the polarity regulator LKB1 in the development of c-Myc-resistant cell organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna I. Partanen
- Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Genome-Scale Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Room B231a, P.O Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni I. Nieminen
- Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Genome-Scale Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Room B231a, P.O Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi P. Mäkelä
- Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Genome-Scale Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Room B231a, P.O Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Klefstrom
- Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Genome-Scale Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Room B231a, P.O Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The Cdk8 kinase and associated proteins form a nonessential transcriptional repressor module of the Mediator in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetic analyses of this module have demonstrated functions ranging from environmental responses in budding yeast to organogenesis and development in worms, flies, and zebrafish. Here we have investigated the function of mammalian Cdk8 using mice harboring a gene trap insertion at the Cdk8 locus inactivating this kinase. No phenotypes were noted in heterozygote Cdk8+/- mice, but intercrossing these did not produce homozygous Cdk8-/- offspring. Developmental analysis demonstrated a requirement for Cdk8 prior to implantation at embryonic days 2.5 to 3.0. Cdk8-/- preimplantation embryos had fragmented blastomeres and did not proceed to compaction. As Cdk8 deficiency in cultured metazoan cells did not affect cell viability, the results suggest that transcriptional repression of genes critical for early-cell-fate determination underlies the requirement of Cdk8 in embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Westerling
- Genome-Scale Biology Program and Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sano M, Izumi Y, Helenius K, Asakura M, Rossi DJ, Xie M, Taffet G, Hu L, Pautler RG, Wilson CR, Boudina S, Abel ED, Taegtmeyer H, Scaglia F, Graham BH, Kralli A, Shimizu N, Tanaka H, Mäkelä TP, Schneider MD. Ménage-à-trois 1 is critical for the transcriptional function of PPARgamma coactivator 1. Cell Metab 2007; 5:129-42. [PMID: 17276355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Cdk7/cyclin H/ménage-à-trois 1 (MAT1) heterotrimer has proposed functions in transcription as the kinase component of basal transcription factor TFIIH and is activated in adult hearts by Gq-, calcineurin-, and biomechanical stress-dependent pathways for hypertrophic growth. Using cardiac-specific Cre, we have ablated MAT1 in myocardium. Despite reduced Cdk7 activity, MAT1-deficient hearts grew normally, but fatal heart failure ensued at 6-8 weeks. By microarray profiling, quantitative RT-PCR, and western blotting at 4 weeks, genes for energy metabolism were found to be suppressed selectively, including targets of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PGC-1). Cardiac metabolic defects were substantiated in isolated perfused hearts and isolated mitochondria. In culture, deleting MAT1 with Cre disrupted PGC-1 function: PGC-1alpha failed to activate PGC-1-responsive promoters and nuclear receptors, GAL4-PGC-1alpha was functionally defective, and PGC-1beta was likewise deficient. PGC-1 bound to both MAT1 and Cdk7 in coprecipitation assays. Thus, we demonstrate a requirement for MAT1 in the operation of PGC-1 coactivators that control cell metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoaki Sano
- Center for Cardiovascular Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Katajisto P, Vallenius T, Vaahtomeri K, Ekman N, Udd L, Tiainen M, Mäkelä TP. The LKB1 tumor suppressor kinase in human disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2006; 1775:63-75. [PMID: 17010524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inactivating germline mutations in the LKB1 gene underlie Peutz-Jeghers syndrome characterized by hamartomatous polyps and an elevated risk for cancer. Recent studies suggest the involvement of LKB1 also in more common human disorders including diabetes and in a significant fraction of lung adenocarcinomas. These observations have increased the interest towards signaling pathways of this tumor suppressor kinase. The recent breakthroughs in understanding the molecular functions of the LKB1 indicate its contribution as a regulator of cell polarity, energy metabolism and cell proliferation. Here we review how the substrates and cellular functions of LKB1 may be linked to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and other diseases, and discuss how some of the molecular changes associated with altered LKB1 signaling might be used in therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Katajisto
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Translational Genome-Scale Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Alhopuro P, Katajisto P, Lehtonen R, Ylisaukko-oja SK, Näätsaari L, Karhu A, Westerman AM, Wilson JHP, de Rooij FWM, Vogel T, Moeslein G, Tomlinson IP, Aaltonen LA, Mäkelä TP, Launonen V. Mutation analysis of three genes encoding novel LKB1-interacting proteins, BRG1, STRADalpha, and MO25alpha, in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1126-9. [PMID: 15756273 PMCID: PMC2361955 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LKB1 lead to Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS). However, only a subset of PJS patients harbours LKB1 mutations. We performed a mutation analysis of three genes encoding novel LKB1-interacting proteins, BRG1, STRADα, and MO25α, in 28 LKB1-negative PJS patients. No disease-causing mutations were detected in the studied genes in PJS patients from different European populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Alhopuro
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - P Katajisto
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Lehtonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - S K Ylisaukko-oja
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - L Näätsaari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - A Karhu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - A M Westerman
- Laboratory of Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H P Wilson
- Laboratory of Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F W M de Rooij
- Laboratory of Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Vogel
- Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - G Moeslein
- Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - I P Tomlinson
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK
| | - L A Aaltonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - T P Mäkelä
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - V Launonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bamps S, Westerling T, Pihlak A, Tafforeau L, Vandenhaute J, Mäkelä TP, Hermand D. Mcs2 and a novel CAK subunit Pmh1 associate with Skp1 in fission yeast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 325:1424-32. [PMID: 15555586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Mcs6 CDK together with its cognate cyclin Mcs2 represents the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) of fission yeast Cdc2. We have attempted to determine complexes in which Mcs6 and Mcs2 mediate this and possible other functions. Here we characterize a novel interaction between Mcs2 and Skp1, a component of the SCF (Skp1-Cullin-F box protein) ubiquitin ligase. Furthermore, we identify a novel protein termed Pmh1 through its association with Skp1. Pmh1 associates with the Mcs6-Mcs2 complex, enhancing its kinase activity, and represents the apparent homolog of metazoan Mat1. Association of Mcs2 or Pmh1 with Skp1 does not appear to be involved in proteolytic degradation, as these complexes do not contain Pcu1, and levels of Mcs2 or Pmh1 are not sensitive to inhibition of SCF and the 26S proteasome. The identified interactions between Skp1 and two regulatory CAK subunits may reflect a novel mechanism to modulate activity and specificity of the Mcs6 kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bamps
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (GEMO), University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphomas (PELs) represent a unique non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is consistently infected by Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). PEL cells express high levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p27KIP1 and yet proliferate actively. KSHV genome encodes a viral cyclin homolog, v-cyclin, which has previously been implicated in down-regulation of p27KIP1 levels. To address how PEL cells can tolerate high p27KIP1 levels, we investigated functional interactions between v-cyclin and p27KIP1 using PEL-derived cell lines as a model system. Here we demonstrate that v-cyclin and p27KIP1 stably associate in PEL cells in vivo suggesting an attractive model by which p27KIP1 is inactivated in the actively proliferating PEL cells. Moreover, we show that v-cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) form an active kinase without p27KIP1 and that CDK6 is the in vivo catalytic subunit of v-cyclin in PEL cells. These findings suggest that KSHV may promote oncogenesis in PEL by expressing v-cyclin, which both overrides negative cell cycle controls present in the PEL precursor cells and induces a strong proliferative signal via CDK6 kinase activity. (Blood. 2004;104:3349-3354)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Järviluoma
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki & Haartman Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Udd L, Katajisto P, Rossi DJ, Lepistö A, Lahesmaa AM, Ylikorkala A, Järvinen HJ, Ristimäki AP, Mäkelä TP. Suppression of Peutz-Jeghers polyposis by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Gastroenterology 2004; 127:1030-7. [PMID: 15480979 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is typically manifested as severe gastrointestinal polyposis. Polyps in PJS patients and in Lkb1(+/-) mice that model PJS polyposis are frequently characterized by elevated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). This study was designed to determine whether COX-2 inhibition would reduce tumor burden in Lkb1(+/-) mice or Peutz-Jeghers patients. METHODS Genetic interactions between Cox-2 and Lkb1 in polyp formation were analyzed in mice with combined deficiencies in these genes. Pharmacologic inhibition of COX-2 was achieved by supplementing the diet of Lkb1(+/-) mice with 1500 ppm celecoxib between 3.5-10 and 6.5-10 months. In PJS patients, COX-2 was inhibited with a daily dose of 2 x 200 mg celecoxib for 6 months. RESULTS Total polyp burden in Lkb1(+/-) mice was significantly reduced in a Cox-2(+/-) (53%) and in a Cox-2(-/-) (54%) background. Celecoxib treatment initiating before polyposis (3.5-10 months) led to a dramatic reduction in tumor burden (86%) and was associated with decreased vascularity of the polyps. Late treatment (6.5-10 months) also led to a significant reduction in large polyps. In a pilot clinical study, a subset of PJS patients (2/6) responded favorably to celecoxib with reduced gastric polyposis. CONCLUSIONS These data establish a role for COX-2 in promoting Peutz-Jeghers polyposis and suggest that COX-2 chemoprevention may prove beneficial in the treatment of PJS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Udd
- Molecular Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vallenius T, Scharm B, Vesikansa A, Luukko K, Schäfer R, Mäkelä TP. The PDZ-LIM protein RIL modulates actin stress fiber turnover and enhances the association of alpha-actinin with F-actin. Exp Cell Res 2004; 293:117-28. [PMID: 14729062 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ALP, CLP-36 and RIL form the ALP subfamily of PDZ-LIM proteins. ALP has been implicated in sarcomere function in muscle cells in association with alpha-actinin. The closely related CLP-36 is predominantly expressed in nonmuscle cells, where it localizes to actin stress fibers also in association with alpha-actinin. Here we have studied the expression and functions of RIL originally identified as a gene downregulated in H-ras-transformed cells. RIL was mostly expressed in nonmuscle epithelial cells with a pattern distinct from that of CLP-36. RIL protein was found to localize to actin stress fibers in nonmuscle cells similarly to CLP-36. However, RIL expression led to partially abnormal actin filaments showing thick irregular stress fibers not seen with CLP-36. Furthermore, live cell imaging demonstrated altered stress fiber dynamics with rapid formation of new fibers and frequent collapse of thick irregular fibers in EGFP-RIL-expressing cells. These effects may be mediated through the association of RIL with alpha-actinin, as RIL was found to associate with alpha-actinin via its PDZ domain, and RIL enhanced the ability of alpha-actinin to cosediment with actin filaments. These results implicate the RIL PDZ-LIM protein as a regulator of actin stress fiber turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tea Vallenius
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine and Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lizcano JM, Göransson O, Toth R, Deak M, Morrice NA, Boudeau J, Hawley SA, Udd L, Mäkelä TP, Hardie DG, Alessi DR. LKB1 is a master kinase that activates 13 kinases of the AMPK subfamily, including MARK/PAR-1. EMBO J 2004; 23:833-43. [PMID: 14976552 PMCID: PMC381014 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1064] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Accepted: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that the LKB1 tumour suppressor kinase, in complex with the pseudokinase STRAD and the scaffolding protein MO25, phosphorylates and activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). A total of 12 human kinases (NUAK1, NUAK2, BRSK1, BRSK2, QIK, QSK, SIK, MARK1, MARK2, MARK3, MARK4 and MELK) are related to AMPK. Here we demonstrate that LKB1 can phosphorylate the T-loop of all the members of this subfamily, apart from MELK, increasing their activity >50-fold. LKB1 catalytic activity and the presence of MO25 and STRAD are required for activation. Mutation of the T-loop Thr phosphorylated by LKB1 to Ala prevented activation, while mutation to glutamate produced active forms of many of the AMPK-related kinases. Activities of endogenous NUAK2, QIK, QSK, SIK, MARK1, MARK2/3 and MARK4 were markedly reduced in LKB1-deficient cells. Neither LKB1 activity nor that of AMPK-related kinases was stimulated by phenformin or AICAR, which activate AMPK. Our results show that LKB1 functions as a master upstream protein kinase, regulating AMPK-related kinases as well as AMPK. Between them, these kinases may mediate the physiological effects of LKB1, including its tumour suppressor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Lizcano
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Olga Göransson
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Rachel Toth
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Maria Deak
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nick A Morrice
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Jérôme Boudeau
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Simon A Hawley
- Division of Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lina Udd
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi P Mäkelä
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Grahame Hardie
- Division of Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Dario R Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK. Tel.: +44 1382 344 241; Fax: +44 1382 223 778; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hawley SA, Boudeau J, Reid JL, Mustard KJ, Udd L, Mäkelä TP, Alessi DR, Hardie DG. Complexes between the LKB1 tumor suppressor, STRAD alpha/beta and MO25 alpha/beta are upstream kinases in the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade. J Biol 2003; 2:28. [PMID: 14511394 PMCID: PMC333410 DOI: 10.1186/1475-4924-2-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1275] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Revised: 08/11/2003] [Accepted: 09/09/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) cascade is a sensor of cellular energy charge that acts as a 'metabolic master switch' and inhibits cell proliferation. Activation requires phosphorylation of Thr172 of AMPK within the activation loop by upstream kinases (AMPKKs) that have not been identified. Recently, we identified three related protein kinases acting upstream of the yeast homolog of AMPK. Although they do not have obvious mammalian homologs, they are related to LKB1, a tumor suppressor that is mutated in the human Peutz-Jeghers cancer syndrome. We recently showed that LKB1 exists as a complex with two accessory subunits, STRADα/β and MO25α/β. Results We report the following observations. First, two AMPKK activities purified from rat liver contain LKB1, STRADα and MO25α, and can be immunoprecipitated using anti-LKB1 antibodies. Second, both endogenous and recombinant complexes of LKB1, STRADα/β and MO25α/β activate AMPK via phosphorylation of Thr172. Third, catalytically active LKB1, STRADα or STRADβ and MO25α or MO25β are required for full activity. Fourth, the AMPK-activating drugs AICA riboside and phenformin do not activate AMPK in HeLa cells (which lack LKB1), but activation can be restored by stably expressing wild-type, but not catalytically inactive, LKB1. Fifth, AICA riboside and phenformin fail to activate AMPK in immortalized fibroblasts from LKB1-knockout mouse embryos. Conclusions These results provide the first description of a physiological substrate for the LKB1 tumor suppressor and suggest that it functions as an upstream regulator of AMPK. Our findings indicate that the tumors in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome could result from deficient activation of AMPK as a consequence of LKB1 inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Hawley
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jérôme Boudeau
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jennifer L Reid
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kirsty J Mustard
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lina Udd
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi P Mäkelä
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Institute of Biomedicine and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dario R Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - D Grahame Hardie
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Korsisaari N, Rossi DJ, Luukko K, Huebner K, Henkemeyer M, Mäkelä TP. The histidine triad protein Hint is not required for murine development or Cdk7 function. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:3929-35. [PMID: 12748294 PMCID: PMC155213 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.11.3929-3935.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The histidine triad (HIT) protein Hint has been found to associate with mammalian Cdk7, as well as to interact both physically and genetically with the budding yeast Cdk7 homologue Kin28. To study the function of Hint and to explore its possible role in modulating Cdk7 activity in vivo, we have characterized the expression pattern of murine Hint and generated Hint-deficient (Hint(-/-)) mice. Hint was widely expressed during mouse development, with pronounced expression in several neuronal ganglia, epithelia, hearts, and testes from embryonic day 15 onward. Despite this widespread expression, disruption of Hint did not impair murine development. Moreover, Hint-deficient mice had a normal life span and were apparently healthy. Histological examination of tissues with high Hint expression in wild-type animals did not show signs of abnormal pathology in Hint(-/-) mice. Functional redundancy within the HIT family was addressed by crossing Hint(-/-) mice with mice lacking the related HIT protein, Fhit, and by assaying the expression levels of the HIT protein gene family members Hint2 and Hint3 in Hint(+/+) and Hint(-/-) tissues. Finally, Cdk7 kinase activity and cell cycle kinetics were found to be comparable in wild-type and Hint(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts, suggesting that Hint may not be a key regulator of Cdk7 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Korsisaari
- Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hermand D, Bamps S, Tafforeau L, Vandenhaute J, Mäkelä TP. Skp1 and the F-box protein Pof6 are essential for cell separation in fission yeast. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:9671-7. [PMID: 12511573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211358200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report functional characterization of the essential fission yeast Skp1 homologue. We have created a conditional allele of skp1 (skp1-3f) mimicking the mutation in the budding yeast skp1-3 allele. Although budding yeast skp1-3 arrests at the G(1)/S transition, skp1-3f cells progress through S phase and instead display two distinct phenotypes. A fraction of the skp1-3f cells arrest in mitosis with high Cdc2 activity. Other skp1-3f cells as well as the skp1-deleted cells accumulate abnormal thick septa leading to defects in cell separation. Subsequent identification of 16 fission yeast F-box proteins led to identification of the product of pof6 (for pombe F-box) as a Skp1-associated protein. Interestingly, cells deleted for the essential pof6 gene display a similar cell separation defect noted in skp1 mutants, and Pof6 localizes to septa and cell tips. Purification of Pof6 demonstrates association of Skp1, whereas the Pcu1 cullin was absent from the complex. These findings reveal an essential non-Skp1-Cdc53/Cullin-F-box protein function for the fission yeast Skp1 homologue and the F-box protein Pof6 in cell separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Hermand
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (GEMO), University of Namur (Facultés Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix), 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Korsisaari N, Rossi DJ, Paetau A, Charnay P, Henkemeyer M, Mäkelä TP. Conditional ablation of the Mat1 subunit of TFIIH in Schwann cells provides evidence that Mat1 is not required for general transcription. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:4275-84. [PMID: 12376559 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Mat1 protein has been implicated in cell cycle regulation as part of the Cdk activating kinase (CAK), and in regulation of transcription as a subunit of transcription factor TFIIH. To address the role of Mat1 in vivo, we have used a Cre/loxP system to conditionally ablate Mat1 in adult mitotic and post-mitotic lineages. We found that the mitotic cells of the germ lineage died rapidly upon disruption of Mat1 indicating an absolute requirement of Mat1 in these cells. By contrast, post-mitotic myelinating Schwann cells were able to attain a mature myelinated phenotype in the absence of Mat1. Moreover, mutant animals did not show morphological or physiological signs of Schwann cell dysfunction into early adulthood. Beyond 3 months of age, however, myelinated Schwann cells in the sciatic nerves acquired a severe hypomyelinating morphology with alterations ranging from cells undergoing degeneration to completely denuded axons. This phenotype was coupled to extensive proliferation and remyelination that our evidence suggests was undertaken by the non-myelinated Schwann cell pool. These results indicate that Mat1 is not essential for the transcriptional program underlying the myelination of peripheral axons by Schwann cells and suggest that the function of Mat1 in RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription in these cells is regulatory rather than essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Korsisaari
- Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Petrova TV, Mäkinen T, Mäkelä TP, Saarela J, Virtanen I, Ferrell RE, Finegold DN, Kerjaschki D, Ylä-Herttuala S, Alitalo K. Lymphatic endothelial reprogramming of vascular endothelial cells by the Prox-1 homeobox transcription factor. EMBO J 2002; 21:4593-9. [PMID: 12198161 PMCID: PMC125413 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are essential for fluid homeostasis, immune surveillance and fat adsorption, and also serve as a major route for tumor metastasis in many types of cancer. We found that isolated human primary lymphatic and blood vascular endothelial cells (LECs and BECs, respectively) show interesting differences in gene expression relevant for their distinct functions in vivo. Although these phenotypes are stable in vitro and in vivo, overexpression of the homeobox transcription factor Prox-1 in the BECs was capable of inducing LEC-specific gene transcription in the BECs, and, surprisingly, Prox-1 suppressed the expression of approximately 40% of the BEC-specific genes. Prox-1 did not have global effects on the expression of LEC-specific genes in other cell types, except that it up-regulated cyclin E1 and E2 mRNAs and activated the cyclin e promoter in various cell types. These data suggest that Prox-1 acts as a cell proliferation inducer and a fate determination factor for the LECs. Furthermore, the data provide insights into the phenotypic diversity of endothelial cells and into the possibility of transcriptional reprogramming of differentiated endothelial cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclins/biosynthesis
- Cyclins/genetics
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Dermis/cytology
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/cytology
- Endothelium, Lymphatic/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/biosynthesis
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Humans
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Organ Specificity
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Cytokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomi P. Mäkelä
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
| | - Janna Saarela
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
| | - Ismo Virtanen
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
| | - Robert E. Ferrell
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
| | - David N. Finegold
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschki
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital,
Cell Cycle Laboratory, National Public Health Institute and Department of Anatomy, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vienna Medical School, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Corresponding author e-mail: T.V.Petrova and T.Mäkinen contributed equally to this work
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Germline mutations of the LKB1 tumor suppressor gene lead to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), with a predisposition to cancer. LKB1 encodes for a nuclear and cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase, which is inactivated by mutations observed in PJS patients. Restoring LKB1 activity into cancer cell lines defective for its expression results in a G(1) cell cycle arrest. Here we have investigated molecular mechanisms leading to this arrest. Reintroduced active LKB1 was cytoplasmic and nuclear, whereas most kinase-defective PJS mutants of LKB1 localized predominantly to the nucleus. Moreover, when LKB1 was forced to remain cytoplasmic through disruption of the nuclear localization signal, it retained full growth suppression activity in a kinase-dependent manner. LKB1-mediated G(1) arrest was found to be bypassed by co-expression of the G(1) cyclins cyclin D1 and cyclin E. In addition, the protein levels of the CDK inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p21 promoter activity were specifically upregulated in LKB1-transfected cells. Both the growth arrest and the induction of the p21 promoter were found to be p53-dependent. These results suggest that growth suppression by LKB1 is mediated through signaling of cytoplasmic LKB1 to induce p21 through a p53-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Tiainen
- Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
In this report we have characterized a novel, ubiquitously expressed kinase, Clik1, that is predominantly nuclear and undergoes autophosphorylation. Yeast two-hybrid analysis indicated a highly specific association between Clik1 and CLP-36, which was identified in 36 out of 37 Clik1-interacting clones. CLP-36 is a PDZ-LIM protein that localizes to actin stress fibers in nonmuscle cells and associates with α-actinin via its PDZ-domain. The association of CLP-36 with Clik1, in turn, is mediated by the C-terminal part of CLP-36 containing the LIM domain, and association was not noted with the closely related ALP PDZ-LIM protein. Interestingly, the association with CLP-36 led to relocalization of the otherwise nuclear Clik1 kinase to actin stress fibers, where it disrupted the periodic staining pattern of CLP-36. Taken together these results establish the CLP-36 PDZ-LIM protein as an adapter, recruiting the Clik1 kinase to actin stress fibers in nonmuscle cells, and suggest that Clik1 represents a novel regulator of actin stress fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tea Vallenius
- Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Li XD, Mäkelä TP, Guo D, Soliymani R, Koistinen V, Vapalahti O, Vaheri A, Lankinen H. Hantavirus nucleocapsid protein interacts with the Fas-mediated apoptosis enhancer Daxx. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:759-766. [PMID: 11907324 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-4-759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses cause two severe diseases, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Eurasia and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas. To understand more about the molecular mechanisms that lead to these diseases, the associations of Puumala virus nucleocapsid protein (PUUV-N) with cellular proteins were studied by yeast two-hybrid screening. Daxx, known as an apoptosis enhancer, was identified from a HeLa cDNA library and its interaction with PUUV-N was confirmed by GST pull-down assay, co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization studies. Furthermore, domains of interaction were mapped to the carboxyl-terminal region of 142 amino acids in Daxx and the carboxyl-terminal 57 residues in PUUV-N, respectively. In pepscan assays, the binding sites of Daxx to PUUV-N were mapped further to two lysine-rich regions, of which one overlaps the sequence of the predicted nuclear localization signal of Daxx. These data suggest a direct link between host cell machinery and a hantavirus structural component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Li
- Department of Virology1 and Department of Pathology2, Haartman Institute and HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, and Institute of Biotechnology3, PO Box 21, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi P Mäkelä
- Department of Virology1 and Department of Pathology2, Haartman Institute and HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, and Institute of Biotechnology3, PO Box 21, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Deyin Guo
- Department of Virology1 and Department of Pathology2, Haartman Institute and HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, and Institute of Biotechnology3, PO Box 21, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rabah Soliymani
- Department of Virology1 and Department of Pathology2, Haartman Institute and HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, and Institute of Biotechnology3, PO Box 21, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa Koistinen
- Department of Virology1 and Department of Pathology2, Haartman Institute and HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, and Institute of Biotechnology3, PO Box 21, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology1 and Department of Pathology2, Haartman Institute and HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, and Institute of Biotechnology3, PO Box 21, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Department of Virology1 and Department of Pathology2, Haartman Institute and HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, and Institute of Biotechnology3, PO Box 21, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hilkka Lankinen
- Department of Virology1 and Department of Pathology2, Haartman Institute and HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, and Institute of Biotechnology3, PO Box 21, Haartmaninkatu 3, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kaldis P, Ojala PM, Tong L, Mäkelä TP, Solomon MJ. CAK-independent activation of CDK6 by a viral cyclin. Mol Biol Cell 2001; 12:3987-99. [PMID: 11739795 PMCID: PMC60770 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.12.12.3987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2001] [Revised: 10/05/2001] [Accepted: 10/12/2001] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In normal cells, activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) requires binding to a cyclin and phosphorylation by the cdk-activating kinase (CAK). The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes a protein with similarity to D-type cyclins. This KSHV-cyclin activates CDK6, alters its substrate specificity, and renders CDK6 insensitive to inhibition by the cdk inhibitor p16(INK4a). Here we investigate the regulation of the CDK6/KSHV-cyclin kinase with the use of purified proteins and a cell-based assay. We find that KSHV-cyclin can activate CDK6 independent of phosphorylation by CAK in vitro. In addition, CAK phosphorylation decreased the p16(INK4a) sensitivity of CDK6/KSHV-cyclin complexes. In cells, expression of CDK6 or to a lesser degree of a nonphosphorylatable CDK6(T177A) together with KSHV-cyclin induced apoptosis, indicating that CDK6 activation by KSHV-cyclin can proceed in the absence of phosphorylation by CAK in vivo. Coexpression of p16 partially protected cells from cell death. p16 and KSHV-cyclin can form a ternary complex with CDK6 that can be detected by binding assays as well as by conformational changes in CDK6. The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus has adopted a clever strategy to render cell cycle progression independent of mitogenic signals, cdk inhibition, or phosphorylation by CAK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Kaldis
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ylikorkala A, Rossi DJ, Korsisaari N, Luukko K, Alitalo K, Henkemeyer M, Mäkelä TP. Vascular abnormalities and deregulation of VEGF in Lkb1-deficient mice. Science 2001; 293:1323-6. [PMID: 11509733 DOI: 10.1126/science.1062074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The LKB1 tumor suppressor gene, mutated in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, encodes a serine/threonine kinase of unknown function. Here we show that mice with a targeted disruption of Lkb1 die at midgestation, with the embryos showing neural tube defects, mesenchymal cell death, and vascular abnormalities. Extraembryonic development was also severely affected; the mutant placentas exhibited defective labyrinth layer development and the fetal vessels failed to invade the placenta. These phenotypes were associated with tissue-specific deregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, including a marked increase in the amount of VEGF messenger RNA. Moreover, VEGF production in cultured Lkb1(-/-) fibroblasts was elevated in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. These findings place Lkb1 in the VEGF signaling pathway and suggest that the vascular defects accompanying Lkb1 loss are mediated at least in part by VEGF.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
- Animals
- Blood Vessels/abnormalities
- Blood Vessels/embryology
- Cell Death
- Cell Hypoxia
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Embryonic and Fetal Development
- Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/abnormalities
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/embryology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Targeting
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
- In Situ Hybridization
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Mesoderm/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/abnormalities
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/embryology
- Neural Tube Defects/embryology
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Placenta/blood supply
- Placenta/embryology
- Placenta/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription Factors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ylikorkala
- Molecular and Cancer Biology Program, Haartman Institute and Biomedicum Helsinki, Post Office Box 63, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mäkiniemi M, Hillukkala T, Tuusa J, Reini K, Vaara M, Huang D, Pospiech H, Majuri I, Westerling T, Mäkelä TP, Syväoja JE. BRCT domain-containing protein TopBP1 functions in DNA replication and damage response. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:30399-406. [PMID: 11395493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102245200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase IIbeta-binding protein (TopBP1), a human protein with eight BRCT domains, is similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dpb11 and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cut5 checkpoint proteins and closely related to Drosophila Mus101. We show that human TopBP1 is required for DNA replication and that it interacts with DNA polymerase epsilon. In S phase TopBP1 colocalizes with Brca1 to foci that do not represent sites of ongoing DNA replication. Inhibition of DNA synthesis leads to relocalization of TopBP1 together with Brca1 to replication forks, suggesting a role in rescue of stalled forks. DNA damage induces formation of distinct TopBP1 foci that colocalize with Brca1 in S phase, but not in G(1) phase. We also show that TopBP1 interacts with the checkpoint protein hRad9. Thus, these results implicate TopBP1 in replication and checkpoint functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mäkiniemi
- Biocenter Oulu and the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 3000, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rossi DJ, Londesborough A, Korsisaari N, Pihlak A, Lehtonen E, Henkemeyer M, Mäkelä TP. Inability to enter S phase and defective RNA polymerase II CTD phosphorylation in mice lacking Mat1. EMBO J 2001; 20:2844-56. [PMID: 11387217 PMCID: PMC125252 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.11.2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The trimeric Cdk7-cyclin H-Mat1 complex comprises the kinase subunit of basal transcription factor TFIIH and has been shown to function as a cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)-activating kinase. Herein we report that disruption of the murine Mat1 gene leads to peri-implantation lethality coincident with depletion of maternal Mat1 protein. In culture, Mat1(-/-) blastocysts gave rise to viable post-mitotic trophoblast giant cells while mitotic lineages failed to proliferate and survive. In contrast to wild-type trophoblast giant cells, Mat1(-/-) cells exhibited a rapid arrest in endoreduplication, which was characterized by an inability to enter S phase. Additionally, Mat1(-/-) cells exhibited defects in phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II on both Ser5 and Ser2 of the heptapeptide repeat. Despite this, Mat1(-/-) cells demonstrated apparent transcriptional and translational integrity. These data indicate an essential role for Mat1 in progression through the endocycle and suggest that while Mat1 modulates CTD phosphorylation, it does not appear to be essential for RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derrick J. Rossi
- Molecular Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 401, 00029 HYKS, Finland and Center for Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-9133, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
A.Londesborough and N.Korsisaari contributed equally to this work
| | - Anou Londesborough
- Molecular Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 401, 00029 HYKS, Finland and Center for Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-9133, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
A.Londesborough and N.Korsisaari contributed equally to this work
| | - Nina Korsisaari
- Molecular Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 401, 00029 HYKS, Finland and Center for Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-9133, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
A.Londesborough and N.Korsisaari contributed equally to this work
| | - Arno Pihlak
- Molecular Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 401, 00029 HYKS, Finland and Center for Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-9133, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
A.Londesborough and N.Korsisaari contributed equally to this work
| | - Eero Lehtonen
- Molecular Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 401, 00029 HYKS, Finland and Center for Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-9133, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
A.Londesborough and N.Korsisaari contributed equally to this work
| | - Mark Henkemeyer
- Molecular Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 401, 00029 HYKS, Finland and Center for Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-9133, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
A.Londesborough and N.Korsisaari contributed equally to this work
| | - Tomi P. Mäkelä
- Molecular Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 401, 00029 HYKS, Finland and Center for Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-9133, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
A.Londesborough and N.Korsisaari contributed equally to this work
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling is mediated from serine/threonine kinase receptors to transcriptional responses via Smad proteins. Here comparison of mRNA expression of Smad3-7 in mouse embryos (E9-E15) revealed developmentally regulated distinct expression patterns for Smad3, 4, 6, and 7. Smad3 was prominently expressed in the differentiating (from E10) central nervous system, but also in developing bones, branchial arches and epithelium of various tissues. Smad4 mostly showed ubiquitous expression, but in E15 embryos, a pronounced signal appeared in epithelial crypts of the gut. Inhibitory Smad6 and Smad7 were coexpressed at high levels in developing cardiovascular system from the earliest stages studied. In contrast, Smad6 was selectively expressed at high levels, e.g. in intramembranous bone whereas Smad7 was prominent in seminiferous tubules of the testis, demonstrating distinct expression of these genes in non-cardiovascular tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Luukko
- Haartman Institute, P.O. Box 21, 00014 University of Helsinki & HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, P.O. Box 401, 00029, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hermand D, Westerling T, Pihlak A, Thuret JY, Vallenius T, Tiainen M, Vandenhaute J, Cottarel G, Mann C, Mäkelä TP. Specificity of Cdk activation in vivo by the two Caks Mcs6 and Csk1 in fission yeast. EMBO J 2001; 20:82-90. [PMID: 11226158 PMCID: PMC140202 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.1.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) is mediated by at least two structurally distinct types of Cdk-activating kinases (Caks): the trimeric Cdk7-cyclin H-Mat1 complex in metazoans and the single-subunit Cak1 in budding yeast. Fission yeast has both Cak types: Mcs6 is a Cdk7 ortholog and Csk1 a single-subunit kinase. Both phosphorylate Cdks in vitro and rescue a thermosensitive budding yeast CAK1 strain. However, this apparent redundancy is not observed in fission yeast in vivo. We have identified mutants that exhibit phenotypes attributable to defects in either Mcs6-activating phosphorylation or in Cdc2-activating phosphorylation. Mcs6, human Cdk7 and budding yeast Cak1 were all active as Caks for Cdc2 when expressed in fission yeast. Although Csk1 could activate Mcs6, it was unable to activate Cdc2. Biochemical experiments supported these genetic results: budding yeast Cak1 could bind and phosphorylate Cdc2 from fission yeast lysates, whereas fission yeast Csk1 could not. These results indicate that Mcs6 is the direct activator of Cdc2, and Csk1 only activates Mcs6. This demonstrates in vivo specificity in Cdk activation by Caks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Hermand
- Haartman Institute & Biocentrum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, 00029 HYKS, Finland, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (GEMO), University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Service de Biochimie et Genetique Moléculaire, CEA/Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France and Genome Therapeutics Corp., 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA 02154, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.Hermand & T.Westerling and A.Pihlak & J.-Y.Thuret, respectively, contributed equally to this work
| | - Thomas Westerling
- Haartman Institute & Biocentrum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, 00029 HYKS, Finland, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (GEMO), University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Service de Biochimie et Genetique Moléculaire, CEA/Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France and Genome Therapeutics Corp., 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA 02154, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.Hermand & T.Westerling and A.Pihlak & J.-Y.Thuret, respectively, contributed equally to this work
| | - Arno Pihlak
- Haartman Institute & Biocentrum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, 00029 HYKS, Finland, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (GEMO), University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Service de Biochimie et Genetique Moléculaire, CEA/Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France and Genome Therapeutics Corp., 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA 02154, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.Hermand & T.Westerling and A.Pihlak & J.-Y.Thuret, respectively, contributed equally to this work
| | - Jean-Yves Thuret
- Haartman Institute & Biocentrum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, 00029 HYKS, Finland, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (GEMO), University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Service de Biochimie et Genetique Moléculaire, CEA/Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France and Genome Therapeutics Corp., 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA 02154, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.Hermand & T.Westerling and A.Pihlak & J.-Y.Thuret, respectively, contributed equally to this work
| | - Tea Vallenius
- Haartman Institute & Biocentrum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, 00029 HYKS, Finland, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (GEMO), University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Service de Biochimie et Genetique Moléculaire, CEA/Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France and Genome Therapeutics Corp., 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA 02154, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.Hermand & T.Westerling and A.Pihlak & J.-Y.Thuret, respectively, contributed equally to this work
| | - Marianne Tiainen
- Haartman Institute & Biocentrum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, 00029 HYKS, Finland, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (GEMO), University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Service de Biochimie et Genetique Moléculaire, CEA/Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France and Genome Therapeutics Corp., 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA 02154, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.Hermand & T.Westerling and A.Pihlak & J.-Y.Thuret, respectively, contributed equally to this work
| | - Jean Vandenhaute
- Haartman Institute & Biocentrum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, 00029 HYKS, Finland, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (GEMO), University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Service de Biochimie et Genetique Moléculaire, CEA/Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France and Genome Therapeutics Corp., 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA 02154, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.Hermand & T.Westerling and A.Pihlak & J.-Y.Thuret, respectively, contributed equally to this work
| | - Guillaume Cottarel
- Haartman Institute & Biocentrum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, 00029 HYKS, Finland, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (GEMO), University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Service de Biochimie et Genetique Moléculaire, CEA/Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France and Genome Therapeutics Corp., 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA 02154, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.Hermand & T.Westerling and A.Pihlak & J.-Y.Thuret, respectively, contributed equally to this work
| | - Carl Mann
- Haartman Institute & Biocentrum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, 00029 HYKS, Finland, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (GEMO), University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Service de Biochimie et Genetique Moléculaire, CEA/Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France and Genome Therapeutics Corp., 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA 02154, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.Hermand & T.Westerling and A.Pihlak & J.-Y.Thuret, respectively, contributed equally to this work
| | - Tomi P. Mäkelä
- Haartman Institute & Biocentrum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, 00029 HYKS, Finland, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (GEMO), University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium, Service de Biochimie et Genetique Moléculaire, CEA/Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France and Genome Therapeutics Corp., 100 Beaver Street, Waltham, MA 02154, USA Corresponding author e-mail: D.Hermand & T.Westerling and A.Pihlak & J.-Y.Thuret, respectively, contributed equally to this work
| |
Collapse
|