1
|
Hullugundi SK, Dolkas J, Chernov AV, Yaksh TL, Eddinger KA, Angert M, Catroli GF, Strongin AY, Dougherty PM, Li Y, Quehenberger O, Armando A, Shubayev VI. Cholesterol-dependent LXR transcription factor activity represses pronociceptive effects of estrogen in sensory neurons and pain induced by myelin basic protein fragments. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 38:100757. [PMID: 38590761 PMCID: PMC10999831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A bioactive myelin basic protein (MBP) fragment, comprising MBP84-104, is released in sciatic nerve after chronic constriction injury (CCI). Intraneural injection (IN) of MBP84-104 in an intact sciatic nerve is sufficient to induce persistent neuropathic pain-like behavior via robust transcriptional remodeling at the injection site and ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord. The sex (female)-specific pronociceptive activity of MBP84-104 associates with sex-specific changes in cholesterol metabolism and activation of estrogen receptor (ESR)1 signaling. Methods In male and female normal and post-CCI rat sciatic nerves, we assessed: (i) cholesterol precursor and metabolite levels by lipidomics; (ii) MBP84-104 interactors by mass spectrometry of MBP84-104 pull-down; and (iii) liver X receptor (LXR)α protein expression by immunoblotting. To test the effect of LXRα stimulation on IN MBP84-104-induced mechanical hypersensitivity, the LXRα expression was confirmed along the segmental neuraxis, in DRG and spinal cord, followed by von Frey testing of the effect of intrathecally administered synthetic LXR agonist, GW3965. In cultured male and female rat DRGs exposed to MBP84-104 and/or estrogen treatments, transcriptional effect of LXR stimulation by GW3965 was assessed on downstream cholesterol transporter Abc, interleukin (IL)-6, and pronociceptive Cacna2d1 gene expression. Results CCI regulated LXRα ligand and receptor levels in nerves of both sexes, with cholesterol precursors, desmosterol and 7-DHC, and oxysterol elevated in females relative to males. MBP84-104 interacted with nuclear receptor coactivator (Ncoa)1, known to activate LXRα, injury-specific in nerves of both sexes. LXR stimulation suppressed ESR1-induced IL-6 and Cacna2d1 expression in cultured DRGs of both sexes and attenuated MBP84-104-induced pain in females. Conclusion The injury-released bioactive MBP fragments induce pronociceptive changes by selective inactivation of nuclear transcription factors, including LXRα. By Ncoa1 sequestration, bioactive MBP fragments render LXRα function to counteract pronociceptive activity of estrogen/ESR1 in sensory neurons. This effect of MBP fragments is prevalent in females due to high circulating estrogen levels in females relative to males. Restoring LXR activity presents a promising therapeutic strategy in management of neuropathic pain induced by bioactive MBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swathi K. Hullugundi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Dolkas
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrei V. Chernov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kelly A. Eddinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mila Angert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Glaucilene Ferreira Catroli
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alex Y. Strongin
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Patrick M. Dougherty
- Department of Pain Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pain Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Aaron Armando
- Lipidomics Core, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Veronica I. Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lubejko ST, Livrizzi G, Buczynski SA, Patel J, Yung JC, Yaksh TL, Banghart MR. Inputs to the locus coeruleus from the periaqueductal gray and rostroventral medulla shape opioid-mediated descending pain modulation. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadj9581. [PMID: 38669335 PMCID: PMC11051679 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The supraspinal descending pain modulatory system (DPMS) shapes pain perception via monoaminergic modulation of sensory information in the spinal cord. However, the role and synaptic mechanisms of descending noradrenergic signaling remain unclear. Here, we establish that noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) are essential for supraspinal opioid antinociception. While much previous work has emphasized the role of descending serotonergic pathways, we find that opioid antinociception is primarily driven by excitatory output from the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) to the LC. Furthermore, we identify a previously unknown opioid-sensitive inhibitory input from the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM), the suppression of which disinhibits LC neurons to drive spinal noradrenergic antinociception. We describe pain-related activity throughout this circuit and report the presence of prominent bifurcating outputs from the vlPAG to the LC and the RVM. Our findings substantially revise current models of the DPMS and establish a supraspinal antinociceptive pathway that may contribute to multiple forms of descending pain modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan T. Lubejko
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Giulia Livrizzi
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stanley A. Buczynski
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Janki Patel
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jean C. Yung
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew R. Banghart
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brown B, Chen I, Miliano C, Murdaugh LB, Dong Y, Eddinger KA, Yaksh TL, Burton MD, Buczynski MW, Gregus AM. 12/15-Lipoxygenases mediate neuropathic-like pain hypersensitivity in female mice. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.04.588153. [PMID: 38644994 PMCID: PMC11030227 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.04.588153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
It is estimated that chronic neuropathic pain conditions exhibit up to 10% prevalence in the general population, with increased incidence in females. However, nonsteroidal inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are ineffective, and currently indicated prescription treatments such as opioids, anticonvulsants, and antidepressants provide only limited therapeutic benefit. In the current work, we extended previous studies in male rats utilizing a paradigm of central Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent, NSAID-unresponsive neuropathic-like pain hypersensitivity to male and female C57BL/6N mice, uncovering an unexpected hyperalgesic phenotype in female mice following intrathecal (IT) LPS. In contrast to previous reports in female C57BL/6J mice, female C57BL/6N mice displayed tactile and cold allodynia, grip force deficits, and locomotor hyperactivity in response to IT LPS. Congruent with our previous observations in male rats, systemic inhibition of 12/15-Lipoxygenases (12/15-LOX) in female B6N mice with selective inhibitors - ML355 (targeting 12-LOX-p) and ML351 (targeting 15-LOX-1) - completely reversed allodynia and grip force deficits. We demonstrate here that 12/15-LOX enzymes also are expressed in mouse spinal cord and that 12/15-LOX metabolites produce tactile allodynia when administered spinally (IT) or peripherally (intraplantar in the paw, IPLT) in a hyperalgesic priming model, similar to others observations with the cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolite Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ). Surprisingly, we did not detect hyperalgesic priming following IT administration of LPS, indicating that this phenomenon likely requires peripheral activation of nociceptors. Collectively, these data suggest that 12/15-LOX enzymes contribute to neuropathic-like pain hypersensitivity in rodents, with potential translatability as druggable targets across sexes and species using multiple reflexive and non-reflexive outcome measures.
Collapse
|
4
|
Anger JT, Case LK, Baranowski AP, Berger A, Craft RM, Damitz LA, Gabriel R, Harrison T, Kaptein K, Lee S, Murphy AZ, Said E, Smith SA, Thomas DA, Valdés Hernández MDC, Trasvina V, Wesselmann U, Yaksh TL. Pain mechanisms in the transgender individual: a review. Front Pain Res (Lausanne) 2024; 5:1241015. [PMID: 38601924 PMCID: PMC11004280 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1241015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Specific Aim Provide an overview of the literature addressing major areas pertinent to pain in transgender persons and to identify areas of primary relevance for future research. Methods A team of scholars that have previously published on different areas of related research met periodically though zoom conferencing between April 2021 and February 2023 to discuss relevant literature with the goal of providing an overview on the incidence, phenotype, and mechanisms of pain in transgender patients. Review sections were written after gathering information from systematic literature searches of published or publicly available electronic literature to be compiled for publication as part of a topical series on gender and pain in the Frontiers in Pain Research. Results While transgender individuals represent a significant and increasingly visible component of the population, many researchers and clinicians are not well informed about the diversity in gender identity, physiology, hormonal status, and gender-affirming medical procedures utilized by transgender and other gender diverse patients. Transgender and cisgender people present with many of the same medical concerns, but research and treatment of these medical needs must reflect an appreciation of how differences in sex, gender, gender-affirming medical procedures, and minoritized status impact pain. Conclusions While significant advances have occurred in our appreciation of pain, the review indicates the need to support more targeted research on treatment and prevention of pain in transgender individuals. This is particularly relevant both for gender-affirming medical interventions and related medical care. Of particular importance is the need for large long-term follow-up studies to ascertain best practices for such procedures. A multi-disciplinary approach with personalized interventions is of particular importance to move forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T. Anger
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Laura K. Case
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Andrew P. Baranowski
- Pelvic Pain Medicine and Neuromodulation, University College Hospital Foundation Trust, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ardin Berger
- Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca M. Craft
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Lyn Ann Damitz
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rodney Gabriel
- Division of Regional Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tracy Harrison
- Department of OB/GYN & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kirsten Kaptein
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Anne Z. Murphy
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Engy Said
- Division of Regional Anesthesia, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Stacey Abigail Smith
- Division of Infection Disease, The Hope Clinic of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David A. Thomas
- Office of Research on Women's Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maria del C. Valdés Hernández
- Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Trasvina
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ursula Wesselmann
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine/Division of Pain Medicine, Neurology and Psychology, and Consortium for Neuroengineering and Brain-Computer Interfaces, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pisansky AJB, MacDougall BJ, Ross EL, Chi JH, Neville G, Yaksh TL. Catheter Tip-Associated Mass With Continuous Infusion of Sufentanil for Persistent Spinal Pain Syndrome Type 2: A Case Report Including Histopathologic Examination and Review of the Associated Basic and Clinical Research. Neuromodulation 2024:S1094-7159(24)00031-X. [PMID: 38441505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intrathecal opioids delivered by implanted pumps are used to treat malignant or nonmalignant chronic pain. In this study, we 1) review a case in which intrathecal infusions of sufentanil along with other adjuvants were used and after an extended period led to an intrathecal mass and 2) compared and contrasted the potential mechanisms for these phenomena. MATERIALS AND METHODS A woman aged 66 years with a history of scoliosis and multiple spine surgeries was treated with an implantable drug delivery system for treating persistent pain after laminectomy. The patient received intrathecal medication comprising sufentanil, bupivacaine, and clonidine. RESULTS Intrathecal therapy over approximately ten years served to reduce pain and improve function over the treatment period. After the extended treatment interval, the patient developed an intrathecal mass that was associated with impairment. The mass was surgically removed. Systematic histopathology revealed the space-occupying mass to largely comprise fibroblasts and some inflammatory cells embedded in a collagen mass located proximally to the catheter tip. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first published case report of sufentanil causing this complication. The science and mechanism of intrathecal catheter tip-associated mass formation and associated clinical research correlates are reviewed in detail, and explanations for this phenomenon are proposed based on histochemical analysis of the patient's pathology findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J B Pisansky
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Twin Cities Pain Clinic, Edina, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin J MacDougall
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Edgar L Ross
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H Chi
- Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grace Neville
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lund H, Hunt MA, Kurtović Z, Sandor K, Kägy PB, Fereydouni N, Julien A, Göritz C, Vazquez-Liebanas E, Andaloussi Mäe M, Jurczak A, Han J, Zhu K, Harris RA, Lampa J, Graversen JH, Etzerodt A, Haglund L, Yaksh TL, Svensson CI. CD163+ macrophages monitor enhanced permeability at the blood-dorsal root ganglion barrier. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230675. [PMID: 38117255 PMCID: PMC10733632 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In dorsal root ganglia (DRG), macrophages reside close to sensory neurons and have largely been explored in the context of pain, nerve injury, and repair. However, we discovered that most DRG macrophages interact with and monitor the vasculature by sampling macromolecules from the blood. Characterization of the DRG vasculature revealed a specialized endothelial bed that transformed in molecular, structural, and permeability properties along the arteriovenous axis and was covered by macrophage-interacting pericytes and fibroblasts. Macrophage phagocytosis spatially aligned with peak endothelial permeability, a process regulated by enhanced caveolar transcytosis in endothelial cells. Profiling the DRG immune landscape revealed two subsets of perivascular macrophages with distinct transcriptome, turnover, and function. CD163+ macrophages self-maintained locally, specifically participated in vasculature monitoring, displayed distinct responses during peripheral inflammation, and were conserved in mouse and man. Our work provides a molecular explanation for the permeability of the blood-DRG barrier and identifies an unappreciated role of macrophages as integral components of the DRG-neurovascular unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Lund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew A. Hunt
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zerina Kurtović
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Kancera AB, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katalin Sandor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul B. Kägy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noah Fereydouni
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anais Julien
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Göritz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisa Vazquez-Liebanas
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maarja Andaloussi Mäe
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Jurczak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Keying Zhu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A. Harris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon Lampa
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Etzerodt
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisbet Haglund
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Camilla I. Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hunt MA, Hunt SAC, Edinger K, Steinauer J, Yaksh TL. Refinement of intrathecal catheter design to enhance neuraxial distribution. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 402:110006. [PMID: 37967672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.110006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delivery of therapeutics via indwelling intrathecal catheters is highly efficacious for targeting of pain, spasticity, neuraxial cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. However, current catheter designs have some major limitations. Given limited CSF flow, fixed intrathecal volume and the large distance of the rostro-caudal spinal axis, current intrathecal delivery routes fail to achieve adequate drug distribution. Additionally open catheter systems are plagued with cellular ingrowth and debris accumulation if used intermittently. NEW METHOD RESULTS/COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S): High speed imaging showed micro-valve catheters greatly increase fluid exit velocities compared to typical open-ended catheters, which prevents pooling of injectate proximal to the opening. When implanted intrathecally in rats, small injection volumes (7.5 μL) of dye or AAV9-RFP, resulted in an even rostro-caudal distribution along the spinal axis and robust transfection of neurons from cervical to lumbar dorsal root ganglia. In contrast, such injections with an open-ended catheter resulted in localized distribution and transfection proximal to the delivery site. Our poly micro-valve catheter design resulted in equivalent transfection rates of cervical DRG neurons using 100x lower titer of AAV9-RFP. Unlike open port catheters, no debris accumulation was observed in the lumen of implanted catheters, showing potential for long-term intermittent use. CONCLUSIONS This catheter platform, suitable for small animal models is easily scalable for human use and addresses many of the problems observed with common catheter systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Hunt
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Sara A C Hunt
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Kelly Edinger
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Joanne Steinauer
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lubejko ST, Livrizzi G, Patel J, Yung JC, Yaksh TL, Banghart MR. Inputs to the locus coeruleus from the periaqueductal gray and rostroventral medulla shape opioid-mediated descending pain modulation. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.10.561768. [PMID: 37873091 PMCID: PMC10592708 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.10.561768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The supraspinal descending pain modulatory system (DPMS) shapes pain perception via monoaminergic modulation of sensory information in the spinal cord. However, the role and synaptic mechanisms of descending noradrenergic signaling remain unclear. Here, we establish that noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) are essential for supraspinal opioid antinociception. Unexpectedly, given prior emphasis on descending serotonergic pathways, we find that opioid antinociception is primarily driven by excitatory output from the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) to the LC. Furthermore, we identify a previously unknown opioid-sensitive inhibitory input from the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM), the suppression of which disinhibits LC neurons to drive spinal noradrenergic antinociception. We also report the presence of prominent bifurcating outputs from the vlPAG to the LC and the RVM. Our findings significantly revise current models of the DPMS and establish a novel supraspinal antinociceptive pathway that may contribute to multiple forms of descending pain modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan T. Lubejko
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Giulia Livrizzi
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Janki Patel
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jean C. Yung
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Matthew R. Banghart
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Navia-Pelaez JM, Lemes JBP, Gonzalez L, Delay L, dos Santos Aggum Capettini L, Lu JW, Dos Santos GG, Gregus AM, Dougherty PM, Yaksh TL, Miller YI. AIBP regulates TRPV1 activation in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy by controlling lipid raft dynamics and proximity to TLR4 in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Pain 2023; 164:e274-e285. [PMID: 36719418 PMCID: PMC10182209 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nociceptive afferent signaling evoked by inflammation and nerve injury is mediated by the opening of ligand-gated and voltage-gated receptors or channels localized to cholesterol-rich lipid raft membrane domains. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptors express high levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which also localize to lipid rafts. Genetic deletion or pharmacologic blocking of TLR4 diminishes pain associated with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). In DRGs of mice with paclitaxel-induced CIPN, we analyzed DRG neuronal lipid rafts, expression of TLR4, activation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), and TLR4-TRPV1 interaction. Using proximity ligation assay, flow cytometry, and whole-mount DRG microscopy, we found that CIPN increased DRG neuronal lipid rafts and TLR4 expression. These effects were reversed by intrathecal injection of apolipoprotein A-I binding protein (AIBP), a protein that binds to TLR4 and specifically targets cholesterol depletion from TLR4-expressing cells. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy increased TRPV1 phosphorylation, localization to neuronal lipid rafts, and proximity to TLR4. These effects were also reversed by AIBP treatment. Regulation of TRPV1-TLR4 interactions and their associated lipid rafts by AIBP covaried with the enduring reversal of mechanical allodynia otherwise observed in CIPN. In addition, AIBP reduced intracellular calcium in response to the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin, which was increased in DRG neurons from paclitaxel-treated mice and in the naïve mouse DRG neurons incubated in vitro with paclitaxel. Together, these results suggest that the assembly of nociceptive and inflammatory receptors in the environment of lipid rafts regulates nociceptive signaling in DRG neurons and that AIBP can control lipid raft-associated nociceptive processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Borges Paes Lemes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Leonardo Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lauriane Delay
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Jenny W. Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Ann M. Gregus
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Patrick M. Dougherty
- Departments of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yury I. Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yaksh TL, Santos GGD, Borges Paes Lemes J, Malange K. Neuraxial drug delivery in pain management: An overview of past, present, and future. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2023; 37:243-265. [PMID: 37321769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Activation of neuraxial nociceptive linkages leads to a high level of encoding of the message that is transmitted to the brain and that can initiate a pain state with its attendant emotive covariates. As we review here, the encoding of this message is subject to a profound regulation by pharmacological targeting of dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn systems. Though first shown with the robust and selective modulation by spinal opiates, subsequent work has revealed the pharmacological and biological complexity of these neuraxial systems and points to several regulatory targets. Novel therapeutic delivery platforms, such as viral transfection, antisense and targeted neurotoxins, point to disease-modifying approaches that can selectively address the acute and chronic pain phenotype. Further developments are called for in delivery devices to enhance local distribution and to minimize concentration gradients, as frequently occurs with the poorly mixed intrathecal space. The field has advanced remarkably since the mid-1970s, but these advances must always address the issues of safety and tolerability of neuraxial therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology University of California, San Diego, San Diego CA, 92103, USA.
| | | | | | - Kaue Malange
- Department of Anesthesiology University of California, San Diego, San Diego CA, 92103, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
De Andres J, Hayek S, Perruchoud C, Lawrence MM, Reina MA, De Andres-Serrano C, Rubio-Haro R, Hunt M, Yaksh TL. Corrigendum: Intrathecal drug delivery: Advances and applications in the management of chronic pain patient. Front Pain Res (Lausanne) 2023; 4:1190014. [PMID: 37113213 PMCID: PMC10128988 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1190014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.900566.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose De Andres
- Surgical Specialties Department, Valencia University Medical School, Valencia, Spain
- Anesthesia Critical Care and Pain Management Department, Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: Jose De Andres
| | - Salim Hayek
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Christophe Perruchoud
- Pain Center and Department of Anesthesia, La Tour Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melinda M. Lawrence
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Miguel Angel Reina
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montepríncipe University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- CEU-San-Pablo University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ruben Rubio-Haro
- Anesthesia and Pain Management Department, Provincial Hospital, Castellon, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Pain Clinic, Vithas Virgen del Consuelo Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mathew Hunt
- Department of Physiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Malange KF, Navia-Pelaez JM, Dias EV, Lemes JBP, Choi SH, Dos Santos GG, Yaksh TL, Corr M. Macrophages and glial cells: Innate immune drivers of inflammatory arthritic pain perception from peripheral joints to the central nervous system. Front Pain Res (Lausanne) 2022; 3:1018800. [PMID: 36387416 PMCID: PMC9644179 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1018800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people suffer from arthritis worldwide, consistently struggling with daily activities due to debilitating pain evoked by this disease. Perhaps the most intensively investigated type of inflammatory arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis (RA), where, despite considerable advances in research and clinical management, gaps regarding the neuroimmune interactions that guide inflammation and chronic pain in this disease remain to be clarified. The pain and inflammation associated with arthritis are not isolated to the joints, and inflammatory mechanisms induced by different immune and glial cells in other tissues may affect the development of chronic pain that results from the disease. This review aims to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art research on the roles that innate immune, and glial cells play in the onset and maintenance of arthritis-associated pain, reviewing nociceptive pathways from the joint through the dorsal root ganglion, spinal circuits, and different structures in the brain. We will focus on the cellular mechanisms related to neuroinflammation and pain, and treatments targeting these mechanisms from the periphery and the CNS. A comprehensive understanding of the role these cells play in peripheral inflammation and initiation of pain and the central pathways in the spinal cord and brain will facilitate identifying new targets and pathways to aide in developing therapeutic strategies to treat joint pain associated with RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaue Franco Malange
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Elayne Vieira Dias
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Soo-Ho Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Avansini SH, Puppo F, Adams JW, Vieira AS, Coan AC, Rogerio F, Torres FR, Araújo PAOR, Martin M, Montenegro MA, Yasuda CL, Tedeschi H, Ghizoni E, França AFEC, Alvim MKM, Athié MC, Rocha CS, Almeida VS, Dias EV, Delay L, Molina E, Yaksh TL, Cendes F, Lopes Cendes I, Muotri AR. Junctional instability in neuroepithelium and network hyperexcitability in a focal cortical dysplasia human model. Brain 2022; 145:1962-1977. [PMID: 34957478 PMCID: PMC9336577 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia is a highly epileptogenic cortical malformation with few treatment options. Here, we generated human cortical organoids from patients with focal cortical dysplasia type II. Using this human model, we mimicked some focal cortical dysplasia hallmarks, such as impaired cell proliferation, the presence of dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells, and neuronal network hyperexcitability. Furthermore, we observed alterations in the adherens junctions zonula occludens-1 and partitioning defective 3, reduced polarization of the actin cytoskeleton, and fewer synaptic puncta. Focal cortical dysplasia cortical organoids showed downregulation of the small GTPase RHOA, a finding that was confirmed in brain tissue resected from these patients. Functionally, both spontaneous and optogenetically-evoked electrical activity revealed hyperexcitability and enhanced network connectivity in focal cortical dysplasia organoids. Taken together, our findings suggest a ventricular zone instability in tissue cohesion of neuroepithelial cells, leading to a maturational arrest of progenitors or newborn neurons, which may predispose to cellular and functional immaturity and compromise the formation of neural networks in focal cortical dysplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simoni H Avansini
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital-San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Francesca Puppo
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital-San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jason W Adams
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital-San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andre S Vieira
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Ana C Coan
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Fabio Rogerio
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Fabio R Torres
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Patricia A O R Araújo
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Mariana Martin
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Maria A Montenegro
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Clarissa L Yasuda
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Helder Tedeschi
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Enrico Ghizoni
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Andréa F E C França
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Marina K M Alvim
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Maria C Athié
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Cristiane S Rocha
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Vanessa S Almeida
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Elayne V Dias
- Department of Anesthesiology/Medical Center Hillcrest, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, Hillcrest, CA 92103, USA
| | - Lauriane Delay
- Department of Anesthesiology/Medical Center Hillcrest, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, Hillcrest, CA 92103, USA
| | - Elsa Molina
- Stem Cell Genomics and Microscopy Core, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology/Medical Center Hillcrest, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, Hillcrest, CA 92103, USA
| | - Fernando Cendes
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Iscia Lopes Cendes
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital-San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, Archealization Center (ArchC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
De Andres J, Hayek S, Perruchoud C, Lawrence MM, Reina MA, De Andres-Serrano C, Rubio-Haro R, Hunt M, Yaksh TL. Intrathecal Drug Delivery: Advances and Applications in the Management of Chronic Pain Patient. Front Pain Res 2022; 3:900566. [PMID: 35782225 PMCID: PMC9246706 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.900566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of the biology of spinal systems in organizing and defining the content of exteroceptive information upon which higher centers define the state of the organism and its role in the regulation of somatic and automatic output, defining the motor response of the organism, along with the unique biology and spatial organization of this space, have resulted in an increased focus on therapeutics targeted at this extracranial neuraxial space. Intrathecal (IT) drug delivery systems (IDDS) are well-established as an effective therapeutic approach to patients with chronic non-malignant or malignant pain and as a tool for management of patients with severe spasticity and to deliver therapeutics that address a myriad of spinal pathologies. The risk to benefit ratio of IDD makes it a useful interventional approach. While not without risks, this approach has a significant therapeutic safety margin when employed using drugs with a validated safety profile and by skilled practioners. The present review addresses current advances in our understanding of the biology and dynamics of the intrathecal space, therapeutic platforms, novel therapeutics, delivery technology, issues of safety and rational implementation of its therapy, with a particular emphasis upon the management of pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose De Andres
- Surgical Specialties Department, Valencia University Medical School, Valencia, Spain
- Anesthesia Critical Care and Pain Management Department, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jose De Andres
| | - Salim Hayek
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Christophe Perruchoud
- Pain Center and Department of Anesthesia, La Tour Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melinda M. Lawrence
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Miguel Angel Reina
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montepríncipe University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- CEU-San-Pablo University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ruben Rubio-Haro
- Anesthesia and Pain Management Department, Provincial Hospital, Castellon, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Pain Clinic, Vithas Virgen del Consuelo Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mathew Hunt
- Department of Physiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee HJ, Remacle AG, Hullugundi SK, Dolkas J, Leung JB, Chernov AV, Yaksh TL, Strongin AY, Shubayev VI. Sex-Specific B Cell and Anti-Myelin Autoantibody Response After Peripheral Nerve Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:835800. [PMID: 35496906 PMCID: PMC9050049 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.835800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy holds promise as a non-addictive treatment of refractory chronic pain states. Increasingly, sex is recognized to impact immune regulation of pain states, including mechanical allodynia (pain from non-painful stimulation) that follows peripheral nerve trauma. This study aims to assess the role of B cells in sex-specific responses to peripheral nerve trauma. Using a rat model of sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI), we analyzed sex differences in (i) the release of the immunodominant neural epitopes of myelin basic protein (MBP); (ii) the levels of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM)/immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibodies against the MBP epitopes; (iii) endoneurial B cell/CD20 levels; and (iv) mechanical sensitivity behavior after B cell/CD20 targeting with intravenous (IV) Rituximab (RTX) and control, IV immunoglobulin (IVIG), therapy. The persistent MBP epitope release in CCI nerves of both sexes was accompanied by the serum anti-MBP IgM autoantibody in female CCI rats alone. IV RTX therapy during CD20-reactive cell infiltration of nerves of both sexes reduced mechanical allodynia in females but not in males. IVIG and vehicle treatments had no effect in either sex. These findings provide strong evidence for sexual dimorphism in B-cell function after peripheral nervous system (PNS) trauma and autoimmune pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, potentially amenable to immunotherapeutic intervention, particularly in females. A myelin-targeted serum autoantibody may serve as a biomarker of such painful states. This insight into the biological basis of sex-specific response to neuraxial injury will help personalize regenerative and analgesic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jong Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Albert G. Remacle
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Swathi K. Hullugundi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Dolkas
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jake B. Leung
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Andrei V. Chernov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alex Y. Strongin
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Veronica I. Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Veronica I. Shubayev,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hunt MA, Lund H, Delay L, Dos Santos GG, Pham A, Kurtovic Z, Telang A, Lee A, Parvathaneni A, Kussick E, Corr M, Yaksh TL. DRGquant: A new modular AI-based pipeline for 3D analysis of the DRG. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 371:109497. [PMID: 35181343 PMCID: PMC10644910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is structurally complex and pivotal to systems processing nociception. Whole mount analysis allows examination of intricate microarchitectural and cellular relationships of the DRG in three-dimensional (3D) space. NEW METHOD We present DRGquant a set of tools and techniques optimized as a pipeline for automated image analysis and reconstruction of cells/structures within the DRG. We have developed an open source software pipeline that utilizes machine learning to identify substructures within the DRG and reliably classify and quantify them. RESULTS Our methods were sufficiently sensitive to isolate, analyze, and classify individual DRG substructures including macrophages. The activation of macrophages was visualized and quantified in the DRG following intrathecal injection of lipopolysaccharide, and in a model of chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy. The percent volume of infiltrating macrophages was similar to a commercial source in quantification. Circulating fluorescent dextran was visualized within DRG macrophages using whole mount preparations, which enabled 3D reconstruction of the DRG and DRGquant demonstrated subcellular spatial resolution within individual macrophages. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Here we describe a reliable and efficient methodologic pipeline to prepare cleared and whole mount DRG tissue. DRGquant allows automated image analysis without tedious manual gating to reduce bias. The quantitation of DRG macrophages was superior to commercial solutions. CONCLUSIONS Using machine learning to separate signal from noise and identify individual cells, DRGquant enabled us to isolate individual structures or areas of interest within the DRG for a more granular and fine-tuned analysis. Using these 3D techniques, we are better able to appreciate the biology of the DRG under experimental inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Hunt
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Harald Lund
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lauriane Delay
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Gilson Goncalves Dos Santos
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Albert Pham
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Zerina Kurtovic
- Department of Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Aditya Telang
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Adam Lee
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Akhil Parvathaneni
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Emily Kussick
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Walker SM, Malkmus S, Eddinger K, Steinauer J, Roberts AJ, Shubayev VI, Grafe MR, Powell SB, Yaksh TL. Evaluation of neurotoxicity and long-term function and behavior following intrathecal 1 % 2-chloroprocaine in juvenile rats. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:155-167. [PMID: 34801587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Spinally-administered local anesthetics provide effective perioperative anesthesia and/or analgesia for children of all ages. New preparations and drugs require preclinical safety testing in developmental models. We evaluated age-dependent efficacy and safety following 1 % preservative-free 2-chloroprocaine (2-CP) in juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats. Percutaneous lumbar intrathecal 2-CP was administered at postnatal day (P)7, 14 or 21. Mechanical withdrawal threshold pre- and post-injection evaluated the degree and duration of sensory block, compared to intrathecal saline and naive controls. Tissue analyses one- or seven-days following injection included histopathology of spinal cord, cauda equina and brain sections, and quantification of neuronal apoptosis and glial reactivity in lumbar spinal cord. Following intrathecal 2-CP or saline at P7, outcomes assessed between P30 and P72 included: spinal reflex sensitivity (hindlimb thermal latency, mechanical threshold); social approach (novel rat versus object); locomotor activity and anxiety (open field with brightly-lit center); exploratory behavior (rearings, holepoking); sensorimotor gating (acoustic startle, prepulse inhibition); and learning (Morris Water Maze). Maximum tolerated doses of intrathecal 2-CP varied with age (1.0 μL/g at P7, 0.75 μL/g at P14, 0.5 μL/g at P21) and produced motor and sensory block for 10-15 min. Tissue analyses found no significant differences across intrathecal 2-CP, saline or naïve groups. Adult behavioral measures showed expected sex-dependent differences, that did not differ between 2-CP and saline groups. Single maximum tolerated in vivo doses of intrathecal 2-CP produced reversible spinal anesthesia in juvenile rodents without detectable evidence of developmental neurotoxicity. Current results cannot be extrapolated to repeated dosing or prolonged infusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suellen M Walker
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA; Developmental Neurosciences Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Great Ormond St Hospital Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Shelle Malkmus
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Eddinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joanne Steinauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Animal Models Core, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Veronica I Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marjorie R Grafe
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Susan B Powell
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sanghvi C, Su T, Yaksh TL, Copenhaver DJ, Klineberg EO, Jung MJ. Severe altered mentation due to cervicothoracic intrathecal pump after correction of cervical stenosis: a case report. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2021; 46:1100-1102. [PMID: 34489354 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2021-103041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) dynamics are complex and changes in spinal anatomy may influence the rostrocaudal movement of intrathecal medications. We present the first reported case demonstrating that acute cervical spinal stenosis may impede the distribution of adjacent intrathecal medications, and that correction of such stenosis and the resulting changes in CSF flow may necessitate significant adjustments in the intrathecal infusates. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case of a 60-year-old male patient with a cervicothoracic intrathecal pump (ITP) infusing morphine, bupivacaine, and baclofen for chronic neck pain. The alert and oriented patient had a recent fall resulting in an acute severe cervical stenosis and cord compression which required urgent surgical decompression. Postoperatively, after the cervical decompression, the patient had significant altered mental status requiring a naloxone infusion. Multiple attempts to reduce the naloxone infusion were initially not successful due to worsened somnolence. The previously tolerated ITP medications were continuously reduced over the next 14 days, allowing concomitant decrease and eventual cessation of the naloxone infusion while maintaining patient mental status. The only opioids the patient received during this period were from the ITP. CONCLUSIONS This case presents clinical evidence that severe spinal stenosis may impede the rostral CSF distribution of intrathecal medications. Intrathecal medications previously tolerated by patients prior to decompression may need to be significantly reduced in the postoperative period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinar Sanghvi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Tiffany Su
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David J Copenhaver
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Eric O Klineberg
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Michael J Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gregus AM, Levine IS, Eddinger KA, Yaksh TL, Buczynski MW. Sex differences in neuroimmune and glial mechanisms of pain. Pain 2021; 162:2186-2200. [PMID: 34256379 PMCID: PMC8277970 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pain is the primary motivation for seeking medical care. Although pain may subside as inflammation resolves or an injury heals, it is increasingly evident that persistency of the pain state can occur with significant regularity. Chronic pain requires aggressive management to minimize its physiological consequences and diminish its impact on quality of life. Although opioids commonly are prescribed for intractable pain, concerns regarding reduced efficacy, as well as risks of tolerance and dependence, misuse, diversion, and overdose mortality rates limit their utility. Advances in development of nonopioid interventions hinge on our appreciation of underlying mechanisms of pain hypersensitivity. For instance, the contributory role of immunity and the associated presence of autoimmune syndromes has become of particular interest. Males and females exhibit fundamental differences in innate and adaptive immune responses, some of which are present throughout life, whereas others manifest with reproductive maturation. In general, the incidence of chronic pain conditions, particularly those with likely autoimmune covariates, is significantly higher in women. Accordingly, evidence is now accruing in support of neuroimmune interactions driving sex differences in the development and maintenance of pain hypersensitivity and chronicity. This review highlights known sexual dimorphisms of neuroimmune signaling in pain states modeled in rodents, which may yield potential high-value sex-specific targets to inform future analgesic drug discovery efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Gregus
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ian S Levine
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Tony L Yaksh
- Departments of Anesthesiology and
- Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Matthew W Buczynski
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Navia-Pelaez JM, Choi SH, Dos Santos Aggum Capettini L, Xia Y, Gonen A, Agatisa-Boyle C, Delay L, Gonçalves Dos Santos G, Catroli GF, Kim J, Lu JW, Saylor B, Winkels H, Durant CP, Ghosheh Y, Beaton G, Ley K, Kufareva I, Corr M, Yaksh TL, Miller YI. Normalization of cholesterol metabolism in spinal microglia alleviates neuropathic pain. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212084. [PMID: 33970188 PMCID: PMC8111462 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a major component in the transition to and perpetuation of neuropathic pain states. Spinal neuroinflammation involves activation of TLR4, localized to enlarged, cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts, designated here as inflammarafts. Conditional deletion of cholesterol transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 in microglia, leading to inflammaraft formation, induced tactile allodynia in naive mice. The apoA-I binding protein (AIBP) facilitated cholesterol depletion from inflammarafts and reversed neuropathic pain in a model of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in wild-type mice, but AIBP failed to reverse allodynia in mice with ABCA1/ABCG1–deficient microglia, suggesting a cholesterol-dependent mechanism. An AIBP mutant lacking the TLR4-binding domain did not bind microglia or reverse CIPN allodynia. The long-lasting therapeutic effect of a single AIBP dose in CIPN was associated with anti-inflammatory and cholesterol metabolism reprogramming and reduced accumulation of lipid droplets in microglia. These results suggest a cholesterol-driven mechanism of regulation of neuropathic pain by controlling the TLR4 inflammarafts and gene expression program in microglia and blocking the perpetuation of neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soo-Ho Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Yining Xia
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ayelet Gonen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Lauriane Delay
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jenny W Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Benjamin Saylor
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yury I Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Moreno AM, Alemán F, Catroli GF, Hunt M, Hu M, Dailamy A, Pla A, Woller SA, Palmer N, Parekh U, McDonald D, Roberts AJ, Goodwill V, Dryden I, Hevner RF, Delay L, Gonçalves Dos Santos G, Yaksh TL, Mali P. Long-lasting analgesia via targeted in situ repression of Na V1.7 in mice. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eaay9056. [PMID: 33692134 PMCID: PMC8830379 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay9056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for chronic pain rely largely on opioids despite their substantial side effects and risk of addiction. Genetic studies have identified in humans key targets pivotal to nociceptive processing. In particular, a hereditary loss-of-function mutation in NaV1.7, a sodium channel protein associated with signaling in nociceptive sensory afferents, leads to insensitivity to pain without other neurodevelopmental alterations. However, the high sequence and structural similarity between NaV subtypes has frustrated efforts to develop selective inhibitors. Here, we investigated targeted epigenetic repression of NaV1.7 in primary afferents via epigenome engineering approaches based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-dCas9 and zinc finger proteins at the spinal level as a potential treatment for chronic pain. Toward this end, we first optimized the efficiency of NaV1.7 repression in vitro in Neuro2A cells and then, by the lumbar intrathecal route, delivered both epigenome engineering platforms via adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) to assess their effects in three mouse models of pain: carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain, paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain, and BzATP-induced pain. Our results show effective repression of NaV1.7 in lumbar dorsal root ganglia, reduced thermal hyperalgesia in the inflammatory state, decreased tactile allodynia in the neuropathic state, and no changes in normal motor function in mice. We anticipate that this long-lasting analgesia via targeted in vivo epigenetic repression of NaV1.7 methodology we dub pain LATER, might have therapeutic potential in management of persistent pain states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Moreno
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fernando Alemán
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Glaucilene F Catroli
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew Hunt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amir Dailamy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew Pla
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sarah A Woller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nathan Palmer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Udit Parekh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniella McDonald
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Animal Models Core, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vanessa Goodwill
- Department of Neuropathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ian Dryden
- Department of Neuropathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Neuropathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lauriane Delay
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Prashant Mali
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Delay L, Gonçalves Dos Santos G, Dias EV, Yaksh TL, Corr M. Sexual Dimorphism in the Expression of Pain Phenotype in Preclinical Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2021; 47:245-264. [PMID: 33781493 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is one of most frequent rheumatic diseases, affecting around 1% of the population worldwide. Pain impacting the quality of life for the patient with rheumatoid arthritis, is often the primary factor leading them to seek medical care. Although sex-related differences in humans and animal models of rheumatoid arthritis are described, the correlation between pain and sex in rheumatoid arthritis has only recently been directly examined. Here we review the literature and explore the mechanisms underlying the expression of the pain phenotype in females and males in preclinical models of rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Delay
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | | | - Elayne Vieira Dias
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maripat Corr
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Ramachandran R, Thompson SK, Malkmus S, Gupta S, Mieda T, Lin JH, Yaksh TL. Topical Application of ASN008, a Permanently-charged Sodium Channel Blocker, Shows Robust Efficacy, a Rapid Onset and Long Duration of Action in a Mouse Model of Pruritus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:521-528. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.265074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
25
|
Chernov AV, Hullugundi SK, Eddinger KA, Dolkas J, Remacle AG, Angert M, James BP, Yaksh TL, Strongin AY, Shubayev VI. A myelin basic protein fragment induces sexually dimorphic transcriptome signatures of neuropathic pain in mice. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10807-10821. [PMID: 32532796 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the peripheral nerve, mechanosensitive axons are insulated by myelin, a multilamellar membrane formed by Schwann cells. Here, we offer first evidence that a myelin degradation product induces mechanical hypersensitivity and global transcriptomics changes in a sex-specific manner. Focusing on downstream signaling events of the functionally active 84-104 myelin basic protein (MBP(84-104)) fragment released after nerve injury, we demonstrate that exposing the sciatic nerve to MBP(84-104) via endoneurial injection produces robust mechanical hypersensitivity in female, but not in male, mice. RNA-seq and systems biology analysis revealed a striking sexual dimorphism in molecular signatures of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord response, not observed at the nerve injection site. Mechanistically, intra-sciatic MBP(84-104) induced phospholipase C (PLC)-driven (females) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase-driven (males) phospholipid metabolism (tier 1). PLC/inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) and estrogen receptor co-regulation in spinal cord yielded Ca2+-dependent nociceptive signaling induction in females that was suppressed in males (tier 2). IP3R inactivation by intrathecal xestospongin C attenuated the female-specific hypersensitivity induced by MBP(84-104). According to sustained sensitization in tiers 1 and 2, T cell-related signaling spreads to the DRG and spinal cord in females, but remains localized to the sciatic nerve in males (tier 3). These results are consistent with our previous finding that MBP(84-104)-induced pain is T cell-dependent. In summary, an autoantigenic peptide endogenously released in nerve injury triggers multisite, sex-specific transcriptome changes, leading to neuropathic pain only in female mice. MBP(84-104) acts through sustained co-activation of metabolic, estrogen receptor-mediated nociceptive, and autoimmune signaling programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Chernov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA .,Infectious & Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Swathi K Hullugundi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kelly A Eddinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Dolkas
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Albert G Remacle
- Infectious & Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mila Angert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brian P James
- Infectious & Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alex Y Strongin
- Infectious & Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Veronica I Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA .,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Miller YI, Navia-Pelaez JM, Corr M, Yaksh TL. Lipid rafts in glial cells: role in neuroinflammation and pain processing. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:655-666. [PMID: 31862695 PMCID: PMC7193960 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr119000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of microglia and astrocytes secondary to inflammatory processes contributes to the development and perpetuation of pain with a neuropathic phenotype. This pain state presents as a chronic debilitating condition and affects a large population of patients with conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes, or after surgery, trauma, or chemotherapy. Here, we review the regulation of lipid rafts in glial cells and the role they play as a key component of neuroinflammatory sensitization of central pain signaling pathways. In this context, we introduce the concept of an inflammaraft (i-raft), enlarged lipid rafts harboring activated receptors and adaptor molecules and serving as an organizing platform to initiate inflammatory signaling and the cellular response. Characteristics of the inflammaraft include increased relative abundance of lipid rafts in inflammatory cells, increased content of cholesterol per raft, and increased levels of inflammatory receptors, such as toll-like receptor (TLR)4, adaptor molecules, ion channels, and enzymes in lipid rafts. This inflammaraft motif serves an important role in the membrane assembly of protein complexes, for example, TLR4 dimerization. Operating within this framework, we demonstrate the involvement of inflammatory receptors, redox molecules, and ion channels in the inflammaraft formation and the regulation of cholesterol and sphingolipid metabolism in the inflammaraft maintenance and disruption. Strategies for targeting inflammarafts, without affecting the integrity of lipid rafts in noninflammatory cells, may lead to developing novel therapies for neuropathic pain states and other neuroinflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yury I Miller
- Departments of MedicineUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA. mailto:
| | | | - Maripat Corr
- Departments of MedicineUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Anesthesiology,University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Unger MD, Pleticha J, Steinauer J, Kanwar R, Diehn F, LaVallee KT, Banck MS, Jones B, Yaksh TL, Maus TP, Beutler AS. Unilateral Epidural Targeting of Resiniferatoxin Induces Bilateral Neurolysis of Spinal Nociceptive Afferents. Pain Med 2020; 20:897-906. [PMID: 30590777 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study modeled image-guided epidural drug delivery to test whether intraprocedural distribution of pre-injected contrast reliably predicts the neuroanatomical reach of resiniferatoxin-mediated nociceptive neurolysis. METHODS Swine (N = 12) received unilateral L4-S2 computed tomography fluoroscopy injections by a blinded neuroradiologist; 0.25 mL of contrast was pre-injected to confirm dorsal periganglionic targeting, followed by a 0.5-mL injection of 5 µg of resiniferatoxin/Tween80 or vehicle control. Epidural contrast distribution was graded according to maximum medial excursion. Spinal cord substance P immunostaining quantified the magnitude and anatomical range of resiniferatoxin activity. RESULTS Periganglionic injection was well tolerated by all animals without development of neurological deficits or other complications. Swine were a suitable model of human clinical spinal intervention. The transforaminal approach was used at all L4 and 50% of L5 segments; the remaining segments were approached by the interlaminar route. All injections were successful with unilateral contrast distribution for all resiniferatoxin injections (N = 28). Immunohistochemistry showed bilateral ablation of substance P+ fibers entering the spinal cord of all resiniferatoxin-treated segments. The intensity of substance P immunostaining in treated segments fell below the lower 99% confidence interval of controls, defining the knockout phenotype. Substance P knockout occurred over a narrow range and was uncorrelated to the anatomical distribution of pre-injected contrast. CONCLUSIONS Periganglionic resiniferatoxin/Tween80 induced bilateral ablation of spinal cord substance P despite exclusively unilateral targeting. These data suggest that the location of pre-injected contrast is an imperfect surrogate for the neuroanatomical range of drugs delivered to the dorsal epidural compartment that may fail to predict contralateral drug effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Unger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Josef Pleticha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joanne Steinauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rahul Kanwar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Felix Diehn
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katherine T LaVallee
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Comparative Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michaela S Banck
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bryan Jones
- Sorrento Therapeutics, Sorrento Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California, USA.,Present affiliation: Sollis Therapeutics, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Timothy P Maus
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andreas S Beutler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
A high-intensity potentially tissue-injuring stimulus generates a homotopic response to escape the stimulus and is associated with an affective phenotype considered to represent pain. In the face of tissue or nerve injury, the afferent encoding systems display robust changes in the input–output function, leading to an ongoing sensation reported as painful and sensitization of the nociceptors such that an enhanced pain state is reported for a given somatic or visceral stimulus. Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this non-linear processing of nociceptive stimuli has led to our appreciation of the role played by the functional interactions of neural and immune signaling systems in pain phenotypes. In pathological states, neural systems interact with the immune system through the actions of a variety of soluble mediators, including cytokines. Cytokines are recognized as important mediators of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, supporting system sensitization and the development of a persistent pathologic pain. Cytokines can induce a facilitation of nociceptive processing at all levels of the neuraxis including supraspinal centers where nociceptive input evokes an affective component of the pain state. We review here several key proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and explore their underlying actions at four levels of neuronal organization: (1) peripheral nociceptor termini; (2) dorsal root ganglia; (3) spinal cord; and (4) supraspinal areas. Thus, current thinking suggests that cytokines by this action throughout the neuraxis play key roles in the induction of pain and the maintenance of the facilitated states of pain behavior generated by tissue injury/inflammation and nerve injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauriane Delay
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Woller SA, Choi SH, An EJ, Low H, Schneider DA, Ramachandran R, Kim J, Bae YS, Sviridov D, Corr M, Yaksh TL, Miller YI. Inhibition of Neuroinflammation by AIBP: Spinal Effects upon Facilitated Pain States. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2667-2677. [PMID: 29847797 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-I binding protein (AIBP) reduces lipid raft abundance by augmenting the removal of excess cholesterol from the plasma membrane. Here, we report that AIBP prevents and reverses processes associated with neuroinflammatory-mediated spinal nociceptive processing. The mechanism involves AIBP binding to Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and increased binding of AIBP to activated microglia, which mediates selective regulation of lipid rafts in inflammatory cells. AIBP-mediated lipid raft reductions downregulate LPS-induced TLR4 dimerization, inflammatory signaling, and expression of cytokines in microglia. In mice, intrathecal injections of AIBP reduce spinal myeloid cell lipid rafts, TLR4 dimerization, neuroinflammation, and glial activation. Intrathecal AIBP reverses established allodynia in mice in which pain states were induced by the chemotherapeutic cisplatin, intraplantar formalin, or intrathecal LPS, all of which are pro-nociceptive interventions known to be regulated by TLR4 signaling. These findings demonstrate a mechanism by which AIBP regulates neuroinflammation and suggest the therapeutic potential of AIBP in treating preexisting pain states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Woller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Soo-Ho Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eun Jung An
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hann Low
- Department of Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dina A Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roshni Ramachandran
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yun Soo Bae
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dmitri Sviridov
- Department of Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yury I Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kokubu S, Eddinger KA, Yamaguchi S, Huerta-Esquivel LL, Schiller PW, Yaksh TL. Characterization of Analgesic Actions of the Chronic Intrathecal Infusion of H-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2 in Rat. Neuromodulation 2019; 22:781-789. [PMID: 30794333 PMCID: PMC6706328 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES DMT-DALDA (H-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2; Dmt = 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine) is a selective mu opioid agonist. We sought to characterize efficacy, tolerance, dependence and side-effect profile when given by continuous intrathecal infusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were prepared with chronic intrathecal catheters and osmotic mini-pumps to deliver vehicle (saline), DMT-DALDA or morphine. Hind paw thermal escape latencies were assessed. In addition, effects upon intraplantar formalin-evoked flinching and withdrawal after 14 days of infusion were examined. The flare response after intradermal delivery was examined in the canine model. RESULTS 1) Intrathecal infusion of 0.3 to 30 pmol/μL/hour of DMT-DALDA or 37.5 nmol/μL/hour of morphine more than 7 or 14 days resulted in a dose-dependent increase in thermal escape latency. The maximum antinociceptive effect was observed between 1 and 4 days after start of infusion with preserved cornea, blink, placing and stepping. By days 12 to 14, response latencies were below baseline. 2) On days 2 to 4 of DMT-DALDA infusion, the pan opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (Nx), but not the delta-preferring antagonist naltrindole, antagonized the analgesic effects. 3) Assessment of formalin flinching on day 1 following IT DMT-DALDA Infusion showed significant analgesia in phases 1 and 2. On day 6 of infusion there was minimal effect, while on day 13, there was an increase in flinching. 4) On days 7 and 14 of infusion Nx resulted in prominent withdrawal signs indicating dependence and withdrawal. 5) Intradermal morphine and DMT-DALDA both yield a naltrexone-insensitive, cromolyn-sensitive flare in the canine model at similar concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that DMT-DALDA is a potent, spinally active agonist with a propensity to produce tolerance dependence and mast cell degranulation. While it was equiactive to morphine in producing mast cell degranulation, it was >1000 fold more potent in producing analgesia, suggesting a possible lower risk in producing a spinal mass at equianalgesic doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Kokubu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, U.S.A
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kelly A. Eddinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, U.S.A
| | - Shigeki Yamaguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Lena Libertad Huerta-Esquivel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, U.S.A
- Université de Strasbourg, CEDEX Estrasburgo, Alsacia, France
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Peter W. Schiller
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Price TJ, Basbaum AI, Bresnahan J, Chambers JF, De Koninck Y, Edwards RR, Ji RR, Katz J, Kavelaars A, Levine JD, Porter L, Schechter N, Sluka KA, Terman GW, Wager TD, Yaksh TL, Dworkin RH. Transition to chronic pain: opportunities for novel therapeutics. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 19:383-384. [PMID: 29765159 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-018-0012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Allan I Basbaum
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jan F Chambers
- National Fibromyalgia and Chronic Pain Association, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Yves De Koninck
- Laval University & CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Joel Katz
- York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jon D Levine
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda Porter
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Tony L Yaksh
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kokubu S, Eddinger KA, Nguyen TMD, Huerta-Esquivel LL, Yamaguchi S, Schiller PW, Yaksh TL. Characterization of the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal DALDA peptides following bolus intrathecal delivery. Scand J Pain 2019; 19:193-206. [PMID: 30367811 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2018-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims We systematically characterized the potency and side effect profile of a series of small opioid peptides with high affinity for the mu opioid receptor. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were prepared with intrathecal (IT) catheters, assessed with hind paw thermal escape and evaluated for side effects including Straub tail, truncal rigidity, and pinnae and corneal reflexes. In these studies, DMT-DALDA (dDAL) (H-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2 MW=981), dDALc (H-Dmt-Cit-Phe-Lys-NH2 MW=868), dDALcn (H-Dmt-D-Cit-Phe-Nle-NH2 MW=739), TAPP (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Phe-NH2 MW=659), dDAL-TICP ([Dmt1]DALDA-(CH2)2-NH-TICP[psi]; MW=1519), and dDAL-TIPP (H-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-Lys(Nε-TIPP)-NH2 were examined. In separate studies, the effects of approximately equiactive doses of IT DMT DALDA (10 pmol), morphine (30 nmol) and fentanyl (1 nmol) were examined on formalin-induced flinching at different pretreatment intervals (15 min - 24 h). Results (1) All agents resulted in a dose-dependent reversible effect upon motor function (Straub Tail>Truncal rigidity). (2) The ordering of analgesic activity (%MPE) at the highest dose lacking reliable motor signs after bolus delivery was: DMT-DALDA (80%±6/3 pmol); dDALc (75%±8/1 pmol); dDALcn (84%±10/300 pmol); TAPP (56%±12/10 nmol); dDAL-TICP (52%±27/300 pmol). (3) All analgesic effects were reversed by systemic (IP) naloxone (1 mg/kg). Naltrindole (3 mg/kg, IP) had no significant effect upon the maximum usable peptide dose. (4) Tolerance and cross-tolerance development after 5 daily boluses of DMT-DALDA (3 pmol) and morphine (30 nmol) revealed that both agents displayed a progressive decline over 5 days. (5) Cross-tolerance assessed at day 5 revealed a reduction in response to morphine in DMT-DALDA treated animal but not DMT-DALDA in the morphine treated animal, indicating an asymmetric cross-tolerance. (6) IT DMT-DALDA, morphine and fentanyl resulted in significant reductions in phase 1 and phase 2 flinching. With a 15 min pretreatment all drugs resulted in comparable reductions in flinching. However, at 6 h, the reduction in flinching after DMT-DALDA and morphine were comparably reduced while fentanyl was not different from vehicle. All effects on flinching were lost by 24 h. Conclusions These results emphasize the potent mu agonist properties of the DALDA peptidic structure series, their persistence similar to morphine and their propensity to produce tolerance. The asymmetric cross-tolerance between equiactive doses may reflect the relative intrinsic activity of morphine and DMT-DALDA. Implications These results suggest that the DALDA peptides with their potency and duration of action after intrathecal delivery suggest their potential utility for their further development as a spinal therapeutic to manage pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Kokubu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kelly A Eddinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thi M-D Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lena Libertad Huerta-Esquivel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Université de Strasbourg, Alsacia, France.,Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Shigeki Yamaguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Peter W Schiller
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA, Phone: +(619) 543-3597, Fax: +(619) 543-6070
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yaksh TL, Eddinger KA, Kokubu S, Wang Z, DiNardo A, Ramachandran R, Zhu Y, He Y, Weren F, Quang D, Malkmus SA, Lansu K, Kroeze WK, Eliceiri B, Steinauer JJ, Schiller PW, Gmeiner P, Page LM, Hildebrand KR. Mast Cell Degranulation and Fibroblast Activation in the Morphine-induced Spinal Mass: Role of Mas-related G Protein-coupled Receptor Signaling. Anesthesiology 2019; 131:132-147. [PMID: 31225809 PMCID: PMC6590697 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the meningeally derived, fibroblast-rich, mass-produced by intrathecal morphine infusion is not produced by all opiates, but reduced by mast cell stabilizers, the authors hypothesized a role for meningeal mast cell/fibroblast activation. Using the guinea pig, the authors asked: (1) Are intrathecal morphine masses blocked by opiate antagonism?; (2) Do opioid agonists not producing mast cell degranulation or fibroblast activation produce masses?; and (3) Do masses covary with Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor signaling thought to mediate mast cell degranulation? METHODS In adult male guinea pigs (N = 66), lumbar intrathecal catheters connected to osmotic minipumps (14 days; 0.5 µl/h) were placed to deliver saline or equianalgesic concentrations of morphine sulfate (33 nmol/h), 2',6'-dimethyl tyrosine-(Tyr-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2) (abbreviated as DMT-DALDA; 10 pmol/h; μ agonist) or PZM21 (27 nmol/h; biased μ agonist). A second pump delivered subcutaneous naltrexone (25 µg/h) in some animals. After 14 to 16 days, animals were anesthetized and perfusion-fixed. Drug effects on degranulation of human cultured mast cells, mouse embryonic fibroblast activation/migration/collagen formation, and Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor activation (PRESTO-Tango assays) were determined. RESULTS Intrathecal infusion of morphine, DMT-DALDA or PZM21, but not saline, comparably increased thermal thresholds for 7 days. Spinal masses proximal to catheter tip, composed of fibroblast/collagen type I (median: interquartile range, 0 to 4 scale), were produced by morphine (2.3: 2.0 to 3.5) and morphine plus naltrexone (2.5: 1.4 to 3.1), but not vehicle (1.2: 1.1 to 1.5), DMT-DALDA (1.0: 0.6 to 1.3), or PZM21 (0.5: 0.4 to 0.8). Morphine in a naloxone-insensitive fashion, but not PZM21 or DMT-DALDA, resulted in mast cell degranulation and fibroblast proliferation/collagen formation. Morphine-induced fibroblast proliferation, as mast cell degranulation, is blocked by cromolyn. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor activation was produced by morphine and TAN67 (∂-opioid agonist), but not by PZM21, TRV130 (mu biased ligand), or DMT-DALDA. CONCLUSIONS Opiates that activate Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor will degranulate mast cells, activate fibroblasts, and result in intrathecal mass formation. Results suggest a mechanistically rational path forward to safer intrathecal opioid therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony L Yaksh
- From the Laboratory of Anesthesiology Research, Department of Anesthesiology (T.L.Y., K.A.E., S.K., R.R., Y.Z., Y.H., F.W., D.Q., S.A.M., J.J.S.) Department of Dermatology (Z.W., A.D.) Division of Trauma, Department of Surgery (B.P.E.), University of California, San Diego, California the Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (K.L., W.K.K) Montreal Clinical Research Institute and the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada (P.W.S.) Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Germany (P.G.) Implantables Research and Technology, Medtronic, Inc., Restorative Therapies Group, Minneapolis, Minnesota (L.M.P., K.R.H.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hildebrand KR, Page LM, Billstrom TM, Steinauer JJ, Eddinger KA, Arjomand S, Yaksh TL. Characterization of Effect of Repeated Bolus or Continuous Intrathecal Infusion of Morphine on Spinal Mass Formation in the Dog. Neuromodulation 2019; 22:790-798. [PMID: 31124198 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We determined whether intrathecally delivering the same daily dose of morphine (MS) at a fixed concentration of 25 mg/mL by periodic boluses versus continuous infusion would reduce intrathecal mass (IMs) formation in dogs. METHODS Adult dogs (hound cross, n = 32) were implanted with intrathecal catheters connected to SynchroMed II infusion pumps. Animals were randomly assigned to receive infusion of 0.48 mL/day of saline or MS dosing (12 mg/day at 25 mg/mL) as boluses: x1 (q24hour), x2 (q12hour), x4 (q6hour), or x8 (q3hour) given at the rate of 1000 μL/hour, or as a continuous infusion (25 mg/mL/20 μL/hour). RESULTS With IT saline, minimal pathology was noted. In contrast, animals receiving morphine displayed spinally compressing durally derived masses with the maximal cross-sectional area being greatest near the catheter tip. Histopathology showed that IMs consisted of fibroblasts in a collagen (type 1) matrix comprised of newly formed collagen near the catheter and mature collagen on the periphery of the mass. The rank order of median cross-sectional mass area (mm2 ) was: Saline: 0.7 mm2 ; x2: 1.8 mm2 ; x4: 2.7 mm2 ; x1: 2.7 mm2 ; x8: 4.2 mm2 ; Continuous: 8.1 mm2 , with statistical difference from saline being seen with continuous (p < 0.0001) and x8 (p < 0.05). Bench studies with a 2D diffusion chamber confirmed an increase in dye distribution and lower peak concentrations after bolus delivery versus continuous infusion of dye. CONCLUSIONS Using multiple bolus dosing, IMs were reduced as compared to continuous infusion, suggesting relevance of bolus delivery in yielding reduced intrathecal masses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Hildebrand
- Medtronic, Restorative Therapies Group, Targeted Drug Delivery, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Linda M Page
- Medtronic, Restorative Therapies Group, Targeted Drug Delivery, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tina M Billstrom
- Medtronic Physiological Research Laboratories, Coon Rapid, MN, USA
| | - Joanne J Steinauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kelly A Eddinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shervin Arjomand
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yaksh TL. Letter to Editor re: “Unique Intradural Inflammatory Mass Containing Precipitated Morphine” by Kim et al. Pain Pract 2019; 19:456. [DOI: 10.1111/papr.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tony L. Yaksh
- Departments of Anesthesiology, and Pharmacology University of California, San Diego La Jolla California U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Woller SA, Ocheltree C, Wong SY, Bui A, Fujita Y, Gonçalves Dos Santos G, Yaksh TL, Corr M. Neuraxial TNF and IFN-beta co-modulate persistent allodynia in arthritic mice. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 76:151-158. [PMID: 30465880 PMCID: PMC6396982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In rheumatoid arthritis, joint pain can persist despite resolution of swelling. Similarly, in the murine K/BxN serum transfer model, a persistent tactile allodynia is observed after the resolution of joint inflammation (post-inflammatory pain) in male mice. Here, we found female wild type (WT) mice show inflammatory, but reduced post-inflammatory tactile allodynia. The transition to the post-inflammatory phenotype is dependent on TLR4 signaling. At the spinal level, we found differences in TNF and IFNβ mRNA expression in WT and TLR4 deficient males. In wild type male and female mice, there is differential temporal spinal expression of TNF and IFNβ. In WT males, blockade of TNF or administration of IFNβ was insufficient to affect the persistent allodynia. However, co-administration of intrathecal (IT) IFNβ and anti-TNF antibodies in male WT mice permanently reversed tactile allodynia. IT IFNβ treatment induces expression of anti-inflammatory proteins, contributing to the beneficial effect. Together, these experiments illustrated differences in the transition to chronic tactile allodynia in male and female animals and the complexities of effective pharmacologic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Woller
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cody Ocheltree
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Y Wong
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Bui
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuya Fujita
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Tony L Yaksh
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maripat Corr
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ramachandran R, Wang Z, Saavedra C, DiNardo A, Corr M, Powell SB, Yaksh TL. Role of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in mast cell-mediated migraine pain pathway. Mol Pain 2019; 15:1744806919867842. [PMID: 31342858 PMCID: PMC6688145 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919867842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Degranulation of meningeal mast cells leading to the sensitization of trigeminal vascular afferent processing is believed to be one of the mechanisms underlying the migraine pain pathway. Recent work suggests that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) may be involved in signaling states of central sensitization. Using a murine model of light aversion produced by compound 48/80 (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) mast cell degranulation, employed as a surrogate marker for photophobia observed in migraineurs, we examined the role of TLR4 in migraine-like behavior and neuronal activation. Using a two-chambered light/dark box, we found that compound 48/80 administration in male and female C57Bl/6 mice produced light aversion lasting up to 2 h, and that pre-treatment with sumatriptan (1 mg/kg, i.p.) reliably prevented this effect. Genetic deletion and pharmacological blockade of TLR4 with TAK-242 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed the light aversive effects of compound 48/80 in males but not in females. Assessing the downstream signaling pathway in mutant mice, we found that the TLR4-mediated, light aversion was dependent upon myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 but not Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β signaling. In separate groups, male mice sacrificed at 10 min following compound 48/80 revealed a significant increase in the incidence of evoked p-extracellular signal–regulated kinases (+) neurons in the nucleus caudalis of wild type but not Tlr4−/− mice or in mice pre-treated with sumatriptan. This study thus provides the first evidence for involvement of TLR4 signaling through MyD88 in initiating and maintaining migraine-like behavior and nucleus caudalis neuronal activation in the mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Ramachandran
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christian Saavedra
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Anna DiNardo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maripat Corr
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology,
University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Susan B Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San
Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California
San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Choi JE, Werbel T, Wang Z, Wu CC, Yaksh TL, Di Nardo A. Botulinum toxin blocks mast cells and prevents rosacea like inflammation. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 93:58-64. [PMID: 30658871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition whose etiology has been linked to mast cells and the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37. Individuals with refractory disease have demonstrated clinical benefit with periodic injections of onabotulinum toxin, but the mechanism of action is unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate the molecular mechanism by which botulinum toxin improves rosacea lesions. METHODS Primary human and murine mast cells were pretreated with onabotulinum toxin A or B or control. Mast cell degranulation was evaluated by β-hexosaminidase activity. Expression of botulinum toxin receptor Sv2 was measured by qPCR. The presence of SNAP-25 and VAMP2 was established by immunofluorescence. In vivo rosacea model was established by intradermally injecting LL-37 with or without onabotulinum toxin A pretreatment. Mast cell degranulation was assessed in vivo by histologic counts. Rosacea biomarkers were analyzed by qPCR of mouse skin sections. RESULTS Onabotulinum toxin A and B inhibited compound 48/80-induced degranulation of both human and murine mast cells. Expression of Sv2 was established in mouse mast cells. Onabotulinum toxin A and B increased cleaved SNAP-25 and decreased VAMP2 staining in mast cells respectively. In mice, injection of onabotulinum toxin A significantly reduced LL-37-induced skin erythema, mast cell degranulation, and mRNA expression of rosacea biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that onabotulinum toxin reduces rosacea-associated skin inflammation by directly inhibiting mast cell degranulation. Periodic applications of onabotulinum toxin may be an effective therapy for refractory rosacea and deserves further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Choi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Werbel
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chia Chi Wu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yaksh TL, Di Nardo A. Complexity of systems and actions underlying neurogenic inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:225-228. [PMID: 29779134 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, Anesthesia Research Lab 0818, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0869 , La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Shubayev VI, Strongin AY, Yaksh TL. Structural homology of myelin basic protein and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: Significance in the pathogenesis of complex regional pain syndrome. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918815005. [PMID: 30392459 PMCID: PMC6287297 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918815005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome is an extremely painful condition that develops after trauma to a limb. Complex regional pain syndrome exhibits autoimmune features in part mediated by autoantibodies against muscarinic‐2 acetylcholine (M2) receptor. The mechanisms underlying the M2 receptor involvement in complex regional pain syndrome remain obscure. Based on our recent work demonstrating that limb nerve trauma releases a potent proalgesic, immunodominant myelin basic protein fragment, our present sequence database analyses reveal an unexpected and previously undescribed structural homology of the proalgesic myelin basic protein fragment with the M2 receptor. As both complex regional pain syndrome and the proalgesic myelin basic protein activity are prevalent in females, this myelin basic protein/M2 homology presents an inviting hypothesis explaining the mechanisms of autoimmune pathogenesis and sexual dimorphism that underlies vulnerability toward developing complex regional pain syndrome and other pain states with neuropathic features. This hypothesis may aid in the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to chronic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica I Shubayev
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,2 VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alex Y Strongin
- 3 Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhu W, Tringale KR, Woller SA, You S, Johnson S, Shen H, Schimelman J, Whitney M, Steinauer J, Xu W, Yaksh TL, Nguyen QT, Chen S. Rapid continuous 3D printing of customizable peripheral nerve guidance conduits. Mater Today (Kidlington) 2018; 21:951-959. [PMID: 31156331 PMCID: PMC6538503 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) have been demonstrated for repairing peripheral nerve injuries. However, there remains a need for an advanced biofabrication system to build NGCs with complex architectures, tunable material properties, and customizable geometrical control. Here, a rapid continuous 3D-printing platform was developed to print customizable NGCs with unprecedented resolution, speed, flexibility, and scalability. A variety of NGC designs varying in complexity and size were created including a life-size biomimetic branched human facial NGC. In vivo implantation of NGCs with microchannels into complete sciatic nerve transections of mouse models demonstrated the effective directional guidance of regenerating sciatic nerves via branching into the microchannels and extending toward the distal end of the injury site. Histological staining and immunostaining further confirmed the progressive directional nerve regeneration and branching behavior across the entire NGC length. Observational and functional tests, including the von Frey threshold test and thermal test, showed promising recovery of motor function and sensation in the ipsilateral limbs grafted with the 3D-printed NGCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Kathryn R. Tringale
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Sarah A. Woller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Shangting You
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Susie Johnson
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Haixu Shen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Jacob Schimelman
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Michael Whitney
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Joanne Steinauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Weizhe Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Quyen T. Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Shaochen Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bruno K, Woller SA, Miller YI, Yaksh TL, Wallace M, Beaton G, Chakravarthy K. Targeting toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-an emerging therapeutic target for persistent pain states. Pain 2018; 159:1908-1915. [PMID: 29889119 PMCID: PMC7890571 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that initiate signaling in innate and adaptive immune pathways. The highly conserved family of transmembrane proteins comprises an extracellular domain that recognizes exogenous and endogenous danger molecules and an ectodomain that activates downstream pathways in response. Recent studies suggest that continuous activation or dysregulation of TLR signaling may contribute to chronic disease states. The receptor is located not only on inflammatory cells (meningeal and peripheral macrophages) but on neuraxial glia (microglia and astrocytes), Schwann cells, fibroblasts, dorsal root ganglia, and dorsal horn neurons. Procedures blocking TLR functionality have shown pronounced effects on pain behavior otherwise observed in models of chronic inflammation and nerve injury. This review addresses the role of TLR4 as an emerging therapeutic target for the evolution of persistent pain and its role in noncanonical signaling, mediating anomalous pro-algesic actions of opiates. Accordingly, molecules targeting inhibition of this receptor have promise as disease-modifying and opioid-sparing alternatives for persistent pain states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Bruno
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sarah A. Woller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yury I. Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Science, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Douleur Therapeutics, 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A104, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark Wallace
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Douleur Therapeutics, 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A104, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Graham Beaton
- Douleur Therapeutics, 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A104, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Krishnan Chakravarthy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Douleur Therapeutics, 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A104, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mamet J, Yeomans DC, Yaksh TL, Manning DC, Harris S. Editor's Highlight: Formulation and Toxicology Evaluation of the Intrathecal AYX1 DNA-Decoy in Sprague Dawley Rats. Toxicol Sci 2018; 159:76-85. [PMID: 28903493 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The longevity of pain after surgery is debilitating and limits the recovery of patients. AYX1 is a double-stranded, unprotected, 23 base-pair oligonucleotide designed to reduce acute post-surgical pain and prevent its chronification with a single intrathecal perioperative dose. AYX1 mimics the DNA sequence normally bound by EGR1 on chromosomes, a transcription factor transiently induced in the dorsal root ganglia-spinal cord network following a noxious input. AYX1 binds to EGR1 and prevents it from launching waves of gene regulation that are necessary to maintain pain over time. A formulation suitable for an intrathecal injection of AYX1 was developed, including a specific ratio of AYX1 and calcium so the ionic homeostasis of the cerebrospinal fluid is maintained and no impact on neuromuscular control is produced upon injection. A GLP toxicology study in naïve Sprague Dawley rats was conducted using 3 dose levels up to the maximum feasible dose. Clinical observations, neurobehavioral observations, clinical pathology and histopathology of the nervous system and peripheral tissues were conducted. An additional nonGLP study was conducted in the spared nerve injury model of chronic neuropathic pain in which EGR1 is induced in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord. Similar testing was performed, including a modified Irwin test to assess a potential impact of AYX1 on autonomic nervous system responses, locomotion, activity, arousal, sensorimotor, and neuromuscular function. No AYX1-related adverse events were observed in any of the studies and the no-observed-adverse-effect-level was judged to be the maximum feasible dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David C Yeomans
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5117
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Anesthesia Research Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sorkin LS, Eddinger KA, Woller SA, Yaksh TL. Origins of antidromic activity in sensory afferent fibers and neurogenic inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:237-247. [PMID: 29423889 PMCID: PMC7879713 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenic inflammation results from the release of biologically active agents from the peripheral primary afferent terminal. This release reflects the presence of releasable pools of active product and depolarization-exocytotic coupling mechanisms in the distal afferent terminal and serves to alter the physiologic function of innervated organ systems ranging from the skin and meninges to muscle, bone, and viscera. Aside from direct stimulation, this biologically important release from the peripheral afferent terminal can be initiated by antidromic activity arising from five anatomically distinct points of origin: (i) afferent collaterals at the peripheral-target organ level, (ii) afferent collaterals arising proximal to the target organ, (iii) from mid-axon where afferents lacking myelin sheaths (C fibers and others following demyelinating injuries) may display crosstalk and respond to local irritation, (iv) the dorsal root ganglion itself, and (v) the central terminals of the afferent in the dorsal horn where local circuits and bulbospinal projections can initiate the so-called dorsal root reflexes, i.e., antidromic traffic in the sensory afferent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Sorkin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Kelly A Eddinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sarah A Woller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Woller SA, Eddinger KA, Corr M, Yaksh TL. An overview of pathways encoding nociception. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2018; 36:172. [PMID: 29461960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Woller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kelly A Eddinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maripat Corr
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dhar D, Poree LR, Yaksh TL. Evolution of the Spinal Delivery of Opiate Analgesics. Neuromodulation 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805353-9.00065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
47
|
Schmidt-Rondon E, Wang Z, Malkmus SA, Di Nardo A, Hildebrand K, Page L, Yaksh TL. Effects of opioid and nonopioid analgesics on canine wheal formation and cultured human mast cell degranulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 338:54-64. [PMID: 29111148 PMCID: PMC9841896 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cell (MC) degranulation has been implicated in the side effect profile of a variety of clinically useful agents. Thus, after intrathecal delivery, formation of space-occupying, meningeally-derived masses may be related to local MC degranulation. We systematically characterized degranulating effects of opioid and nonopioid analgesics on cutaneous flares in the dog and in primary human MC (hMC) cultures. METHODS Dogs were anesthetized with IV propofol and received intradermal (ID) injections (50μL). Flare diameters were measured at 30min. Drugs showing flare responses were tested after intramuscular (IM) cromolyn (10mg/kg), a MC stabilizer. Human primary MCs (human cord blood CD34+/CD45+ cells) were employed and β-hexosaminidase in cell-free supernatants were measured to assess degranulation. RESULTS A significant skin flare for several classes of agents was observed including opioids, ziconotide, ketamine, ST-91, neostigmine, adenosine, bupivacaine, lidocaine, MK-801 and 48/80. Tizanidine, fentanyl, alfentanil, gabapentin and baclofen produced no flare. Flare produced by all ID agents, except adenosine, bupivacaine and lidocaine, was reduced by cromolyn. Naloxone had no effect upon opiate or 48/80 evoked flares. In hMC studies, 48/80 resulted in a concentration-dependent release of β-hexosaminidase. The rank order of drug-induced hMC β-hexosaminidase release was similar to that for flares. CONCLUSIONS A variety of therapeutically useful drugs degranulate MCs. This action may account for side effects such as the intrathecal granuloma resulting from spinally-delivered opioids. This degranulating effect may be useful in predicting potential intrathecal toxicity in the development of novel agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schmidt-Rondon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Zhenping Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Shelle A. Malkmus
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Anna Di Nardo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Keith Hildebrand
- Medtronic, Inc., Neuromodulation, 7000 Central Avenue NE, RCE470, Minneapolis, MN 55432, United States
| | - Linda Page
- Medtronic, Inc., Neuromodulation, 7000 Central Avenue NE, RCE470, Minneapolis, MN 55432, United States
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States,Corresponding author at: Department of Anesthesiology 0818, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093-0818, United States, (T.L. Yaksh)
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Adnan AK, Alexopoulos A, Alo KM, Alterman RL, Amar A, Andrade P, Arulkumar S, Awad AJ, Baltuch G, Barolat G, Barthélemy EJ, Barua NU, Bennett ME, Bentley N, Bezchlibnyk YB, Bijanki KR, Bingaman W, Boggs JW, Boon P, Brouwer BA, Campos LW, Caparso A, Capozzo A, Chae J, Chang JW, Cheng J, Copenhaver D, Deer TR, Deogaonkar M, Dhar D, Dohmeier K, Dougherty DD, Durand DM, Foote K, Gilligan J, Gill SS, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Greenberg BD, Gross RE, H. Pourfar M, Hamani C, Hayek SM, Holtzheimer PE, Ilfeld BM, Jin H, Joosten B, Jung NY, Kim CH, Kim YG, Klehr M, Koch P, Kohl S, Kopell BH, Kramer D, Krames ES, Krishnan B, Krishna V, Kuhn J, Kyung-soo Hong J, Leonardo K, Leong MS, Li D, Linninger AA, Lipsman N, Liu C, Lozano AM, Mackow M, Malinowski MN, Mayberg HS, Mazzone P, Mehta AI, Mehta V, Mills-Joseph R, Nair D, North RB, Okun M, Patel NK, Patil PG, Pope JE, Poree LR, Prager JP, Raedt R, Rasouli JJ, Rasskazoff S, Rauck R, Reeves K, Rezai AR, Russin J, Sabersky A, Saulino M, Scarnati E, Schu S, Sharma M, Shipley J, Shirvalkar P, Slavin KV, Stanton-Hicks M, Stone S, Stuart WA, Sun B, Tangen K, Tepper SJ, van Kleef M, Vancamp T, Verrills P, Viselli F, Visser-Vandewalle V, Vitale F, Vonck K, Wang T, Wang X, Weiner RL, Widge AS, Wongsarnpigoon A, Y. Mogilner A, Yaeger KA, Yaksh TL, Yin D, Zeljic K, Zhang C, Zhan S. List of Contributors of Volume 2. Neuromodulation 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805353-9.01005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
49
|
Emami A, Tepper J, Short B, Yaksh TL, Bendele AM, Ramani T, Cisternas AF, Chang JH, Mellon RD. Toxicology Evaluation of Drugs Administered via Uncommon Routes: Intranasal, Intraocular, Intrathecal/Intraspinal, and Intra-Articular. Int J Toxicol 2017; 37:4-27. [PMID: 29264927 DOI: 10.1177/1091581817741840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
As the need for nasal, ocular, spinal, and articular therapeutic compounds increases, toxicology assessments of drugs administered via these routes play an important role in human safety. This symposium outlined the local and systemic evaluation to support safety during the development of these drugs in nonclinical models with some case studies. Discussions included selection of appropriate species for the intended route; conducting nonclinical studies that closely mimic the intended use with adequate duration; functional assessment, if deemed necessary; evaluation of local tissues with special histological staining procedure; and evaluations of safety margins based on local and systemic toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armaghan Emami
- 1 US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jeff Tepper
- 2 Tepper Nonclinical Consulting, San Carlos, CA, USA
| | - Brian Short
- 3 Brian Short Consulting, LLC, Trabuco Canyon, CA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- 4 Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jay H Chang
- 1 US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hockman TM, Cisternas AF, Jones B, Butt MT, Osborn KG, Steinauer JJ, Malkmus SA, Yaksh TL. Target engagement and histopathology of neuraxial resiniferatoxin in dog. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 45:212-226. [PMID: 29361418 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate target engagement of intracisternally (IC) delivered TRPV1 agonist, resiniferatoxin (RTX), as measured by primary afferent and dorsal horn substance P immunoreactivity (sP-IR), histopathology and thermal escape latencies in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental trial. ANIMALS Fourteen adult male Beagle dogs, weighing 10.3-13.2 kg; 11 dogs surviving to scheduled euthanasia. METHODS Anesthetized dogs were randomly assigned to be administered IC RTX (3.6 μg, 0.1 mL kg-1) in a hyperbaric (hRTX, n = 6), normobaric (nRTX, n = 4) vehicle or a hyperbaric vehicle (hVehicle, n = 4). Over 16 days, animals were examined for thoracic and pelvic limb paw thermal withdrawal latencies and neurologic function. Spinal cords, trigeminal ganglia and dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) were assessed for morphologic changes and sP-IR. RESULTS IC RTX in anesthetized dogs resulted in a < 1 hour increase in blood pressure. Acute reactions leading to euthanasia within 8 hours occurred in three dogs (two hRTX, one nRTX). All other animals recovered with normal neurologic, bowel and bladder function. Final groups were: vehicle n = 4, hRTX n = 4 and nRTX n = 3. Animals in nRTX and hRTX showed increases in escape latencies in thoracic paws and, to a lesser extent, in pelvic paws, correlating to a loss of sP-IR in cervical cord with smaller reductions in thoracic and lumbar cord. In animals surviving to euthanasia, thickening of the arachnoid membrane (predominantly in the cervical region) was the most consistent change. This change, present in controls, was interpreted to be vehicle related. There was no evidence of structural changes in brain and spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE IC RTX produced localized loss of spinal and DRG sP with a corresponding thermal analgesia, absent motor impairment or spinal pathology. Loss of three animals emphasizes the need to refine the use of this promising therapeutic modality in managing companion animal pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Hockman
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Anesthesiology, La Jolla, CA, USA; University of California, San Diego, Animal Care Program, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alvaro F Cisternas
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Anesthesiology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Jones
- Sorrento Therapeutics/ARK Animal Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark T Butt
- Tox Path Specialists (TPS), LLC, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kent G Osborn
- University of California, San Diego, Animal Care Program, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joanne J Steinauer
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Anesthesiology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shelle A Malkmus
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Anesthesiology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Anesthesiology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|