1
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Tomioka Y, Akuta T, Tokunaga M, Arakawa T. Different behavior of Ferguson plot between agarose and polyacrylamide gels. Biophys Chem 2024; 307:107200. [PMID: 38367540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2024.107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we conducted Ferguson plot analyses using both agarose and polyacrylamide gels in native electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE. The results revealed intriguing differences in the behavior of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and other model proteins. Specifically, BSA exhibited Ferguson plot slopes that were dependent on the oligomer size in agarose native gel electrophoresis, while such size-dependent behavior was not observed in native-PAGE or SDS-PAGE. These findings suggest that Ferguson plot analysis is a suitable approach when using agarose gel under the electrophoretic conditions employed in this study. Furthermore, our investigation extended to model proteins with acidic isoelectric points and larger molecular weights, namely Ferritin and caseinolytic peptidase B (ClpB). Notably, these proteins displayed distinct Ferguson plot slopes when subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis. Intriguingly, when polyacrylamide gel was employed, ClpB exhibited multiple bands, each with its unique Ferguson plot slope, deviating from the expected behavior based on molecular size. This divergence in Ferguson plot characteristics between agarose and polyacrylamide gels points to an interesting and complex interplay between protein properties and gel electrophoresis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Tomioka
- Product Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan.
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Product Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan.
| | - Masao Tokunaga
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima-shi 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Rd, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
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2
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Arakawa T, Nakagawa M, Sakuma C, Tomioka Y, Kurosawa Y, Ejima D, Akuta T. Electrophoresis, a transport technology that transitioned from moving boundary method to zone method. Eur Biophys J 2024; 53:1-13. [PMID: 38160206 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-023-01694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Gel electrophoresis, a transport technology, is one of the most widely used experimental methods in biochemical and pharmaceutical research and development. Transport technologies are used to determine hydrodynamic or electrophoretic properties of macromolecules. Gel electrophoresis is a zone technology, where a small volume of sample is applied to a large separation gel matrix. In contrast, a seldom-used electrophoresis technology is moving boundary electrophoresis, where the sample is present throughout the separation phase or gel matrix. While the zone method gives peaks of separating macromolecular solutes, the moving boundary method gives a boundary between solute-free and solute-containing phases. We will review electrophoresis as a transport technology of zone and moving boundary methods and describe its principles and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Rd., San Diego, CA, 92130, USA.
| | - Masataka Nakagawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-Shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sakuma
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-Shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Yui Tomioka
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-Shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kurosawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-Shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ejima
- Sysmex Corporation, Technology Innovation, 1548 Shimo-Okutomi, Sayama, Saitama, 350-1332, Japan
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-Shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
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3
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Arakawa T, Niikura T, Kita Y, Akuta T. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Analogs as a Potential Molecular Biology Reagent. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:621-633. [PMID: 38248342 PMCID: PMC10814491 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we review the properties of three anionic detergents, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Sarkosyl, and sodium lauroylglutamate (SLG), as they play a critical role in molecular biology research. SDS is widely used in electrophoresis and cell lysis for proteomics. Sarkosyl and, more frequently, SDS are used for the characterization of neuropathological protein fibrils and the solubilization of proteins. Many amyloid fibrils are resistant to SDS or Sarkosyl to different degrees and, thus, can be readily isolated from detergent-sensitive proteins. SLG is milder than the above two detergents and has been used in the solubilization and refolding of proteins isolated from inclusion bodies. Here, we show that both Sarkosyl and SLG have been used for protein refolding, that the effects of SLG on the native protein structure are weaker for SLG, and that SLG readily dissociates from the native proteins. We propose that SLG may be effective in cell lysis for functional proteomics due to no or weaker binding of SLG to the native proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Labs, 13380 Pantera Rd., San Diego, CA 92130, USA;
| | - Takako Niikura
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan;
| | - Yoshiko Kita
- Alliance Protein Labs, 13380 Pantera Rd., San Diego, CA 92130, USA;
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna, Takahagi-shi 318-0004, Japan;
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4
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Arakawa T, Akuta T. Mechanistic Insight into Poly-Reactivity of Immune Antibodies upon Acid Denaturation or Arginine Mutation in Antigen-Binding Regions. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:64. [PMID: 37873861 PMCID: PMC10594486 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The poly-reactivity of antibodies is defined as their binding to specific antigens as well as to related proteins and also to unrelated targets. Poly-reactivity can occur in individual molecules of natural serum antibodies, likely due to their conformation flexibility, and, for therapeutic antibodies, it plays a critical role in their clinical development. On the one hand, it can enhance their binding to target antigens and cognate receptors, but, on the other hand, it may lead to a loss of antibody function by binding to off-target proteins. Notably, poly-reactivity has been observed in antibodies subjected to treatments with dissociating, destabilizing or denaturing agents, in particular acidic pH, a common step in the therapeutic antibody production process involving the elution of Protein-A bound antibodies and viral clearance using low pH buffers. Additionally, poly-reactivity can emerge during the affinity maturation in the immune system, such as the germinal center. This review delves into the underlying potential causes of poly-reactivity, highlighting the importance of conformational flexibility, which can be further augmented by the acid denaturation of antibodies and the introduction of arginine mutations into the complementary regions of antibody-variable domains. The focus is placed on a particular antibody's acid conformation, meticulously characterized through circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry, and sedimentation velocity analyses. By gaining a deeper understanding of these mechanisms, we aim to shed light on the complexities of antibody poly-reactivity and its implications for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Road, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26 Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna, Takahagi-shi 318-0004, Ibaraki, Japan;
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Tomioka Y, Nagatoishi S, Nakagawa M, Tsumoto K, Arakawa T, Akuta T. Ferguson plot analysis of multiple intermediate species of thermally unfolded bovine serum albumin. Biophys Chem 2023; 301:107095. [PMID: 37611350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Ferguson plot was used to characterize the multiple intermediate species of bovine serum albumin (BSA) upon thermal unfolding. Differential scanning calorimetry showed an irreversible melting of BSA in Tris-HCl and phosphate buffers with a mid-transition temperature, Tm, of ∼68 °C. Thermally unfolded BSA was analyzed by agarose native gel electrophoresis stained by Coomassie blue and SYPRO Orange staining as a function of pH or protein concentration. SYPRO Orange was used to stain unfolded proteins. BSA heated at 70 and 80 °C, i.e., above the Tm, formed multiple intermediate species, which depended on the pH between 7.0 and 8.0, protein concentration and which buffer was used. These intermediate species were analyzed by Ferguson plot, which showed that BSA heated at 60 °C had a similar size to the native BSA, indicating that they are either native or native-like state consistent with no SYPRO Orange staining. The intermediate species observed at higher temperatures with the mobility less than that of the native BSA showed a steeper Ferguson plot and were stained by SYPRO Orange, indicating that these species had a larger hydrodynamic size than the native BSA and were unfolded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Tomioka
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan.
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Masataka Nakagawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan.
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Rd, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan.
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Nakagawa M, Tomioka Y, Sakuma C, Kurosawa Y, Shibata T, Arakawa T, Akuta T. Development of a novel two-dimensional gel electrophoresis protocol with agarose native gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1446-1460. [PMID: 37294166 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new protocol for conducting two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis was developed by combining the recently developed agarose native gel electrophoresis with either vertical sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) or flat SDS agarose gel electrophoresis. Our innovative technique utilizes His/MES buffer (pH 6.1) during the first-dimensional (1D) agarose native gel electrophoresis, which allows for the simultaneous and clear visualization of basic and acidic proteins in their native states or complex structures. Our agarose gel electrophoresis is a true native electrophoresis, unlike blue native-PAGE, which relies on the intrinsic charged states of the proteins and their complexes without the need for dye binding. In the 2D, the gel strip from the 1D agarose gel electrophoresis is soaked in SDS and placed on top of the vertical SDS-PAGE gels or the edge of the flat SDS-MetaPhor high-resolution agarose gels. This allows for customized operation using a single electrophoresis device at a low cost. This technique has been successfully applied to analyze various proteins, including five model proteins (BSA, factor Xa, ovotransferrin, IgG, and lysozyme), monoclonal antibodies with slightly different isoelectric points, polyclonal antibodies, and antigen-antibody complexes, as well as complex proteins such as IgM pentamer and β-galactosidase tetramer. Our protocol can be completed within a day, taking approximately 5-6 h, and can be expanded further into Western blot analysis, mass spectrometry analysis, and other analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Nakagawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yui Tomioka
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sakuma
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kurosawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
- Abwiz Bio Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Takashi Shibata
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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7
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Arakawa T, Tomioka Y, Kurosawa Y, Akuta T. Elucidating the mechanisms of additive effects at high concentrations on hydrophobic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1702:464091. [PMID: 37269642 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is a commonly used chromatography technique for purifying proteins. It utilizes salting-out salts to facilitate the binding of native proteins to weakly hydrophobic ligands. There have been three proposed mechanisms for the promoting effects of salting-out salts, which include the dehydration of proteins by salts, cavity theory, and salt exclusion. To evaluate the above three mechanisms, an HIC study was conducted on Phenyl Sepharose using four different additives. These additives included a salting-out salt (NH4)2SO4, sodium phosphate that increases the surface tension of water, a salting-in salt MgCl2, and an amphiphilic protein-precipitant polyethylene glycol (PEG). Results indicated that the first two salts resulted in protein binding, while MgCl2 and PEG led to flow-through. These findings were then used to interpret the three proposed mechanisms, which showed that MgCl2 and PEG deviated from the dehydration mechanism, and MgCl2 also deviated from the cavity theory. The observed effects of these additives on HIC were reasonably well explained for the first time by their interactions with proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Rd, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | - Yui Tomioka
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kurosawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan
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8
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Tomioka Y, Sato R, Takahashi R, Nagatoishi S, Shiba K, Tsumoto K, Arakawa T, Akuta T. Agarose native gel electrophoresis analysis of thermal aggregation controlled by Hofmeister series. Biophys Chem 2023; 296:106977. [PMID: 36857888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.106977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The effects of salting-in and salting-out salts defined by Hofmeister series on the solution state of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer at pH 7.4 before and after thermal unfolding at 80 °C for 5 min were examined using agarose native gel electrophoresis and mass photometry. Gel electrophoresis showed that salting-in MgCl2, CaCl2 and NaSCN resulted in formation of intermediate structures of BSA upon heating on native gel, while heating in buffer alone resulted in aggregated bands. Mass photometry showed large loss of monomer and oligomers when heated in this buffer, but retaining these structures in the presence of 1 M MgCl2 and NaSCN. To our surprise, salting-out MgSO4 also showed a similar effect on gel electrophoresis and mass photometry. Salting-out NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 resulted in smearing and aggregated bands, which were supported by mass photometry. Aggregation-suppressive ArgHCl also showed oligomer aggregates upon gel electrophoresis and mass photometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Tomioka
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan.
| | - Ryo Sato
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan.
| | - Ryo Takahashi
- Refeyn Japan, K.K., 1-1-14, Sakuraguchi-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6570036, Japan.
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Kohei Shiba
- Refeyn Japan, K.K., 1-1-14, Sakuraguchi-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6570036, Japan.
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Rd, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan.
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Arakawa T, Tomioka Y, Nakagawa M, Sakuma C, Kurosawa Y, Ejima D, Tsumoto K, Akuta T. Non-Affinity Purification of Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:antib12010015. [PMID: 36810520 PMCID: PMC9944463 DOI: 10.3390/antib12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, purification of antibodies is mainly carried out using a platform technology composed primarily of Protein A chromatography as a capture step, regardless of the scale. However, Protein A chromatography has a number of drawbacks, which are summarized in this review. As an alternative, we propose a simple small-scale purification protocol without Protein A that uses novel agarose native gel electrophoresis and protein extraction. For large-scale antibody purification, we suggest mixed-mode chromatography that can in part mimic the properties of Protein A resin, focusing on 4-Mercapto-ethyl-pyridine (MEP) column chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Yui Tomioka
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., Tahahagi 318-0004, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakagawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., Tahahagi 318-0004, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sakuma
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., Tahahagi 318-0004, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kurosawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., Tahahagi 318-0004, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ejima
- Bio-Diagnostic Reagent Technology Center, Sysmex Corporation, Sayama 350-1332, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., Tahahagi 318-0004, Japan
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Sato R, Tomioka Y, Sakuma C, Nakagawa M, Kurosawa Y, Shiba K, Arakawa T, Akuta T. Detection of concentration-dependent conformational changes in SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein by agarose native gel electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 2023; 662:114995. [PMID: 36427555 PMCID: PMC9681993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoprotein (NP) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is abundantly expressed during infection, making it a diagnostic target protein. We analyzed the structure of the NP in solution using a recombinant protein produced in E. coli. A codon-optimized Profinity eXact™-tagged NP cDNA was cloned into pET-3d vector and transformed into E. coli T7 Express. The recombinant protein was first purified via chromatographic step using an affinity tag-based system that was followed by tag cleavage with sodium fluoride, resulting in proteolytic removal of the N-terminal tag sequence. The digested sample was then loaded directly onto a size exclusion chromatography run in the presence of L-Arg-HCl, resulting in removal of host nucleic acids and endotoxin. The molecular mass of the main NP fraction was determined by mass photometry as a dimeric form of NP, consistent with the blue native PAGE results. Interestingly, analysis of the purified NP by our newly developed agarose native gel electrophoresis revealed that it behaved like an acidic protein at low concentration despite its alkaline isoelectric point (theoretical pI = 10) and displayed a unique character of concentration-dependent charge and shape changes. This study should shed light into the behavior of NP in the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sato
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan.
| | - Yui Tomioka
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Sakuma
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan.
| | - Masataka Nakagawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Kurosawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan; Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd., Suite J, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Kohei Shiba
- Refeyn Japan, K.K., 1-1-14, Sakuraguchi-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 6570036, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Rd, San Diego, CA, 92130, USA.
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan.
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11
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Tomioka Y, Nakagawa M, Sakuma C, Kurosawa Y, Nagatoishi S, Tsumoto K, Arakawa T, Akuta T. Analysis of bovine serum albumin unfolding in the absence and presence of ATP by SYPRO Orange staining of agarose native gel electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 2022; 654:114817. [PMID: 35863464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
An attempt was made to specifically stain unfolded proteins on agarose native gels. SYPRO Orange is routinely used to detect unfolded protein in differential scanning fluorimetry, which is based on the enhanced fluorescence intensity upon binding to the unfolded protein. We demonstrated that this dye barely bound to the native proteins, resulting in no or faint staining of the native bands, but bound to and stained the unfolded proteins, on agarose native gels. Using bovine serum albumin (BSA), it was shown that staining did not depend on whether BSA was thermally unfolded in the presence of SYPRO Orange or stained after electrophoresis. On the contrary, SYPRO Orange dye stained protein bands in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) due to incorporation of the dye into SDS micelles that bound to the unfolded proteins. This staining resulted in detection of new, intermediately unfolded structure of BSA during thermal unfolding. Such intermediate structure occurred at higher temperature in the presence of ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Tomioka
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd, 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan.
| | - Masataka Nakagawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd, 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Sakuma
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd, 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Kurosawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd, 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan; Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd Ste J, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan; School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Road, San Diego, CA, 92130, USA.
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd, 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan.
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12
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Tomioka Y, Nakagawa M, Sakuma C, Nagatoishi S, Tsumoto K, Arakawa T, Akuta T. Ladder observation of bovine serum albumin by high resolution agarose native gel electrophoresis. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:512-520. [PMID: 35752339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A commercially available bovine serum albumin (BSA) was examined by agarose native gel electrophoresis using two different agarose sources, UltraPure and MetaPhor agarose. While UltraPure agarose up to 5 % showed no clear separation of BSA oligomers, MetaPhor agarose clearly demonstrated oligomer bands above 4 %, indicating that the latter agarose has greater molecular sieving effects and is hence characterized to have high resolution for size differences, as probed by a greater slope of Ferguson plot. Physical properties are different between two agaroses. In general, UltraPure agarose has physical strength, while MetaPhor agarose is considerably fragile, but MetaPhor agarose solution is less viscous so that even 10 % gel can be made. Cause of oligomers was shown to be not associated with inter-chain disulfide bonds, but is due to association of native or native-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Tomioka
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakagawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sakuma
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Rd, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan.
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13
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Arakawa T, Nakagawa M, Tomioka Y, Sakuma C, Li C, Sato T, Sato R, Shibata T, Kurosawa Y, Akuta T. Gel-electrophoresis based method for biomolecular interaction. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 169:67-95. [PMID: 35623712 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoresis is one of the most important analytical technologies for characterization of macromolecules and their interactions. Among them, native gel electrophoresis is used to analyze the macromolecules in the native structure. It differs in principle and information from those obtained by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) or blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). SDS-PAGE is carried out in the presence of strong denaturant, SDS, while BN-PAGE is done in the presence of negatively charged dye, e.g., Coomassie brilliant blue, G-250. Here, we describe native gel electrophoresis using agarose gel and a buffer at pH 6.1 composed of histidine and 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid. First, a protocol for vertical and horizontal formats of agarose native gel electrophoresis is described followed by different staining procedures. Then, various examples obtained using the developed procedure will be shown to demonstrate how the technology can be applied to specific cases and the advantages or caveats of the present technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Masataka Nakagawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yui Tomioka
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sakuma
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Cynthia Li
- HTL Biosolutions Inc., Camarillo, CA, United States
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Shibata
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kurosawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan; Abwiz Bio Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, Japan.
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14
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Sakuma C, Nakagawa M, Tomioka Y, Maruyama T, Entzminger K, Fleming JK, Shibata T, Kurosawa Y, Okumura CJ, Arakawa T, Akuta T. Western blotting of native proteins from agarose gels. Biotechniques 2022; 72:207-218. [PMID: 35383476 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a new Western blotting method of native proteins from agarose-based gel electrophoresis using a buffer at pH 6.1 containing basic histidine and acidic 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid. This gel electrophoresis successfully provided native structures for a variety of proteins and macromolecular complexes. This paper is focused on the Western blotting of native protein bands separated on agarose gels. Two blotting methods from agarose gel to PVDF membrane are introduced here, one by contact (diffusion) blotting and another by electroblotting after pre-treating the agarose gels with SDS. The contact blotting resulted in the transfer of native GFP, native human plexin domain containing protein 2 (PLXDC2) and native SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which were detected by conformation-specific antibodies generated in-house.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Sakuma
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakagawa
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Yui Tomioka
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Maruyama
- Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, suite J, San Diego, CA 9212, USA
| | - Kevin Entzminger
- Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, suite J, San Diego, CA 9212, USA
| | - Jonathan K Fleming
- Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, suite J, San Diego, CA 9212, USA
| | - Takashi Shibata
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kurosawa
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan.,Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, suite J, San Diego, CA 9212, USA
| | - C J Okumura
- Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, suite J, San Diego, CA 9212, USA
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Rd, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research & Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki, 318-0004, Japan
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15
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Nishinami S, Arakawa T, Shiraki K. Classification of protein solubilizing additives by fluorescence assay. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 203:695-702. [PMID: 35090940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic interaction plays a crucial role in controlling protein interaction by additives. Here we investigated the interaction of protein salting-in (solubilizing) additives with tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), indole, and proteins based on their fluorescence spectra. Five salting-in additives, i.e., arginine (Arg), urea, guanidine (Gdn), ethylene glycol (EG), and magnesium chloride (MgCl2), showed different effects on the fluorescence properties of Trp and Tyr. Arg significantly reduced fluorescence intensity of Trp and Tyr, as was the case for glycine to a lesser extent. MgCl2 and calcium chloride (CaCl2) showed little effect on the aromatic fluorescence spectra. Gdn also showed little effect on the aromatic fluorescence spectra of Trp and Tyr even at high concentrations. EG increased the aromatic fluorescence intensity of Trp and Tyr with blue-shifted emission wavelength. Urea enhanced fluorescence of Trp and Tyr without altering emission wavelength. These results indicate that the protein solubilizing additives interact with aromatic groups differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Nishinami
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, San Diego, CA 92130, United States
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
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16
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Tomioka Y, Arakawa T, Akuta T, Nakagawa M, Ishibashi M. Analysis of proteins by agarose native gel electrophoresis in the presence of solvent additives. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 198:26-36. [PMID: 34954298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Solvent additives, including NaCl, arginine hydrochloride (ArgHCl), glycine and sucrose, are used to enhance protein stability or reduce protein aggregation. Here, we studied the effects of these additives on proteins using agarose native gel electrophoresis. Since these additives are used at relatively high concentration, we first confirmed that they do not interfere with the performance of the native gel electrophoresis. Agarose native gel electrophoresis showed that aggregation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) induced by heating was slightly reduced by NaCl and ArgHCl. On the contrary, glycine and sucrose had marginal effects. ArgHCl and NaCl promoted heat aggregation of monoclonal antibody (mAb), while glycine and sucrose stabilized the native mAb. Arginine methyl ester inhibited heat aggregation of lysozyme and, to a much lesser extent, BSA. These results show that agarose native gel electrophoresis can be used to analyze the effects of solvent additives on proteins subjected to heat stresses. SYPRO Orange that stains only unfolded proteins confirmed unfolded structures of soluble aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Tomioka
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Rd, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakagawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan
| | - Matsujiro Ishibashi
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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17
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Arakawa T, Tokunaga M, Kita Y, Niikura T, Baker RW, Reimer JM, Leschziner AE. Structure Analysis of Proteins and Peptides by Difference Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. Protein J 2021; 40:867-875. [PMID: 34709521 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-10024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Difference circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was used here to characterize changes in structure of flexible peptides upon altering their environments. Environmental changes were introduced by binding to a large target structure, temperature shift (or concentration increase) or so-called membrane-mimicking solvents. The first case involved binding of a largely disordered peptide to its target structure associated with chromatin remodeling, leading to a transition into a highly helical structure. The second example was a short 8HD (His-Asp) repeat peptide that can bind metal ions. Both Zn and Ni at μM concentrations resulted in different type of changes in secondary structure, suggesting that these metal ions provide different environments for the peptide to assume unique secondary structures. The third case is related to a few short neuroprotective peptides that were largely disordered in aqueous solution. Increased temperature resulted in induction of significant, though small, β-sheet structures. Last example was the induction of non-helical structures for short neuroprotective peptides by membrane-mimicking solvents, including trifluoroethanol, dodecylphosphocholine and sodium dodecylsulfate. While these agents are known to induce α-helix, none of the neuropeptides underwent transition to a typical helical structure. However, trifluoroethanol did induce α-helix for the first peptide involved in chromatin remodeling described above in the first example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Road, San Diego, CA, 92130, USA.
| | - Masao Tokunaga
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kita
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Road, San Diego, CA, 92130, USA
| | - Takako Niikura
- Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
| | - Richard W Baker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Janice M Reimer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Andres E Leschziner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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18
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Aune K, Lee J, Prakash V, Bhat R, Andreu J, Monasterio O, Perez-Ramirez B, Shearwin K, Arakawa T, Carpenter J, Crowe J, Crowe L, Somero G, Gagnon P, Charles MT. A tribute to Dr. Serge N. Timasheff, our mentor. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:459-484. [PMID: 34471434 PMCID: PMC8355303 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dr. Serge N. Timasheff, our mentor and friend, passed away in 2019. This article is a collection of tributes from his postdoctoral fellows, friends, and daughter, who all have been associated with or influenced by him or his research. Dr. Timasheff is a pioneer of research on thermodynamic linkage between ligand interaction and macromolecular reaction. We all learned a great deal from Dr. Timasheff, not only about science but also about life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Aune
- 7647 Cortana Drive, Granger, IN 46530 USA
| | - James Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77059 USA
| | - V. Prakash
- Nutraceuticals and Nutritional Research Center, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajiv Bhat
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharalal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Jose Andreu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Octavio Monasterio
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bernardo Perez-Ramirez
- CMC-Drug Device Integration, DP-Due Diligence, Biologics Drug Product Development & Manufacturing, Sanofi, 1 the Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Keith Shearwin
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Road, San Diego, CA 92130 USA
| | - John Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Colorado Anshutz Medical Campus, Auroa, CO 80045 USA
| | - John Crowe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Lois Crowe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - George Somero
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA
| | - Pete Gagnon
- BIA Separations, Mirce 21, 5270, Ajdovscina, Slovenia
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19
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Ishibashi M, Tanaka R, Yamasaki S, Tokunaga H, Arakawa T, Tokunaga M. Salt Mediated Modulation of Autolysis of Thermolysin-Like Proteinase, Salilysin, Isolated from a Moderate Halophile, Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM3043. Protein J 2021; 40:223-233. [PMID: 33502674 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-09964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Halophilic salilysin is first synthesized as a pro-form, which has been shown autolysis activity to process pro-region (55 amino acids long) three times to form intermediate 1 (I1), intermediate 2 (I2) and final mature (M) salilysin. The autolysis of I1- to M-form salilysin in vitro was significantly accelerated with increasing NaCl concentration up to 4 M. Strong salting-out salts, (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4 and MgSO4, were more effective, suggesting that autolysis is enhanced by inter-molecular association or structure compaction or both. However, MgCl2, a salting-in salt, was also effective, suggesting that other mechanisms, such as charge shielding and ionic binding to this halophilic protein, operated. Autolytic cleavage at site 3 resulted in mixed formation of correctly and incorrectly processed mature forms in the absence of salt, indicating that salt affected the accuracy of autolytic cleavage reaction. Far UV circular dichroism (CD) measurements indicated that E167A pro-salilysin showed an identical CD spectrum to the wild-type mature salilysin, suggesting pro-form has a proper fold for proteolytic activity. Thermal scanning indicated that E167A pro-salilysin was more heat-stable by ~ 10 °C than mature form. The CD spectra, thermal stability and modeling structure of salilysin clearly suggested that pro-salilysin is folded to the same structure as native form and is functional for autolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matsujiro Ishibashi
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Tanaka
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamasaki
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tokunaga
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Rd, San Diego, CA, 92130, USA
| | - Masao Tokunaga
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
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20
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Sakuma C, Tomioka Y, Li C, Shibata T, Nakagawa M, Kurosawa Y, Arakawa T, Akuta T. Analysis of protein denaturation, aggregation and post-translational modification by agarose native gel electrophoresis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 172:589-596. [PMID: 33454336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Agarose native gel electrophoresis has been developed to separate proteins and protein complexes in the native state. Here, we applied this technology to analyze proteins that undergo degradation, post-translational modification or chemical/physical changes. Antibodies showed aggregation/association upon acid or heat treatment. Limited reduction of disulfide bonds resulted in non-covalent aggregation of bovine serum albumin and cleavage of only inter-chain linkages of an antibody that had no effects on its overall structure. Native agarose gel analysis showed changes in mobility of human transferrin upon Fe3+ binding. Analysis of a commercial glycated human hemoglobin A1c showed no difference in electrophoretic pattern from un-modified hemoglobin. Native agarose gel showed aggregation of a virus upon acid or heat treatment. We have extracted bands of bovine serum albumin from the agarose native gel for sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis analysis, showing degradation of aged sample. Lastly, we analyzed phosphorylation of Zap70 kinase by native gel and Western blotting. These applications should expand the utility of this native gel electrophoresis technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Sakuma
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan
| | - Yui Tomioka
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan
| | - Cynthia Li
- HTL Biosolutions, Inc., 4010 Adoflo Road, Ste. B, Camrillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Takashi Shibata
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakagawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kurosawa
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan; Abwiz Bio Inc., 9823 Pacific Heights Blvd, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Rd, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26, Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna, Takahagi-shi, Ibaraki 318-0004, Japan.
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21
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Baker RW, Reimer JM, Carman PJ, Turegun B, Arakawa T, Dominguez R, Leschziner AE. Structural insights into assembly and function of the RSC chromatin remodeling complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 28:71-80. [PMID: 33288924 PMCID: PMC7855068 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-00528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SWI/SNF chromatin remodelers modify the position and spacing of nucleosomes and, in humans, are linked to cancer. To provide insights into the assembly and regulation of this protein family, we focused on a subcomplex of S. cerevisiae RSC comprising its ATPase (Sth1), the essential actin-related proteins (ARPs) Arp7 and Arp9, and the ARP-binding protein Rtt102. Cryo-EM and biochemical analysis of this subcomplex shows that ARP binding induces a helical conformation in the HSA domain of Sth1. Surprisingly, the ARP module is rotated 120° relative to full RSC, about a pivot point previously identified as a regulatory hub in Sth1, suggesting that large conformational changes are part of Sth1 regulation and RSC assembly. We also show that a conserved interaction between Sth1 and the nucleosome acidic patch enhances remodeling. As some cancer-associated mutations dysregulate rather than inactivate SWI/SNF remodelers, our insights into RSC complex regulation advance a mechanistic understanding of chromatin remodeling in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Baker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Janice M Reimer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter J Carman
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bengi Turegun
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Foghorn Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, a Division of KBI BioPharma, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andres E Leschziner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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22
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Tanaka R, Yamasaki S, Ishibashi M, Tokunaga H, Arakawa T, Tokunaga M. Salt-enhanced processing, proteolytic activity and stability of halophilic thermolysin-like proteinase, salilysin, isolated from a moderate halophile, Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM3043. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:77-86. [PMID: 32668304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Moderately halophilic bacterium, Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM3043, has a gene Csal_2537 encoding thermolysin-like M4 proteinase. This gene was cloned to pET expression vectors, resulting in high expression of recombinant proteinase, named as salilysin (salinity-dependent thermolysin-like proteinase), in Escherichia coli cytoplasm. This gene encodes precursor form of salilysin containing 348 amino acid residues (Pro-salilysin) consisting of 55 amino acids pro-sequence and following mature proteinase. Pro-sequence was cleaved three times to form intermediate 1, intermediate 2 and final mature salilysin. The processing rate was greatly accelerated in a salt concentration-dependent manner. Purified inactive mutant Pro-E167A-salilysin was correctly processed by purified mature salilysin, indicating that autolysis and inter-molecular processing occurred in its maturation processes. Proteolytic activity of mature salilysin against both peptide and protein substrates was also enhanced along with the addition of higher concentration of salt, 0-3.2 M NaCl, consistent with its halophilic origin. Mature salilysin was stabilized by ~8 °C in the presence of 1 M NaCl by thermal scanning using circular dichroism. One of the precursor form, intermediate 1, showed ~20 °C higher denaturation temperature than mature form, suggesting rigid and stable structure of this precursor form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Tanaka
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamasaki
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Matsujiro Ishibashi
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tokunaga
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, a Division of KBI Biopharma, 6042 Cornerstone Court West, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Masao Tokunaga
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
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23
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Li C, Akuta T, Nakagawa M, Sato T, Shibata T, Maruyama T, Okumura C, Kurosawa Y, Arakawa T. Agarose native gel electrophoresis for characterization of antibodies. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:885-890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Hirano A, Nagatoishi S, Wada M, Tsumoto K, Maluf KN, Arakawa T. Technical Capabilities and Limitations of Optical Spectroscopy and Calorimetry Using Water-Miscible Solvents: The Case of Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Acetonitrile, and 1,4-Dioxane. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:524-531. [PMID: 31682831 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In drug development, water-miscible solvents are commonly used to dissolve drug substances. Typical routine procedures in drug development include dilution of the stock drug solution into an aqueous solution containing target macromolecules for drug binding assays. However, water-miscible solvents impose some technical limitations on the assays on account of their light absorption and heat capacity. Here, we examined the effects of the dilution of 3 water-miscible solvents, that is, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, and 1,4-dioxane, on the baseline stability and signal/noise ratio in circular dichroism spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry. Dimethyl sulfoxide and 1,4-dioxane affect the signal/noise ratio of circular dichroism spectra at typically used concentrations due to their light absorbance. The water-miscible solvents generate interfering signals in the isothermal titration calorimetry due to their mixing heat. They show negative or positive slope in the differential scanning calorimetry. Such interfering effects of the solvents are reduced by appropriate dilution according to the analytical techniques. Because the water-miscible solvents have solubilization capacity for alkyl chain moieties and aromatic moieties of chemicals, drug substances containing these moieties can be dissolved into the solvents and then subjected to the analyses to examine their interactions with target proteins after appropriate dilution of the drug solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hirano
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Momoyo Wada
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Karl N Maluf
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, Division of KBI Biopharma, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, Division of KBI Biopharma, San Diego, California 92121
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25
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Wojnarowicz PM, Lima E Silva R, Ohnaka M, Lee SB, Chin Y, Kulukian A, Chang SH, Desai B, Garcia Escolano M, Shah R, Garcia-Cao M, Xu S, Kadam R, Goldgur Y, Miller MA, Ouerfelli O, Yang G, Arakawa T, Albanese SK, Garland WA, Stoller G, Chaudhary J, Norton L, Soni RK, Philip J, Hendrickson RC, Iavarone A, Dannenberg AJ, Chodera JD, Pavletich N, Lasorella A, Campochiaro PA, Benezra R. A Small-Molecule Pan-Id Antagonist Inhibits Pathologic Ocular Neovascularization. Cell Rep 2019; 29:62-75.e7. [PMID: 31577956 PMCID: PMC6896334 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Id helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins (Id1-4) bind E protein bHLH transcription factors, preventing them from forming active transcription complexes that drive changes in cell states. Id proteins are primarily expressed during development to inhibit differentiation, but they become re-expressed in adult tissues in diseases of the vasculature and cancer. We show that the genetic loss of Id1/Id3 reduces ocular neovascularization in mouse models of wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). An in silico screen identifies AGX51, a small-molecule Id antagonist. AGX51 inhibits the Id1-E47 interaction, leading to ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Ids, cell growth arrest, and reduced viability. AGX51 is well-tolerated in mice and phenocopies the genetic loss of Id expression in AMD and ROP models by inhibiting retinal neovascularization. Thus, AGX51 is a first-in-class compound that antagonizes an interaction formerly considered undruggable and that may have utility in the management of multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M Wojnarowicz
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Raquel Lima E Silva
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Masayuki Ohnaka
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sang Bae Lee
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yvette Chin
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anita Kulukian
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sung-Hee Chang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bina Desai
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marta Garcia Escolano
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Riddhi Shah
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marta Garcia-Cao
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sijia Xu
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rashmi Kadam
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yehuda Goldgur
- Structural Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Meredith A Miller
- Structural Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ouathek Ouerfelli
- Organic Synthesis Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Guangli Yang
- Organic Synthesis Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, a Division of KBI Biopharma, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Steven K Albanese
- Computational Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Glenn Stoller
- Ophthalmic Consultants of Long Island, Lynbrook, NY 11563, USA
| | - Jaideep Chaudhary
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Larry Norton
- Evelyn H. Lauder Breast Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar Soni
- Proteomics & Microchemistry Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John Philip
- Proteomics & Microchemistry Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ronald C Hendrickson
- Proteomics & Microchemistry Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Department of Neurology, Department of Pathology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew J Dannenberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John D Chodera
- Computational Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nikola Pavletich
- Structural Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pathology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peter A Campochiaro
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Robert Benezra
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Nishinami S, Kameda T, Arakawa T, Shiraki K. Hydantoin and Its Derivatives Reduce the Viscosity of Concentrated Antibody Formulations by Inhibiting Associations via Hydrophobic Amino Acid Residues. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Nishinami
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Tomoshi Kameda
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- a Division of KBI Biopharma, Alliance Protein Laboratories, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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Arakawa T, Norimoto S, Iwakiri S, Asano T, Niimi Y. Cavity resonator for circularly polarized microwave irradiation mounted on a cryostat. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:084707. [PMID: 31472660 DOI: 10.1063/1.5098846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed a cylindrical cavity resonator with a hybrid coupler where circularly polarized microwaves can be irradiated to a sample. The polarity of the microwave can be switched by changing the input ports of the hybrid coupler. The cavity resonator is small enough to be mounted on a cryostat which enables us to change the sample temperature in a wide range. To demonstrate the performance of the cavity resonator mounted on a cryostat, Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) was used as a test sample. We succeeded in selectively exciting left and right circularly polarized modes with high polarization (>80%). We also evaluated the susceptibility tensor of YIG in the cryostat. The technique presented here would offer a new direction in the fields of spintronics and quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arakawa
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - S Norimoto
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - S Iwakiri
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T Asano
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Y Niimi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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28
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Hirano A, Iwashita K, Ura T, Sakuraba S, Shiraki K, Arakawa T, Kameda T. The binding affinity of uncharged aromatic solutes for negatively charged resins is enhanced by cations via cation–π interactions: The case of sodium ion and arginine. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1595:97-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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29
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Li C, Arakawa T. Application of native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for protein analysis: Bovine serum albumin as a model protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 125:566-571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ikeda K, Ejima D, Arakawa T, Koyama AH. Protein aggregation suppressor arginine as an effective mouth cleaning agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 122:224-227. [PMID: 30393137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have tested here whether or not arginine, a well-known aggregation suppressor, is effective in removing bacterial cells, which may present a potential risk of accidental pneumonia infection in aged individuals, from the oral mucosal membranes. This is based on the ability of arginine to suppress protein-protein interaction and surface adsorption and increase the solubility of organic compounds. Twelve student volunteers were subjected to mouthwashes with saline, citrate buffer (pH 3.5), arginine (pH 3.5) and a commercial Listerine. Insignificant effects were observed with saline and citrate buffer, whereas arginine and Listerine mouthwashes led to significant reduction of bacterial cells from the dorsal side of the volunteer's tongue. Arginine also appeared to disrupt biofilms present in the mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ikeda
- Adult Nursing, School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0011, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ejima
- Technology Development, Sysmex Corporation, 4-4-4 Takatsukadai, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2271, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, San Diego, CA 92121, United States of America.
| | - A Hajime Koyama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0011, Wakayama, Japan
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31
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Tokunaga M, Arakawa T, Tokunaga Y, Sugimoto Y, Ishibashi M. Insoluble expression of highly soluble halophilic metal binding protein for metal ion biosorption: Application of aggregation-prone peptide from hen egg white lysozyme. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 156:50-57. [PMID: 30615940 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insoluble expression of intrinsically soluble proteins with native activity is potentially a promising alternative to soluble expression of folded protein or insoluble expression of unfolded protein requiring refolding. Here, we attempted to express highly soluble halophilic His-rich metal binding protein (HP) as insoluble inclusion bodies with native metal-binding activity using insolubilizing nona-peptide (Ins), GILQINSRW, derived from hen egg white lysozyme (His-InsHP). About 80% of expressed His-InsHP was localized in inclusion bodies in Na-phosphate/NaCl buffer, pH 7.4, while His-HP without Ins peptide was exclusively expressed in soluble supernatant. We report expression, purification and characterization of this insoluble His-InsHP, and its possible application for efficient biosorption and recovery of environmental metal ions, for example, by using whole bacterial cells expressing insoluble His-InsHP as a new cost-effective metal ion-adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Tokunaga
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 6042 Cornerstone Court West, Suite A, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yuhei Tokunaga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Bioscience, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Bioscience, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Matsujiro Ishibashi
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories Division of KBI Biopharma 6042 Cornerstone Court West San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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Arakawa T, Kita Y. Protein Solvent Interaction: Transition of Protein-solvent Interaction Concept from Basic Research into Solvent Manipulation of Chromatography. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2018; 20:34-39. [PMID: 29065832 DOI: 10.2174/1389203718666171024121529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have reviewed in this journal (Arakawa, T., Kita, Y., Curr. Protein Pept. Sci., 15, 608-620, 2014) the interaction of arginine with proteins and various applications of this solvent additive in the area of protein formulations and downstream processes. In this special issue, we expand the concept of protein-solvent interaction into the analysis of the effects of solvent additives on various column chromatography, including mixed-mode chromatography. Earlier in our research, we have studied the interactions of such a variety of solvent additives as sugars, salts, amino acids, polymers and organic solvents with a variety of proteins, which resulted in mechanistic understanding on their protein stabilization and precipitation effects, the latter known as Hofmeister series. While such a study was then a pure academic research, rapid development of genetic engineering technologies and resultant biotechnologies made it a valuable knowledge in fully utilizing solvent additives in manipulation of protein solution, including column chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, A Division of KBI Biopharma, 6042 Cornerstone Court West, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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Arakawa T. Review on the Application of Mixed-mode Chromatography for Separation of Structure Isoforms. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2018; 20:56-60. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203718666171009111033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins often generate structure isoforms naturally or artificially due to, for example, different glycosylation, disulfide scrambling, partial structure rearrangement, oligomer formation or chemical modification. The isoform formations are normally accompanied by alterations in charged state or hydrophobicity. Thus, isoforms can be fractionated by reverse-phase, hydrophobic interaction or ion exchange chromatography. We have applied mixed-mode chromatography for fractionation of isoforms for several model proteins and observed that cation exchange Capto MMC and anion exchange Capto adhere columns are effective in separating conformational isoforms and self-associated oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, A Division of KBI Biophama, 6042 Cornerstone Court West, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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Mizukami M, Onishi H, Hanagata H, Miyauchi A, Ito Y, Tokunaga H, Ishibashi M, Arakawa T, Tokunaga M. Efficient production of Trastuzumab Fab antibody fragments in Brevibacillus choshinensis expression system. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 150:109-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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37
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Miura H, Morita Y, Hosoda H, Yoneda S, Nakao K, Fujino M, Otsuka F, Arakawa T, Asaumi Y, Kataoka Y, Tahara Y, Nakanishi M, Fukuda T, Noguchi T, Yasuda S. P4676Prediction of adverse left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction using feature-tracking imaging. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy563.p4676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Miura
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Y Morita
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Radiology, Suita, Japan
| | - H Hosoda
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - S Yoneda
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - K Nakao
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - M Fujino
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - F Otsuka
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - T Arakawa
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Y Asaumi
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Y Kataoka
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Y Tahara
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - M Nakanishi
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - T Fukuda
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Radiology, Suita, Japan
| | - T Noguchi
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - S Yasuda
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Suita, Japan
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38
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Arakawa T. Acetonitrile as solvent for protein interaction analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:728-732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Tominaga K, Sakata Y, Kusunoki H, Odaka T, Sakurai K, Kawamura O, Nagahara A, Takeuchi T, Fujikawa Y, Oshima T, Kato M, Furuta T, Murakami K, Chiba T, Miwa H, Kinoshita Y, Higuchi K, Kusano M, Iwakiri R, Fujimoto K, Tack JF, Arakawa T. Rikkunshito simultaneously improves dyspepsia correlated with anxiety in patients with functional dyspepsia: A randomized clinical trial (the DREAM study). Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13319. [PMID: 29498457 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional dyspepsia (FD), a heterogeneous disorder, involves multiple pathogenetic mechanisms. Developing treatments for FD has been challenging. We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial to determine the efficacy of rikkunshito, a Japanese herbal medicine, in FD patients. METHODS FD patients (n = 192) who met the Rome III criteria without Helicobacter pylori infection, predominant heartburn, and depression were enrolled at 56 hospitals in Japan. After 2 weeks of single-blind placebo treatment, 128 patients with continuous symptoms were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of rikkunshito (n = 64) or placebo (n = 61). The primary efficacy endpoint was global assessment of overall treatment efficacy (OTE). The secondary efficacy endpoints were improvements in upper gastrointestinal symptoms evaluated by the Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders-Symptom Severity Index (PAGI-SYM), the Global Overall Symptom scale (GOS), and the modified Frequency Scale for the Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (m-FSSG), and psychological symptoms evaluated by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). KEY RESULTS Rikkunshito increased OTE compared to placebo at 8 weeks (P = .019). Rikkunshito improved upper gastrointestinal symptoms (PAGI-SYM, GOS, and m-FSSG) at 8 weeks, especially postprandial fullness/early satiety (P = .015 and P = .001) and bloating (P = .007 and P = .002) of the PAGI-SYM subscales at 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Improvement of HADS at 8 weeks (P = .027) correlated with those of PAGI-SYM (r = .302, P = .001), GOS (r = .186, P = .044), and m-FSSG (r = .462, P < .001), postprandial fullness/early satiety (r = .226, P = .014), dyspepsia (r = .215, P = .019), and PDS (r = .221, P = .016). CONCLUSION & INFERENCES Rikkunshito may be beneficial for FD patients to simultaneously treat gastrointestinal and psychological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tominaga
- Premier Developmental Research of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Sakata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
| | - H Kusunoki
- Department of General Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki-city, Okayama, Japan
| | - T Odaka
- Odaka Medical and Gastrointestinal Clinic, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - O Kawamura
- Department of Endoscopy and Endoscopic Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - A Nagahara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - T Takeuchi
- Premier Developmental Research of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Fujikawa
- Premier Developmental Research of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Oshima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - M Kato
- National Hospital Organization Hakodate Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - T Furuta
- Center for Clinical Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - K Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - T Chiba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - H Miwa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Y Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - K Higuchi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - M Kusano
- Department of Endoscopy and Endoscopic Surgery, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - R Iwakiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
| | - K Fujimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
| | - J F Tack
- University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Arakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Balashova N, Giannakakis A, Brown AC, Koufos E, Benz R, Arakawa T, Tang HY, Lally ET. Generation of a recombinant Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans RTX toxin in Escherichia coli. Gene 2018; 672:106-114. [PMID: 29879499 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A leukotoxin (LtxA) that is produced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is an important virulence determinant in an aggressive form of periodontitis in adolescents. Understanding the function of this protein at the molecular level is critical to elucidating its role in the disease process. To accomplish genetic analysis of the protein structure and relating these observations to toxin function, we have developed an E. coli expression system for the generation and rapid purification of LtxA. Cloning the structural toxin gene, ltxA, from Aa strain JP2 under control of T7 promoter-1 of pCDFDuet-1 vector resulted in expression of a 114 KDa protein which could be easily purified by the presence of a carboxy-terminal engineered double hexahistidine (double-His6) tag and was immunologically reactive with an anti-LtxA monoclonal antibody, but was not cytotoxic. Cloning a second gene, ltxC, an acyltransferase gene, into the vector under control of T7 promoter-2, resulted in expression of the biologically active LtxA. The toxin was extracted from E. coli inclusion bodies, purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography, and refolded by dialysis. When compared by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy analysis, acylated recombinant LtxA has a secondary structure consistent with wt LtxA, while variations in α-helical structure of nonacylated LtxA were observed. No modifications in α-helix were found upon the toxin's binding with liposome-incorporated cholesterol. Our results suggest that pure, biologically active recombinant LtxA can be isolated by a one-step affinity chromatography from E. coli. The toxic and structural properties of the recombinant LtxA are similar to its wt counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Balashova
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Giannakakis
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela C Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Evan Koufos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Roland Benz
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, a Division of KBI Biopharma, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hsin-Yao Tang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward T Lally
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Nishinami S, Yoshizawa S, Arakawa T, Shiraki K. Allantoin and hydantoin as new protein aggregation suppressors. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:497-503. [PMID: 29505874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Allantoin is widely used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, and is composed of a hydantoin ring and a ureido group. Recent reports showed that allantoin suppresses thermal aggregation of hen egg white lysozyme (LYZ). However, structural insight into the properties of allantoin on protein aggregation and whether allantoin controls the aggregation of other proteins under different stress conditions remain unclear. Here we studied the structural properties of allantoin in terms of its effects on protein aggregation by comparing allantoin with urea and hydantoin. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of allantoin and its derivatives on the aggregation of LYZ, carbonic anhydrase from bovine erythrocytes (BCA), albumin from chicken egg white (OVA), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) by various stresses in comparison with arginine. These four proteins are widely different in charged state and molecular size. Allantoin suppressed the aggregation and inactivation of LYZ comparing to arginine without affecting the melting temperature of proteins, and was responsible for the slightly improved formation of soluble oligomers and insoluble aggregates of IgG with thermal and acidic stresses. In contrast, hydantoin increased the solubility of aromatic amino acids more effectively than arginine and allantoin. The structural properties underlying the observed effects of allantoin as an aggregation suppressor include hydrophobic interactions between hydantoin moiety and aromatic ring on the surface of proteins, which is reflected on the difference between allantoin and arginine. These results show that the backbone of hydantoin ring may be a new category of additives for development of small aggregation suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Nishinami
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yoshizawa
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
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Arakawa T, Maluf NK. The effects of allantoin, arginine and NaCl on thermal melting and aggregation of ribonuclease, bovine serum albumin and lysozyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:1692-1696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Yoshizawa S, Oki S, Arakawa T, Shiraki K. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a counteracting solute of benzyl alcohol for multi-dose formulation of immunoglobulin. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:984-989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hirano A, Maruyama T, Shiraki K, Arakawa T, Kameda T. Corrigendum to "Mechanism of protein desorption from 4-mercaptoethylpyridine resins by arginine solutions" [J. Chromatogr. A 1373 (2014) 141-148]. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1532:257-258. [PMID: 29248343 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hirano
- Nanosystem Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan
| | - Takuya Maruyama
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | | | - Tomoshi Kameda
- Computational Biology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan.
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Abstract
Protein folding and assembly can be manipulated in in vitro systems by co-solvents at high concentrations. A number of co-solvents that enhance protein stability and assembly have been shown to be excluded from the protein surface. Such co-solvent exclusion has been demonstrated by dialysis experiments and shown to be correlated with their effects on protein stability and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, a Division of KBI Biopharma, 6042 Cornerstone Court West, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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Arakawa T, Tokunaga M, Maruyama T, Shiraki K. Two Elution Mechanisms of MEP Chromatography. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2017; 20:28-33. [PMID: 29150920 DOI: 10.2174/1389203718666171117105132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
MEP (mercapto-ethyl-pyridine) HyperCel is one of the hydrophobic charge induction chromatography (HCIC) resins. Under normal operation, proteins are bound to the MEP resin at neutral pH, at which MEP is not charged, mostly via hydrophobic interaction. MEP has a pyridine group, whose pK is 4.8, and hence is positively charged at acidic pH range. Based on the binding mechanism (i.e., hydrophobic interaction) and the induced positive charge at acidic pH, there may be two ways to elute the bound proteins. One way is to bring the pH down to protonate both MEP resin and the bound protein, leading to charge repulsion and thereby elution. Another way is to use hydrophobic interaction modifiers, which are often used in hydrophobic interaction chromatography, to reduce hydrophobic interaction. Here, we summarize such two possible elution approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, A Division of KBI Biopharma, 6042 Cornerstone Court West, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Masao Tokunaga
- Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Takuya Maruyama
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305- 8573, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shiraki
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305- 8573, Japan
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Yoshizawa S, Arakawa T, Shiraki K. Thermal aggregation of human immunoglobulin G in arginine solutions: Contrasting effects of stabilizers and destabilizers. Int J Biol Macromol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
TOYOPEARL particles are cross-linked hydroxylated methacrylic polymers available in different pore and particle sizes. They are conjugated with different ligands to generate ion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction and affinity resins. They have excellent physical and chemical properties. A mixed-mode resin, TOYOPEARL MX-Trp-650M, is made of this particle with tryptophan conjugated via N-terminal amino group and hence has both hydrophobic/aromatic side chain and carboxyl group. In this review, I will summarize the properties of the TOYOPEARL particles and MX-Trp-650M resin and application of this resin for purification of proteins and in some detail the separation of disulfide (SS)- scrambled oligomers of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). For this particular application, the intact IGF-1 was used to examine binding and elution conditions of TOYOSCREEN MX-Trp-650M column. Strong binding was obtained at pH 4.0, at which arginine, but not NaCl, resulted in elution. Both NaCl and arginine resulted in elution at pH 6.5. In addition, a pH gradient from 4.0 to 8.5 was effective. When applied to SS-scrambled IGF-1 oligomers, both pH and arginine gradient exhibited an efficient separation of the oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, A Division of KBI Biopharma, 6042 Cornerstone Court West, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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Date A, Tokeshi T, Miura H, Kumasaka R, Nakao K, Arakawa T, Fukui S, Hasegawa T, Nakanishi M, Yanase M, Noguchi T, Anzai T, Yasuda S, Goto Y. P3424Absence of BNP decrease after exercise therapy in chronic heart failure patients with chronic atrial fibrillation: comparison with sinus rhythm. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.p3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Date A, Tokeshi T, Miura H, Kumasaka R, Nakao K, Arakawa T, Fukui S, Hasegawa T, Nakanishi M, Yanase M, Noguchi T, Yasuda S, Goto Y. P2493Is exercise training HR above anaerobic threshold level harmful in patients after acute myocardial infarction with high BNP levels? Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx502.p2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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