1
|
Fusi GM, Gandini T, Gazzola S, Grell T, Colombo V, Pignataro L, Piarulli U. Design, Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of (Cyclopentadienone)iron Complexes Containing a Stereogenic Plane and a Stereogenic Axis. Chemistry 2023:e202302533. [PMID: 37688430 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of several chiral (cyclopentadienone)iron complexes (CICs) featuring either two (R)-BINOL-derived stereoaxes or a combination of one (R)-BINOL-derived stereoaxis and a stereogenic plane. The stereoplane-containing CICs were obtained as epimer mixtures, which were separated by flash column chromatography and assigned an absolute configuration based on XRD analysis, NMR and order of elution. The library was tested in the asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones showing good catalytic activity and a moderate stereoselectivity which, notably, is mostly imparted by the stereogenic plane. Indeed, the two epimers of each CIC possessing a stereoplane show opposite and equally strong stereochemical preference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Maria Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio, 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Tommaso Gandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio, 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Toni Grell
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
- INSTM UdR Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio, 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zambra M, Ranđelović I, Talarico F, Borbély A, Svajda L, Tóvári J, Mező G, Bodero L, Colombo S, Arrigoni F, Fasola E, Gazzola S, Piarulli U. Optimizing the enzymatic release of MMAE from isoDGR-based small molecule drug conjugate by incorporation of a GPLG-PABC enzymatically cleavable linker. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1215694. [PMID: 37492088 PMCID: PMC10363981 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1215694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) and Small Molecule-Drug Conjugates (SMDCs) represent successful examples of targeted drug-delivery technologies for overcoming unwanted side effects of conventional chemotherapy in cancer treatment. In both strategies, a cytotoxic payload is connected to the tumor homing moiety through a linker that releases the drug inside or in proximity of the tumor cell, and that represents a key component for the final therapeutic effect of the conjugate. Here, we show that the replacement of the Val-Ala-p-aminobenzyloxycarbamate linker with the Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-p-aminobenzyloxycarbamate (GPLG-PABC) sequence as enzymatically cleavable linker in the SMDC bearing the cyclo[DKP-isoDGR] αVβ3 integrin ligand as tumor homing moiety and the monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) as cytotoxic payload led to a 4-fold more potent anti-tumoral effect of the final conjugate on different cancer cell lines. In addition, the synthesized conjugate resulted to be significantly more potent than the free MMAE when tested following the "kiss-and-run" protocol, and the relative potency were clearly consistent with the expression of the αVβ3 integrin receptor in the considered cancer cell lines. In vitro enzymatic cleavage tests showed that the GPLG-PABC linker is cleaved by lysosomal enzymes, and that the released drug is observable already after 15 min of incubation. Although additional data are needed to fully characterize the releasing capacity of GPLG-PABC linker, our findings are of therapeutic significance since we are introducing an alternative to other well-established enzymatically sensitive peptide sequences that might be used in the future for generating more efficient and less toxic drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zambra
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Ivan Ranđelović
- The National Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Francesco Talarico
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Adina Borbély
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group and Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laura Svajda
- KINETO Lab Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pathological Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Tóvári
- The National Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mező
- ELKH-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lizeth Bodero
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Sveva Colombo
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
- Department of Chemistry Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Federico Arrigoni
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Elettra Fasola
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fasola E, Alboreggia G, Pieraccini S, Oliva F, Agharbaoui FE, Bollati M, Bertoni G, Recchia S, Marelli M, Piarulli U, Pellegrino S, Gazzola S. Conformational switch and multiple supramolecular structures of a newly identified self-assembling protein-mimetic peptide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa YeaZ protein. Front Chem 2022; 10:1038796. [PMID: 36583150 PMCID: PMC9792601 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1038796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-mimetic peptides (PMPs) are shorter sequences of self-assembling proteins, that represent remarkable building blocks for the generation of bioinspired functional supramolecular structures with multiple applications. The identification of novel aminoacidic sequences that permit the access to valuable biocompatible materials is an attractive area of research. In this work, in silico analysis of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa YeaZ protein (PaYeaZ) led to the identification of a tetradecapeptide that represents the shortest sequence responsible for the YeaZ-YeaZ dimer formation. Based on its sequence, an innovative 20-meric peptide, called PMP-2, was designed, synthesized, and characterized in terms of secondary structure and self-assembly properties. PMP-2 conserves a helical character and self-assembles into helical nanofibers in non-polar solvents (DMSO and trifluoroethanol), as well as in dilute (0.5 mM) aqueous solutions. In contrast, at higher concentrations (>2 mM) in water, a conformational transition from α-helix to β-sheet occurs, which is accompanied by the Protein-mimetic peptide aggregation into 2D-sheets and formation supramolecular gel in aqueous environment. Our findings reveal a newly identified Protein-mimetic peptide that could turn as a promising candidate for future material applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elettra Fasola
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Giulia Alboreggia
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Michela Bollati
- CNR and Department of Biosciences, Institute of Biophysics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sandro Recchia
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Marcello Marelli
- CNR-SCITEC—Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Milan, Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy,*Correspondence: Umberto Piarulli, ; Silvia Gazzola,
| | - Sara Pellegrino
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy,*Correspondence: Umberto Piarulli, ; Silvia Gazzola,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pignataro L, Piarulli U. A Long Journey through Organic Chemistry – Celebrating Cesare Gennari's 70th Birthday. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202201160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Via Valleggio, 11 I-22100 Como Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vasile F, Lavore F, Gazzola S, Vettraino C, Parisini E, Piarulli U, Belvisi L, Civera M. A combined fragment-based virtual screening and STD-NMR approach for the identification of E-cadherin ligands. Front Chem 2022; 10:946087. [PMID: 36059878 PMCID: PMC9437437 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.946087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins promote cell-cell adhesion by forming homophilic interactions via their N-terminal extracellular domains. Hence, they have broad-ranging physiological effects on tissue organization and homeostasis. When dysregulated, cadherins contribute to different aspects of cancer progression and metastasis; therefore, targeting the cadherin adhesive interface with small-molecule antagonists is expected to have potential therapeutic and diagnostic value. Here, we used molecular docking simulations to evaluate the propensity of three different libraries of commercially available drug-like fragments (nearly 18,000 compounds) to accommodate into the Trp2 binding pocket of E-cadherin, a crucial site for the orchestration of the protein’s dimerization mechanism. Top-ranked fragments featuring five different aromatic chemotypes were expanded by means of a similarity search on the PubChem database (Tanimoto index >90%). Of this set, seven fragments containing an aromatic scaffold linked to an aliphatic chain bearing at least one amine group were finally selected for further analysis. Ligand-based NMR data (Saturation Transfer Difference, STD) and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that these fragments can bind E-cadherin mostly through their aromatic moiety, while their aliphatic portions may also diversely engage with the mobile regions of the binding site. A tetrahydro-β-carboline scaffold functionalized with an ethylamine emerged as the most promising fragment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vasile
- Department of Chemistry, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Lavore
- Department of Chemistry, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università Degli Studi Dell’Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Chiara Vettraino
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia @Polimi, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Parisini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia @Polimi, Milan, Italy
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Università Degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università Degli Studi Dell’Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Department of Chemistry, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Civera
- Department of Chemistry, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Monica Civera,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fusi GM, Gazzola S, Piarulli U. Chiral Iron Complexes in Asymmetric Organic Transformations. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como, Italy
| | - S. Gazzola
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como, Italy
| | - U. Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Maria Fusi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bodero L, Parente S, Arrigoni F, Klimpel A, Neundorf I, Gazzola S, Piarulli U. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of an
iso
DGR‐Paclitaxel Conjugate Containing a Cell‐Penetrating Peptide to Promote Cellular Uptake. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth Bodero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Sara Parente
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Federico Arrigoni
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Annika Klimpel
- University of Cologne Department of Chemistry Institute for Biochemistry Zuelpicher Str. 47a 50674 Cologne Germany
| | - Ines Neundorf
- University of Cologne Department of Chemistry Institute for Biochemistry Zuelpicher Str. 47a 50674 Cologne Germany
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Panzeri S, Arosio D, Gazzola S, Belvisi L, Civera M, Potenza D, Vasile F, Kemker I, Ertl T, Sewald N, Reiser O, Piarulli U. Cyclic RGD and isoDGR Integrin Ligands Containing cis-2-amino-1-cyclopentanecarboxylic ( cis-β-ACPC) Scaffolds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245966. [PMID: 33339382 PMCID: PMC7766232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin ligands containing the tripeptide sequences Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and iso-Asp-Gly- Arg (isoDGR) were actively investigated as inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis and directing unit in tumor-targeting drug conjugates. Reported herein is the synthesis, of two RGD and one isoDGR cyclic peptidomimetics containing (1S,2R) and (1R,2S) cis-2-amino-1-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid (cis-β-ACPC), using a mixed solid phase/solution phase synthetic protocol. The three ligands were examined in vitro in competitive binding assays to the purified αvβ3 and α5β1 receptors using biotinylated vitronectin (αvβ3) and fibronectin (α5β1) as natural displaced ligands. The IC50 values of the ligands ranged from nanomolar (the two RGD ligands) to micromolar (the isoDGR ligand) with a pronounced selectivity for αvβ3 over α5β1. In vitro cell adhesion assays were also performed using the human skin melanoma cell line WM115 (rich in integrin αvβ3). The two RGD ligands showed IC50 values in the same micromolar range as the reference compound (cyclo[RGDfV]), while for the isoDGR derivative an IC50 value could not be measured for the cell adhesion assay. A conformational analysis of the free RGD and isoDGR ligands by NMR (VT-NMR and NOESY experiments) and computational studies (MC/EM and MD), followed by docking simulations performed in the αVβ3 integrin active site, provided a rationale for the behavior of these ligands toward the receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Panzeri
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy; (S.P.); (S.G.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.E.); (O.R.)
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Giulio Natta, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy; (S.P.); (S.G.)
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (M.C.); (D.P.); (F.V.)
| | - Monica Civera
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (M.C.); (D.P.); (F.V.)
| | - Donatella Potenza
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (M.C.); (D.P.); (F.V.)
| | - Francesca Vasile
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.B.); (M.C.); (D.P.); (F.V.)
| | - Isabell Kemker
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (I.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Thomas Ertl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.E.); (O.R.)
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; (I.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (T.E.); (O.R.)
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy; (S.P.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Feni L, Jütten L, Parente S, Piarulli U, Neundorf I, Diaz D. Cell-penetrating peptides containing 2,5-diketopiperazine (DKP) scaffolds as shuttles for anti-cancer drugs: conformational studies and biological activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5685-5688. [PMID: 32319458 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01490g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of linear and cyclic peptidomimetics composed of a cell-penetrating peptide and a non-natural, bifunctional 2,5-diketopiperazine scaffold is reported. Conformational studies revealed well-defined helical structures in micellar medium for linear structures, while cyclic peptidomimetics were more flexible. Biological investigations showed higher membrane-activity of cyclic derivatives allowing their use as shuttles for anti-cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Feni
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Zülpicher Str. 47a, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Linda Jütten
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Greinstraße 4, D-50939, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sara Parente
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy.
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy.
| | - Ines Neundorf
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Zülpicher Str. 47a, D-50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Dolores Diaz
- University of Cologne, Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Greinstraße 4, D-50939, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bai X, Aiolfi F, Cettolin M, Piarulli U, Dal Corso A, Pignataro L, Gennari C. Hydrogen-Borrowing Amination of Secondary Alcohols Promoted by a (Cyclopentadienone)iron Complex. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2019. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1690101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to a highly active catalyst, the scope of the (cyclopentadienone)iron complex-promoted ‘hydrogen-borrowing’ (HB) amination has been expanded to secondary alcohols, which had previously been reported to react only in the presence of large amounts of co-catalysts. A range of cyclic and acyclic secondary alcohols were reacted with aromatic and aliphatic amines giving fair to excellent yields of the substitution products. The catalyst was also able to promote the cyclization of diols bearing a secondary alcohol group with primary amines to generate saturated N-heterocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xishan Bai
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica
| | | | | | - Umberto Piarulli
- Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia
| | | | - Luca Pignataro
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Feni L, Parente S, Robert C, Gazzola S, Arosio D, Piarulli U, Neundorf I. Kiss and Run: Promoting Effective and Targeted Cellular Uptake of a Drug Delivery Vehicle Composed of an Integrin-Targeting Diketopiperazine Peptidomimetic and a Cell-Penetrating Peptide. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2011-2022. [PMID: 31243977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have emerged as powerful tools in terms of drug delivery. Those short, often cationic peptides are characterized by their usually low toxicity and their ability to transport diverse cargos inside almost any kinds of cells. Still, one major drawback is their nonselective uptake making their application in targeted cancer therapies questionable. In this work, we aimed to combine the power of a CPP (sC18) with an integrin-targeting unit (c[DKP-f3-RGD]). The latter is composed of the Arg-Gly-Asp peptide sequence cyclized via a diketopiperazine scaffold and is characterized by its high selectivity toward integrin αvβ3. The two parts were linked via copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide click reaction (CuAAC), while the CPP was additionally functionalized with either a fluorescent dye or the anticancer drug daunorubicin. Both functionalities allowed a careful biological evaluation of these novel peptide-conjugates regarding their cellular uptake mechanism, as well as cytotoxicity in αvβ3 integrin receptor expressing cells versus cells that do not express αvβ3. Our results show that the uptake follows a "kiss-and-run"-like model, in which the conjugates first target and recognize the receptor, but translocate mainly by CPP mediation. Thereby, we observed significantly more pronounced toxic effects in αvβ3 expressing U87 cells compared to HT-29 and MCF-7 cells, when the cells were exposed to the substances with only very short contact times (15 min). All in all, we present new concepts for the design of cancer selective peptide-drug conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Feni
- University of Cologne , Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry , Zülpicher Strasse 47a , D-50674 Cologne , Germany
| | - Sara Parente
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia , Università degli Studi dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11 , 22100 , Como , Italy
| | - Clémence Robert
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia , Università degli Studi dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11 , 22100 , Como , Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia , Università degli Studi dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11 , 22100 , Como , Italy
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), National Research Council (CNR) , Via G.Golgi 19 , 20133 , Milan , Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia , Università degli Studi dell'Insubria , Via Valleggio 11 , 22100 , Como , Italy
| | - Ines Neundorf
- University of Cologne , Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry , Zülpicher Strasse 47a , D-50674 Cologne , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Borbély A, Figueras E, Martins A, Bodero L, Raposo Moreira Dias A, López Rivas P, Pina A, Arosio D, Gallinari P, Frese M, Steinkühler C, Gennari C, Piarulli U, Sewald N. Conjugates of Cryptophycin and RGD or isoDGR Peptidomimetics for Targeted Drug Delivery. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:737-742. [PMID: 31275795 PMCID: PMC6587324 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RGD-cryptophycin and isoDGR-cryptophycin conjugates were synthetized by combining peptidomimetic integrin ligands and cryptophycin, a highly potent tubulin-binding antimitotic agent across lysosomally cleavable Val-Ala or uncleavable linkers. The conjugates were able to effectively inhibit binding of biotinylated vitronectin to integrin αvβ3, showing a binding affinity in the same range as that of the free ligands. The antiproliferative activity of the novel conjugates was evaluated on human melanoma cells M21 and M21-L with different expression levels of integrin αvβ3, showing nanomolar potency of all four compounds against both cell lines. Conjugates containing uncleavable linker show reduced activity compared to the corresponding cleavable conjugates, indicating efficient intracellular drug release in the case of cryptophycin-based SMDCs. However, no significant correlation between the in vitro biological activity of the conjugates and the integrin αvβ3 expression level was observed, which is presumably due to a non-integrin-mediated uptake. This reveals the complexity of effective and selective αvβ3 integrin-mediated drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adina Borbély
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 DE-33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Eduard Figueras
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 DE-33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Ana Martins
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 DE-33615 Bielefeld Germany
- Exiris s.r.l. Via di Castel Romano 100 IT-00128 Rome Italy
| | - Lizeth Bodero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio, 11 IT-22100 Como Italy
| | | | - Paula López Rivas
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi, 19 IT-20133 Milano Italy
| | - Arianna Pina
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi, 19 IT-20133 Milano Italy
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM) CNR Via C. Golgi, 19 IT-20133 Milano Italy
| | | | - Marcel Frese
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 DE-33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | | | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi, 19 IT-20133 Milano Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio, 11 IT-22100 Como Italy
| | - Norbert Sewald
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 DE-33615 Bielefeld Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Raposo Moreira Dias A, Bodero L, Martins A, Arosio D, Gazzola S, Belvisi L, Pignataro L, Steinkühler C, Dal Corso A, Gennari C, Piarulli U. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of RGD and isoDGR-Monomethyl Auristatin Conjugates Targeting Integrin α V β 3. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:938-942. [PMID: 30840356 PMCID: PMC6593765 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis of a series of small-molecule-drug conjugates containing the αV β3 -integrin ligand cyclo[DKP-RGD] or cyclo[DKP-isoDGR], a lysosomally cleavable Val-Ala (VA) linker or an "uncleavable" version devoid of this sequence, and monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) or F (MMAF) as the cytotoxic agent. The conjugates were obtained via a straightforward synthetic scheme taking advantage of a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition as the key step. The conjugates were tested for their binding affinity for the isolated αv β3 receptor and were shown to retain nanomolar IC50 values, in the same range as those of the free ligands. The cytotoxic activity of the conjugates was evaluated in cell viability assays with αv β3 integrin overexpressing human glioblastoma (U87) and human melanoma (M21) cells. The conjugates possess markedly lower cytotoxic activity than the free drugs, which is consistent with inefficient integrin-mediated internalization. In almost all cases the conjugates featuring isoDGR as integrin ligand exhibited higher potency than their RGD counterparts. In particular, the cyclo[DKP-isoDGR]-VA-MMAE conjugate has low nanomolar IC50 values in cell viability assays with both cancer cell lines tested (U87: 11.50±0.13 nm; M21: 6.94±0.09 nm) and is therefore a promising candidate for in vivo experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lizeth Bodero
- Università degli Studi dell'InsubriaDipartimento di Scienza e Alta TecnologiaVia Valleggio, 1122100ComoItaly
| | - Ana Martins
- Exiris SrlVia di Castel Romano, 10000128RomeItaly
| | - Daniela Arosio
- CNRIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM)Via C. Golgi, 1920133MilanItaly
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Università degli Studi dell'InsubriaDipartimento di Scienza e Alta TecnologiaVia Valleggio, 1122100ComoItaly
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Università degli Studi di MilanoDipartimento di ChimicaVia C. Golgi, 1920133MilanItaly
- CNRIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM)Via C. Golgi, 1920133MilanItaly
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Università degli Studi di MilanoDipartimento di ChimicaVia C. Golgi, 1920133MilanItaly
| | | | - Alberto Dal Corso
- Università degli Studi di MilanoDipartimento di ChimicaVia C. Golgi, 1920133MilanItaly
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Università degli Studi di MilanoDipartimento di ChimicaVia C. Golgi, 1920133MilanItaly
- CNRIstituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM)Via C. Golgi, 1920133MilanItaly
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Università degli Studi dell'InsubriaDipartimento di Scienza e Alta TecnologiaVia Valleggio, 1122100ComoItaly
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zanella S, Bocchinfuso G, De Zotti M, Arosio D, Marino F, Raniolo S, Pignataro L, Sacco G, Palleschi A, Siano AS, Piarulli U, Belvisi L, Formaggio F, Gennari C, Stella L. Rational Design of Antiangiogenic Helical Oligopeptides Targeting the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors. Front Chem 2019; 7:170. [PMID: 30984741 PMCID: PMC6449863 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis, essential for cancer development, is regulated mainly by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs), which are overexpressed in cancer cells. Therefore, the VEGF/VEGFR interaction represents a promising pharmaceutical target to fight cancer progression. The VEGF surface interacting with VEGFRs comprises a short α-helix. In this work, helical oligopeptides mimicking the VEGF-C helix were rationally designed based on structural analyses and computational studies. The helical conformation was stabilized by optimizing intramolecular interactions and by introducing helix-inducing Cα,α-disubstituted amino acids. The conformational features of the synthetic peptides were characterized by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance, and their receptor binding properties and antiangiogenic activity were determined. The best hits exhibited antiangiogenic activity in vitro at nanomolar concentrations and were resistant to proteolytic degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Zanella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Bocchinfuso
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Padova Unit, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Arosio
- National Research Council, Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Stefano Raniolo
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sacco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Palleschi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alvaro S Siano
- Departamento de Química Organica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, Milan, Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Padova Unit, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Paladino A, Civera M, Curnis F, Paolillo M, Gennari C, Piarulli U, Corti A, Belvisi L, Colombo G. The Importance of Detail: How Differences in Ligand Structures Determine Distinct Functional Responses in Integrin α
v
β
3. Chemistry 2019; 25:5959-5970. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Paladino
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare CNR via Mario Bianco 9 20131 Milan Italy
| | - Monica Civera
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Flavio Curnis
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Via Olgettina 60 20132 Milan Italy
| | - Mayra Paolillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del FarmacoUniversità degli Studi di Pavia Viale Taramelli 6 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta TecnologiaUniversità degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Angelo Corti
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Via Olgettina 60 20132 Milan Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Pavia Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cettolin M, Bai X, Lübken D, Gatti M, Facchini SV, Piarulli U, Pignataro L, Gennari C. Improving C=N Bond Reductions with (Cyclopentadienone)iron Complexes: Scope and Limitations. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Cettolin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi, 19 ‐ Università degli Studi di Milano 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Xishan Bai
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi, 19 ‐ Università degli Studi di Milano 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Dennis Lübken
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi, 19 ‐ Università degli Studi di Milano 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Marco Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi, 19 ‐ Università degli Studi di Milano 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Sofia Vailati Facchini
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Via Valleggio, 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Via Valleggio, 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi, 19 ‐ Università degli Studi di Milano 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Via C. Golgi, 19 ‐ Università degli Studi di Milano 20133 Milan Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bodero L, López Rivas P, Korsak B, Hechler T, Pahl A, Müller C, Arosio D, Pignataro L, Gennari C, Piarulli U. Synthesis and biological evaluation of RGD and isoDGR peptidomimetic-α-amanitin conjugates for tumor-targeting. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018. [PMID: 29520305 PMCID: PMC5827777 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
RGD-α-amanitin and isoDGR-α-amanitin conjugates were synthesized by joining integrin ligands to α-amanitin via various linkers and spacers. The conjugates were evaluated for their ability to inhibit biotinylated vitronectin binding to the purified αVβ3 receptor, retaining good binding affinity, in the same nanomolar range as the free ligands. The antiproliferative activity of the conjugates was evaluated in three cell lines possessing different levels of αVβ3 integrin expression: human glioblastoma U87 (αVβ3+), human lung carcinoma A549 (αVβ3−) and breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-468 (αVβ3−). In the U87, in the MDA-MB-468, and partly in the A549 cancer cell lines, the cyclo[DKP-isoDGR]-α-amanitin conjugates bearing the lysosomally cleavable Val-Ala linker were found to be slightly more potent than α-amanitin. Apparently, for all these α-amanitin conjugates there is no correlation between the cytotoxicity and the expression of αVβ3 integrin. To determine whether the increased cytotoxicity of the cyclo[DKP-isoDGR]-α-amanitin conjugates is governed by an integrin-mediated binding and internalization process, competition experiments were carried out in which the conjugates were tested with U87 (αVβ3+, αVβ5+, αVβ6−, α5β1+) and MDA-MB-468 (αVβ3−, αVβ5+, αVβ6+, α5β1−) cells in the presence of excess cilengitide, with the aim of blocking integrins on the cell surface. Using the MDA-MB-468 cell line, a fivefold increase of the IC50 was observed for the conjugates in the presence of excess cilengitide, which is known to strongly bind not only αVβ3, but also αVβ5, αVβ6, and α5β1. These data indicate that in this case the cyclo[DKP-isoDGR]-α-amanitin conjugates are possibly internalized by a process mediated by integrins different from αVβ3 (e.g., αVβ5).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth Bodero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Via Valleggio, 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Paula López Rivas
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Korsak
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Schriesheimer Strasse 101, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Hechler
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Schriesheimer Strasse 101, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pahl
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Schriesheimer Strasse 101, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Heidelberg Pharma Research GmbH, Schriesheimer Strasse 101, 68526, Ladenburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Arosio
- CNR, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolare (ITSM), Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Via Valleggio, 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Facchini SV, Cettolin M, Bai X, Casamassima G, Pignataro L, Gennari C, Piarulli U. Efficient Synthesis of Amines by Iron-Catalyzed C=N Transfer Hydrogenation and C=O Reductive Amination. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Vailati Facchini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Via Valleggio, 11 - 22100 Como Italy
| | - Mattia Cettolin
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi, 19 - 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Xishan Bai
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi, 19 - 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Giuseppe Casamassima
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi, 19 - 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi, 19 - 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi, 19 - 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Via Valleggio, 11 - 22100 Como Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Piarulli
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy.
| | - Sofia Vailati Fachini
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Università degli Studi di Milano Diparitmento di Chimica Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Vahdati L, Kaffy J, Brinet D, Bernadat G, Correia I, Panzeri S, Fanelli R, Lequin O, Taverna M, Ongeri S, Piarulli U. Synthesis and Characterization of Hairpin Mimics that Modulate the Early Oligomerization and Fibrillization of Amyloid β-Peptide. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Vahdati
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
- BioCIS; Univ. Paris-Sud; CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Julia Kaffy
- BioCIS; Univ. Paris-Sud; CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Dimitri Brinet
- BioCIS; Univ. Paris-Sud; CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
- Protéins and Nanotechnology in analytical science; Institut Galien de Paris Sud; Univ. Paris-Sud; CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Guillaume Bernadat
- BioCIS; Univ. Paris-Sud; CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Isabelle Correia
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; Ecole Normale Supérieure; PSL Research University; CNRS; Laboratoire des Biomolécules; 4 place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Silvia Panzeri
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Roberto Fanelli
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; Ecole Normale Supérieure; PSL Research University; CNRS; Laboratoire des Biomolécules; 4 place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Myriam Taverna
- Protéins and Nanotechnology in analytical science; Institut Galien de Paris Sud; Univ. Paris-Sud; CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Sandrine Ongeri
- BioCIS; Univ. Paris-Sud; CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 92290 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zanella S, Angerani S, Pina A, López Rivas P, Giannini C, Panzeri S, Arosio D, Caruso M, Gasparri F, Fraietta I, Albanese C, Marsiglio A, Pignataro L, Belvisi L, Piarulli U, Gennari C. Tumor Targeting with an isoDGR-Drug Conjugate. Chemistry 2017; 23:7910-7914. [PMID: 28449309 PMCID: PMC5488297 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the first example of an isoDGR–drug conjugate (2), designed to release paclitaxel selectively within cancer cells expressing integrin αVβ3. Conjugate 2 was synthesized by connecting the isoDGR peptidomimetic 5 with paclitaxel via the lysosomally cleavable Val–Ala dipeptide linker. Conjugate 2 displayed a low nanomolar affinity for the purified integrin αVβ3 receptor (IC50=11.0 nm). The tumor targeting ability of conjugate 2 was assessed in vitro in anti‐proliferative assays on two isogenic cancer cell lines characterized by different integrin αVβ3 expression: human glioblastoma U87 (αVβ3+) and U87 β3‐KO (αVβ3−). The isoDGR‐PTX conjugate 2 displayed a remarkable targeting index (TI=9.9), especially when compared to the strictly related RGD‐PTX conjugate 4 (TI=2.4).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Zanella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Angerani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Arianna Pina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Paula López Rivas
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Clelia Giannini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Panzeri
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), CNR, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Caruso
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS), Via Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, Italy
| | - Fabio Gasparri
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS), Via Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, Italy
| | - Ivan Fraietta
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS), Via Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, Italy
| | - Clara Albanese
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS), Via Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, Italy
| | - Aurelio Marsiglio
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS), Via Pasteur 10, 20014, Nerviano, Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vailati Facchini S, Neudörfl JM, Pignataro L, Cettolin M, Gennari C, Berkessel A, Piarulli U. Synthesis of [Bis(hexamethylene)cyclopentadienone]iron Tricarbonyl and its Application to the Catalytic Reduction of C=O Bonds. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Vailati Facchini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
- Department für Chemie; Universität zu Köln; Greinstraße 4 50939 Köln Germany
| | | | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Mattia Cettolin
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Albrecht Berkessel
- Department für Chemie; Universität zu Köln; Greinstraße 4 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Guzzetti I, Civera M, Vasile F, Arosio D, Tringali C, Piarulli U, Gennari C, Pignataro L, Belvisi L, Potenza D. Insights into the Binding of Cyclic RGD Peptidomimetics to α 5β 1 Integrin by using Live-Cell NMR And Computational Studies. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:128-136. [PMID: 28168158 PMCID: PMC5288746 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of a small library of cyclic DKP-RGD peptidomimetics with α5β1 integrin has been investigated by means of an integrated experimental and computational approach. Bioaffinity NMR techniques, including saturation transfer difference (STD) and transferred NOESY, were applied to the ligands in a suspension of intact MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, in which integrin α5β1 is highly expressed. The NMR data were compared with the docking calculations of the RGD ligands in the crystal structure of the α5β1 binding site, and were integrated with competitive binding assays to the purified α5β1 integrin. Ligand binding epitopes involve protons of both the RGD moiety and the DKP scaffold, although the stereochemistry and the functionalization of the DKP scaffold as well as the macrocycle conformation determine a great variability in the interaction. The ligand showing the highest number of STD signals is also the most potent α5β1 ligand of the series, displaying a nanomolar IC50 value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Guzzetti
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia Golgi, 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Monica Civera
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia Golgi, 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Francesca Vasile
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia Golgi, 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Daniela Arosio
- CNR–Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM)Via Golgi, 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Cristina Tringali
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina TraslazionaleUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia Fratelli Cervi, 9320090Segrate (MI)Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta TecnologiaUniversità degli Studi dell'InsubriaVia Valleggio, 1122100ComoItaly
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia Golgi, 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia Golgi, 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia Golgi, 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Donatella Potenza
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia Golgi, 1920133MilanoItaly
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gajewski P, Gonzalez-de-Castro A, Renom-Carrasco M, Piarulli U, Gennari C, de Vries JG, Lefort L, Pignataro L. Inside Cover: Expanding the Catalytic Scope of (Cyclopentadienone)iron Complexes to the Hydrogenation of Activated Esters to Alcohols (ChemCatChem 22/2016). ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gajewski
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Dipartimento di Chimica; Via C. Golgi, 19 I-20133 Milan Italy
- DSM Innovative Synthesis BV; P.O. box 18 6160 MD Geleen The Netherlands
| | | | - Marc Renom-Carrasco
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Dipartimento di Chimica; Via C. Golgi, 19 I-20133 Milan Italy
- DSM Innovative Synthesis BV; P.O. box 18 6160 MD Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Via Valleggio, 11 I-22100 Como Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Dipartimento di Chimica; Via C. Golgi, 19 I-20133 Milan Italy
| | - Johannes G. de Vries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V.; Albert-Einstein-Str., 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Laurent Lefort
- DSM Innovative Synthesis BV; P.O. box 18 6160 MD Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Dipartimento di Chimica; Via C. Golgi, 19 I-20133 Milan Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gajewski P, Gonzalez-de-Castro A, Renom-Carrasco M, Piarulli U, Gennari C, de Vries JG, Lefort L, Pignataro L. Expanding the Catalytic Scope of (Cyclopentadienone)iron Complexes to the Hydrogenation of Activated Esters to Alcohols. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gajewski
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Dipartimento di Chimica; Via C. Golgi, 19 I-20133 Milan Italy
- DSM Innovative Synthesis BV; P.O. box 18 6160 MD Geleen The Netherlands
| | | | - Marc Renom-Carrasco
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Dipartimento di Chimica; Via C. Golgi, 19 I-20133 Milan Italy
- DSM Innovative Synthesis BV; P.O. box 18 6160 MD Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Via Valleggio, 11 I-22100 Como Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Dipartimento di Chimica; Via C. Golgi, 19 I-20133 Milan Italy
| | - Johannes G. de Vries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V.; Albert-Einstein-Str., 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Laurent Lefort
- DSM Innovative Synthesis BV; P.O. box 18 6160 MD Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Dipartimento di Chimica; Via C. Golgi, 19 I-20133 Milan Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Renom-Carrasco M, Gajewski P, Pignataro L, de Vries JG, Piarulli U, Gennari C, Lefort L. A Mixed Ligand Approach for the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 2-Substituted Pyridinium Salts. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Renom-Carrasco
- DSM Innovative Synthesis BV; P. O. Box 18 6160 MD Geleen The Netherlands
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Dipartimento di Chimica; via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Piotr Gajewski
- DSM Innovative Synthesis BV; P. O. Box 18 6160 MD Geleen The Netherlands
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Dipartimento di Chimica; via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Dipartimento di Chimica; via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Johannes G. de Vries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Università degli Studi di Milano; Dipartimento di Chimica; via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Laurent Lefort
- DSM Innovative Synthesis BV; P. O. Box 18 6160 MD Geleen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Renom-Carrasco M, Gajewski P, Pignataro L, de Vries JG, Piarulli U, Gennari C, Lefort L. Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 3-Substituted Pyridinium Salts. Chemistry 2016; 22:9528-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Renom-Carrasco
- DSM Ahead R&D B.V.-Innovative Synthesis; P. O. Box 18 6160 MD Geleen The Netherlands
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Piotr Gajewski
- DSM Ahead R&D B.V.-Innovative Synthesis; P. O. Box 18 6160 MD Geleen The Netherlands
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Johannes G. de Vries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia; Università degli Studi dell'Insubria; via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Laurent Lefort
- DSM Ahead R&D B.V.-Innovative Synthesis; P. O. Box 18 6160 MD Geleen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Renom-Carrasco M, Gajewski P, Pignataro L, de Vries JG, Piarulli U, Gennari C, Lefort L. Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones with Modified Grubbs Metathesis Catalysts: On the Way to a Tandem Process. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
30
|
Zanella S, Mingozzi M, Dal Corso A, Fanelli R, Arosio D, Cosentino M, Schembri L, Marino F, De Zotti M, Formaggio F, Pignataro L, Belvisi L, Piarulli U, Gennari C. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of a Dual-Action Ligand Targeting αvβ3 Integrin and VEGF Receptors. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:633-41. [PMID: 26491644 PMCID: PMC4608532 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A dual-action ligand targeting both integrin αVβ3 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs), was synthesized via conjugation of a cyclic peptidomimetic αVβ3 Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) ligand with a decapentapeptide. The latter was obtained from a known VEGFR antagonist by acetylation at the Lys13 side chain. Functionalization of the precursor ligands was carried out in solution and in the solid phase, affording two fragments: an alkyne VEGFR ligand and the azide integrin αVβ3 ligand, which were conjugated by click chemistry. Circular dichroism studies confirmed that both the RGD and VEGFR ligand portions of the dual-action compound substantially adopt the biologically active conformation. In vitro binding assays on isolated integrin αVβ3 and VEGFR-1 showed that the dual-action conjugate retains a good level of affinity for both its target receptors, although with one order of magnitude (10/20 times) decrease in potency. The dual-action ligand strongly inhibited the VEGF-induced morphogenesis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs). Remarkably, its efficiency in preventing the formation of new blood vessels was similar to that of the original individual ligands, despite the worse affinity towards integrin αVβ3 and VEGFR-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Zanella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Mingozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Dal Corso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Fanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'InsubriaVia Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), National Research Council (CNR)Via C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, Università degli Studi dell'InsubriaVia Ottorino Rossi 9, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Schembri
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, Università degli Studi dell'InsubriaVia Ottorino Rossi 9, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, Università degli Studi dell'InsubriaVia Ottorino Rossi 9, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, Unità di Padova, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di PadovaVia Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, CNR, Unità di Padova, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di PadovaVia Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'InsubriaVia Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di MilanoVia C. Golgi 19, 20133, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Doro F, Colombo C, Alberti C, Arosio D, Belvisi L, Casagrande C, Fanelli R, Manzoni L, Parisini E, Piarulli U, Luison E, Figini M, Tomassetti A, Civera M. Computational design of novel peptidomimetic inhibitors of cadherin homophilic interactions. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2570-3. [PMID: 25614037 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02538e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a first set of peptidomimetic ligands mimicking the adhesive interface identified by recent crystallographic structures of E- and N-cadherin. Compounds 2 and 3 inhibit adhesion of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells with improved efficacy compared to the ADH-1 peptide, a N-cadherin antagonist that is in early clinical trials in EOC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Doro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via C. Golgi 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gajewski P, Renom-Carrasco M, Facchini SV, Pignataro L, Lefort L, de Vries JG, Ferraccioli R, Piarulli U, Gennari C. Synthesis of (R)-BINOL-Derived (Cyclopentadienone)iron Complexes and Their Application in the Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
33
|
Renom-Carrasco M, Gajewski P, Pignataro L, de Vries JG, Piarulli U, Gennari C, Lefort L. Assisted Tandem Catalysis: Metathesis Followed by Asymmetric Hydrogenation from a Single Ruthenium Source. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
34
|
Dal Corso A, Caruso M, Belvisi L, Arosio D, Piarulli U, Albanese C, Gasparri F, Marsiglio A, Sola F, Troiani S, Valsasina B, Pignataro L, Donati D, Gennari C. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of RGD Peptidomimetic-Paclitaxel Conjugates Bearing Lysosomally Cleavable Linkers. Chemistry 2015; 21:6921-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
35
|
Panzeri S, Zanella S, Arosio D, Vahdati L, Dal Corso A, Pignataro L, Paolillo M, Schinelli S, Belvisi L, Gennari C, Piarulli U. Cyclic isoDGR and RGD peptidomimetics containing bifunctional diketopiperazine scaffolds are integrin antagonists. Chemistry 2015; 21:6265-71. [PMID: 25761230 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cyclo[DKP-isoDGR] peptidomimetics 2-5, containing bifunctional diketopiperazine (DKP) scaffolds that differ in the configuration of the two DKP stereocenters and in the substitution at the DKP nitrogen atoms, were prepared and examined in vitro in competitive binding assays with purified αv β3 and αv β5 integrin receptors. IC50 values ranged from low nanomolar (ligand 3) to submicromolar with αv β3 integrin. The biological activities of ligands cyclo[DKP3-RGD] 1 and cyclo[DKP3-isoDGR] 3, bearing the same bifunctional DKP scaffold and showing similar αV β3 integrin binding values, were compared in terms of their cellular effects in human U373 glioblastoma cells. Compounds 1 and 3 displayed overlapping inhibitory effects on the FAK/Akt integrin activated transduction pathway and on integrin-mediated cell infiltration processes, and qualify therefore, despite the different RGD and isoDGR sequences, as integrin antagonists. Both compounds induced apoptosis in glioma cells after 72 hour treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Panzeri
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como (Italy)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gajewski P, Renom-Carrasco M, Facchini SV, Pignataro L, Lefort L, de Vries JG, Ferraccioli R, Forni A, Piarulli U, Gennari C. Chiral (Cyclopentadienone)iron Complexes for the Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
37
|
Vahdati L, Fanelli R, Bernadat G, Correia I, Lequin O, Ongeri S, Piarulli U. Synthesis and conformational studies of a stable peptidomimetic β-hairpin based on a bifunctional diketopiperazine turn inducer. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01437e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new β-hairpin mimic foldamer based on the assembly of a reverse turn inducer, a peptidomimetic strand, and a tetrapeptide sequence was prepared, and its conformation in solution was assessed by NMR and computational investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Vahdati
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia
- I-22100 Como
- Italy
- Molécules Fluorées et Chimie Médicinale
| | - Roberto Fanelli
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia
- I-22100 Como
- Italy
| | - Guillaume Bernadat
- Molécules Fluorées et Chimie Médicinale
- BioCIS UMR-CNRS 8076
- LabEx LERMIT
- Université Paris-Sud
- Faculté de Pharmacie
| | - Isabelle Correia
- Sorbonne Universités – UPMC Univ Paris 06
- Ecole Normale Supérieure – PSL Research University
- CNRS UMR 7203 LBM
- 75252 Paris Cedex 05
- France
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Sorbonne Universités – UPMC Univ Paris 06
- Ecole Normale Supérieure – PSL Research University
- CNRS UMR 7203 LBM
- 75252 Paris Cedex 05
- France
| | - Sandrine Ongeri
- Molécules Fluorées et Chimie Médicinale
- BioCIS UMR-CNRS 8076
- LabEx LERMIT
- Université Paris-Sud
- Faculté de Pharmacie
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia
- I-22100 Como
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fanelli R, Schembri L, Piarulli U, Pinoli M, Rasini E, Paolillo M, Galiazzo MC, Cosentino M, Marino F. Effects of a novel cyclic RGD peptidomimetic on cell proliferation, migration and angiogenic activity in human endothelial cells. Vasc Cell 2014; 6:11. [PMID: 25053992 PMCID: PMC4105520 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclic RGD peptidomimetics containing a bifunctional diketopiperazine scaffold are a novel class of high-affinity ligands for the integrins αVβ3 and αVβ5. Since integrins are a promising target for the modulation of normal and pathological angiogenesis, the present study aimed at characterizing the ability of the RGD peptidomimetic cyclo[DKP-RGD] 1 proliferation, migration and network formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). METHODS Cell viability was assessed by flow cytometry and annexin V (ANX)/propidium iodide (PI) staining. Cell proliferation was evaluated by the ELISA measurement of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. Network formation by HUVEC cultured in Matrigel-coated plates was evaluated by optical microscopy and image analysis. Integrin subunit mRNA expression was assessed by real time-PCR and Akt phosphorylation by western blot analysis. RESULTS Cyclo[DKP-RGD] 1 does not affect cell viability and proliferation either in resting conditions or in the presence of the pro-angiogenic growth factors VEGF, EGF, FGF, and IGF-I. Addition of cyclo[DKP-RGD] 1 however significantly decreased network formation induced by pro-angiogenic growth factors or by IL-8. Cyclo[DKP-RGD] 1 did not affect mRNA levels of αV, β3 or β5 integrin subunits, however it significantly reduced the phosphorylation of Akt. CONCLUSIONS Cyclo[DKP-RGD] 1 can be a potential modulator of angiogenesis induced by different growth factors, possibly devoid of the adverse effects of cytotoxic RGD peptidomimetic analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fanelli
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Laura Schembri
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Monica Pinoli
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rasini
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Mayra Paolillo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mingozzi M, Dal Corso A, Marchini M, Guzzetti I, Civera M, Piarulli U, Arosio D, Belvisi L, Potenza D, Pignataro L, Gennari C. CyclicisoDGR Peptidomimetics as Low-Nanomolar αvβ3Integrin Ligands. Chemistry 2013; 19:3563-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
40
|
Guzzetti I, Civera M, Vasile F, Araldi EM, Belvisi L, Gennari C, Potenza D, Fanelli R, Piarulli U. Determination of the binding epitope of RGD-peptidomimetics to αvβ3 and αIIbβ3 integrin-rich intact cells by NMR and computational studies. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:3886-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40540k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
41
|
Colombo R, Mingozzi M, Belvisi L, Arosio D, Piarulli U, Carenini N, Perego P, Zaffaroni N, De Cesare M, Castiglioni V, Scanziani E, Gennari C. Synthesis and biological evaluation (in vitro and in vivo) of cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptidomimetic-paclitaxel conjugates targeting integrin αVβ3. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10460-74. [PMID: 23140358 DOI: 10.1021/jm301058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A small library of integrin ligand-paclitaxel conjugates 10-13 was synthesized with the aim of using the tumor-homing cyclo[DKP-RGD] peptidomimetics for site-directed delivery of the cytotoxic drug. All the paclitaxel-RGD constructs 10-13 inhibited biotinylated vitronectin binding to the purified αVβ3 integrin receptor at low nanomolar concentration and showed in vitro cytotoxic activity against a panel of human tumor cell lines similar to that of paclitaxel. Among the cell lines, the cisplatin-resistant IGROV-1/Pt1 cells expressed high levels of integrin αVβ3, making them attractive to be tested in in vivo models. cyclo[DKP-f3-RGD]-PTX 11 displayed sufficient stability in physiological solution and in both human and murine plasma to be a good candidate for in vivo testing. In tumor-targeting experiments against the IGROV-1/Pt1 human ovarian carcinoma xenotransplanted in nude mice, compound 11 exhibited a superior activity compared with paclitaxel, despite the lower (about half) molar dosage used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Durini M, Russotto E, Pignataro L, Reiser O, Piarulli U. SupraBox: Chiral Supramolecular Oxazoline Ligands (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 28/2012). European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201290075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
43
|
|
44
|
Pignataro L, Bovio C, Civera M, Piarulli U, Gennari C. A Library Approach to the Development of BenzaPhos: Highly Efficient Chiral Supramolecular Ligands for Asymmetric Hydrogenation. Chemistry 2012; 18:10368-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
45
|
Marchini M, Mingozzi M, Colombo R, Guzzetti I, Belvisi L, Vasile F, Potenza D, Piarulli U, Arosio D, Gennari C. Inside Cover: Cyclic RGD Peptidomimetics Containing Bifunctional Diketopiperazine Scaffolds as New Potent Integrin Ligands (Chem. Eur. J. 20/2012). Chemistry 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201290079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
46
|
Marchini M, Mingozzi M, Colombo R, Guzzetti I, Belvisi L, Vasile F, Potenza D, Piarulli U, Arosio D, Gennari C. Cyclic RGD peptidomimetics containing bifunctional diketopiperazine scaffolds as new potent integrin ligands. Chemistry 2012; 18:6195-207. [PMID: 22517378 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of eight bifunctional diketopiperazine (DKP) scaffolds is described; these were formally derived from 2,3-diaminopropionic acid and aspartic acid (DKP-1-DKP-7) or glutamic acid (DKP-8) and feature an amine and a carboxylic acid functional group. The scaffolds differ in the configuration at the two stereocenters and the substitution at the diketopiperazinic nitrogen atoms. The bifunctional diketopiperazines were introduced into eight cyclic peptidomimetics containing the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence. The resulting RGD peptidomimetics were screened for their ability to inhibit biotinylated vitronectin binding to the purified integrins α(v)β(3) and α(v)β(5), which are involved in tumor angiogenesis. Nanomolar IC(50) values were obtained for the RGD peptidomimetics derived from trans DKP scaffolds (DKP-2-DKP-8). Conformational studies of the cyclic RGD peptidomimetics by (1)H NMR spectroscopy experiments (VT-NMR and NOESY spectroscopy) in aqueous solution and Monte Carlo/Stochastic Dynamics (MC/SD) simulations revealed that the highest affinity ligands display well-defined preferred conformations featuring intramolecular hydrogen-bonded turn motifs and an extended arrangement of the RGD sequence [Cβ(Arg)-Cβ(Asp) average distance ≥8.8 Å]. Docking studies were performed, starting from the representative conformations obtained from the MC/SD simulations and taking as a reference model the crystal structure of the extracellular segment of integrin α(v)β(3) complexed with the cyclic pentapeptide, Cilengitide. The highest affinity ligands produced top-ranked poses conserving all the important interactions of the X-ray complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Marchini
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Via Venezian, 21, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pignataro L, Boghi M, Civera M, Carboni S, Piarulli U, Gennari C. Rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of olefins with PhthalaPhos, a new class of chiral supramolecular ligands. Chemistry 2011; 18:1383-400. [PMID: 22213039 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A library of 19 binol-derived chiral monophosphites that contain a phthalic acid diamide group (PhthalaPhos) has been designed and synthesized in four steps. These new ligands were screened in the rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of prochiral dehydroamino esters and enamides. Several members of the library showed excellent enantioselectivity with methyl 2-acetamido acrylate (6 ligands gave >97% ee), methyl (Z)-2-acetamido cinnamate (6 ligands gave >94% ee), and N-(1-phenylvinyl)acetamide (9 ligands gave >95% ee), whilst only a few representatives afforded high enantioselectivities for challenging and industrially relevant substrates N-(3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-yl)-acetamide (96% ee in one case) and methyl (E)-2-(acetamidomethyl)-3-phenylacrylate (99% ee in one case). In most cases, the new ligands were more active and more stereoselective than their structurally related monodentate phosphites (which are devoid of functional groups that are capable of hydrogen-bonding interactions). Control experiments and kinetic studies were carried out that allowed us to demonstrate that hydrogen-bonding interactions involving the diamide group of the PhthalaPhos ligands strongly contribute to their outstanding catalytic properties. Computational studies carried out on a rhodium precatalyst and on a conceivable intermediate in the hydrogenation catalytic cycle shed some light on the role played by hydrogen bonding, which is likely to act in a substrate-orientation effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pignataro
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Centro Interdipartimentale CISI, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR, Milano, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Durini M, Sahr FA, Kuhn M, Civera M, Gennari C, Piarulli U. Bifunctional 2,5-Diketopiperazines as Efficient Organocatalysts for the Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Aldehydes to Nitroolefins. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
49
|
Carboni S, Gennari C, Pignataro L, Piarulli U. Supramolecular ligand–ligand and ligand–substrate interactions for highly selective transition metal catalysis. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:4355-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01517b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
50
|
Ressurreição ASM, Delatouche R, Gennari C, Piarulli U. Bifunctional 2,5‐Diketopiperazines as Rigid Three‐Dimensional Scaffolds in Receptors and Peptidomimetics. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia M. Ressurreição
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy, Fax: +39‐031‐2386449
- Universidade de Lisboa, iMed. UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 649‐003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Régis Delatouche
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy, Fax: +39‐031‐2386449
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di ChimicaOrganica e Industriale, via G. Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy, Fax: +39‐031‐2386449
| |
Collapse
|