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Jimale KA, Zeni V, Ripamonti A, Canale A, Mele M, Benelli G, Otranto D. Grazing system and Hyalomma marginatum tick infestation in cattle with high prevalence of SFG Rickettsia spp. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 49:100994. [PMID: 38462300 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) represent a significant portion of infectious diseases of global public health interest. In Italy, knowledge about the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in ticks parasitizing cattle is scarce. In this research, we focused on ticks infesting Maremmana cattle grazing in open pasture and silvopasture systems. After being morphologically identified, ticks were molecularly tested for the presence of pathogens of the genus Rickettsia. Of the 794 ticks detected, 117 were collected, being the majority Hyalomma marginatum (72.6%), followed by other Hyalomma species (23%), Rhipicephalus turanicus (1.7%), Rh. bursa (0.9%), Hy. lusitanicum (0.9%) and Dermatocentor marginatus (0.9%). All ticks were adults, 58.1% males and 41.8% females. The highest tick prevalence was noted in April for silvopasture system cattle (90%), and in May for open pasture ones (85%). TBPs were detected only in Hy. marginatum, and all belong to Rickettsia spp. of zoonotic interest. In particular, 21/40 (52.5%) ticks scored positive for Rickettsia spp. by gltA gene and of these 15/21 (71.4%) also to spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae by ompA gene. Of the total positive specimens, 19 were successfully sequenced and scored Rickettsia aeschilimannii (17/19, 89.5%), R. slovaca (1/19, 5%), and R. massiliae (1/19, 5%). This research highlights the potential impact of grazing systems on cattle parasitization by hard ticks. The molecular investigation of TBPs in ticks collected from Maremmana cattle shed light on the presence of pathogenic bacteria of SFG Rickettsia spp., pointing out the potential risk of TBPs transmission between livestock and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Zeni
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Alice Ripamonti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Marcello Mele
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Rizzo R, Ragusa E, Benelli G, Lo Verde G, Zeni V, Maggi F, Petrelli R, Spinozzi E, Ferrati M, Sinacori M, Tsolakis H. Lethal and sublethal effects of carlina oxide on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Pest Manag Sci 2024; 80:967-977. [PMID: 37822147 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a polyphagous and damaging pest, presenting several resistant populations worldwide. Among new and more environmentally friendly control tools, botanical pesticides represent a valuable alternative to synthetic ones within integrated pest management strategies. Accordingly, we investigated the lethal and sublethal effects of carlina oxide isolated from Carlina acaulis (Asteraceae) roots on T. urticae and its natural enemy, the predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor). RESULTS Carlina oxide (98.7% pure compound) was used for acaricidal tests on eggs, nymphs, and adult females of T. urticae (concentrations of 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500 and 5000 μL L-1 ), and eggs and females of N. californicus (1250 and 5000 μL L-1 on eggs and females, respectively). Behavioral two-choice tests were also conducted on phytoseiid females. Carlina oxide toxicity was higher on T. urticae females than nymphs (median lethal dose 1145 and 1825 μL L-1 , respectively), whereas egg mortality and mean hatching time were significantly affected by all tested concentrations. A decreasing daily oviposition rate for T. urticae was recorded with concentrations ranging from 625 to 5000 μL L-1 , whereas negative effects on the population growth rate were recorded only with the three higher concentrations (1250, 2500 and 5000 μL L-1 ). No toxic effect on N. californicus females was found, but a strong repellent activity lasting for 48 h from application was recorded. CONCLUSION Carlina oxide reduced longevity and fecundity of T. urticae adults, but not of N. californicus. This selective property allows us to propose it as a novel active ingredient of ecofriendly acaricides for T. urticae management. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rizzo
- CREA - Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ernesto Ragusa
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriella Lo Verde
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Zeni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Eleonora Spinozzi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Marta Ferrati
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Milko Sinacori
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Haralabos Tsolakis
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Manduca G, Zeni V, Moccia S, Milano BA, Canale A, Benelli G, Stefanini C, Romano D. Learning algorithms estimate pose and detect motor anomalies in flies exposed to minimal doses of a toxicant. iScience 2023; 26:108349. [PMID: 38058310 PMCID: PMC10696104 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticide exposure, even at low doses, can have detrimental effects on ecosystems. This study aimed at validating the use of machine learning for recognizing motor anomalies, produced by minimal insecticide exposure on a model insect species. The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), was exposed to food contaminated with low concentrations of Carlina acaulis essential oil (EO). A deep learning approach enabled fly pose estimation on video recordings in a custom-built arena. Five machine learning algorithms were trained on handcrafted features, extracted from the predicted pose, to distinguish treated individuals. Random Forest and K-Nearest Neighbor algorithms best performed, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.75 and 0.73, respectively. Both algorithms achieved an accuracy of 0.71. Results show the machine learning potential for detecting sublethal effects arising from insecticide exposure on fly motor behavior, which could also affect other organisms and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Manduca
- The BioRobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Zeni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Moccia
- The BioRobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice A. Milano
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55/Building 57, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- The BioRobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Donato Romano
- The BioRobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
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Leoni V, Panseri S, Giupponi L, Pavlovic R, Gianoncelli C, Sala S, Zeni V, Benelli G, Giorgi A. Formal analyses are fundamental for the definition of honey, a product representing specific territories and their changes: the case of North Tyrrhenian dunes (Italy). Sci Rep 2023; 13:17542. [PMID: 37845313 PMCID: PMC10579322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey is a variegate matrix depending significantly on the floral origin, and it could become an important agri-food product to valorise specific territories. Being so diverse, different analytical techniques are necessary for its description. Herein we characterized the honey produced in one of the Italian sand dunes systems hosting beekeeping activities. In terms of floristic origin, phytochemical characterization, and sensory and colour analysis, honey collected in 2021 and 2022 was comparable. Honey was polyfloral, with several pollens from dune habitat plants classified as minor. The presence of the allochthonous Amorpha fruticosa L. and the ruderal Rubus fruticosus L. pollens in the category of the secondary pollens testifies the alteration of the park vegetation. The phytochemical profile was rich in polyphenols. Other interesting compounds were coumarine derivatives, likely attributable to resin-laden plants as rockroses, long chain hydroxyacids typical of royal jelly and nicotinic acid and its analogues (2-hydroxynicotinic acid and 2-hydroxyquinoline). The above-mentioned honey showed interesting features and was a good representation of the vegetation of this area. Our study pointed out the importance of relying on multiple analytical techniques for the characterization of honey and the advisability of a technical support toward beekeepers to correctly describe and valorise their product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Leoni
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Centre of Applied Studies for the Sustainable Management and Protection of Mountain Areas (CRC Ge.S.Di.Mont.), University of Milan, Via Morino 8, 25048, Edolo, BS, Italy
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via Dell'Università, 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Luca Giupponi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- Centre of Applied Studies for the Sustainable Management and Protection of Mountain Areas (CRC Ge.S.Di.Mont.), University of Milan, Via Morino 8, 25048, Edolo, BS, Italy.
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), University of Milan, Via Dell'Università, 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Carla Gianoncelli
- Fondazione Fojanini Di Studi Superiori, Via Valeriana 32, 23100, Sondrio, Italy
| | - Stefano Sala
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Centre of Applied Studies for the Sustainable Management and Protection of Mountain Areas (CRC Ge.S.Di.Mont.), University of Milan, Via Morino 8, 25048, Edolo, BS, Italy
| | - Valeria Zeni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Annamaria Giorgi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Centre of Applied Studies for the Sustainable Management and Protection of Mountain Areas (CRC Ge.S.Di.Mont.), University of Milan, Via Morino 8, 25048, Edolo, BS, Italy
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Manduca G, Zeni V, Moccia S, Benelli G, Canale A, Stefanini C, Romano D. Automated image-based analysis unveils acute effects due to sub-lethal pesticide doses exposure . Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2023; 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38082662 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are still abused in modern agriculture. The effects of their exposure to even sub-lethal doses can be detrimental to ecosystem stability and human health. This work aims to validate the use of machine learning techniques for recognizing motor abnormalities and to assess any effect post-exposure to a minimal dosage of these substances on a model organism, gaining insights into potential risks for human health. The test subject was the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), exposed to food contaminated with the LC30 of Carlina acaulis essential oil. A deep learning approach enabled the pose estimation within an arena. Statistical analysis highlighted the most significant features between treated and untreated groups. Based on this analysis, two learning-based algorithms, Random Forest (RF) and XGBoost were employed. The results were compared through different metrics. RF algorithm generated a model capable of distinguishing treated subjects with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.75 and an accuracy of 0.71. Through an image-based analysis, this study revealed acute effects due to minimal pesticide doses. So, even small amounts of these biocides drifted far from distribution areas may negatively affect the environment and humans.
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Santin M, Zeni V, Grassi A, Ricciardi R, Pieracci Y, Di Giovanni F, Panzani S, Frasconi C, Agnolucci M, Avio L, Turrini A, Giovannetti M, Ruffini Castiglione M, Ranieri A, Canale A, Lucchi A, Agathokleous E, Benelli G. Do changes in Lactuca sativa metabolic performance, induced by mycorrhizal symbionts and leaf UV-B irradiation, play a role towards tolerance to a polyphagous insect pest? Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:56207-56223. [PMID: 36917375 PMCID: PMC10121541 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The increased ultraviolet radiation (UV) due to the altered stratospheric ozone leads to multiple plant physiological and biochemical adaptations, likely affecting their interaction with other organisms, such as pests and pathogens. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and UV-B treatment can be used as eco-friendly techniques to protect crops from pests by activating plant mechanisms of resistance. In this study, we investigated plant (Lactuca sativa) response to UV-B exposure and Funneliformis mosseae (IMA1) inoculation as well as the role of a major insect pest, Spodoptera littoralis. Lettuce plants exposed to UV-B were heavier and taller than non-irradiated ones. A considerable enrichment in phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and carotenoid contents and antioxidant capacity, along with redder and more homogenous leaf color, were also observed in UV-B-treated but not in AMF-inoculated plants. Biometric and biochemical data did not differ between AMF and non-AMF plants. AMF-inoculated plants showed hyphae, arbuscules, vesicles, and spores in their roots. AMF colonization levels were not affected by UV-B irradiation. No changes in S. littoralis-feeding behavior towards treated and untreated plants were observed, suggesting the ability of this generalist herbivore to overcome the plant chemical defenses boosted by UV-B exposure. The results of this multi-factorial study shed light on how polyphagous insect pests can cope with multiple plant physiological and biochemical adaptations following biotic and abiotic preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Santin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Zeni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Arianna Grassi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Renato Ricciardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ylenia Pieracci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Di Giovanni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, Siena, Italy
| | - Sofia Panzani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Christian Frasconi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Agnolucci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood-Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciano Avio
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood-Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Turrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood-Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood-Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Ruffini Castiglione
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood-Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via L. Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ranieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood-Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood-Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Lucchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood-Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Department of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing University of Information, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Zeni V, Grassi A, Santin M, Ricciardi R, Pieracci Y, Flamini G, Di Giovanni F, Marmugi M, Agnolucci M, Avio L, Turrini A, Giovannetti M, Castiglione MR, Ranieri A, Canale A, Lucchi A, Agathokleous E, Benelli G. Leaf UV-B Irradiation and Mycorrhizal Symbionts Affect Lettuce VOC Emissions and Defence Mechanisms, but Not Aphid Feeding Preferences. Insects 2022; 14:insects14010020. [PMID: 36661948 PMCID: PMC9866836 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) play important roles in plant-insect interactions by altering plant physiology and histology. We hypothesized that UV-B-induced oxidative stress was mitigated by AMF symbiosis. In this study, we conducted a multifactorial experiment to explore lettuce plant response to AMF inoculation and UV-B exposure (0.4 W m-2; 16 h d-1; 2 weeks), either together or individually, as well as the interaction with the polyphagous insect pest Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Lettuce plants subjected to UV-B radiation showed an increase in callose and oxidative stress indicators, as well as a decrease in stomatal density. Mycorrhizal colonization cancelled out the effect of UV-B on stomatal density, while the symbiosis was not affected by UV-B treatment. The plant volatile emission was significantly altered by UV-B treatment. Specifically, the non-terpene 1-undecene abundance (+M/+UVB: 48.0 ± 7.78%; -M/+UVB: 56.6 ± 14.90%) was increased, whereas the content of the non-terpene aldehydes decanal (+M/+UVB: 8.50 ± 3.90%; -M/+UVB: 8.0 ± 4.87%) and undecanal (+M/+UVB: 2.1 ± 0.65%; -M/+UVB: 1.20 ± 1.18%) and the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (+M/+UVB: 18.0 ± 9.62 %; -M/+UVB: 19.2 ± 5.90%) was decreased. Mycorrhization, on the other hand, had no significant effect on the plant volatilome, regardless of UV-B treatment. Aphid population was unaffected by any of the treatments, implying a neutral plant response. Overall, this study provides new insights about the interactions among plants, UV-B, and AMF, outlining their limited impact on a polyphagous insect pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Zeni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Arianna Grassi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Santin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Renato Ricciardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ylenia Pieracci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Flamini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood—Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Di Giovanni
- Department of Life Science, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Margherita Marmugi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Agnolucci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood—Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciano Avio
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood—Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Turrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood—Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood—Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Ruffini Castiglione
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood—Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via L. Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ranieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood—Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood—Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Lucchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood—Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Department of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-6141
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Benelli G, Ceccarelli C, Zeni V, Rizzo R, Lo Verde G, Sinacori M, Boukouvala MC, Kavallieratos NG, Ubaldi M, Tomassoni D, Benvenuti F, Roy P, Petrelli R, Cappellacci L, Spinozzi E, Maggi F, Canale A. Lethal and behavioural effects of a green insecticide against an invasive polyphagous fruit fly pest and its safety to mammals. Chemosphere 2022; 287:132089. [PMID: 34509765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant essential oil-based insecticides, with special reference to those that may be obtained from largely available biomasses, represent a valuable tool for Integrated Pest Management. However, the sublethal effects and the potential effects on aggressive insect traits of these green insecticides are understudied. Herein, the lethal and sub-lethal effects of the carlina oxide, constituting more than 97% of the whole Carlina acaulis (Asteraceae) root essential oil (EO), were determined against an invasive polyphagous tephritid pest, Ceratitis capitata (medfly). The carlina oxide was formulated in a mucilaginous solution containing carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt, sucrose, and hydrolysed proteins, showing high ingestion toxicity on medfly adults. The behavioural effects of carlina oxide at LC10 and LC30 were evaluated on the medfly aggressive traits, which are crucial for securing reproductive success in both sexes. Insecticide exposure affected the directionality of aggressive actions, but not the aggression escalation intensity and duration. The EO safety to mammals was investigated by studying its acute toxicity on the stomach, liver, and kidney of rats after oral administration. Only the highest dose (1000 mg/kg) of the EO caused modest neurological signs and moderate effects on the stomach, liver, and kidney. The other doses, which are closer to the practical use of the EO when formulated in protein baits, did not cause side effects. Overall, C. acaulis-based products are effective and safe to non-target mammals, deserving further consideration for eco-friendly pesticide formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Camilla Ceccarelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Zeni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Rizzo
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, S.S. 113 - km 245.500, 90011, Bagheria, PA, Italy
| | - Gabriella Lo Verde
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Milko Sinacori
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria C Boukouvala
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Nickolas G Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Daniele Tomassoni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Federica Benvenuti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Proshanta Roy
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Eleonora Spinozzi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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9
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Zeni V, Baliota GV, Benelli G, Canale A, Athanassiou CG. Diatomaceous Earth for Arthropod Pest Control: Back to the Future. Molecules 2021; 26:7487. [PMID: 34946567 PMCID: PMC8706096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, we are tackling various issues related to the overuse of synthetic insecticides. Growing concerns about biodiversity, animal and human welfare, and food security are pushing agriculture toward a more sustainable approach, and research is moving in this direction, looking for environmentally friendly alternatives to be adopted in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) protocols. In this regard, inert dusts, especially diatomaceous earths (DEs), hold a significant promise to prevent and control a wide range of arthropod pests. DEs are a type of naturally occurring soft siliceous sedimentary rock, consisting of the fossilized exoskeleton of unicellular algae, which are called diatoms. Mainly adopted for the control of stored product pests, DEs have found also their use against some household insects living in a dry environment, such as bed bugs, or insects of agricultural interest. In this article, we reported a comprehensive review of the use of DEs against different arthropod pest taxa, such as Acarina, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Ixodida, Lepidoptera, when applied either alone or in combination with other techniques. The mechanisms of action of DEs, their real-world applications, and challenges related to their adoption in IPM programs are critically reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Zeni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Georgia V. Baliota
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Volos, Greece; (G.V.B.); (C.G.A.)
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Christos G. Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Str., 38446 Volos, Greece; (G.V.B.); (C.G.A.)
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Zeni V, Benelli G, Campolo O, Giunti G, Palmeri V, Maggi F, Rizzo R, Lo Verde G, Lucchi A, Canale A. Toxics or Lures? Biological and Behavioral Effects of Plant Essential Oils on Tephritidae Fruit Flies. Molecules 2021; 26:5898. [PMID: 34641444 PMCID: PMC8511996 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Tephritidae (Diptera) includes species that are highly invasive and harmful to crops. Due to globalization, international trade, and human displacement, their spread is continuously increasing. Unfortunately, the control of tephritid flies is still closely linked to the use of synthetic insecticides, which are responsible for detrimental effects on the environment and human health. Recently, research is looking for alternative and more eco-friendly tools to be adopted in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. In this regard, essential oils (EOs) and their main compounds represent a promising alternative to chemical insecticides. EOs are made up of phytoconstituents formed from the secondary metabolism of many plants and can act as attractants or toxics, depending on the dose. Because of this unique characteristic, EOs and their main constituents are promising tools that can be used both in Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) programs and in the "lure and kill" technique, exploiting the attractiveness of the product in the former case and its toxicity in the latter. In this article, current knowledge on the biological and behavioral effects of EOs and their main constituents on tephritid fruit flies is reviewed, mainly focusing on species belonging to the Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, and Zeugodacus genera. The mechanisms of action of EOs, their real-world applications, and challenges related to their use in IPM are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Zeni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Orlando Campolo
- Department of Agriculture, University “Mediterranea” of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo Di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (O.C.); (G.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Giulia Giunti
- Department of Agriculture, University “Mediterranea” of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo Di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (O.C.); (G.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Palmeri
- Department of Agriculture, University “Mediterranea” of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo Di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; (O.C.); (G.G.); (V.P.)
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant’Agostino, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Roberto Rizzo
- CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, S.S. 113-km 245.500, 90011 Bagheria, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Lo Verde
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Andrea Lucchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
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Benelli G, Pavoni L, Zeni V, Ricciardi R, Cosci F, Cacopardo G, Gendusa S, Spinozzi E, Petrelli R, Cappellacci L, Maggi F, Pavela R, Bonacucina G, Lucchi A. Developing a Highly Stable Carlina acaulis Essential Oil Nanoemulsion for Managing Lobesia botrana. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:nano10091867. [PMID: 32961890 PMCID: PMC7559805 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in the development of green pest management strategies is leading to the exploitation of essential oils (EOs) as promising botanical pesticides. In this respect, nanotechnology could efficiently support the use of EOs through their encapsulation into stable nanoformulations, such as nanoemulsions (NEs), to improve their stability and efficacy. This technology assures the improvement of the chemical stability, hydrophilicity, and environmental persistence of EOs, giving an added value for the fabrication of natural insecticides effective against a wide spectrum of insect vectors and pests of public and agronomical importance. Carlina acaulis (Asteraceae) root EO has been recently proposed as a promising ingredient of a new generation of botanical insecticides. In the present study, a highly stable C. acaulis-based NE was developed. Interestingly, such a nanosystem was able to encapsulate 6% (w/w) of C. acaulis EO, showing a mean diameter of around 140 nm and a SOR (surfactant-to-oil ratio) of 0.6. Its stability was evaluated in a storage period of six months and corroborated by an accelerated stability study. Therefore, the C. acaulis EO and C. acaulis-based NE were evaluated for their toxicity against 1st instar larvae of the European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a major vineyard pest. The chemical composition of C. acaulis EO was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealing carlina oxide, a polyacetylene, as the main constituent. In toxicity assays, both the C. acaulis EO and the C. acaulis-based NE were highly toxic to L. botrana larvae, with LC50 values of 7.299 and 9.044 µL/mL for C. acaulis EO and NE, respectively. The C. acaulis-based NE represents a promising option to develop highly stable botanical insecticides for pest management. To date, this study represents the first evidence about the insecticidal toxicity of EOs and EO-based NEs against this major grapevine pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (R.R.); (F.C.); (G.C.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0502216141
| | - Lucia Pavoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.P.); (S.G.); (E.S.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (F.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Valeria Zeni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (R.R.); (F.C.); (G.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Renato Ricciardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (R.R.); (F.C.); (G.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Francesca Cosci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (R.R.); (F.C.); (G.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Gloria Cacopardo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (R.R.); (F.C.); (G.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Saverio Gendusa
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.P.); (S.G.); (E.S.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (F.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Eleonora Spinozzi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.P.); (S.G.); (E.S.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (F.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.P.); (S.G.); (E.S.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (F.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.P.); (S.G.); (E.S.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (F.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.P.); (S.G.); (E.S.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (F.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Plant Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Giulia Bonacucina
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.P.); (S.G.); (E.S.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (F.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Andrea Lucchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (R.R.); (F.C.); (G.C.); (A.L.)
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Suckling DM, Mazzoni V, Roselli G, Levy MC, Ioriatti C, Stringer LD, Zeni V, Deromedi M, Anfora G. Trapping Brown Marmorated Stink Bugs: "The Nazgȗl" Lure and Kill Nets. Insects 2019; 10:insects10120433. [PMID: 31801306 PMCID: PMC6955730 DOI: 10.3390/insects10120433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Improvements to current brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, surveillance and killing systems are needed to improve detection sensitivity and to reduce pesticide use. Detection of BMSB in New Zealand with traps is reliant on sticky panels with aggregation pheromone, which are low cost but inefficient compared with beating foliage. Trapping for BMSB adults and nymphs was conducted daily with lethal traps consisting of an aggregation pheromone-baited-coat hanger covered with dark-colored long-lasting insecticide-treated mesh, we termed “The Nazgȗl”, based on its sinister appearance. A deep tray lined with white plastic was attached centrally at the base for collecting the dead BMSB. The lethal traps killed and caught up to 3.5-fold more nymphs and adult BMSB than identically-baited sticky panels in the 3 weeks of deployment, and provided a snapshot of phenology by instar. We expect that lure-and-kill stations could contribute to the suppression of a delimited population and could be included as part of a semiochemical-based eradication program. Attracting and killing females and nymphs, thus removing future offspring, could contribute to population suppression during an eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Maxwell Suckling
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (G.R.); (C.I.)
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., PB 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1072, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
| | - Valerio Mazzoni
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (V.M.); (V.Z.); (M.D.); (G.A.)
| | - Gerardo Roselli
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (G.R.); (C.I.)
- Biological and Biotechnical Control Agency, 00123 Rome, Italy
- Center of Agriculture, Food and Environment (C3A), University of Trento, I-38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Ioriatti
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (G.R.); (C.I.)
| | - Lloyd Damien Stringer
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., PB 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand;
| | - Valeria Zeni
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (V.M.); (V.Z.); (M.D.); (G.A.)
| | - Marco Deromedi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (V.M.); (V.Z.); (M.D.); (G.A.)
| | - Gianfranco Anfora
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (V.M.); (V.Z.); (M.D.); (G.A.)
- Center of Agriculture, Food and Environment (C3A), University of Trento, I-38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
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