[Clinical outcomes of endovascular therapy in acute stroke patients with anterior circulation tandem occlusions due to atherosclerosis and dissection]

Objective: To compare the clinical outcomes of endovascular therapy in acute stroke patients with anterior circulation tandem occlusions caused by atherosclerosis or dissection. Methods: A retrospective cohort study. A total of 98 patients with anterior circulation tandem lesions undergoing endovascular therapy in the Wuhan NO.1 Hospital (March 2016 to March 2022) were analyzed. Median age was 64(55,71) years old, and 82.7% (81/98 cases) were males. According to the lesion etiology, the patients were divided into atherosclerosis and dissection groups. The differences in clinical outcomes between the two groups were investigated, including favorable 90-day functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2), successful reperfusion (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebrovascular Infarction score of 2b-3), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, stroke-associated pneumonia, 90-day all-cause mortality, and average hospitalization days. Logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for potential confounders affecting functional outcomes in both groups, and to determine odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Seventy-one patients were grouped into the atherosclerotic cause and 27 into the dissection cause cohorts. The rate of favorable 90-day functional outcome was 43.7% (31/71 cases) in the atherosclerosis group versus 55.6% (15/27 cases) in the dissection group (adjusted odds ratio=1.339; 95% confidence interval, 0.374-4.798; P=0.654). No significant differences were found in other clinical outcomes between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion: The clinical prognosis of patients with tandem lesions caused by atherosclerotic stenosis or artery dissection was similar after endovascular therapy. Future studies are still needed to verify our results.

Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) is highly correlated with 1-year mortality in hip fracture patients

Prevalence of cognitive impairment in hip fractures was 86.5%. MoCA is an independent risk factor of mortality. MoCA score of < 15 is correlated with 11.71 times increased risk of mortality. Early attention and caution should be given to these patients for appropriate intervention to decrease mortality rates.

INTRODUCTION

Hip fractures rank amongst the top 10 causes of disability and current mortality of hip fractures is high. Objectives were to determine 1) prevalence of cognitive impairment, 2) whether Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score was an independent risk factor associated with mortality, 3) MoCA cut-off that result in high risk of mortality.

METHODS

This was a cohort study between July 2019 to June 2020. Inclusion criteria were 1) hip fracture, 2) >  = 65 years old, and 3) low-energy trauma. Patients undergo assessment for cognitive impairment with MoCA. Prevalence was assessed, MoCA cut-off point, and accuracy of statistical model was evaluated. Logistic regression modelling was used to assess association between mortality and MoCA.

RESULTS

There were 260 patients recruited. Two hundred twenty-five patients had MoCA score < 22 signifying cognitive impairment, and 202 patients had MoCA score of < 19. 46 hip fracture patients died at 1-year follow-up. 45 of these patients had MoCA score < 19, and 1 patient had a MoCA > 22. Results showed statistical significance and good model effect (at least 0.8) with MoCA cut-off points between < 15 and < 19 (p < 0.05). After controlling confounding factors, statistical significance still existed in MoCA cut-off point at < 15 (odds ratio (95% CI) = 11.71 (1.14, 120.71); p = 0.04).

CONCLUSION

Prevalence of cognitive impairment in hip fractures was 86.5%. MoCA is an independent risk factor of mortality in hip fracture patients. MoCA score of < 15 is correlated with 11.71 times increased risk of mortality at 1-year after a hip fracture. AUC with MoCA score < 15 was 0.948. Early attention and caution should be given to these patients for appropriate intervention to decrease mortality rates.

[Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever and E gene evolution of dengue virus in Guangzhou, 2020]

Objective: To assess the incidence of dengue fever and E gene evolution of dengue virus in Guangzhou in 2020 and understand the local epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever and spreading of dengue virus. Methods: The information of dengue fever cases in Guangzhou in 2020 was collected from Notifiable Infectious Disease System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Information System. Serum samples from the cases were detected by real-time PCR. The E gene was sequenced and analyzed. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees were constructed using software MEGA 5.05. The statistical analysis was conducted using software SPSS 20.0. Results: A total of 33 dengue fever cases were reported in Guangzhou in 2020, including 31 (93.94%) imported cases and 2 (6.06%) local cases. Compared with the data during 2016 to 2019, the number of cases, overall incidence and local incidence all decreased with statistically significant differences (all P<0.05). The imported cases from Southeast Asia constituted 90.32% (28/31) of imported cases. The E gene sequences and the phylogenetic trees of imported and local cases demonstrated close relationship with the virus sequences from Southeast Asian, and they were less homologous with the sequences of dengue virus isolated in Guangzhou in previous years. Conclusions: The incidence of dengue in Guangzhou in 2020 was significantly affected by the imported cases, especially those from Southeast Asian countries. The study result demonstrated that dengue fever was not endemic in Guangzhou and it was caused by imported ones.

[Epidemiological characteristics of three local epidemics of COVID-19 in Guangzhou]

Objective: To understand the epidemiological characteristics of three local COVID-19 epidemics in Guangzhou and provide reference for optimizing strategies and measures of COVID-19 prevention and control. Methods: The data of local COVID-19 cases in Guangzhou reported as of June 18, 2021 were collected from National Notifiable Disease Report System of China. The software Excel 2019 and SPSS 22.0 were applied for data cleaning and statistical analysis. Results: A total of 726 COVID-19 cases were reported in the three local epidemics in Guangzhou. In the epidemic associated with the outbreak of COVID-19 in Hubei province, 366 cases were reported. Most cases were female (51.6%, 189/366), aged 18-65 years (81.4%, 298/366), jobless/unemployed (32.2%, 118/366) and retired persons (20.2%,74/366). The initial symptoms of most cases were fever (71.6%, 250/349) and cough (60.7%, 212/349). In the epidemic associated with the imported COVID-19 cases from Africa, 207 cases were reported. Most cases were aged 18-40 years (72.9%, 151/207), male (69.6%, 144/207), and engaged in commercial services (62.3%,129/207). The initial symptoms of most cases were no obvious discomfort (55.6%, 15/27) and cough (37.0%, 10/27). In the epidemic associated with Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, 153 cases were reported, in which women accounted for 58.8% (90/153), most cases were over 41 years old (64.7%,99/153), and retired persons accounted for the highest proportion (32.0%,49/153). The initial symptoms of most cases were cough (32.9%, 48/146) and no obvious discomfort (28.1%, 41/146). The household secondary attack rates of the three local epidemics were 11.2%, 5.7% and 11.5%, respectively. The median (P₂₅, P₇₅) of incubation periods were 6.5 (4.0,10.8) d, 4.0 (2.5, 6.0) d and 4.0 (3.0,5.0) d. The serial intervals median (P₂₅, P₇₅) were 4.0 (3.0, 8.0) d, 4.0 (2.5, 6.0) d and 3.0 (2.0,5.0) d. There were significant differences in gender, age, occupation, initial symptoms, household secondary attack rate and incubation period among the three local COVID-19 epidemics (all P<0.05). In the proportion of the case finding way, passive detection in patient treatment were mainly 44.3%(162/366) in the epidemic associated with the outbreak of COVID-19 in Hubei province,but active community case screening [58.5% (121/207) and 27.5% (24/153)] and close contact management in imported case were mostly [33.3% (69/207) and 67.3% (103/153)] in the epidemic associated with the imported COVID-19 cases from Africa and with Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, respectively. Conclusions: Due to the different sources of infection, strain types and prevention and control strategies, the epidemiological characteristics of the three local COVID-19 epidemics in Guangzhou differed in demographics, clinical symptoms, transmission routes and case finding, which suggested that it is necessary to improve the key population and common symptom monitoring in the routine prevention and control of COVID-19 to prevent the reemerge of the epidemic.

[Research Progress on Metabolite Identification of Synthetic Cannabinoid New Psychoactive Substances]

Abstract

Synthetic cannabinoids are currently a class of new psychoactive substances with the largest variety and most abused. Metabolite identification research can provide basic data for monitoring synthetic cannabinoids abuse, which is the current research hotspot. The main trend of structural modification of synthetic cannabinoid is to replace the fluorine atom on pentyl indole or indazole cyclopentyl with hydrogen atom, which greatly improves the biological activity of the compound. The main metabolic reactions include hydroxylation, fluoropentyl oxidative, ester hydrolyze, amide hydrolysis. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry has become the preferred choice for the structural identification of metabolites. This review mainly summarizes research on metabolism software prediction and human hepatocyte model, human liver microsomes model, rat in vivo model, zebrafish model and fungus C. elegans model in metabolite identification based on the structure and classification of synthetic cannabinoids.

[Spatial autocorrelation of dengue cases and molecular biological characteristics of envelope gene of dengue virus in Guangzhou, 2019]

Objective: Analyze epidemiological situation of dengue fever,and survey impacts of four serotypes dengue viruses in Guangzhou, 2019. Methods: Information of patients was collected in Notifiable Infectious Disease Report System (NIDRS). Spatial autocorrelation of dengue cases was evaluated using ArcGIS version 10.2. Serum samples were tested by real-time PCR. Virus strains were isolated from positive sera. Then E gene was sequenced. Phylogenetic trees were including PhyMLsoftwarev 3.1. Results: A total of 1 655 dengue cases, consisted of 1 382 local cases and 273 imported cases, was confirmed in 2019. The incidence was 11.10 per 100 000 dengue cases were autocorrelated in Guangzhou. There were 18 high-high clusters. Most of the imported dengue cases were imported from Southeast Asian countries (86.08%,235/273) and African countries (2.56%,7/273). Of 749 serum samples detected by real-time PCR, the positive rate was 93.06% (697/749). Four hundred and sixty-four dengue virus strains had been isolated in 2019. Compared with data from the genotype tree of the former years, no genotype shift was discovered. Serotype 1 was still predominant. Serotype 2 was the significant strain in Baiyun district and Liwan district. Conclusions: Dengue fever was spreading all over Guangzhou in 2019. The suburban areas, which played a more critical role in causing the spread and outbreak of dengue fever, should be given more prominence. Inspection at ports should be enforced to prevent importing cases from African countries and Southeast Asian countries. The risk of serotype 2 cannot be overlooked. Four serotypes dengue viruses prevailed simultaneously in Guangzhou, which warns us to take precaution of severe dengue outbreaks.

Damage control strategies in gallbladder-preserving cholecystolithotomy: from incision to channel establishment to non-invasive procedure

Damage control strategies for cholecystolithotomy are summarized as incision–suture technique, puncture and channel establishment method, and physiological duct-directed approach. Cultural influence, medical assessment, complications, recurrences, and further direction for cholecystolithotomy are involved.

[Clinical application of single-port inflatable endoscopic nipple sparing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction using prosthesis implantation]

Objective: To examine the clinical application value of single-port inflatable endoscopic nipple sparing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction using prosthesis implantation in the treatment of early breast cancer. Methods: From February 2014 to July 2019, the clinic-pathological data of 34 early breast cancer patients received single-port inflatable endoscopic nipple sparing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction using prosthesis implantation at Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University were retrospectively analyzed and followed up. All the patients were female, with an age of 46(11) years (M(Q_R)) (range: 26 to 64 years). The radical cure degree of operation, cosmetic effect after operation were evaluated. The satisfaction to operation and personal quality of life after operation was accessed by BREAST-Q scale. Results: All surgical procedures were successfully completed. The operation time was (313.4±11.7) minutes (range: 200 to 485 minutes). The blooding-liquid was (33.8±3.3) ml (range: 10 to 100 ml). There were 5 cases (14.7%) of nipple areola necrosis after operation, of which 1 patient received taking the prosthesis out because of prosthesis exposure. There was no capsular contracture or postoperative bleeding case. The follow-up time was 35(17) months (range: 12 to 77 months), and there was one case suffering local recurrence and metastasis, and another suffering metastasis. The scores of postoperative breast satisfaction, psychosocial status, chest wall status and sexual health were 78.32±2.57 (range: 55 to 100), 89.12±2.30 (range: 82 to 100), 91.47±1.33 (range: 43 to 100), and 78.50±2.68 (range: 39 to 100). Conclusion: Single-port inflatable endoscopic nipple sparing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction using prosthesis implantation in the treatment of early breast cancer can achieve provided curative and cosmetic effect on patients with breast cancer, with good patients' postoperative quality of life and satisfaction.

Supplementation with Yucca schidigera improves antioxidant capability and immune function and decreases fecal score of dairy calves before weaning

Yucca schidigera (YS) is a species of plant rich in antimicrobials, antioxidants, and immunomodulators. It has been used as feed additive to improve animal performance and decrease methane emissions in cattle. However, few studies have evaluated YS in dairy calves. In this study, we evaluated the effects of YS on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in dairy calves before weaning. We randomly assigned 40 newborn female Holstein calves (4 d old; 40 ± 5 kg of body weight) to 1 of 4 treatments (n = 10 per treatment), which were fed 0, 3, 6, or 9 g/d of YS powder. The YS allowance was mixed into milk or milk replacer and fed twice daily. Dry matter intake (both liquid and starter feed) and fecal score were recorded daily, and body weight, withers height, body length, and heart girth were measured at 4, 14, 28, 42, and 60 d of age. Blood was sampled from the jugular vein at 14, 42, and 60 d of age after the afternoon feeding for analysis of serum antioxidant capacity and immune function. Feeding YS did not affect dry matter intake, but decreased the feed-to-gain ratio with a quadratic dose effect. Over the whole study period, the average daily gain tended to linearly increase with the increasing YS doses, and it was 6.8% higher in diets supplemented with 9 g/d of YS than in the basal control diet without YS. The YS supplementation linearly decreased fecal score in a dose-dependent manner, and the frequency of diarrhea was significantly decreased as the YS supplementation increased throughout the whole study period. The YS supplementation also linearly decreased maleic dialdehyde concentration in the serum compared with the control group. The activity of catalase tended to linearly and quadratically increase, and that of glutathione peroxidase increased linearly with the increased YS supplementation. Serum concentrations of IgA and IgG increased linearly with the increased YS supplementation, and that of IgG tended to increase quadratically. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrated that feeding YS to young calves could improve growth, feed efficiency, and immunity, and decrease fecal score and diarrhea. The results of this study indicated that feeding YS at 9 g/d may be recommended to benefit dairy calves before weaning.

Ultrahigh-strength and ductile superlattice alloys with nanoscale disordered interfaces

Alloys that have high strengths at high temperatures are crucial for a variety of important industries including aerospace. Alloys with ordered superlattice structures are attractive for this purpose but generally suffer from poor ductility and rapid grain coarsening. We discovered that nanoscale disordered interfaces can effectively overcome these problems. Interfacial disordering is driven by multielement cosegregation that creates a distinctive nanolayer between adjacent micrometer-scale superlattice grains. This nanolayer acts as a sustainable ductilizing source, which prevents brittle intergranular fractures by enhancing dislocation mobilities. Our superlattice materials have ultrahigh strengths of 1.6 gigapascals with tensile ductilities of 25% at ambient temperature. Simultaneously, we achieved negligible grain coarsening with exceptional softening resistance at elevated temperatures. Designing similar nanolayers may open a pathway for further optimization of alloy properties.

Aspirin protects human coronary artery endothelial cells by inducing autophagy

Although the use of aspirin has substantially reduced the risks of cardiovascular events and death, its potential mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In a previous study, we found that aspirin triggers cellular autophagy. In the present study, we aimed to determine the protective effects of aspirin on human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) and explore its underlying mechanisms. HCAECs were treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), angiotensin II (Ang-II), or high glucose (HG) with or without aspirin stimulation. The expression levels of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS), p-eNOS, LC3, p62, phosphor-nuclear factor kappa B (p-NF-κB), p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MAPK), and Beclin-1 were detected via immunoblotting analysis. Concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) were measured via ELISA. NO levels were determined using the Griess reagent. Autophagic flux was tracked by tandem mRFP-GFP-tagged LC3. Results showed that aspirin increased eNOS level and reduced injury to the endothelial cells (ECs) caused by ox-LDL, Ang-II, and HG treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Aspirin also increased the LC3II/LC3I ratio, decreased p62 expression, and enhanced autophagic flux (autophagosome and autolysosome puncta) in the HCAECs. p-NF-κB and p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition, sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 secretion, and eNOS activity promotion by aspirin treatment were found to be dependent on Beclin-1. These results suggested that aspirin can protect ECs from ox-LDL-, Ang-II-, and HG-induced injury by activating autophagy in a Beclin-1-dependent manner.

[Epidemiological characteristics of a case infected with avian influenza A (H5N6) virus associated with exposure to aerosol]

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of a case infected with avian influenza A (H5N6) virus associated with exposure to aerosol and provide evidence for the prevention and control of human infection with avian influenza virus. Methods: Epidemiological investigation was conducted to identify the history of exposure, infection route, and disease progression. Real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR was used to test the samples collected from the case, close contacts, environment and poultry market. Results: The case had no history of exposure to live poultry and poultry market. But before the onset the case had a history of exposure to the live poultry placed in a car with doors and windows closed. The samples collected from the case's lower respiratory tract and the remaining frozen chicken meat were all influenza A (H5N6) virus positive. Conclusions: The source of infection was the live poultry, and the infection route might be the exposure to aerosol in a car with doors and windows closed, where the poultry were temporarily stored. It is necessary to promote centralized poultry slaughtering, cold chain distribution and fresh poultry sale, as well as strengthen health education and establish the concept of consuming fresh poultry.

[Willingness and influencing factors related to "centralized slaughtering, fresh poultry listing and marketing" strategy among the household chefs in Guangzhou]

Objective: To study the willingness and influence factors related to "centralized slaughtering, fresh poultry listing and marketing" strategy, among the household chefs, and provide reference for government to adjust and optimize the strategy on avian influenza prevention. Methods: According to the geographical characteristics and regional functions, 6 'monitoring stations' were selected from 12 residential districts of Guangzhou, respectively. Another 21 meat markets which selling live poultry, were selected in each station and 5 household chefs of each market were invited to attend a face to face interview. Basic information, personal cognitive, willingness and influencing factors to the policy were under study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods were used. Results: A total of 664 household chefs underwent the survey and results showed that the rate of support to the "centralized slaughtering, fresh poultry listing and marketing" strategy was 44.6% (296/664). Results from the multi-factor logistic regression showed that those household chefs who were males (OR=1.618, 95% CI: 1.156-2.264, P=0.005), having received higher education (OR=1.814, 95% CI: 1.296-2.539, P=0.001), or believing that the existence of live poultry stalls was related to the transmission of avian influenza (OR=1.918, 95% CI: 1.341-2.743, P<0.001) were factors at higher risk. These household chefs also intended to avoid the use of live poultry stalls (OR=1.666, 95%CI: 1.203-2.309, P=0.002) and accept the "centralized slaughtering, fresh poultry listing and marketing" strategy. Conclusion: Detailed study on this subject and, setting up pilot project in some areas as well as prioritizing the education programs for household chefs seemed helpful to the implementation of the 'freezing-fresh poultry' policy.

[Diagnostic value of quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters and relative quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters in breast lesions with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI]

Objective: To explore the differential between the value of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters and relative pharmacokinetic quantitative parameters in breast lesions. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 255 patients(262 breast lesions) who was obtained by clinical palpation , ultrasound or full-field digital mammography , and then all lessions were pathologically confirmed in Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University from May 2012 to May 2016. A 3.0 T MRI scanner was used to obtain the quantitative MR pharmacokinetic parameters: volume transfer constant (K(trans)), exchange rate constant (k(ep))and extravascular extracellular volume fraction (V(e)). And measured the quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters of normal glands tissues which on the same side of the same level of the lesions; and then calculated the value of relative pharmacokinetic parameters: rK(rans)、rk(ep) and rV(e).To explore the diagnostic value of two pharmacokinetic parameters in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast lesions using receiver operating curves and model of logistic regression. Results: (1)There were significant differences between benign lesions and malignant lesions in K(trans) and k(ep) (t=15.489, 15.022, respectively, P<0.05), there were no significant differences between benign lesions and malignant lesions in V(e)(t=-2.346, P>0.05). The areas under the ROC curve(AUC)of K(trans), k(ep) and V(e) between malignant and benign lesions were 0.933, 0.948 and 0.387, the sensitivity of K(trans), k(ep) and V(e) were 77.1%, 85.0%, 51.0% , and the specificity of K(trans), k(ep) and V(e) were 96.3%, 93.6%, 60.8% for the differential diagnosis of breast lesions if taken the maximum Youden's index as cut-off. (2)There were significant differences between benign lesions and malignant lesions in rK(trans), rk(ep) and rV(e) (t=14.177, 11.726, 2.477, respectively, P<0.05). The AUC of rK(trans), rk(ep) and rV(e) between malignant and benign lesions were 0.963, 0.903 and 0.575, the sensitivity of rK(trans), rk(ep) and rV(e) were 85.6%, 71.9%, 52.9% , and the specificity of rK(trans), rk(ep) and rV(e) were 94.5%, 92.7%, 60.6% for the differential diagnosis of breast lesions.(3)There was no significant difference in the area under the ROC curve between the predictive probability of quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters and the prediction probability of relative quantitative pharmacokinetic parameters(Z=0.867, P=0.195). Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the quantitative parameter values (K(trans,) k(ep)) and the relative quantitative parameter values (rK(trans,) rk(ep)) in diagnosis of breast lesions, which were important parameters in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast lesions.

[A randomized controlled clinical trial of acoustic resonance combined with systemic steroid therapy for sudden hearing loss]

Objective:To study the short-term and long-term therapeutic effect of acoustic resonance combined with systemic steroid therapy in treatment of Sudden hearing loss (SHL).Method:Clinical data of 128 patients with SHL were analyzed in the randomized controlled trial. Patients were divided into study group (68 cases) and control group (60 cases). Patients in control group received steroid therapy and conventional drug therapy, while study group received acoustic resonance therapy combined with systemic steroid therapy and conventional drug therapy.Result:The total effective rate of study group and control group was 66.18% and 65.00% respectively at the end of treatment; the total effective rate of study group and control group was 72.06% and 70.00% 4 weeks after treatment; the total efficiency of study group and control group was 73.53% and 68.33% respectively 8 weeks after treatment. The total effective rate of study group was not significantly higher than that of the control group in the three periods (P> 0.05). But the PTA significantly improved in study group 4 weeks and 8 weeks after treatment [(43.87±16.73)dB, (40.96±17.11)dB], while the PTA of control group is (50.89±18.41)dB, (48.93±17.84)dB (P< 0.05), and no serious adverse events were happened during treatments and after treatments.Conclusion:Acoustic resonance combined with systemic steroid therapy can significantly improve the therapeutic effect of SHL with no obvious side effects, which is worth clinical promotion.

[Association between cured meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in people with different dietary habits and lifestyles]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the association between the intakes of cured meat and the risk of colorectal cancer, and analyze the role of the interaction between cured meat intake and dietary habit or lifestyle for the risk of colorectal cancer.

METHODS

A well-designed questionnaire were used to collect retrospective information about demography, lifestyle and dietary habit from 400 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 400 controls matched by age and gender. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the possible association between the intake of cured meat and the risk of colorectal cancer. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction(GMDR)was used to analyze the interaction between cured meat intake and other dietary habits or lifestyle factors.

RESULTS

Data from conditional logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the people who had <8 times per year of cured meat intake, those had 8-23 times of cured meat intakes(OR=3.480, 95%CI: 2.022-5.991, P<0.001), 24-47 times of cured meat intakes(OR=4.526, 95%CI: 2.553-8.025, P<0.001), ≥48 times of cured meat intakes(OR=5.472, 95% CI: 3.105-9.642, P<0.001)had increased risk of colorectal cancer. There was a multiplied interaction between cured meat intake and pepper intake(OR=0.379, 95% CI: 0.190-0.758, P=0.009). The synergistic effect existed between cured meat intake and pickled vegetable intake; and the antagonism existed between cured meat intake and tea-drinking habit. GMDR analysis showed that interaction among red meat intake, pickled vegetable and cured meat intake on the risk of colorectal cancer might exist(P=0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

With the increase of frequency of cured meat intake, the risk of colorectal cancer increased gradually. The synergistic effect might existed between pickled vegetable intake and cured meat intake. Tea-drinking, pepper intake and cured meat intake might be antagonism in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Red meat intake, pickled vegetable intake and cured meat intake might have combined effect to increase the risk of colorectal cancer.

Molecular cloning, functional verification, and evolution of TmPm3, the powdery mildew resistance gene of Triticum monococcum L

Powdery mildew (Pm) is one of the most harmful diseases in wheat. Three Pm-resistance genes, Pm3, Pm21, and Pm8, have been cloned but most Pm3/Pm8 alleles have lost their resistance to Pm in hexaploid wheat. In this study, a new Pm3 homolog gene (TmPm3) was isolated from Triticum monococcum L. using a homology-based cloning strategy, being the first report of a functional Pm3 homolog gene from a diploid wheat species. The transient expression of TmPm3 in leaf epidermal cells showed that over-expressed TmPm3 could significantly inhibit the penetration of Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici conidia spores and the formation of haustoria. Sequence analysis of Pm3 alleles shed new light on the evolution of Pm3 genes, providing a better understanding of the molecular basis of disease resistance. This study also suggested that homology-based cloning of resistance genes is a feasible method for the isolation of functional resistance genes from wheat germplasm.

Revisión de las influencias de los insectos minadores de hojas en sus plantas huésped

Los insectos minadores de hojas son un grupo de herbívoros cuyas larvas viven y se alimentan del interior de las hojas. Lo que denominamos minas son las diferentes marcas que quedan en las hojas y que pueden proporcionar valiosa información acerca de las relaciones planta-insecto. La mayoría de minadores son monófagos u oligófagos. Los ecólogos y paleontólogos los usan para estudiar las interacciones y la coevolución entre plantas, insectos y sus enemigos naturales. Existen numerosos tipos de patrones de minas en las hojas, que pueden producir diferentes impactos en la planta hospedadora. Si los comparamos con los insectos ectófagos, los minadores de hojas pueden tener una influencia muy característica en numerosos aspectos de la planta hospedadora, como por ejemplo la morfología y la química foliar, la fisiología de la planta y su crecimiento y producción. Entre los impactos más evidentes, podemos nombrar asimetría foliar, formación de callos, fotosíntesis e «islas verdes». La tipología y el gravedad de estos impactos varían según en tipo de insecto minador y de planta hospedadora. Además, los cambios funcionales que se producen en la planta hospedadora pueden a su vez tener efectos positivos o negativos en la oviposición y la alimentación de los minadores. El estudio de los mecanismos de defensa de la planta hospedadora para combatir a los minadores puede resultar de gran utilidad para entender la coevolución entre ambos organismos.

Mechanism and epidemiology of paediatric finger injuries at Prince of Wales Hospital in Hong Kong

OBJECTIVES

To determine the mechanism and epidemiology of paediatric finger injuries in Hong Kong during 2003-2005 and 2010-2012.

DESIGN

Comparison of two case series.

SETTING

University-affiliated teaching hospital, Hong Kong.

PATIENTS

This was a retrospective study of two cohorts of children (age, 0 to 16 years) admitted to Prince of Wales Hospital with finger injuries during two 3-year periods. Comparisons were made between the two groups for age, involved finger(s), mechanism of injury, treatment, and outcome. Telephone interviews were conducted for parents of children who sustained a crushing injury of finger(s) by door.

RESULTS

A total of 137 children (group A) were admitted from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2005, and 109 children (group B) were admitted from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2012. Overall, the mechanisms and epidemiology of paediatric finger injuries were similar between groups A and B. Most finger injuries occurred in children younger than 5 years (group A, 56%; group B, 76%) and in their home (group A, 67%; group B, 69%). The most common mechanism was crushing injury of finger by door (group A, 33%; group B, 41%) on the hinge side (group A, 63%; group B, 64%). The right hand was most commonly involved. The door was often closed by another child (group A, 37%; group B, 23%) and the injury often occurred in the presence of adults (group A, 60%; group B, 56%). Nailbed injury was the commonest type of injury (group A, 31%; group B, 39%). Fractures occurred in 24% and 23% in groups A and B, respectively. Traumatic finger amputation requiring replantation or revascularisation occurred in 12% and 10% in groups A and B, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Crushing injury of finger by door is the most common mechanism of injury among younger children and accounts for a large number of hospital admissions. Serious injuries, such as amputations leading to considerable morbidity, can result. Crushing injury of finger by door occurs even in the presence of adults. There has been no significant decrease in the number of crushing injuries of finger by door in the 5 years between the two studies despite easily available and affordable preventive measures. It is the authors' view that measures aimed at promoting public awareness and education, and safety precautions are needed.

Adult male circumcision with a circular stapler versus conventional circumcision: A prospective randomized clinical trial

Male circumcision is the most frequently performed procedure by urologists. Safety and efficacy of the circumcision procedure requires continual improvement. In the present study, we investigated the safety and efficacy of a new male circumcision technique involving the use of a circular stapler. In total, 879 consecutive adult male patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: 441 underwent stapler circumcision, and 438 underwent conventional circumcision. The operative time, pain score, blood loss volume, healing time, treatment costs, and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. The operative time and blood loss volume were significantly lower in the stapler group than in the conventional group (6.8 ± 3.1 vs 24.2 ± 3.2 min and 1.8 ± 1.8 vs 9.4 ± 1.5 mL, respectively; P<0.01 for both). The intraoperative and postoperative pain scores were significantly lower in the stapler group than in the conventional group (0.8 ± 0.5 vs 2.4 ± 0.8 and 4.0 ±0.9 vs 5.8 ± 1.0, respectively; P<0.01 for both). Additionally, the stapler group had significantly fewer complications than the conventional group (2.7% vs 7.8%, respectively; P<0.01). However, the treatment costs in the stapler group were much higher than those in the conventional group (US$356.60 ± 8.20 vs US$126.50 ± 7.00, respectively; P<0.01). Most patients (388/441, 88.0%) who underwent stapler circumcision required removal of residual staple nails. Overall, the present study has shown that stapler circumcision is a time-efficient and safe male circumcision technique, although it requires further improvement.

Local review of treatment of hand enchondroma (artificial bone substitute versus autologous bone graft) in a tertiary referral centre: 13 years' experience

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the treatment outcomes of enchondroma of the hand with artificial bone substitute versus autologous (iliac) bone graft.

DESIGN

Historical cohort study.

SETTING

Tertiary referral centre, Hong Kong.

PATIENTS

A total of 24 patients with hand enchondroma from January 2001 to December 2013 who underwent operation at the Prince of Wales Hospital and Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital in Hong Kong were reviewed. Thorough curettage of the tumour was performed in all patients, followed by either autologous bone graft impaction under general anaesthesia in 13 patients, or artificial bone substitute in 11 patients (10 procedures were performed under local or regional anaesthesia and 1 was done under general anaesthesia). The functional outcomes and bone incorporation were measured by QuickDASH (shortened version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire) scores and radiological appearance, respectively. The mean follow-up period was 59 months.

RESULTS

There were eight men and 16 women, with a mean age of 40 years. Overall, 17 cases involved phalangeal bones and seven involved metacarpal bones. Among both groups of patients, most of the affected digits had good range of motion and function after surgery. One patient in each study group had complications of local soft tissue inflammation. One patient in the artificial bone substitute group was suspected to have recurrence 8 years after operation. Among the autologous bone graft group, four patients had persistent donor site morbidity at the last follow-up. In all patients, radiographs showed satisfactory bone incorporation.

CONCLUSIONS

Artificial bone substitute is a safe and effective treatment option for hand enchondroma, with satisfactory functional and radiographic outcomes. Artificial bone substitute offers the additional benefits of enabling the procedure to be done under local anaesthesia on a day-case basis with minimal complications.

Differential expression and effect of the porcine ANGPTL4 gene on intramuscular fat

In a previous study, we investigated differences in gene expression in backfat between Meishan and Large White pigs and their F1 hybrids, Large White x Meishan, and Meishan x Large White pigs. One potential differentially expressed sequence tag from the mRNA differential display was a homolog of the human angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) gene, which encodes a protein that is secreted by both liver and white adipose tissues and can inhibit lipoprotein lipase activity and stimulate white adipose tissue lipolysis. Here, ANGPTL4 mRNA was found to be upregulated in the backfat of Large White compared with that in the Meishan pigs and the F1 hybrids, Meishan x Large White and Large White x Meishan, whereas expression was lowest both in the longissimus dorsi and the heart, as shown by the tissue distribution profile. Only one mutation, a G/A transition located in the third intron, was found. The ANGPTL4 G/A polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) showed a significant effect on intramuscular fat (IMF), water moisture of the longissimus dorsi, meat marbling of the longissimus dorsi, and pH of the longissimus dorsi (P < 0.05). This site seemed to be significantly (P < 0.05) additive in its actions on IMF, water moisture, and pH, whereas it showed significant dominance in its action on meat marbling (P < 0.05). This locus can be potentially considered as a marker for IMF improvement.

A three-phase epidemiological study of short and long sleepers in a middle-aged Chinese population: prevalence and characteristics

Epidemiological studies of short and long sleepers have not been conducted previously. We collected socioeconomic, psychological, and polysomnographic characteristics of 6501 parents (3252 men and 3249 women) of 4036 primary school children in Guangzhou city. The study data were collected in three phases. The overall prevalence of short (5 h or less) and long (10 h or more) sleep duration was 0.52 and 0.64%, respectively. Long sleepers had higher Eysenck Personality Questionnaire neuroticism scores [odds ratio (OR)=1.224, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.047-1.409] and lower education levels (OR=0.740, 95%CI=0.631-0.849) than short sleepers. In the polysomnographic assessment, short, long, and normal sleepers (7-8 h) shared similar durations of Stage 3 sleep (short=25.7±10.7, long=20.3±7.9, and normal=28.0±12.8 min, F=1.402, P=0.181). In daytime multiple sleep latency tests, short sleepers (10/19, 52.6%) were more prone to have a short sleep latency (≤8 min) than long sleepers (2/23, 8.7%). In addition to different sleep durations, neuroticism might also contribute to differences between short and long sleepers in social achievements. Stage 3 sleep might be essential for humans. The short sleep latency (≤8 min) of short sleepers in multiple sleep latency tests should be interpreted cautiously, since it was of the same severity as required for a diagnosis of narcolepsy or idiopathic hypersomnia.

Hypothyroidism and first-trimester spontaneous miscarriages

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the association between hypothyroidism and first-trimester spontaneous miscarriages and to explain the mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients admitted between October and May 2011 with threatened miscarriage in the first trimester were analyzed and levels of progesterone and thyroid hormones as T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were estimated. Once hypothyroidism was diagnosed, patients were treated with sodium levothyroxine (LT4) as substitution and outcomes were observed.

RESULTS

Measurement of progesterone was useful for predicting the outcome of threatened miscarriage The results showed that progesterone (P) = 14.74 ng/ml is selected as predictive value to judge whether the fetal treatment was successfully or not. When serum P value is above 14.74 ng/ml before treatment, it may favour a miscarriage, if the serum P value is below 14.74 ng/ml, miscarriage is unlikely; its sensitivity and specificity are high. The risk for miscarriage in patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism in which LT4 substitution was similar to the level observed in the controls, and P between the two groups had no distinct difference. The mechanism explaining the risk of miscarriage increased by thyroid disorders remains unclear, which needs advanced research.

CONCLUSION

Screening of thyroid disorders has important clinical significance in early pregnancy, and substitution of LT4 to those who are in the early pregnancy with hypothyroidism could reduce the risk of miscarriage.

ZnO nanomaterials based surface acoustic wave ethanol gas sensor

ZnO nanomaterials based surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensor has been investigated in ethanol environment at room temperature. The ZnO nanomaterials have been prepared through thermal evaporation of high-purity zinc powder. The as-prepared ZnO nanomaterials have been characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. The results indicate that the obtained ZnO nanomaterials, including many types of nanostructures such as nanobelts, nanorods, nanowires as well as nanosheets, are wurtzite with hexagonal structure and well-crystallized. The SAW sensor coated with the nanostructured ZnO materials has been tested in ethanol gas of various concentrations at room temperature. A network analyzer is used to monitor the change of the insertion loss of the SAW sensor when exposed to ethanol gas. The insertion loss of the SAW sensor varies significantly with the change of ethanol concentration. The experimental results manifest that the ZnO nanomaterials based SAW ethanol gas sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity and good short-term reproducibility at room temperature.

Abstract P3-10-24: Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Amplification and Overexpression in Breast Cancer Tissue Microarrays Using Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization and Immunohistochemistry

Fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 (FGFR1) belongs to a subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which are involved in proliferation and apoptosis. FGFR1 amplification and mRNA overexpression occurs in ∼10% of breast cancers and has been associated with poor outcome. However, studies assessing FGFR1 amplification and protein overexpression in a large collection of breast tumors are lacking. In this prospective, we examined a series of primary breast cancers samples derived from the BCIRG trials assembled into 15 tissue microarrays. FGFR1 gene amplification was studied using chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) and evaluated with respect to association with level of protein expression and clinicopathological parameters. FGFR1 gene amplification was significantly associated with high protein levels as determined by immunohistochemistry (P&lt;0.0001, 3294 pts with available matched CISH and IHC records). Overall, the incidence of FGFR1 amplification found was 9.7% (160 out of 1646 pts. with available clinicopathological records) without a statistically significant difference between Her2- (78 out 720 pts., 11%) and Her2+ (82 out of 926 pts., 9%) cancers. In both cohorts, the hormone receptor-positive (ER+/PR+) cancers showed statistically significant higher levels of FGFR1 amplification compared to hormone receptor-negative tumors. In the analysis of the association of FGFR1 and the presence of PIK3CA mutations, the incidence of FGFR1 amplificationwas greatly reduced in mutant vs. wt PI3KCA tumors. In these cohorts, a clear relationship between FGFR1 amplification status and clinical outcome was not detected. Data from this large study confirms recently reported incidences of FGFR1 amplification in breast cancer and shows for the first time an association between FGFR1 gene amplification and protein overexpression. Moreover, the lower incidence of FGFR1 amplification in PIK3CA mutated cancers suggests that these are largely exclusive molecular events that could benefit from different targeted therapies.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-10-24.

A laser-Compton scattering prototype experiment at 100 MeV linac of Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics

As a prototype of the Shanghai Laser Electron Gamma Source in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, an x-ray source based on laser-Compton scattering (LCS) has been installed at the terminal of the 100 MeV linac of the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics. LCS x-rays are generated by interactions between Q-switched Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet laser pulses [with wavelength of 1064 nm and pulse width of 21 ns (full width at half maximum)] and electron bunches [with energy of 108 MeV and pulse width of 0.95 ns (rms)] at an angle of 42 degrees between laser and electron beam. In order to measure the energy spectrum of LCS x-rays, a Si(Li) detector along the electron beam line axis is positioned at 9.8 m away from a LCS chamber. After background subtraction, the LCS x-ray spectrum with the peak energy of 29.1+/-4.4|(stat)+/-2.1|(syst) keV and the peak width (rms) of 7.8+/-2.8|(stat)+/-0.4|(syst) keV is observed. Normally the 100 MeV linac operates with the electron macropulse charge of 1.0 nC/pulse, and the electron and laser collision repetition rate of 20 Hz. Therefore, the total LCS x-ray flux of (5.2+/-2.0) x 10(2) Hz can be achieved.

Correlation between local vibrations and metal mass in AlB2-type transition-metal diborides

Lattice vibrations have been investigated in TiB2, ZrB2 and HfB2 by temperature-dependent extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) experiments. Data clearly show that the EXAFS oscillations are characterized by an anomalous behavior of the Debye-Waller factor of the transition-metal-boron pair, which is suggested to be associated with a superposition of an optical mode corresponding to phonon vibrations induced by the B sublattice and an acoustic mode corresponding to the transition-metal (TM) sublattice. Data can be interpreted as a decoupling of the metal and boron vibrations observed in these transition-metal diborides (TMB2), a mechanism that may be responsible for the significant reduction of the superconducting transition temperature observed in these systems with respect to the parent MgB2 compound. The vibrational behavior of TM-TM bonds has also been investigated to study the occurrence of anisotropy and anomalies in the lattice vibrational behavior of TM-TM bonds.

Lattice vibrational property in the transition-metal diboride ZrB2

Lattice vibrational property has been determined in ZrB(2) system using the temperature-dependent extended X-ray-absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) technique from room temperature to 28K. The smooth behavior of Debye-Waller factor curve with temperature is slightly abnormal for the first pair Zr-B. In order to reproduce this curve, an improved Einstein mode with two Einstein frequencies has been used. The quantitative analysis of temperature-dependent Debye-Waller factor of Zr-B pair shows one Einstein frequency is very high and the other is small. These frequencies correspond to the vibration of boron layer atoms and transition-metal layer atoms, respectively. Based on the Einstein mode with one frequency, the vibrational frequency for Zr-Zr pair has been also obtained. Zirconium diboride has two types of Zr-Zr interaction. One is in-plane and the other is out-of-plane along the high symmetry axis. Our analysis shows there is a little difference between in-plane Zr-Zr vibration and out-of-plane one. And the smaller Einstein vibrational frequency for the Zr-B shell is just between the two ones of the Zr-Zr shells. Our results show that the lattice vibrational behavior in ZrB(2) presents obvious particularity and anisotropy.

Toxic Effects in Siganus oramin by dietary exposure to 4-tert-octylphenol

The integrated toxicities of 4-tert-octylphenol (t-OP) on Siganus oramin were investigated by dietary administration at doses of 5, 25 and 125 mg/kg body weight over 28 days. Significant increase was observed in the activity of hepatic glutathione S-transferase at 125 mg/kg on both day 14 and 28 in males, and at all doses on day 28 in females, and in hepatosomatic index at 25 mg/kg on day 14 in both sexes. Plasma levels of testosterone and cortisol decreased significantly at all doses on day 28. Histopathologic changes in liver, spleen, intestine and testis deteriorated with increasing doses and duration. The results suggest that S. oramin is sensitive to t-OP, and the above endpoints may be potential biomarkers for evaluating toxicities of environmental pollutants such as t-OP.

Complete nucleotide sequences and genome characterization of double-stranded RNA 1 and RNA 2 in the Raphanus sativus-root cv. Yipinghong

Four distinct double-stranded (ds) RNA bands were extracted from leaves of Raphanus sativus-root cv. Yidianhong [corrected] with yellowing at the leaf edge in China. Purified viral particles of 28-30 nm in diameter contained dsRNA segments with the same number and mobility as these extracted directly from radish leaves. The two major dsRNA segments, namely RasR 1 and RasR 2, were 1866 and 1791 bp in length, respectively. Computer analysis predicted that they both contained a single open reading frame (ORF) on their plus-stranded RNA, putatively encoding a RNA dependent RNA polymerase and a capsid protein similar to that encoded by members of the family Partitiviridae. In addition, both RasR 1 and RasR 2 were highly conserved at the 5' untranslated regions (UTR) and had an adenosine-uracil rich stretch at the 3' UTR, with an identical terminal motif (5'-AAAAUAAAACC-3'). Taken together, these results suggest that the two major dsRNA segments constitute the genome of a partitivirus infecting radish.

Preparation and in vitro and in vivo release studies of Huperzine A loaded microspheres for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

The purpose of this study was to prepare microspheres containing Huperzine A, which is used for patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease because of its potent anticholineestase activity, and to clarify in vitro and in vivo release characteristics of them. The preparation and in vitro and in vivo release studies of Huperzine A loaded microspheres were described. By spray drying method, Huperzine A was encapsulated successfully in the microspheres which were spherical with a non-porous and smooth surface. In vitro studies showed that the release of Huperzine A from microspheres was depended on the properties of polymers and the release medium. Counter-ionic interaction between the primary amine group of Huperzine A and the carboxylic terminal group of PLG polymers improves the encapsulation of Huperzine A, reducing the initial burst and extending the sustained release. High molecular weight of PLG polymer leads to a negative influence on sustained release of Huperzine A due to less carboxylic terminal groups. Acidic medium also reduces the initial burst and sustained the release due to decreased swelling of the polymeric matrix. In vivo experiment showed, after intramuscular injection, that the plasma concentration of Huperzine A reached the max. at 2 h, then fell rapidly to a stable and near constant level of 0.5 to 2.5 ng/ml within 2 weeks, until the drug was exhausted from the microspheres. It indicates the potential of a 2-week sustained release system of Huperzine A.

Detection of hotspot mutations and polymorphisms using an enhanced PCR-RFLP approach

Ethidium gel-based PCR-RFLP is widely used, and is perhaps the simplest method for detection of known mutations in cancer-related genes and for genotyping a wide range of other human diseases. However, its application is limited by the fact that it can only detect mutant alleles that are present in more than 5-10% of wild-type alleles. Here we present a method that allows a 1-2 order enhancement in the sensitivity of the widely used PCR-RFLP without substantially increasing the effort and cost associated with it. This method is a modification to our previously reported amplification via primer ligation at the mutation (APRIL-ATM) method, which utilizes ligation of a primer at a restriction site formed by a mutation, followed by a ligation-mediated PCR amplification which amplifies only the mutation-containing DNA molecules. By combining this method with the artificial introduction of restriction sites during PCR, we demonstrate that assays can be designed and validated for detecting hot-spot mutations in codons 273, 158, and 248 of the TP53 gene (p53) and potentially for most mutations of interest. This approach is validated by using samples where the mutation was artificially introduced at these p53 positions. The increased sensitivity offered by the method further allows us to rapidly screen for low frequency polymorphisms in pooled DNA samples. The frequency of an MSH2 missense polymorphism (965G>A) was quantified in pooled genomic DNA samples from 205 and 221 U.S. and Polish colorectal cancer patients, respectively, and an equal number of ethnicity-matched controls. The data revealed a 3-5% prevalence of this polymorphism in the patient and the control populations. Individual sequencing of all 852 patient samples demonstrated an excellent agreement among the two independent approaches. The present enhanced PCR-RFLP reduces the effort involved in high throughput polymorphism studies and promises to find applications in genotyping and association studies involving low frequency polymorphisms and mutations.

Two new non-steroidal constituents from Dioscorea futschauensis R. Kunth

Dioscorone A (1) and a new isocoumarin derivative (2) were isolated from the rhizome of Dioscorea futschauensis R. Kunth. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of detailed analysis of NMR spectra. Their anti-fungal activity against Pyricularia oryzae and cytotoxic activity on K562 and HCT-15 cell lines were evaluated in vitro.

Modulation of NMDA receptor function by ketamine and magnesium. Part II: interactions with volatile anesthetics

Mg2+ and ketamine interact superadditively at N- methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which may explain the clinical efficacy of the combination. Because patients are usually exposed concomitantly to volatile anesthetics, we tested the hypothesis that volatile anesthetics interact with ketamine and/or Mg2+ at recombinantly expressed NMDA receptors. NR1/NR2A or NR1/NR2B receptors were expressed in Xenopus oocytes. We determined the effects of isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane on NMDA receptor signaling, alone and in combination with S(+)-ketamine (4.1 microM on NR1/NR2A, 3.0 microM on NR2/NR2B) and/or Mg2+ (416 microM on NR1/NR2A, 629 microM on NR1/NR2B). Volatile anesthetics inhibited NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2B glutamate receptor function in a reversible, concentration-dependent, voltage-insensitive and noncompetitive manner (half-maximal inhibitory concentration at NR1/NR2A receptors: 1.30 +/- 0.02 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration [MAC] for isoflurane, 1.18 +/- 0.03 MAC for desflurane, 1.24 +/- 0.06 MAC for sevoflurane; at NR1/NR2B receptors: 1.33 +/- 0.12 MAC for isoflurane, 1.22 +/- 0.08 MAC for desflurane, and 1.28 +/- 0.08 MAC for sevoflurane). On both NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2B receptors, 50% inhibitory concentration for volatile anesthetics was reduced approximately 20% by Mg2+, approximately 30% by S(+)-ketamine, and approximately 50% by the compounds in combination. Volatile anesthetic effects on NMDA receptors can be potentiated significantly by Mg2+, S(+)-ketamine, or-most profoundly-both. Therefore, the analgesic effects of ketamine and Mg2+, are likely to be enhanced in the presence of volatile anesthetics.

IMPLICATIONS

Clinically relevant concentrations of volatile anesthetics inhibit functioning of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors expressed recombinantly in Xenopus oocytes. This inhibition is reversible, concentration-dependent and voltage-insensitive, and results from noncompetitive antagonism of glutamate/glycine signaling. In addition, these effects can be potentiated significantly by co-application of either Mg2+, S(+)-ketamine, or--most profoundly--both.

Modulation of NMDA receptor function by ketamine and magnesium: Part I

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are important components of pain processing. Ketamine and Mg2+ block NMDA receptors and might therefore be useful analgesics, and combinations of Mg2+ and ketamine provide more effective analgesia. We investigated their interactions at NMDA receptors. Xenopus oocytes, expressing NR1/NR2A or NR1/NR2B glutamate receptors, were studied. The effects of Mg2+, racemic ketamine and its isomers, and the combination of Mg2+ and S(+)-ketamine on NMDA signaling were determined. Mg2+ and ketamine alone inhibited NMDA receptors noncompetitively (half-maximal inhibitory effect concentration: Mg2+ 4.2 +/- 1.2 x 10(-)(4) M at NR1/NR2A and 6.3 +/- 2.4 x 10(-)(4) M at NR1/NR2B; racemic ketamine 13.6 +/- 8.5 x 10(-)(6) M at NR1/NR2A and 17.6 +/- 7.2 x 10(-)(6) M at NR1/NR2B; S(+)-ketamine 4.1 +/- 2.5 x 10(-)(6) at NR1/NR2A and 3.0 +/- 0.3 at NR1/NR2B; R(-)-ketamine 24.4 +/- 4.1 x 10(-)(6) M at NR1/NR2A and 26.0 +/- 2.4 x 10(-)(6) M at NR1/NR2B). The combined application of Mg2+ and ketamine decreased the half-maximal inhibitory effect concentration >90% at both receptors. Isobolographic analysis demonstrated super-additive interactions. Ketamine and Mg2+ inhibit responses of recombinantly expressed NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2B glutamate receptors, and combinations of the compounds act in a super-additive manner. These findings may explain, in part, why combinations of ketamine and Mg2+ are more effective analgesics than either compound alone.

IMPLICATIONS

Ketamine and Mg2+ inhibit functioning of recombinantly expressed NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2B glutamate receptors, and combinations of the compounds act in a super-additive manner. These findings may explain, in part, why combinations of ketamine and Mg2+ are more effective analgesics than either compound alone.

A role for the integrin alphavbeta8 in the negative regulation of epithelial cell growth

The control of cell growth is regulated through coordinated responses to growth factors and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Integrins, the major family of cell-ECM receptors, are vital to these coordinated responses. Although much is known of the role of integrins in growth promotion, specific examples of integrin-mediated cell growth inhibition are few. On the basis of our findings that the integrin beta8 subunit is expressed in airway epithelial cells and is absent in lung cancers, we investigated the role and mechanism of the integrin alphavbeta8 in mediating growth inhibition. When introduced into either a lung or colon carcinoma cell line, beta8 inhibited cell growth without inducing apoptosis. Ligation of alphavbeta8 also induced cell rounding, inhibited focal contact formation, and initiated an inhibitory signaling pathway as demonstrated by increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Cip1. The cytoplasmic domain of beta8 was capable of both growth inhibition and causing cell shape changes as shown by the use of a chimeric integrin construct consisting of the beta8-cytoplasmic domain coupled to the beta6-extracellular domain. Finally, when tested in vivo, beta8 potently inhibited tumor growth in nude mice. Together, these results implicate alphavbeta8 as a novel growth-regulatory molecule of epithelial cells.

Anatomy of the neurovascular bundle: is safe mobilization possible?

PURPOSE

We have previously defined the anatomy of the neurovascular bundle in the normal and hypospadiac penis. Historical experience suggests that mobilization of the neurovascular bundle is anatomically possible. We attempt to prove whether mobilization of the neurovascular bundle is safe and theoretically sound. Specific questions that will be addressed are does the neurovascular bundle send perforating branches into the corporal bodies; how far lateral does the dissection need to be before nerves are injured and exactly how deep into Buck's fascia must one go.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 35 normal human fetal penile specimens, gestational age 8 to 35 weeks, and 3 hypospadiac specimens, 33 to 41 weeks of gestation, were serially sectioned and stained with Mason's trichrome and the neuronal markers PGP 9.5 or S100. Computer reconstruction using commercial software and National Institutes of Health imaging allowed 3-dimensional analysis of the nerves, corporal bodies and glans.

RESULTS

Perforating nerves into the erectile bodies were not documented along the dorsal or lateral aspect of the tunica in any of the specimens studied. Only in the area of the crural bodies on the ventral lateral surface were nerves noted to pierce into erectile tissue. The neural network was extensive from the 11 and 1 to the 5 and 7 o'clock positions corresponding to the erectile tissue and urethral spongiosum junction. At this junction minor nerve branches were noted to perforate into the urethral spongiosum. A microscopic plane exists between the neurovascular bundle and tunica of the corporal bodies measuring 20 to 30 micro. in specimens greater than 30 weeks in gestation.

CONCLUSIONS

Perforating branches from the dorsal lateral neurovascular bundle do not exist based on serial step sectioning and microscopic examination of male genital specimens. Surgically it is possible to elevate the neurovascular bundle but the dissection needs to remain directly on top of the tunica albuginea to prevent neuronal injury. Small perforating branches into the urethral spongiosum may be injured with unknown significance. We continue to advocate plication in the nerve-free zone at the 12 o'clock position for correction of penile curvature.

Apoptosis regulating genes in neuroendocrine tumors

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms. They are relatively uncommon and characterised by a relatively indolent clinical course. The indolent nature of NETs has long been enigmatic and recent advances in apoptosis research have led to speculation regarding the role of programmed cell death in NET tumorigenesis. It is hoped that a fundamental molecular understanding will help explain these variant behaviors that are so evident to the clinician, and ultimately yield novel and more effective therapies. Recent studies have demonstrated that deregulation of programmed cell death may be a critical component in the multistep tumorigenesis of NETs and that the frequent expression of the BCL-2 oncoprotein in these tumors may contribute to their pathogenesis. The genetic complementation of simultaneously deregulated BCL-2 and c-MYC may be implicated in the multistep tumorigenesis of human NETs. It is also clear that numerous cellular gene products can and will be shown to impact upon apoptosis in NETs; some of these may even be molecules identified as oncoproteins or tumor suppressors. The major challenge will be to ascribe primary pathogenetic significance to tumor-associated derangements in expression of these molecules, and hopefully to then exploit our knowledge toward therapeutic benefit.