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Torres-Carmona E, Ueno F, Iwata Y, Nakajima S, Song J, Mar W, Abdolizadeh A, Agarwal SM, de Luca V, Remington G, Gerretsen P, Graff-Guerrero A. Elevated intrinsic cortical curvature in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: Evidence of structural deformation in functional connectivity areas and comparison with alternate indices of structure. Schizophr Res 2024; 269:103-113. [PMID: 38761434 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests structural and connectivity abnormalities in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) compared to first-line responders and healthy-controls. However, measures of these abnormalities are often influenced by external factors like nicotine and antipsychotics, limiting their clinical utility. Intrinsic-cortical-curvature (ICC) presents a millimetre-scale measure of brain gyrification, highly sensitive to schizophrenia differences, and associated with TRS-like traits in early stages of the disorder. Despite this evidence, ICC in TRS remains unexplored. This study investigates ICC as a marker for treatment resistance in TRS, alongside structural indices for comparison. METHODS We assessed ICC in anterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortices of 38 first-line responders, 30 clozapine-resistant TRS, 37 clozapine-responsive TRS, and 52 healthy-controls. For comparative purposes, Fold and Curvature indices were also analyzed. RESULTS Adjusting for age, sex, nicotine-use, and chlorpromazine equivalence, principal findings indicate ICC elevations in the left hemisphere dorsolateral prefrontal (p < 0.001, η2partial = 0.142) and temporal cortices (LH p = 0.007, η2partial = 0.060; RH p = 0.011, η2partial = 0.076) of both TRS groups, and left anterior cingulate cortex of clozapine-resistant TRS (p = 0.026, η2partial = 0.065), compared to healthy-controls. Elevations that correlated with reduced cognition (p = 0.001) and negative symptomology (p < 0.034) in clozapine-resistant TRS. Fold and Curvature indices only detected group differences in the right parietal cortex, showing interactions with age, sex, and nicotine use. ICC showed interactions with age. CONCLUSION ICC elevations were found among patients with TRS, and correlated with symptom severity. ICCs relative independence from sex, nicotine-use, and antipsychotics, may support ICC's potential as a viable marker for TRS, though age interactions should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo Torres-Carmona
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fumihiko Ueno
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jianmeng Song
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wanna Mar
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Abdolizadeh
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Institute Research Program, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vincenzo de Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Institute Research Program, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Institute Research Program, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Institute Research Program, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Institute Research Program, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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2
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Sone D, Young A, Shinagawa S, Tsugawa S, Iwata Y, Tarumi R, Ogyu K, Honda S, Ochi R, Matsushita K, Ueno F, Hondo N, Koreki A, Torres-Carmona E, Mar W, Chan N, Koizumi T, Kato H, Kusudo K, de Luca V, Gerretsen P, Remington G, Onaya M, Noda Y, Uchida H, Mimura M, Shigeta M, Graff-Guerrero A, Nakajima S. Disease Progression Patterns of Brain Morphology in Schizophrenia: More Progressed Stages in Treatment Resistance. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:393-402. [PMID: 38007605 PMCID: PMC10919766 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Given the heterogeneity and possible disease progression in schizophrenia, identifying the neurobiological subtypes and progression patterns in each patient may lead to novel biomarkers. Here, we adopted data-driven machine-learning techniques to identify the progression patterns of brain morphological changes in schizophrenia and investigate the association with treatment resistance. STUDY DESIGN In this cross-sectional multicenter study, we included 177 patients with schizophrenia, characterized by treatment response or resistance, with 3D T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Cortical thickness and subcortical volumes calculated by FreeSurfer were converted into z scores using 73 healthy controls data. The Subtype and Stage Inference (SuStaIn) algorithm was used for unsupervised machine-learning analysis. STUDY RESULTS SuStaIn identified 3 different subtypes: (1) subcortical volume reduction (SC) type (73 patients), in which volume reduction of subcortical structures occurs first and moderate cortical thinning follows, (2) globus pallidus hypertrophy and cortical thinning (GP-CX) type (42 patients), in which globus pallidus hypertrophy initially occurs followed by progressive cortical thinning, and (3) cortical thinning (pure CX) type (39 patients), in which thinning of the insular and lateral temporal lobe cortices primarily happens. The remaining 23 patients were assigned to baseline stage of progression (no change). SuStaIn also found 84 stages of progression, and treatment-resistant schizophrenia showed significantly more progressed stages than treatment-responsive cases (P = .001). The GP-CX type presented earlier stages than the pure CX type (P = .009). CONCLUSIONS The brain morphological progressions in schizophrenia can be classified into 3 subtypes, and treatment resistance was associated with more progressed stages, which may suggest a novel biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Sone
- Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Young
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Sakiko Tsugawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tarumi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kamiyu Ogyu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Honda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karin Matsushita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Ueno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Hondo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Koreki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Wanna Mar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nathan Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Teruki Koizumi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kusudo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vincenzo de Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mitsumoto Onaya
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shigeta
- Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kitajima K, Tamura S, Sasabayashi D, Nakajima S, Iwata Y, Ueno F, Takai Y, Takahashi J, Caravaggio F, Mar W, Torres-Carmona E, Noda Y, Gerretsen P, Luca VD, Mimura M, Hirano S, Nakao T, Onitsuka T, Remington G, Graff-Guerrero A, Hirano Y. Decreased cortical gyrification and surface area in the left medial parietal cortex in patients with treatment-resistant and ultratreatment-resistant schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 77:2-11. [PMID: 36165228 PMCID: PMC10092309 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Validating the vulnerabilities and pathologies underlying treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is an important challenge in optimizing treatment. Gyrification and surface area (SA), reflecting neurodevelopmental features, have been linked to genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to identify gyrification and SA abnormalities specific to TRS. METHODS We analyzed 3T magnetic resonance imaging findings of 24 healthy controls (HCs), 20 responders to first-line antipsychotics (FL-Resp), and 41 patients with TRS, including 19 clozapine responders (CLZ-Resp) and 22 FL- and clozapine-resistant patients (patients with ultratreatment-resistant schizophrenia [URS]). The local gyrification index (LGI) and associated SA were analyzed across groups. Diagnostic accuracy was verified by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS Both CLZ-Resp and URS had lower LGI values than HCs (P = 0.041, Hedges g [gH ] = 0.75; P = 0.013, gH = 0.96) and FL-Resp (P = 0.007, gH = 1.00; P = 0.002, gH = 1.31) in the left medial parietal cortex (Lt-MPC). In addition, both CLZ-Resp and URS had lower SA in the Lt-MPC than FL-Resp (P < 0.001, gH = 1.22; P < 0.001, gH = 1.75). LGI and SA were positively correlated in non-TRS (FL-Resp) (ρ = 0.64, P = 0.008) and TRS (CLZ-Resp + URS) (ρ = 0.60, P < 0.001). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for non-TRS versus TRS with LGI and SA in the Lt-MPC were 0.79 and 0.85, respectively. SA in the Lt-MPC was inversely correlated with negative symptoms (ρ = -0.40, P = 0.018) and clozapine plasma levels (ρ = -0.35, P = 0.042) in TRS. CONCLUSION LGI and SA in the Lt-MPC, a functional hub in the default-mode network, were abnormally reduced in TRS compared with non-TRS. Thus, altered LGI and SA in the Lt-MPC might be structural features associated with genetic vulnerability to TRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Kitajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Sasabayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan.,Research Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Yamanashi Faculty of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Ueno
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoshifumi Takai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wanna Mar
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edgardo Torres-Carmona
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincenzo de Luca
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Hirano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakao
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Onitsuka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Gary Remington
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoji Hirano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Ueno F, Nakajima S, Iwata Y, Honda S, Torres-Carmona E, Mar W, Tsugawa S, Truong P, Plitman E, Noda Y, Mimura M, Sailasuta N, Mikkelsen M, Edden RAE, De Luca V, Remington G, Gerretsen P, Graff-Guerrero A. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the midcingulate cortex and clozapine response in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS) study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 76:587-594. [PMID: 36111425 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABAergic dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Clozapine, the only approved drug for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), involves the GABAergic system as one of its targets. However, no studies have investigated the relationship between brain GABA levels, as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS), and clozapine response in patients with TRS. METHODS This study enrolled patients with TRS who did not respond to clozapine (ultra-resistant schizophrenia: URS) and who responded to clozapine (non-URS), patients with schizophrenia who responded to first-line antipsychotics (first-line responders: FLR), and healthy controls (HCs). We measured GABA levels in the midcingulate cortex (MCC) using 3T 1 H-MRS and compared these levels among the groups. The associations between GABA levels and symptom severity were also explored within the patient groups. RESULTS A total of 98 participants (URS: n = 22; non-URS: n = 25; FLR: n = 16; HCs: n = 35) completed the study. We found overall group differences in MCC GABA levels (F(3,86) = 3.25, P = 0.04). Specifically, patients with URS showed higher GABA levels compared to those with non-URS (F(1,52) = 8.40, P = 0.03, Cohen's d = 0.84). MCC GABA levels showed no associations with any of the symptom severity scores within each group or the entire patient group. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to report elevated GABA levels in the MCC in patients with schizophrenia resistant to clozapine treatment compared with those responsive to clozapine. Longitudinal studies are required to evaluate if GABA levels are a suitable biomarker to predict clozapine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Ueno
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Yamanashi Faculty of Medicine, Chuo, Japan
| | - Shiori Honda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Edgardo Torres-Carmona
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wanna Mar
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sakiko Tsugawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter Truong
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Plitman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Napapon Sailasuta
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Mark Mikkelsen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Caravaggio F, Barnett AJ, Nakajima S, Iwata Y, Kim J, Borlido C, Mar W, Gerretsen P, Remington G, Graff-Guerrero A. The effects of acute dopamine depletion on resting-state functional connectivity in healthy humans. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 57:39-49. [PMID: 35091322 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT), a competitive inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, can be used to deplete endogenous dopamine in humans. We examined how AMPT-induced dopamine depletion alters resting-state functional connectivity of the basal ganglia, and canonical resting-state networks, in healthy humans. Fourteen healthy participants (8 females; age [mean ± SD] = 27.93 ± 9.86) completed the study. Following dopamine depletion, the caudate showed reduced connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (Cohen's d = 1.89, p<.0001). Moreover, the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and midbrain all showed reduced connectivity with the occipital cortex (Cohen's d = 1.48-1.90; p<.0001-0.001). Notably, the dorsal caudate showed increased connectivity with the sensorimotor network (Cohen's d = 2.03, p=.002). AMPT significantly decreased self-reported motivation (t(13)=4.19, p=.001) and increased fatigue (t(13)=4.79, p=.0004). A greater increase in fatigue was associated with a greater reduction in connectivity between the substantia nigra and the mPFC (Cohen's d = 3.02, p<.00001), while decreased motivation was correlated with decreased connectivity between the VTA and left sensorimotor cortex (Cohen's d = 2.03, p=.00004). These findings help us to better understand the role of dopamine in basal ganglia function and may help us better understand neuropsychiatric diseases where abnormal dopamine levels are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Caravaggio
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Alexander J Barnett
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1515 Newton Ct, Davis, California 95618, United States of America
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University, 2 Chome-15-45 Mita, Tokyo 108-8345, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Yamanashi, 4 Chome-4-37 Takeda, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
| | - Julia Kim
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Carol Borlido
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Wanna Mar
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
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6
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Kusudo K, Ochi R, Nakajima S, Suzuki T, Mamo D, Caravaggio F, Mar W, Gerretsen P, Mimura M, Pollock BG, Mulsant BH, Graff-Guerrero A, Rajji TK, Uchida H. Decision tree classification of cognitive functions with D 2 receptor occupancy and illness severity in late-life schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2022; 241:113-115. [PMID: 35121434 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kusudo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Brain Health Imaging Centre-Multimodal Imaging Group in Geriatrics and Schizophrenia, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takefumi Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Ethics, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - David Mamo
- Departments of Psychiatry & Gerontology, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Brain Health Imaging Centre-Multimodal Imaging Group in Geriatrics and Schizophrenia, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wanna Mar
- Brain Health Imaging Centre-Multimodal Imaging Group in Geriatrics and Schizophrenia, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Brain Health Imaging Centre-Multimodal Imaging Group in Geriatrics and Schizophrenia, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bruce G Pollock
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benoit H Mulsant
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Brain Health Imaging Centre-Multimodal Imaging Group in Geriatrics and Schizophrenia, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Dementia Research Alliance, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Iwata Y, Nakajima S, Plitman E, Truong P, Bani-Fatemi A, Caravaggio F, Kim J, Shah P, Mar W, Chavez S, Remington G, Gerretsen P, De Luca V, Sailasuta N, Graff-Guerrero A. Glutathione Levels and Glutathione-Glutamate Correlation in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:sgab006. [PMID: 33969302 PMCID: PMC8086698 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) has been suggested to involve glutamatergic dysfunction. Glutathione (GSH), a dominant antioxidant, is known to be involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission. To date, no study has examined GSH levels in patients with TRS. The aim of this study was to examine GSH levels in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) of patients with TRS. Patients with schizophrenia were categorized into 3 groups with respect to their antipsychotic response: (1) clozapine (CLZ) nonresponders, (2) CLZ responders, and (3) first-line responders (FLR). GSH and glutamine + glutamate (Glx) levels were measured using 3T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Firstly, dACC GSH levels were compared among the patient groups and healthy controls (HCs). Further, relationships between GSH and Glx levels were compared between the groups and GSH levels were explored stratifying the patient groups based on the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) subunit polymorphism. There was no difference in GSH levels between the groups. FLR showed a more negative relationship between GSH and Glx levels in the dACC compared to HCs. There were no effects of GCLC genotype on the GSH levels. However, CLZ responders had a higher ratio of high-risk GCLC genotype compared to CLZ nonresponders. This study demonstrated different relationships between GSH and Glx in the dACC between groups. In addition, the results suggest a potential link between CLZ response and GCLC genotype. However, it still remains unclear how these differences are related to the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia subtypes or the mechanisms of action of CLZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iwata
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eric Plitman
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Truong
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Bani-Fatemi
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia Kim
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Parita Shah
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wanna Mar
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sofia Chavez
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Institute Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Institute Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Institute Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Napapon Sailasuta
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Institute Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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Rougier E, Mar W, Della Valle V, Morel B, Irtan S, Audureau E, Coulomb-L'Hermine A, Ducou Le Pointe H, Blondiaux E. Added value of MRI for the diagnosis of adnexal torsion in children and adolescents after inconclusive ultrasound examination. Diagn Interv Imaging 2020; 101:747-756. [PMID: 32423620 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children and adolescents with suspected adnexal torsion (AT) after inconclusive initial ultrasound examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-eight girls with a mean age of 12±4 (SD) years (range: 1 month to 18years) were included. All had clinically suspected AT and inconclusive initial ultrasound findings followed by pelvic MRI as a second-line imaging modality. The final diagnosis was obtained by surgery or follow-up. Two radiologists blinded to the clinical, ultrasound and surgical data, retrospectively and independently reviewed MRI examinations. Clinical and MRI features associated with AT were searched for using univariate analyses. RESULT Among the 28 patients, 10/28 patients (36%) had AT and 22/28 (79%) had an ovarian or tubal mass. AT was associated with an age<13years (OR: 10.7; 95% CI: 1.3-148.2) (P=0.022) and a whirlpool sign at MRI (OR: 61.0; median unbiased estimate, 7.2) (P<0.0001). When a mass was present, the best quantitative MRI criteria for AT were mass volume and ovary-corrected volume≥30cm3 (κ=0.72 and 0.61, respectively), mass axis length≥5cm (κ=0.90), and mass surface area≥14 cm2 (κ=0.58), with moderate to almost perfect interobserver agreement. The overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of MRI for the diagnosis of AT were 100% (10/10; 95% CI: 69-100), 94% (17/18; 95% CI: 73-100) and 96% (27/28; 95% CI: 82-100) respectively, with perfect interobserver agreement (κ=1). CONCLUSION In pediatric patients with suspected AT and inconclusive initial ultrasound examination, a strategy including MRI as a second-line imaging modality should be considered if MRI does not delay a potential surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rougier
- Department of Imaging, Hôpital Trousseau, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - W Mar
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - V Della Valle
- Department of Imaging, Hôpital Trousseau, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - B Morel
- Department of Imaging, Hôpital Trousseau, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - S Irtan
- Department of Surgery, Hôpital Trousseau, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - E Audureau
- Biostatistic and Epidemiology Department, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, LIC EA 4393, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 91000 Créteil, France
| | - A Coulomb-L'Hermine
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Trousseau, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - H Ducou Le Pointe
- Department of Imaging, Hôpital Trousseau, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
| | - E Blondiaux
- Department of Imaging, Hôpital Trousseau, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France.
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9
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Kim J, Plitman E, Iwata Y, Nakajima S, Mar W, Patel R, Chavez S, Chung JK, Caravaggio F, Chakravarty MM, Remington G, Gerretsen P, Graff-Guerrero A. Neuroanatomical profiles of treatment-resistance in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 99:109839. [PMID: 31843627 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Widespread structrual abnormalities in subcortical brain regions have been identified in patients with schizophrenia. However, only a few studies have examined the neuroanatomical profiles of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to compare differences in subcortical and hippocampal volumes between: (i) treatment-resistant patients who are non-responders to both first-line antipsychotics and clozapine (URS), (ii) treatment-resistant patients who are non-responders to first-line antipsychotics but are responders to clozapine (CLZ-Resp), (iii) responders to first-line antipsychotics (FL-Resp), and (iv) healthy controls. T1-weighted images of 103 participants (27 URS, 29 CLZ-Resp, 21 FL-Resp, and 26 healthy controls) were obtained. Group differences in striatal, thalamic, globus pallidus, amygdala, and hippocampus volumes were examined. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between subcortical and hippocampal volumes and participant characteristics. The FL-Resp group showed larger striatal and globus pallidus volumes compared to the URS group and larger post-commissural putamen and globus pallidus volumes compared to healthy controls. The URS group showed smaller thalamic volume compared to healthy controls. There were no subcortical or hippocampal volume differences between the URS and CLZ-Resp groups. Differences in subcortical and hippocampal structural volumes were not related to symptom severity or chlorpromazine antipsychotic dose equivalents. Our findings suggest different structural volume alterations in subcortical brain regions between treatment-resistant schizophrenia and responders to first-line antipsychotics. Whether subcortical structure compromise is a distinct pathophysiological marker of treatment-resistant schizophrenia, or a result of antipsychotic exposure, remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kim
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Plitman
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Wanna Mar
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raihaan Patel
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sofia Chavez
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jun Ku Chung
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Schizophrenia Division, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Geriatric Mental Health Division, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Geriatric Mental Health Division, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Iwata Y, Nakajima S, Plitman E, Caravaggio F, Kim J, Shah P, Mar W, Chavez S, De Luca V, Mimura M, Remington G, Gerretsen P, Graff-Guerrero A. Glutamatergic Neurometabolite Levels in Patients With Ultra-Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: A Cross-Sectional 3T Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:596-605. [PMID: 30389132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In terms of antipsychotic treatment response, patients with schizophrenia can be classified into three groups: 1) treatment resistant to both non-clozapine (non-CLZ) antipsychotics and CLZ (ultra-treatment-resistant schizophrenia [URS]), 2) treatment resistant to non-CLZ antipsychotics but CLZ-responsive schizophrenia [non-URS]), and 3) responsive to first-line antipsychotics (non-treatment-resistant schizophrenia). This study aimed to compare glutamatergic neurometabolite levels among these three patient groups and healthy control subjects using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. METHODS Glutamate and glutamate+glutamine levels were assessed in the caudate, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using 3T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (point-resolved spectroscopy, echo time = 35 ms). Glutamatergic neurometabolite levels were compared between the groups. RESULTS A total of 100 participants were included, consisting of 26 patients with URS, 27 patients with non-URS, 21 patients with non-treatment-resistant schizophrenia, and 26 healthy control subjects. Group differences were detected in ACC glutamate+glutamine levels (F3,96 = 2.93, p = .038); patients with URS showed higher dACC glutamate+glutamine levels than healthy control subjects (p = .038). There were no group differences in the caudate or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Taken together with previous studies that demonstrated higher ACC glutamate levels in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia, this study suggests that higher levels of ACC glutamatergic metabolites may be among the shared biological characteristics of treatment resistance to antipsychotics, including CLZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iwata
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eric Plitman
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Kim
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parita Shah
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wanna Mar
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofia Chavez
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Institute Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gary Remington
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Institute Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Institute Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Institute Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Caravaggio F, Fervaha G, Iwata Y, Plitman E, Chung JK, Nakajima S, Mar W, Gerretsen P, Kim J, Chakravarty MM, Mulsant B, Pollock B, Mamo D, Remington G, Graff-Guerrero A. Amotivation is associated with smaller ventral striatum volumes in older patients with schizophrenia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 33:523-530. [PMID: 29110353 PMCID: PMC5807115 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motivational deficits are prevalent in patients with schizophrenia, persist despite antipsychotic treatment, and predict long-term outcomes. Evidence suggests that patients with greater amotivation have smaller ventral striatum (VS) volumes. We wished to replicate this finding in a sample of older, chronically medicated patients with schizophrenia. Using structural imaging and positron emission tomography, we examined whether amotivation uniquely predicted VS volumes beyond the effects of striatal dopamine D2/3 receptor (D2/3 R) blockade by antipsychotics. METHODS Data from 41 older schizophrenia patients (mean age: 60.2 ± 6.7; 11 female) were reanalysed from previously published imaging data. We constructed multivariate linear stepwise regression models with VS volumes as the dependent variable and various sociodemographic and clinical variables as the initial predictors: age, gender, total brain volume, and antipsychotic striatal D2/3 R occupancy. Amotivation was included as a subsequent step to determine any unique relationships with VS volumes beyond the contribution of the covariates. In a reduced sample (n = 36), general cognition was also included as a covariate. RESULTS Amotivation uniquely explained 8% and 6% of the variance in right and left VS volumes, respectively (right: β = -.38, t = -2.48, P = .01; left: β = -.31, t = -2.17, P = .03). Considering cognition, amotivation levels uniquely explained 9% of the variance in right VS volumes (β = -.43, t = -0.26, P = .03). CONCLUSION We replicate and extend the finding of reduced VS volumes with greater amotivation. We demonstrate this relationship uniquely beyond the potential contributions of striatal D2/3 R blockade by antipsychotics. Elucidating the structural correlates of amotivation in schizophrenia may help develop treatments for this presently irremediable deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Caravaggio
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
| | - Gagan Fervaha
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
| | - Eric Plitman
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
| | - Jun Ku Chung
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
| | - Wanna Mar
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
| | - Julia Kim
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
| | - M. Mallar Chakravarty
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. H4H 1R3
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. H4H 1R3
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. H4H 1R3
| | - Benoit Mulsant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
| | - Bruce Pollock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
| | - David Mamo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Malta, Malta
| | - Gary Remington
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. M5T 1R8
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12
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Caravaggio F, Gerretsen P, Mar W, Chung JK, Plitman E, Nakajima S, Kim J, Iwata Y, Patel R, Chakravarty MM, Remington G, Graff-Guerrero A, Menon M. Intranasal oxytocin does not modulate jumping to conclusions in schizophrenia: Potential interactions with caudate volume and baseline social functioning. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 81:80-87. [PMID: 28431278 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) tend to sample less information when making a decision, jumping to conclusions (JTC) without sufficient evidence. This "JTC bias" may be a trait marker of the disease and may not improve with antipsychotic treatment. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test whether intranasal oxytocin could reduce JTC in stable, medicated patients with SCZ and healthy controls (HCs). We also explored whether striatal volume, clinical symptoms, and baseline social functioning (SF) was related to JTC performance. METHODS Forty-three male, medicated SCZ patients (Mean Age: 40.81±11.44) and sixteen HCs (Mean Age: 30.38±9.85) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Participants completed the Beads Task on two separate visits (minimum 20days apart). Participants were randomized to receive either intranasal oxytocin (50IU in solution) or intranasal placebo (saline). Twenty of the SCZ patients and all sixteen HCs also provided T1 MRIs (3-T). RESULTS Patients with SCZ took fewer draws to decision (DTD) than HCs (t(57)=2.78, p=0.007). Oxytocin did not significantly change DTD in patients (t(42)=-1.11, p=0.27), nor in HCs (t(15)=-0.62, p=0.55). Exploratory analyses found ventral caudate volumes were negatively correlated with DTD (r(18)=-0.50, p=0.03) in patients. Moreover, oxytocin was more likely to improve JTC in patients with lower baseline SF. However, these exploratory findings did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS We replicate increased JTC in SCZ. However, acute intranasal oxytocin did not modify JTC. Future studies with larger samples should explore how brain morphology and SF are related to JTC performance in patients with SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Caravaggio
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Wanna Mar
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Jun Ku Chung
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Eric Plitman
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo Japan
| | - Julia Kim
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Raihaan Patel
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada; Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada; Department of Biological & Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada; Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Mahesh Menon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Detwiller Pavilion, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A1, Canada
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Rajji TK, Mulsant BH, Nakajima S, Caravaggio F, Suzuki T, Uchida H, Gerretsen P, Mar W, Pollock BG, Mamo DC, Graff-Guerrero A. Cognition and Dopamine D 2 Receptor Availability in the Striatum in Older Patients with Schizophrenia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; 25:1-10. [PMID: 27745822 PMCID: PMC5164861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of reducing the dose of antipsychotics on cognition and dopaminergic D2 receptor availability in the whole striatum, and identify their relationship in patients with schizophrenia aged 50 years or older. DESIGN Open-label prospective PET [11C]-raclopride study. SETTING A tertiary care center outpatient setting. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-seven clinically stable participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, aged 50 years or greater, and having been treated with olanzapine or risperidone monotherapy at the same dose for at least 6 months. INTERVENTION Gradual reduction in their olanzapine or risperidone daily dose of up to 40%. MEASUREMENTS Clinical and cognitive assessments, and [11C]-raclopride PET to determine D2 receptor availability at baseline and after the dose reduction. Main outcome measures were overall cognition and D2 receptor availability in whole striatum. RESULTS Reducing the antipsychotic dose resulted in an increase in D2 receptor availability in the whole striatum and an association between D2 receptor availability and overall cognition despite lack of change in the latter. There was also an association between change in D2 receptor availability and change in overall cognition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that optimizing D2 receptor availability by reducing antipsychotic dose allows this system to contribute more significantly to cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. This uncovered association could be harnessed by cognitive-enhancing interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek K. Rajji
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benoit H. Mulsant
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Multimodal Imaging Group - Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Multimodal Imaging Group - Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Takefumi Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Multimodal Imaging Group - Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wanna Mar
- Multimodal Imaging Group - Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bruce G. Pollock
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David C. Mamo
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculties of Medicine and Health Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Multimodal Imaging Group - Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
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14
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Iwata Y, Nakajima S, Caravaggio F, Suzuki T, Uchida H, Plitman E, Chung JK, Mar W, Gerretsen P, Pollock BG, Mulsant BH, Rajji TK, Mamo DC, Graff-Guerrero A. Threshold of Dopamine D2/3 Receptor Occupancy for Hyperprolactinemia in Older Patients With Schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2016; 77:e1557-e1563. [PMID: 28086010 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.15m10538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although hyperprolactinemia carries a long-term risk of morbidity, the threshold of dopamine D2/3 receptor (D2/3R) occupancy for hyperprolactinemia has not been investigated in older patients with schizophrenia. Data were taken from a positron emission tomography (PET) study conducted between August 2007 and August 2015. The present post hoc study included 42 clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV) (mean ± SD age = 60.2 ± 6.7 years) taking olanzapine or risperidone. Subjects underwent [¹¹C]-raclopride PET scans to measure D2/3R occupancy before and after reducing their dose of antipsychotic by up to 40%. Blood samples were collected before each PET scan to measure prolactin levels. METHODS The relationship between prolactin levels and D2/3R occupancy was examined using stepwise linear regression analyses. The D2/3R occupancy thresholds for hyperprolactinemia were explored using Fisher exact tests. RESULTS Prolactin levels decreased following dose reduction (mean ± SD = 24.1 ± 30.2 ng/mL to 17.2 ± 15.1 ng/mL; P < .001). Prolactin levels were associated with female gender (β = .32, P = .006, vs male), antipsychotics (β = .23, P = .02, risperidone vs olanzapine), and D2/3R occupancy (β = .23, P = .04). Those with D2/3R occupancy of 66% or higher were more likely to have hyperprolactinemia than those with D2/3R occupancy lower than 66% (P = .03). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of this threshold were 0.44, 0.81, 0.78, and 0.48, respectively. We identified a D2/3R occupancy threshold for hyperprolactinemia of 66% in older patients with schizophrenia, which is lower than that reported in younger patients (73%) by other researchers. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a higher sensitivity to antipsychotics in older patients. Prolactin levels could assist in the determination of appropriate antipsychotic dosing to minimize adverse effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00716755.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iwata
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Takefumi Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric Plitman
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Jun Ku Chung
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Wanna Mar
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bruce G Pollock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benoit H Mulsant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - David C Mamo
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculties of Medicine and Health Science, University of Malta, Msida
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R, Canada. .,Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
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15
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Fervaha G, Caravaggio F, Mamo DC, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Nakajima S, Gerretsen P, Rajji TK, Mar W, Iwata Y, Plitman E, Chung JK, Remington G, Graff-Guerrero A. Lack of association between dopaminergic antagonism and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a positron emission tomography dopamine D2/3 receptor occupancy study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3803-3813. [PMID: 27557949 PMCID: PMC5065392 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several pre-clinical studies suggest that antipsychotic medications cause secondary negative symptoms. However, direct evidence for a relationship among antipsychotic medications, their direct effects on neurotransmitter systems, and negative symptoms in schizophrenia remains controversial. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between antipsychotic-related dopamine D2/3 receptor occupancy and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS Forty-one clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia participated in this prospective dose reduction positron emission tomography (PET) study. Clinical assessments and [11C]-raclopride PET scans were performed before and after participants underwent gradual dose reduction of their antipsychotic medication by up to 40 % from the baseline dose. RESULTS No significant relationship was found between antipsychotic-related dopamine D2/3 receptor occupancy and negative symptom severity at baseline or follow-up. Similar null findings were found for subdomains of negative symptoms (amotivation and diminished expression). Occupancy was significantly lower following dose reduction; however, negative symptom severity did not change significantly, though a trend toward reduction was noted. Examination of change scores between these two variables revealed no systematic relationship. CONCLUSIONS Our cross-sectional and longitudinal results failed to find a significant dose-dependent relationship between severity of negative symptoms and antipsychotic-related dopaminergic antagonism in schizophrenia. These findings argue against the notion that antipsychotics necessarily cause secondary negative symptoms. Our results are also in contrast with the behavioral effects of dopaminergic antagonism routinely reported in pre-clinical investigations, suggesting that the role of this variable in the context of chronic treatment and schizophrenia needs to be re-examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Fervaha
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David C. Mamo
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benoit H. Mulsant
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
,Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bruce G. Pollock
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
,Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
,Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
,Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tarek K. Rajji
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
,Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wanna Mar
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
,Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric Plitman
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jun Ku Chung
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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16
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Nakajima S, Uchida H, Bies RR, Caravaggio F, Suzuki T, Plitman E, Mar W, Gerretsen P, Pollock BG, Mulsant BH, Mamo DC, Graff-Guerrero A. Dopamine D2/3 Receptor Occupancy Following Dose Reduction Is Predictable With Minimal Plasma Antipsychotic Concentrations: An Open-Label Clinical Trial. Schizophr Bull 2016. [PMID: 26221049 PMCID: PMC4681559 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population pharmacokinetics can predict antipsychotic blood concentrations at a given time point prior to a dosage change. Those predicted blood concentrations could be used to estimate the corresponding dopamine D2/3 receptors (D2/3R) occupancy by antipsychotics based on the tight relationship between blood and brain pharmacokinetics. However, this 2-step prediction has never been tested. METHODS Two blood samples were collected at separate time points from 32 clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; mean ± SD age: 60.1 ± 7.3 years) to measure plasma concentrations of olanzapine or risperidone at baseline. Then, subjects underwent a dose reduction of olanzapine or risperidone and completed a [(11)C]-raclopride positron emission tomography scan to measure D2/3R occupancy in the putamen. The plasma concentration at the time of the scan was predicted with the 2 samples based on population pharmacokinetic model, using NONMEM. D2/3R occupancy was then estimated by incorporating the predicted plasma concentration in a hyperbole saturation model. The predicted occupancy was compared to the observed value. RESULTS The mean (95% CI) prediction errors for the prediction of D2/3R occupancy were -1.76% (-5.11 to 1.58) for olanzapine and 0.64% (-6.18 to 7.46) for risperidone. The observed and predicted D2/3R occupancy levels were highly correlated (r = 0.67, P = .001 for olanzapine; r = 0.67, P = .02 for risperidone). CONCLUSIONS D2/3R occupancy levels can be predicted from blood drug concentrations collected prior to dosage change. Although this 2-step model is subject to a small degree of error, it could be used to select oral doses aimed at achieving optimal D2/3R occupancy on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Robert R. Bies
- Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada;,Indiana University School of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Multimodal Imaging Group - Research Imaging Centre and,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Takefumi Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eric Plitman
- Multimodal Imaging Group - Research Imaging Centre and,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wanna Mar
- Multimodal Imaging Group - Research Imaging Centre and
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bruce G. Pollock
- Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada;,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;,Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benoit H. Mulsant
- Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada;,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;,Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - David C. Mamo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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17
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Graff-Guerrero A, Rajji TK, Mulsant BH, Nakajima S, Caravaggio F, Suzuki T, Uchida H, Gerretsen P, Mar W, Pollock BG, Mamo DC. Evaluation of Antipsychotic Dose Reduction in Late-Life Schizophrenia: A Prospective Dopamine D2/3 Receptor Occupancy Study. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72:927-34. [PMID: 26131622 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Patients with late-life schizophrenia (LLS) are highly susceptible to antipsychotic adverse effects. Treatment guidelines endorse lower antipsychotic doses. However, the optimal dose of antipsychotics and associated dopamine D2/3 receptor (D2/3R) occupancies remain largely unexplored in patients with LLS. OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of antipsychotic dose reduction on striatal dopamine D2/3R occupancies, clinical variables, and blood pharmacokinetic measures in patients with LLS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS An open-label, single-arm prospective study with a 3- to 6-month follow-up period (January 10, 2007, to October 21, 2013) was conducted at an academic tertiary care center with practice for ambulatory care. Participants included 35 outpatients with clinically stable LLS (patients aged ≥ 50 years receiving olanzapine or risperidone monotherapy at the same dose for 6 to 12 months). Follow-up was completed on October 21, 2013, and analysis was conducted from October 22, 2014, to February 2, 2015. INTERVENTIONS Carbon 11-labeled raclopride positron emission tomography, clinical measures, and blood pharmacokinetic measures performed before and after gradual dose reduction by up to 40% from the baseline dose and at least 3 months after dose reduction. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Striatal dopamine D2/3R occupancies with antipsychotics, clinical measures (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Targeted Inventory on Problems in Schizophrenia, Simpson-Angus Scale, Barnes Rating Scale for Drug-Induced Akathisia, Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser Side Effect Rating Scale), and blood pharmacokinetic measures (prolactin and antipsychotic blood levels). RESULTS Dopamine D2/3R occupancy of the entire sample decreased by a mean (SD) of 6.2% (8.2%) following dose reduction (from 70% [12%] to 64% [12%]; P < .001). The lowest D2/3R occupancy associated with clinical stability was 50%. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPSs) were more likely to occur with D2/3R occupancies higher than 60%: 90.5% (19 of 21) of the participants with baseline EPSs and 76.9% (10 of 13) of the participants with postreduction EPSs had striatal D2/3R occupancies higher than 60%. The baseline D2/3R occupancies were lower in patients with clinical deterioration (n = 5) than in those whose condition remained stable (n = 29) (58% [15%] vs 72% [10%]; P = .03). Following dose reduction, Targeted Inventory on Problems in Schizophrenia score increased (P = .046) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (P = .02), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (P = .03), Simpson-Angus Scale (P < .001), Barnes Rating Scale for Drug-Induced Akathisia (P = .03), and Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser Side Effect Rating Scale (P < .001) scores and prolactin (P < .001) and blood antipsychotic (olanzapine, P < .001; risperidone plus the metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone, P = .02) levels all decreased. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Antipsychotic dose reduction is feasible in patients with stable LLS, decreasing adverse effects and improving illness severity measures. The results of the present study suggest a lower therapeutic window of D2/3R occupancy in patients with LLS (50%-60%) than previously reported in younger patients (65%-80%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Multimodal Imaging Group-Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada2Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada3Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicin
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada3Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Add
| | - Benoit H Mulsant
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada3Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Add
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Multimodal Imaging Group-Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada2Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada3Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicin
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Multimodal Imaging Group-Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada6Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takefumi Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada5Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Multimodal Imaging Group-Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada2Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada3Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicin
| | - Wanna Mar
- Multimodal Imaging Group-Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce G Pollock
- Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada3Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada4Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Add
| | - David C Mamo
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculties of Medicine and Health Science, University of Malta, Msida
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18
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Nakajima S, Caravaggio F, Mamo DC, Mulsant BH, Chung JK, Plitman E, Iwata Y, Gerretsen P, Uchida H, Suzuki T, Mar W, Wilson AA, Houle S, Graff-Guerrero A. Dopamine D₂/₃ receptor availability in the striatum of antipsychotic-free older patients with schizophrenia-A [¹¹C]-raclopride PET study. Schizophr Res 2015; 164:263-7. [PMID: 25757713 PMCID: PMC4409531 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No study has examined dopamine D₂/₃ receptor (D₂/₃R) availability in antipsychotic-free older patients with schizophrenia. METHODS We included patients with schizophrenia 50 years or older who were antipsychotic-free for at least 3 months. We compared non-displaceable binding potential (BPND) of [(11)C]-raclopride in the caudate, putamen, ventral striatum, and globus pallidus between patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls. RESULTS Ten patients participated (antipsychotic-naive=4). No differences in BPND were found between patients and controls in any ROIs (F(1, 72)=.42, p=.52). CONCLUSION The preliminary results suggest no differences in D₂/₃R availability between antipsychotic-free older patients with schizophrenia and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Nakajima
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - David C. Mamo
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculties of Medicine and Health Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Benoit H. Mulsant
- Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada,Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jun Ku Chung
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Eric Plitman
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takefumi Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Wanna Mar
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Alan A. Wilson
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada,Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sylvain Houle
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Geriatric Mental Health Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
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Gerretsen P, Remington G, Borlido C, Quilty L, Hassan S, Polsinelli G, Teo C, Mar W, Simon R, Menon M, Pothier DD, Nakajima S, Caravaggio F, Mamo DC, Rajji TK, Mulsant BH, Deluca V, Ganguli R, Pollock BG, Graff-Guerrero A. The VAGUS insight into psychosis scale--self-report and clinician-rated versions. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:1084-9. [PMID: 25246410 PMCID: PMC4470623 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop self-report and clinician-rated versions of an insight scale that would be easy to administer, sensitive to small changes, and inclusive of the core dimensions of clinical insight into psychosis. Ten-item self-report (VAGUS-SR) and five-item clinician-rated (VAGUS-CR) scales were designed to measure the dimensions of insight into psychosis and evaluated in 215 and 140 participants, respectively (www.vagusonline.com). Tests of reliability and validity were performed. Both the VAGUS-SR and VAGUS-CR showed good internal consistency and reliability. They demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity. Both versions were strongly correlated with one another and with the Schedule for the Assessment of Insight and Birchwood Insight Scale. Exploratory factor analyses identified three possible latent components of insight. The VAGUS-CR and VAGUS-SR are valid, reliable and easy to administer. They are build on previous insight scales with separate clinician-rated and self-report versions. The VAGUS-SR exhibited a multidimensional factor structure. Using a 10-point Likert scale for each item, the VAGUS has the capacity to detect small, temporally sensitive changes in insight, which is essential for intervention studies with neurostimulation or rapidly acting medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gerretsen
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Gary Remington
- Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carol Borlido
- Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lena Quilty
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabrina Hassan
- Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gina Polsinelli
- Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celine Teo
- Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wanna Mar
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Regina Simon
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahesh Menon
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David D Pothier
- Otolaryngology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fernando Caravaggio
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Mamo
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculties of Medicine and Health Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculties of Medicine and Health Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Benoit H Mulsant
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Deluca
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculties of Medicine and Health Science, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Rohan Ganguli
- Schizophrenia Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce G Pollock
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Colantonio A, Mar W, Escobar M, Yoshida K, Velikonja D, Rizoli S, Cusimano M, Cullen N. Women's health outcomes after traumatic brain injury. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2012; 19:1109-16. [PMID: 20469963 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2009.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem, yet little is known about how this injury may affect long-term outcomes unique to women. This research examined the health outcomes relevant to premenopausal women 5-12 years after injury. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study at eight participating acute care/rehabilitation facilities. Participants were consecutive eligible women with moderate to severe TBI. A follow-up interview assessed menstrual functioning, fertility, and pregnancy experiences before and after injury as well as cervical cancer screening. Demographic variables, self-rated general and mental health, and functional limitations were also collected. Injury-related information was abstracted from health records. Female control participants recruited were matched on age, education, and geographic location. RESULTS Of the 104 women with TBI (W-TBI), 46% experienced amenorrhea with duration of up to 60 months. Cycles became irregular for 68% of W-TBI after the injury. These findings were significantly different from those of controls. Among W-TBI, menstrual disturbances were associated with injury severity. No differences were shown between W-TBI and controls with respect to fertility, although significantly fewer W-TBI had one or more live births, and they reported more difficulties in the postpartum period than controls. W-TBI were less likely to have regular Pap smears and reported lower mental health, self-rated health, and function. CONCLUSIONS These findings inform prognosis after TBI for women and provide evidence for long-term monitoring of health outcomes and increased support after childbirth. More research is needed in this area, particularly with respect to the neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Colantonio
- University of Toronto, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1V7, Canada.
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21
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Zamzuri I, Rahman GI, Muzaimi M, Jafri AM, Nik Ruzman NI, Lutfi YA, Biswal BM, Nazaruddin HW, Mar W. Polymodal therapy for high grade gliomas: a case report of favourable outcomes following intraoperative radiation therapy. Med J Malaysia 2012; 67:121-122. [PMID: 22582564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High grade gliomas, frequently with their infiltrative nature, often make the outcome from neurosurgical intervention alone unsatisfactory. It is recognized that adjuvant radiochemotherapy approaches offer an improved prognosis. For these reasons, we opted for surgical debulking, intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) in combination with whole brain irradiation therapy and chemotherapy (temozolamide cycles) in the management of a 42 year-old lady with Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). Her troublesome symptoms improved after 3 months of this polymodal therapy and remained independently functional for more than two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zamzuri
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Park SJ, Nam KW, Lee HJ, Cho EY, Koo U, Mar W. Neuroprotective effects of an alkaloid-free ethyl acetate extract from the root of Sophora flavescens Ait. against focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Phytomedicine 2009; 16:1042-1051. [PMID: 19427179 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of brain nitric oxide are produced over several hours after a stroke. This probably causes DNA strand nicks, nitration of cytosolic components of neurons, and ultimately neuronal death. Oxymatrine and matrine are two major alkaloids of the Chinese herb Sophora flavescens Ait. (Leguminosae); they have been demonstrated to inhibit liver injury during warm ischemia and reperfusion and to induce apoptosis, respectively, in vivo and in vitro. However, the neuroprotective efficacy of the EtOAc extract of S. flavescens (ESF) without the alkaloids has not been explored. This study investigated the inhibitory efficacy of ESF, which contain two major flavonoids kurarinone (45.5%) and sophoraflavone G (14.7%), in focal cerebral ischemia. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. After 1.5h of MCAO and 24h of reperfusion, the extent of neurological deficits and the infarct volume were measured in Sprague-Dawley rats. Compared with carnosine (50mg/kg), as positive control ESF (20mg/kg) significantly reduced infarct volume and neurological deficits. Treatment of human SH-SY5Y cells with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide donor, decreased cell viability by causing apoptosis-like cell death. ESF significantly inhibited caspase-3-like enzyme activity and DNA fragmentation. The level of active caspase-3 was maximal 6h after SNP treatment. However, active caspase-3 and apoptosis were dose-dependently inhibited by ESF treatment. Flow cytometry analysis showed that ESF significantly inhibited cell apoptosis (p<0.05) and reduced the apoptotic index by 79.9% (p<0.01). These results indicate that ESF is neuroprotective in focal cerebral ischemia and the flavonoids in ESF might be responsible for its neuroprotective activity in rats, alone or in part.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Park
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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23
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Colantonio A, Mar W, Yoshida K, Escobar M, Cullen N, Velikona D, Rizoli S, Cusimano M, MacLean H. Article 18: Women's Health Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Percy M, Moalem S, Garcia A, Somerville MJ, Hicks M, Andrews D, Azad A, Schwarz P, Beheshti Zavareh R, Birkan R, Choo C, Chow V, Dhaliwal S, Duda V, Kupferschmidt AL, Lam K, Lightman D, Machalek K, Mar W, Nguyen F, Rytwinski PJ, Svara E, Tran M, Wheeler K, Yeung L, Zanibbi K, Zener R, Ziraldo M, Freedman M. Involvement of ApoE E4 and H63D in sporadic Alzheimer's disease in a folate-supplemented Ontario population. J Alzheimers Dis 2008; 14:69-84. [PMID: 18525129 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2008-14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of iron homeostasis is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this pilot study, common variants of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) and HFE genes resulting in the iron overload disorder of hereditary hemochromatosis (C282Y, H63D and S65C) were evaluated as factors in sporadic AD in an Ontario sample in which folic acid fortification has been mandatory since 1998. Laboratory studies also were done to search for genetic effects on blood markers of iron status, red cell folates and serum B12. Participants included 58 healthy volunteers (25 males, 33 females) and 54 patients with probable AD (20 males, 34 females). Statistical analyses were interpreted at the 95% confidence level. Contingency table and odds ratio analyses supported the hypothesis that in females of the given age range, E4 significantly predisposed to AD in the presence but not absence of H63D. In males, E4 significantly predisposed to AD in the absence of H63D, and H63D in the absence of E4 appeared protective against AD. Among E4+ AD patients, H63D was associated with significant lowering of red cell folate concentration, possibly as the result of excessive oxidative stress. However, folate levels in the lowest population quartile did not affect the risk of AD. A model is presented to explain the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maire Percy
- Surrey Place Centre and Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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25
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Zamzuri I, Idris NRN, Mar W, Abdullah JM, Zakaria A, Biswal BM. Early Malaysian experience on the use of head and neck localizers in the precision radiotherapy of intra and extra cranial sites for first 28 cases. Med J Malaysia 2006; 61:621-5. [PMID: 17623965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Precision Radiotherapy at high doses require a fixed, referable target point. The frame system fulfills the required criteria by making the target point relocatable and fixed within a stereotactic space. Since December 2001, we have treated 28 central and peripheral nervous system lesions using either radiosurgery as a single high dose fraction or fractionated 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy using a lower dose and a multi-leaf collimator. Various pathological lesions either benign or malignant were treated. Eighty six percent of our treated lesions showed growth restraint, preventing them from causing new symptoms with a median follow-up duration of 20.5 months. However, the true benefit from this technique would require a long-term follow-up to document the progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zamzuri
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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26
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Kiflie A, Alias NA, Abdul-Kareem MM, Mar W, Abdullah J, Naing NN. The prognostic value of early follow-up computerized tomography of the brain in adult traumatic brain injury. Med J Malaysia 2006; 61:466-73. [PMID: 17243525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A total of 31 adult patients with moderate and severe head injury were assessed clinically on admission for Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and short test of mental status (STMS) on follow-up and compared to their initial and follow up CT scan. Good predictors were admission GCS, midline shift, volume of subdural haemorrhage in the initial CT scan of the brain as well as the presence of post-traumatic hydrocephalus, gliosis and site of gliosis in the follow-up CT scan. There was no direct correlation between the significant predictors on the first CT scan and the follow-up CT scan of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kiflie
- Department of Radiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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27
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Fan G, Mar W, Park MK, Choi EW, Kim K, Kim S. A novel class of inhibitors for steroid 5alpha-reductase: synthesis and evaluation of umbelliferone derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2361-3. [PMID: 11527731 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of umbelliferone derivatives was prepared and their 5alpha-reductase type 1 inhibitory activities were evaluated in cell culture systems. Our studies have identified a new series of potent 5alpha-reductase type 1 inhibitors and provided the basis for further development for the treatment of human endocrine disorders associated with overproduction of DHT by 5alpha-reductase type 1. The preliminary structure-activity relationship was described to elucidate the essential structural requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fan
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, 28 Yungun, Jongro, Seoul 110-460, South Korea
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28
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Abstract
A coumestan derivative, psoralidin (1) was found to be a cytotoxic principle of the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L. (Leguminosae) with the IC50 values of 0.3 and 0.4 microg/ml against the HT-29 (colon) and MCF-7 (breast) human cancer cell lines, respectively. A coumarin, angelicin (2) was also isolated as a marginally cytotoxic agent along with an inactive compound, psoralen (3) from the plant. The isolates 1-3 were not active against the A541 (lung) and HepG2 (liver hepatoma) cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mar
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
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29
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Jin SG, Choi JH, Ahn B, O'Connor TR, Mar W, Lee CS. Excision repair of adozelesin-N3 adenine adduct by 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylases and UvrABC nuclease. Mol Cells 2001; 11:41-7. [PMID: 11266119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adozelesin is a synthetic analog of the antitumor antibiotic CC-1065, which alkylates the N3 of adenine in the minor groove in a sequence-selective manner. Since the cytotoxic potency of a DNA alkylating agent can be modulated by DNA excision repair system, we investigated whether nucleotide excision repair (NER) and base excision repair (BER) enzymes are able to excise the bulky DNA adduct induced by adozelesin. The UvrABC nuclease and 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase, that exhibit a broad spectrum of substrate specificity, were selected as typical NER and BER enzymes, respectively. The adozelesin-DNA adduct was first formed in the radiolabeled restriction DNA fragment and its excision by purified repair enzymes was monitored on a DNA sequencing gel. The treatment of the DNA adduct with a purified UvrABC nuclease and sequencing gel analysis of cleaved DNA showed that UvrABC nuclease was able to incise the adozelesin adduct. The incision site corresponded to the general nuclease incision site. Excision of this adduct by 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylases was determined following the treatment of the DNA adduct with a homogeneous recombinant bacterial, rat and human 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylases. Abasic sites generated by DNA glycosyalses were cleaved by the associated lyase activity of the E. coli formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg). Resolution of cleaved DNA on a sequencing gel showed that the DNA glycosylase from different sources could not release the N3-adenine adducts. A cytotoxicity assay using E. coli repair mutant strains showed that E. coli mutant strains defective in the uvrA gene were more sensitive to cell killing by adozelesin than E. coli mutant strain defective in the alkA gene or the wild type. These results suggest that the NER pathway seems to be the major excision repair system in protecting cells from the cytotoxicity of adozelesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Yeungnam University, Kyongsan, Korea
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30
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Lee DH, Cho IG, Park MS, Kim KN, Chang IM, Mar W. Studies on the possible mechanisms of protective activity against alpha-amanitin poisoning by aucubin. Arch Pharm Res 2001; 24:55-63. [PMID: 11235813 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aucubin, an iridoid glucoside, was investigated to determine whether it has a stimulating effect on alpha-amanitin excretion in alpha-amanitin intoxicated rats, and whether there is binding activity to calf thymus DNA. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of alpha-amanitin in rat urine allowed quantitative measurement of the alpha-amanitin concentration with a detection limit of 50 ng/ml. In this system, a group treated with both alpha-amanitin and aucubin showed that alpha-amanitin was excreted about 1.4 times faster than in the alpha-amanitin only treated group. Our previous results showed that the toxicity of alpha-amanitin is due to specific inhibition of RNA polymerase activity and the resultant blockage of the synthesis of certain RNA species in the nucleus. However, no significant activity change on RNA polymerase from Hep G2 cells was observed when aucubin was treated with alpha-amanitin at any concentration tested. Nevertheless, aucubigenin inhibited both DNA polymerase (IC50, 80.5 microg/ml) and RNA polymerase (IC50, 135.0 microg/ml) from the Hep G2 cells. The potential of both alpha-amanitin and aucubin to interact with DNA were examined by spectrophotometric analysis. Alpha-Amanitin showed no significant binding capacity to calf thymus DNA, but aucubin was found to interact with DNA, and the apparent binding constant (Kapp) and apparent number of binding sites per DNA phosphate (Bapp) were 0.45 x 10(4) M(-1) and 1.25, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
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31
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Abstract
The antifungal activity of Portulaca oleracea extracts against hyphal growth of various fungi was evaluated in real time using an automatic single-cell bioassay system. Target organisms were the filamentous fungi Aspergillus and Trichophyton and the yeast Candida. A colony of test fungi was in contact with the assay medium, or assay medium containing plant extract, in sequence. The antifungal activity of each fraction of P. oleracea was evaluated based on the dynamic hyphal growth response curves of test fungi. A crude sample obtained by EtOAc extract showed a specific and marked activity against dermatophytes of the genera Trichophyton.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
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32
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Kim KH, Shin SD, Lee JH, Lee SC, Kang JS, Mar W, Hong SP, Kim HJ. Chiral separation of the enantiomers of metoprolol and its metabolites by high performance liquid chromatography. Arch Pharm Res 2000; 23:230-6. [PMID: 10896053 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
(1'R, 2R)-, (1'R, 2S)-, (1'S, 2R)- and (1'S, 2S)-alpha-hydroxymetoprolol; (2R)- and (2S)-O-desmethylmetoprolol; and (2R)- and (2S)-metoprolol acid are major metabolites of (2R)-and (2S)-metoprolol, beta-adrenergic antagonist. The focus of most chiral separation methods until now has been on determination of the enantiomeric parent drug. However, it is just as important to be able to follow the metabolism of the enantiomers and their possible chiral metabolites. Therefore, for the study of stereoselective metabolism and pharmacokinetics of metoprolol, the chiral separation of the enantiomers of metoprolol and its metabolites has been investigated using four chiral stationary phases, i.e., Chiralcel OD, Chiral-AGP, Cyclobond I and Sumichiral OA-4900 columns. Metoprolol acid was resolved only by Sumichiral OA-4900. Chiralcel OD provided the highest separation factor and resolution value for metoprolol and O-desmethylmetoprolol and partially resolved the four stereoisomers of alpha-hydroxymetoprolol. Diastereomeric alpha-hydroxymetoprolols were resolved using the coupled column chromatographic system of two chiral stationary phases, Sumichiral OA-4900 column and Chiralcel OD column.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea.
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33
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Shin M, Kim B, Mar W, Fang M, Son J, Kim M, Kwak H, Bae M, Byun T, Park S, Chun B, Byun J, An G, Lee B, Cho M. Mutagenicity of recombinant antihemophilic factor (GC-gamma AHF). Arzneimittelforschung 2000; 50:316-21. [PMID: 10758786 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1300207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the mutagenic potential of recombinant antihemophilic factor VIII (GC-gamma AHF). Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) reversion assay with/without histidine moiety, chromosomal aberration assay on Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblast cells and in vivo micronucleus assay using mouse bone marrow cells and supravital micronucleus assay using peripheral blood were performed. GC-gamma AHF containing histidine did show inconsistent and irregular mutagenic effects on S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 both in the absence and presence of the metabolic activation system, however, GC-gamma AHF without histidine showed no mutagenic effects regardless of the metabolic activation system, thus suggesting that the histidine moiety in GC-gamma AHF might cause inconsistent mutagenic effect. Also GC-gamma AHF did not increase the number of cells having structural or numerical chromosome aberration in the cytogenetic test. In classical and supravital micronucleus assay, no significant increases were observed in the occurrence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes and micronucleated peripheral lymphocytes in male ICR mice. These results strongly indicate that GC-gamma AHF has no genetic toxicity under these experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Suwon, Korea
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Abstract
Achiral chiral column switching HPLC assay was developed to allow the separation and quantitation of the enantiomers of metoprolol in human urine by means of fluorescence detection. Urine samples were prepared by liquid liquid extraction, followed by HPLC. The racemic metoprolol and internal standard were separated from the interfering components in urine and quantified on the silica column, and the enantiomers were determined on a Chiralcel OD chiral stationary phase. The two columns were connected by a switching valve equipped with a silica trap column. Detection limit was 25 ng/ml for each enantiomer. The intra-day variation ranged between 0.38 and 4.94% in relation to the measured concentration and the inter-day variation was 0.15-3.13%. It has been applied to the determination of (R)-(+)-metoprolol and (S)-(-)-metoprolol in urine from healthy volunteers dosed with racemic metoprolol tartrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Kim
- College of Pharmany, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
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35
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Lee SK, Luyengi L, Gerhäuser C, Mar W, Lee K, Mehta RG, Kinghorn AD, Pezzuto JM. Inhibitory effect of munetone, an isoflavonoid, on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity. Cancer Lett 1999; 136:59-65. [PMID: 10211940 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(98)00309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Starting with an extract derived from the bark of Mundulea sericea Willd. (Leguminosae) that was active in the process of inhibiting 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC) in cultured mouse epidermal ME 308 cells, the isoflavonoid munetone was isolated and identified as an active principle (IC50 = 46 ng/ml). Topical application of munetone (0.04-5 micromol) to the skin of CD-1 mice 2 h prior to treatment with TPA (10 nmol) resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of epidermal ODC activity. In addition, munetone inhibited TPA-independent c-Myc-induced ODC activity with cultured BALB/c c-MycER cells, as well as 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced preneoplastic lesion formation in a mouse mammary gland organ culture (MMOC) system. These data suggest the potential of munetone to serve as a cancer chemopreventive agent by virtue of blocking the process of tumor promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Lee
- Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA
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36
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Abstract
We have examined in vitro and in vivo radioprotective effects of a well-known thiol-containing compound, dithiothreitol (DTT). The treatment of both 0.5 and 1 mM of DTT significantly increased clonogenic survival of gamma-ray irradiated Chinese hamster (V79-4) cells. In order to investigate the possible radioprotective mechanism of DTT, we measured gamma-ray induced chromosome aberration by micronucleus assay. In the presence of 0.5 mM or 1 mM DTT, the frequencies of micronuclei were greatly reduced in all dose range examined (1.5-8 Gy). Slightly higher reduction in micronucleus formation was observed in 1 mM DTT-treated cells than in 0.5 mM DTT-treated cells. In addition, incubation with both 0.5 and 1 mM of DTT prior to gamma-ray irradiation reduced nucleosomal DNA fragmentation at about same extent, this result suggests that treatment of DTT at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 mM reduced radiation-induced apoptosis. In vivo experiments, we also observed that DTT treatment reduced the incidence of apoptotic cells in mouse small intestine crypts. In irradiated control group 4.4 +/- 0.5 apoptotic cells per crypt were observed. In DTT-administered and irradiated mice, only 2.1 +/- 0.4 apoptotic cells per crypt was observed. In vitro and in vivo data obtained in this study showed that DTT reduced radiation-induced damages and it seems that the possible radioprotective mechanisms of action of DTT are prevention of chromosome aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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37
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Lee SK, Qing WG, Mar W, Luyengi L, Mehta RG, Kawanishi K, Fong HH, Beecher CW, Kinghorn AD, Pezzuto JM. Angoline and chelerythrine, benzophenanthridine alkaloids that do not inhibit protein kinase C. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:19829-33. [PMID: 9677417 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.31.19829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting with an extract derived from the stem of Macleaya cordata (Papaveraceae) that was active in the process of inhibiting phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding to partially purified protein kinase C (PKC), the benzophenanthridine alkaloid angoline was isolated and identified. This discovery appeared in context, as a related benzophenanthridine alkaloid, chelerythrine, has been reported to mediate a variety of biological activities, including potent and selective inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC). However, in our studies, angoline was not observed to function as a potent inhibitor of PKC. Moreover, we were unable to confirm the reported inhibitory activity of chelerythrine. In a comprehensive series of studies performed with various PKC isozymes derived from a variety of mammalian species, neither chelerythrine nor angoline inhibited activity with high potency. To the contrary, chelerythrine stimulated PKC activity in the cytosolic fractions of rat and mouse brain in concentrations up to 100 microM. In addition, chelerythrine and angoline did not inhibit [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding to the regulatory domain of PKC at concentrations up to 40 microg/ml, and no significant alteration of PKC-alpha, -beta, or -gamma translocation was observed with human leukemia (HL-60) cells in culture. Further, chelerythrine did not inhibit 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity with cultured mouse 308 cells, but angoline was active in this capacity with an IC50 value of 1.0 microg/ml. A relatively large number of biological responses have been reported in studies conducted with chelerythrine, and alteration of PKC activity has been considered as a potential mechanism of action. In light of the current report, mechanisms independent of PKC inhibition should be considered as responsible for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Lee
- Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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38
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Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to investigate the behavior of the peripheral membrane protein, cytochrome c, covalently tethered to hydrophobic (methyl-terminated) and hydrophilic (thiol-terminated) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The simulations predict that the protein will undergo minor structural changes when it is tethered to either surface, and the structures differ qualitatively on the two surfaces: the protein is less spherical on the hydrophilic SAM where the polar surface residues reach out to interact with the SAM surface. The protein is completely excluded from the hydrophobic SAM but partially dissolves in the hydrophilic SAM. Consequently, the surface of the thiol-terminated SAM is considerably less ordered than that of the methyl-terminated SAM, although a comparable, high degree of order is maintained in the bulk of both SAMs: the chains exhibit collective tilts in the nearest-neighbor direction at angles of 20 degrees and 17 degrees with respect to the surface normal in the hydrophobic and the hydrophilic SAMs, respectively. On the hydrophobic SAM the protein is oriented so that the heme plane is more nearly parallel to the surface, whereas on the hydrophilic surface it is more nearly perpendicular. The secondary structure of the protein, dominated by alpha helices, is not significantly affected, but the structure of the loops as well as the helix packing is slightly modified by the surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6323, USA
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39
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Gerhäuser C, Mar W, Lee SK, Suh N, Luo Y, Kosmeder J, Luyengi L, Fong HH, Kinghorn AD, Moriarty RM. Rotenoids mediate potent cancer chemopreventive activity through transcriptional regulation of ornithine decarboxylase. Nat Med 1995; 1:260-6. [PMID: 7585044 DOI: 10.1038/nm0395-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
For the discovery of new cancer chemopreventive agents, we have studied the potential of plant extracts to inhibit phorbol ester-induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in cell culture. Four active rotenoids were obtained from the African plant Mundulea sericea (Leguminosae). These isolates were highly potent when evaluated for inhibition of chemically induced preneoplastic lesions in mammary organ culture and inhibition of papillomas in the two-stage mouse skin model, and they appear to function by a unique mechanism at the level of ODC messenger RNA expression. Based on our findings, rotenoids can be regarded as promising new chemopreventive or anticancer agents.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- HL-60 Cells/cytology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Ornithine Decarboxylase/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/prevention & control
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rotenone/analogs & derivatives
- Rotenone/pharmacology
- Skin Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gerhäuser
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612, USA
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40
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Wickramaratne DB, Mar W, Chai H, Castillo JJ, Farnsworth NR, Soejarto DD, Cordell GA, Pezzuto JM, Kinghorn AD. Cytotoxic constituents of Bursera permollis. Planta Med 1995; 61:80-81. [PMID: 7701001 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-958008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Four cytotoxic lignans were isolated from the stem bark of Bursera permollis (Burseraceae), namely, deoxypodophyllotoxin (1), beta-peltatin methyl ether (2), picro-beta-peltatin methyl ether (3), and dehydro-beta-peltatin methyl ether (4). Also isolated was the inactive lignan, nemerosin (5). Compounds 1 and 2 were potently cytotoxic when evaluated against a panel of human cancer cell lines.
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41
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Chaudhuri SK, Fullas F, Brown DM, Wani MC, Wall ME, Cai L, Mar W, Lee SK, Luo Y, Zaw K. Isolation and structural elucidation of pentacyclic triterpenoids from Maprounea africana. J Nat Prod 1995; 58:1-9. [PMID: 7760064 DOI: 10.1021/np50115a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoids based on the taraxer-14-ene skeleton with a C-28 attached carboxylic acid group have been isolated from the roots of Maprounea africana. These compounds were identified as 1 beta,2 alpha-dihydroxyaleuritolic acid 2,3-bis-p-hydroxybenzoate [1], 2 alpha-hydroxyaleuritolic acid 3-p-hydroxybenzoate [2], 2 alpha-hydroxyaleuritolic acid 2,3-bis-p-hydroxybenzoate [4], aleuritolic acid 3-p-hydroxybenzoate [5], aleuritolic acid [6], and aleuritolic acid 3-acetate [7]. Compounds 1 and 2 are new triterpene esters. Compound 3 was previously reported as 7 beta-hydroxymaprounic acid 3-p-hydroxybenzoate [13]. However, based on detailed nmr studies, its structure has been revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Chaudhuri
- Chemistry and Life Sciences Group, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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42
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Wickramaratne DB, Pengsuparp T, Mar W, Chai HB, Chagwedera TE, Beecher CW, Farnsworth NR, Kinghorn AD, Pezzuto JM, Cordell GA. Novel antimitotic dibenzocyclo-octadiene lignan constituents of the stem bark of Steganotaenia araliacea. J Nat Prod 1993; 56:2083-2090. [PMID: 8133298 DOI: 10.1021/np50102a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
By means of activity-directed chromatographic fractionation using cultured astrocytoma (ASK) cells, six dibenzocyclo-octadiene lignans were isolated from Steganotaenia araliacea stem bark. In addition to the most abundant analogue, steganangin [1], two other known compounds, steganacin [3] and steganolide A [6], and three new compounds, episteganangin [2], steganoate A [4], and steganoate B [5], were obtained. Episteganangin [2] was chemically correlated with the known ketone steganone [7]. All of these compounds demonstrated cytotoxic activity when tested against a panel of eleven human tumor cell lines, with the exception of steganoate A [4]. The magnitude of this activity tended to correlate with antimitotic activity observed with the ASK assay and in vitro inhibition of microtubule assembly. Steganacin [3] was less cytotoxic than colchicine, but more active in these latter two assay systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Wickramaratne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612
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43
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Novelo M, Cruz JG, Hernández L, Pereda-Miranda R, Chai H, Mar W, Pezzuto JM. Cytotoxic constituents from Hyptis verticillata. J Nat Prod 1993; 56:1728-1736. [PMID: 8277312 DOI: 10.1021/np50100a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A new cytotoxic (P-388 ED50 4 microgm/ml) arylnaphthalene lignan has been isolated from the Mexican medicinal plant Hyptis verticillata (Lamiaceae) and characterized as 5-methoxydehydropodophyllotoxin [1]. Eight additional lignans were also obtained by bioactivity-directed fractionation using the brine shrimp lethality test. Of these, the dehydro-beta-peltatin methyl ether 2 (P-388 ED50 1.8 microgm/ml) is reported for the first time as a natural product isolate. The other bioactive compounds were identified as dehydropodophyllotoxin [3], deoxydehydropodophyllotoxin [4]. (--)-yatein [5], 4'-demethyldeoxypodophyllotixin [6], isodeoxypodophyllotoxin [7], deoxypicropodophyllin [8], and beta-apopicropodophyllin [9]. Each of these compounds was evaluated against a panel of cell lines comprising a number of human cancer cell types [breast, colon, fibrosarcoma, lung, prostate, KB, and KB-VI (a multi-drug resistant cell line derived from KB)] and murine lymphocytic leukemia (P-388). Lignans 1-4 showed marginal cytotoxic activity against the human cell lines tested. In contrast, compounds 5-9 demonstrated a general nonspecific activity comparable to that of podophyllotoxin [12] (ED50 < 10-2 microgm/ml). In addition, the antimitotic potential of these compounds was determined in the astrocytoma (ASK) assay. Finally, the plant was also shown to contain the flavonoid sideritoflavone (KB ED50 1.6 microgm/ml) and the known pentacyclic triterpenoids ursolic, maslinic, 2 alpha-hydroxyursolic and oleanolic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Novelo
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, Departamento de Farmacia, División de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico
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Mar W, Hautman J, Klein ML. Molecular Dynamics Studies of Microscopic Wetting Phenomena / Molekulardynamische Untersuchungen von Benetzungserscheinungen. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 1993. [DOI: 10.1515/tsd-1993-300410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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45
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Pezzuto JM, Swanson SM, Mar W, Che CT, Cordell GA, Fong HH. Evaluation of the mutagenic and cytostatic potential of aristolochic acid (3,4-methylenedioxy-8-methoxy-10-nitrophenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid) and several of its derivatives. Mutat Res 1988; 206:447-54. [PMID: 3060719 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(88)90052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (1), a constituent of Aristolochia species, has been used for medicinal purposes since the Graeco-Roman period. Following the observation that the compound was mutagenic and carcinogenic, it was removed from pharmaceutical products. Consistent with previous reports, we have found that 1 serves as a direct-acting mutagen in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA102, TA1537 and TM677, but was not active in the nitroreductase-deficient strains TA98NR and TA100NR. However, aristolic acid (2), a compound that differs in structure only by the absence of the nitro group, was also found to be a direct-acting mutagen in Salmonella strains TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1537, and TM677, as well as strains TA98NR and TA100NR. Both compounds (1 and 2) were active mutagens when evaluated with cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. Thus, in contrast to previous suggestions, the nitro group at position 10 is not required to induce a mutagenic response. Also, a series of structural relatives (the methyl esters of 1 and 2 (3 and 4, respectively), aristolochic acid-D (5), aristolactam (6), aristolactam A-II (7), and aristolactam-N-beta-D-glucoside (8)) were evaluated for mutagenic potential with Salmonella typhimurium strain TM677 and found to be inactive. Since compounds 3 and 4 were found to be active mutagens with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1537 (sufficient quantities of compounds 5-8 were not available for testing), differential sensitivity of the tester strains unrelated to mutagenic potential is suggested. Further, compounds 1, 2, and 6-8 were evaluated for potential to inhibit growth with cultured KB or P388 cells. P388 cells were substantially more sensitive, and compound 1 was the most active of the materials tested (ED5 = 0.58 microM). Compound 6 also demonstrated appreciable activity (ED50 = 4.2 microM), as did compound 8 (ED50 = 6.0 microM). It therefore appears that phenanthrene-ring substituents, in addition to the nitro group at position 10, serve important roles for biological potential. In considering the carcinogenic event induced by aristolochic acid, these functionalities should also be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pezzuto
- Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612
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