Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Genotypes With Lung Cancer Risk in Taiwan

BACKGROUND/AIM

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression is upregulated in various diseases, including lung cancer. However, the role of MMP-9 genotype in lung cancer susceptibility remains uncertain. This study aimed to clarify the contribution of MMP-9 promoter rs3918242 genotypes to the risk of lung cancer in Taiwan.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The MMP-9 rs3918242 genotypes of 358 lung cancer patients and 716 healthy controls were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology.

RESULTS

Individuals carrying the variant CT or TT genotype of MMP-9 rs3918242 did not demonstrate an increased risk of lung cancer compared to wild-type CC carriers [odds ratio (OR)=1.11 and 1.85, 95% confidence interval (95%CI)=0.82-1.48 and 0.91-3.76; p=0.5541 and 0.1280, respectively]. Moreover, individuals carrying the T allele did not show a higher lung cancer risk compared to those with the C allele (OR=1.21, 95%CI=0.95-1.54, p=0.1444). However, a significant association was observed between the MMP-9 rs3918242 TT genotype and lung cancer risk among non-smokers (OR=5.48, 95%CI=1.31-22.89, p=0.0181).

CONCLUSION

The presence of the TT genotype for MMP-9 rs3918242 may indicate an elevated risk of lung cancer among non-smokers.

Associations of Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Genotypes to Renal Cell Carcinoma in Taiwan

BACKGROUND/AIM

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) presents a formidable clinical challenge due to its aggressive behavior and limited therapeutic options. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) has recently emerged as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for various cancers. However, the genetic involvement of MMP-8 in RCC has remained largely obscure. This study aimed to elucidate the role of MMP-8 genotypes in RCC susceptibility.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was employed to scrutinize the genotypes of MMP-8 C-799T (rs11225395), Val436Ala (rs34009635), and Lys460Thr (rs35866072) among 118 RCC patients and 590 controls. Furthermore, potential associations between MMP-8 genotypes and age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, and family history status in relation to RCC risk were assessed.

RESULTS

No significant disparities in the distribution of MMP-8 rs11225395, rs34009635, and rs35866072 genotypes were observed between the RCC case and control cohorts (p>0.05). Individuals with CT and TT genotypes at MMP-8 rs11225395 exhibited 0.86- and 0.80-fold RCC risks, respectively (OR=0.57-1.31 and 0.42-1.55, p=0.5585 and 0.6228, respectively). Intriguingly, hypertensive individuals carrying the MMP-8 rs11225395 CT or TT genotype demonstrated an elevated risk for RCC compared to those with wild-type CC genotype (p=0.0440). No interactions of MMP-8 genotypes with age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, or diabetes status were evident (all p>0.05). No significant association was discerned for MMP-8 rs34009635 or rs35866072 genotypes.

CONCLUSION

MMP-8 genotypes appear to have a modest influence on individual susceptibility to RCC. Hypertensive patients with the CT or TT MMP-8 rs11225395 genotype may have an elevated risk of RCC.

Genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer in Taiwan: A genome-wide association study

We conducted the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of prostate cancer (PCa) in Taiwan with 1844 cases and 80,709 controls. Thirteen independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reached genome-wide significance (p < 5 × 10-8 ). Among these, three were distinct from previously identified loci: rs76072851 in CORO2B gene (15q23), odds ratio (OR) = 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.36-1.76, p = 5.30 × 10-11 ; rs7837051, near two long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) genes, PRNCR1 and PCAT2 (8q24.21), OR = 1.41 (95% CI, 1.31-1.51), p = 8.77 × 10-21 ; and rs56339048, near an lncRNA gene, CASC8 (8q24.21), OR = 1.25 (95% CI, 1.16-1.35), p = 2.14 × 10-8 . We refined the lead SNPs for two previously identified SNPs in Taiwanese: rs13255059 (near CASC8), p = 9.02 × 10-43 , and rs1456315 (inside PRNCR1), p = 4.33 × 10-42 . We confirmed 35 out of 49 GWAS-identified East Asian PCa susceptibility SNPs. In addition, we identified two SNPs more specific to Taiwanese than East Asians: rs34295433 in LAMC1 (1q25.3) and rs6853490 in PDLIM5 (4q22.3). A weighted genetic risk score (GRS) was developed using the 40 validated SNPs and the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for the GRS to predict PCa was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.63-0.71). These identified SNPs provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis in Taiwan and underscore the significant role of genetic susceptibility in regional differences in PCa incidence.

Non-homologous End-joining Genotype, mRNA Expression, and DNA Repair Capacity in Childhood Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

BACKGROUND/AIM

The capacity for non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair plays a pivotal role in maintaining genome stability and in carcinogenesis. However, there is little literature on the involvement of NHEJ-related genes in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Our study aimed to elucidate the impact of polymorphisms of X-ray repair cross-complementing group 4 (XRCC4) (rs6869366, rs2075685, rs2075686, rs28360071, rs3734091, rs28360317, rs1805377), XRCC5 (rs828907, rs11685387, rs9288518), XRCC6 (rs5751129, rs2267437, rs132770, rs132774), XRCC7 rs7003908, and DNA ligase IV (LIG4) rs1805388, on the odds of childhood ALL.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Genotypes NHEJ-related genes of 266 cases and 266 controls were determined, and the genotype-phenotype correlation was investigated by examining mRNA transcript expression and the capacity for overall and precise NHEJ repair.

RESULTS

The variant genotypes of XRCC4 rs3734091, rs28360071, XRCC5 rs828907, and XRCC6 rs5751129 were significantly associated with increased odds of childhood ALL. Further analysis based on susceptibility genotypes showed no significant differences in mRNA transcript expression levels among childhood ALL cases with various putative high-risk genotypes, except XRCC6 rs5751129. Moreover, the overall NHEJ repair capacity was similar among carriers of different XRCC4, XRCC5, and XRCC6 genotypes. However, it is worth noting that individuals carrying the variant C allele at XRCC6 rs5751129 exhibited lower precise NHEJ repair capacity compared to those with the wild-type T allele.

CONCLUSION

Our study identified significant associations between XRCC4 rs3734091, rs28360071, XRCC5 rs828907, and XRCC6 rs5751129 genotypes and childhood ALL. Notably, lower transcriptional expression and reduced precise NHEJ repair capacity were observed in patients carrying the C allele of XRCC6 rs5751129. Further investigations are required to gain deeper insights into childhood ALL development.

Contribution of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Genotypes to Taiwan Pterygium Risk

BACKGROUND/AIM

In the literature, the studies about the role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in pterygium diagnosis are mainly based on its protein expression. The role of MMP-2 variants has never been examined. The aim of this study was to examine the association of MMP-2 genotypes with pterygium risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MMP-2 rs243865 and rs2285053 were genotyped in 140 pterygium cases and 280 non-pterygium controls by typical polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) genotyping technology.

RESULTS

The genotypic frequency of MMP-2 rs243865 CC, CT and TT were 86.4%, 12.9% and 0.7% in the pterygium group and 81.1%, 17.1% and 1.8% in the non-pterygium group (p for trend=0.3389). The variant CT and TT carriers had a 0.70- and 0.38-fold pterygium risk (95%CI=0.39-1.26 and 0.04-3.25, p=0.2982 and 0.6686, respectively). As for MMP-2 rs2285053, the genotypic frequency of CC, CT and TT were 67.1%, 28.6% and 4.3% in the pterygium group, non-significantly different from those in non-pterygium group (p for trend=0.7081). The CT and TT carriers had a 0.88- and 0.71-fold pterygium risk (95%CI=0.56-1.38 and 0.27-1.88, p=0.6612 and 0.6456, respectively). The allelic analysis results showed that MMP-2 rs243865 variant T allele was not associated with pterygium risk (7.1% versus 10.4%, OR=0.67, 95%CI=0.39-1.13, p=0.1649). As for MMP-2 rs2285053, the T allele was not associated with pterygium risk either (18.6% versus 21.1%, OR=0.85, 95%CI=0.59-1.23, p=0.4136).

CONCLUSION

The genotypes at MMP-2 rs243865 or rs2285053 played minor role in determining individual susceptibility for pterygium among Taiwanese.

Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Promoter Polymorphisms With Asthma Risk

BACKGROUND/AIM

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression has been documented as an influential contributor to the intricate milieu of allergic airway inflammation, tissue remodeling, and the exacerbation of asthma's severity. However, the genetic role underlying MMP-1 in the context of asthma has remained enigmatic, with its full implications yet to be unveiled. Considering this, our research was designed to investigate the association of MMP-1 -1607 rs1799750 and the propensity for asthma severity.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

As a case-control investigation, our study enrolled 198 individuals diagnosed with asthma and age- and sex-matched 453 non-asthmatic controls. The genotypes of MMP-1 rs1799750 were determined utilizing the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology.

RESULTS

The frequency distributions of 2G/2G, 1G/2G and 1G/1G genotypes at MMP-1 rs1799750 were 49, 42.9, and 8.1%, respectively, among the patients with asthma. This pattern was not different from that of controls (43.7, 46.8, and 9.5%, respectively) (p for trend=0.4486). The allelic frequency pertaining to the variant 1G allele within the asthma group was 29.5%, with a non-significant disparity compared to the 32.9% in the control group (p=0.2596). Noticeably, there was a positive association between MMP-1 rs1799750 2G/1G and 1G/1G genotypes with asthma severity (p=0.0060).

CONCLUSION

Our research indicated that the presence of MMP-1 rs1799750 1G allele might not be the sole arbiter of an individual's susceptibility to asthma, yet its potential to function as a discerning prognostic marker for the severity of asthma emerged as a noteworthy finding deserving attention and further exploration.

The Contribution of DNA Ligase 4 Polymorphisms to Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND/AIM

While numerous biomarkers associated with genetic susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC) have been identified and validated through epidemiological studies, the specific influence of DNA ligase 4 (Lig4) genotypes remains unexplored. This study aimed to elucidate the hitherto unexamined relationship between Lig4 genotypes and CRC risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The genotypes of Lig4 rs1805388 were determined applying the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology. The potential association between these genotypes and CRC risk was assessed in a Taiwanese population comprising 362 CRC cases and an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls.

RESULTS

In the genotypic analysis, the distribution of CC, CT, and TT genotypes for Lig4 rs1805388 among CRC cases was 54.7%, 38.1%, and 7.2%, respectively. This distribution was not significantly different from the controls, which exhibited genotypic frequencies of 57.2%, 36.7%, and 6.1%, respectively (p for trend=0.7314). Analysis of allelic distribution indicated that individuals carrying the T allele of Lig4 rs1805388 displayed a slightly elevated CRC risk compared to those carrying the C allele (odds ratio=1.10, 95% confidence interval=0.87-1.39, p=0.4685).

CONCLUSION

The variant genotypes of Lig4 rs1805388 may not serve as predictive markers for CRC risk in the Taiwanese population.

The Significant Contribution of Interleukin-16 Genotypes, Smoking, Alcohol Drinking, and Helicobacter Pylori Infection to Gastric Cancer

BACKGROUND/AIM

Elevated serum interleukin-16 (IL-16) levels have been reported in gastric cancer (GC) tissues; however, the role of IL-16 genotypes in GC susceptibility remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of IL-16 genotypes to GC susceptibility and to assess their interactions with smoking, alcohol drinking, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methodology was employed to determine IL-16 rs4778889, rs11556218, and rs4072111 genotypic characteristics in 161 patients with GC and 483 controls.

RESULTS

Significant differences were observed in the distribution of genotypic (p=0.0009) and allelic (p=0.0002) frequencies of IL-16 rs11556218 among cases and controls. Specifically, the frequencies of TG and GG genotypes of IL-16 rs11556218 were 37.3% and 6.8% among patients with GC, respectively, which were higher than those among the controls (26.7% and 2.7%). In contrast, no significant differences were found concerning IL-16 rs4778889 or rs4072111. Notably, individuals with IL-16 rs11556218 TT genotypes exhibited significant protective effects against GC when exposed to risk factors, such as smoking, alcohol drinking, and H. pylori infection.

CONCLUSION

IL-16 rs11556218 T allele was associated with reduced susceptibility to GC. Furthermore, carriers of the TT genotype showed protection against GC risk factors, including smoking, alcohol drinking, and H. pylori infection. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential role of IL-16 genotypes in GC development and their interactions with lifestyle and infectious factors.

The Contribution of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 Genotypes to Breast Cancer Risk in Taiwan

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) is an endogenous inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and is highly expressed in breast cancer (BC) cases at diagnosis. However, the genetic investigations for the association of TIMP-2 genotypes with BC risk are rather limited. In this study, contribution of TIMP-2 rs8179090, rs4789936, rs2009196 and rs7342880 genotypes to BC risk was examined among Taiwan's BC population. TIMP-2 genotypic profiles were revealed among 1232 BC cases and 1232 controls about their contribution to BC using a PCR-based RFLP methodology. The TIMP-2 rs8179090 homozygous variant CC genotype was significantly higher in BC cases than controls (odds ratio (OR) = 2.76, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.78-4.28, p = 0.0001). Allelic analysis showed that C allele carriers have increased risk for BC (OR = 1.39, 95%CI = 1.20-1.62, p = 0.0001). Genotypic together with allelic analysis showed that TIMP-2 rs4789936, rs2009196 or rs7342880 were not associated with BC risk. Stratification analysis showed that TIMP-2 rs8179090 genotypes were significantly associated with BC risk among younger (≤55) aged women, not among those of an elder (>55) age. Last, rs8179090 genotypes were also associated with triple negative BC. This study sheds light into the etiology of BC in Taiwanese women. Rs8179090 may be incorporated into polygenic risk scores and risk prediction models, which could aid in stratifying individuals for targeted breast cancer screening.

Interleukin-8 Rs4073 Genotypes as Prognostic Predictors for Childhood Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

BACKGROUND/AIM

Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is highly expressed in refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cells. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of IL-8 polymorphisms to the risk of childhood ALL.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The genotypes of IL-8 rs4073, rs2227306, rs2227543, and rs1126647 were determined in 266 childhood ALL cases and 266 controls using the PCR-RFLP method. Additionally, we assessed whether the interactions of these genotypes with age and sex contributed to childhood ALL risk.

RESULTS

The distributions of genotypic and allelic frequencies of IL-8 rs4073, rs2227306, rs2227543, and rs1126647 were not significantly different between childhood ALL cases and controls (all p>0.05). However, carriers of the variant AA genotype at IL-8 rs4073 had a significantly higher risk of childhood ALL among those aged ≤3.5 years and among girls (OR=2.39 and 3.32, 95%CI=1.21-4.73 and 1.51-7.30, p=0.0182 and 0.0042, respectively). In the stratification analysis, IL-8 rs4073 AT and AA genotypes were associated with higher childhood ALL risk classification and shorter survival time (OR=2.21 and 4.13, 95%CI=1.29-3.78 and 1.87-9.10, p=0.0054 and 0.0002, respectively). There was no positive association for rs2227306, rs2227543, or rs1126647 (all p>0.05).

CONCLUSION

The A allele of IL-8 rs4073 can serve as a diagnostic predictor for childhood ALL, but only in girls and patients younger than or equal to 3.5 years old. More importantly, it can serve as a prognostic marker for high-risk classification and shorter survival time. Further validation studies can help extend the use of this prognostic predictor in clinical practice.

Impacts of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Genotypes on Renal Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIM

The expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) is elevated in various renal diseases, including renal cell carcinoma. However, the role of MMP9 genotype in this context remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between MMP9 promoter rs3918242 genotypes and the risk of renal cell carcinoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The MMP9 rs3918242 genotypes of 118 patients with renal cell carcinoma and 590 healthy subjects were determined using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method.

RESULTS

The results indicated that individuals carrying the CT or TT genotype of MMP9 rs3918242 did not exhibit an increased risk of renal cell carcinoma compared to wild-type CC carriers (odds ratio=1.20 and 2.68, 95% confidence interval=0.75-1.92 and 0.89-8.03; p=0.5270 and 0.1420, respectively). However, individuals with the CT and TT genotypes had a higher prevalence of renal cell carcinoma than those with the CC genotype when they also had hypertension (p=0.0010), diabetes (p=0.0010), or a family history of cancer (p<0.00001). No correlation was observed between MMP9 rs3918242 genotypic distribution and age (60 years or younger vs. older than 60 years) or sex (both p>0.05). Additionally, no correlation was found between MMP9 rs3918242 genotype and the risk of renal cell carcinoma in individuals with smoking or alcohol consumption habits.

CONCLUSION

Carrying the T allele for MMP9 rs3918242 may predict a higher risk of renal cell carcinoma among individuals diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes, or with a family history of cancer.

The Significant Impacts of Interleukin-8 Genotypes on the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Taiwan

Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is upregulated in CRC and plays an important role in its development and progression. Genetic variants in the IL-8 gene may impact the risk of CRC by modulating IL-8 levels. Our primary objective was to investigate the role of IL-8 genotypes in the development of CRC. To accomplish this, we employed the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method to analyze the genotypes of IL-8 rs4017, rs2227306, rs2227543, and rs1126647 in 362 CRC patients and 362 controls. Additionally, we evaluated the interactions between these genotypes and factors such as age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, and body mass index (BMI) status in relation to the risk of CRC. Furthermore, we utilized quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to measure the serum IL-8. The results demonstrated a significant difference in the distribution of rs4017 genotypes between the control and case groups (p for trend = 0.0059). Logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals with variant AA genotype had a 1.92-fold higher CRC risk (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.28-2.89, p = 0.0023). Moreover, carriers of the IL-8 rs4017 AT + AA genotypes exhibited a significant association with CRC risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.02-1.91, p = 0.0460). Additionally, individuals with IL-8 rs4017 AA genotype displayed significantly elevated serum IL-8 compared to those with TT genotype at a 1.73-fold level (p < 0.0001), indicating a correlation between genotype and phenotype. In conclusion, the genotypes of IL-8 rs4017, along with their associated expression levels, can potentially serve as predictive markers for the risk of CRC.

Impact of Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Genotypes on Colorectal Cancer Risk in Taiwan

BACKGROUND/AIM

This study aimed to investigate the involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) genotypes in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was used to analyze the genotypes of MMP-8 C-799T (rs11225395), Val436Ala (rs34009635), and Lys460Thr (rs35866072) in 362 patients with CRC and 362 controls. Additionally, the potential associations between these genotypes and factors such as age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, and body mass index (BMI) status in relation to CRC risk were also assessed.

RESULTS

No significant differences in the distribution of MMP-8 rs11225395 genotypes were found between the control and case groups (p for trend=0.3836). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that individuals with the MMP-8 rs11225395 variant CT and TT genotypes had a 0.83 and 0.77-fold risk of CRC, respectively. Moreover, carriers of the rs11225395 CT+TT genotypes were not associated with CRC risk either (p=0.2063). Furthermore, individuals with the MMP-8 rs11225395 TT genotype exhibited significantly lower odds of CRC risk compared to those with the CC genotype among non-smokers (p=0.0379). No significant associations were observed with respect to MMP-8 rs34009635 or rs35866072.

CONCLUSION

The analyzed genotypes of MMP-8 play a minor role in determining individual susceptibility to CRC risk.

The Contribution of DNA Ligase 4 Genetic Variations to Taiwanese Lung Cancer

BACKGROUND/AIM

Impaired non-homologous end-joining DNA repair capacity may have a significant role in maintaining genome integrity and triggering carcinogenesis. However, the specific impact of DNA ligase 4 (Lig4) genotypes remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the contribution of Lig4 genotypes to the risk of developing lung cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to examine the genotypes of Lig4 rs1805388, and their association with lung cancer risk was evaluated in a case-control study consisting of 358 lung cancer cases and 716 age- and sex-matched cancer-free control subjects.

RESULTS

The distribution of CC, CT, and TT genotypes for Lig4 rs1805388 among the cases was 45.0%, 41.6%, and 13.4%, respectively, compared to 58.0%, 36.3%, and 5.7% among the controls (p for trend=1.98×10^-6). Allelic analysis indicated that individuals carrying the T-allele for Lig4 rs1805388 had a 1.66-fold higher risk of developing lung cancer compared to those carrying the wild-type C-allele [95% confidence interval (CI)=1.36-2.02, p=4.04×10^-7]. Moreover, a significant interaction was observed between the Lig4 rs1805388 genotype and smoking status (p=1.32×10^-7).

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that the CT and TT variant genotypes of Lig4 rs1805388, combined with cigarette smoking, may contribute to a higher risk of developing lung cancer.

Impact of Mir196a-2 Genotypes on Colorectal Cancer Risk in Taiwan

We aimed to investigate the association between genotypes for mir146a and mir196a-2 and the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). We used polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to determine the mir146a rs2910164 and mir196a-2 rs11614913 genotypes in 362 CRC patients and 362 controls. We also assessed the interactions between these genotypes and age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, and BMI status on CRC risk. Additionally, the serum expression level of mir196a-2 was quantified using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Our findings demonstrated that among the controls, the proportions of TT, CT, and CC genotypes of mir196a-2 rs11614913 were 32.3%, 48.1%, and 19.6%, respectively. As for the cases, the proportions were 24.6%, 45.0%, and 30.4%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the CC genotype carriers had a 2.04-fold increased risk (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36-3.06, p = 0.0008). Furthermore, carriers of the CT + CC genotypes also exhibited a significant association with CRC risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.06-2.03, p = 0.0261). Moreover, carriers of the CC genotype had significantly higher serum levels of mir196a-2 compared to those with the TT genotype (p < 0.0001), indicating a genotype-phenotype correlation. No association was found regarding mir146a rs2910164. In conclusion, mir196a-2 rs2910164 genotypes, along with their associated expression, can serve as predictive markers for CRC risk.

The Association of DNA Ligase 1 Rs20579 Polymorphism With Lung Cancer Risk Among Taiwanese

BACKGROUND/AIM

Impaired DNA repair capacity may play a critical role in genome instability and carcinogenesis. However, the impact of DNA ligase 1 (Lig1) genotypes on tumorigenesis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of Lig1 rs20579 genotypes to the risk of developing lung cancer, and review the related literature.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to determine the genotypes of Lig1 rs20579 and evaluate their association with lung cancer risk among 358 lung cancer cases and 716 age- and sex-matched cancer-free control subjects.

RESULTS

The distribution of GG, AG, and AA genotypes for Lig1 rs20579 was 77.1%, 20.8%, and 2.1% among the controls, and 76.0%, 21.5%, and 2.5% among the lung cancer cases (p for trend=0.8686). There was no significant difference in the distribution of AG and AA genotypes between the two groups (p=0.8257 and 0.8098, respectively). Allelic frequency analysis indicated that individuals carrying the variant A allele for Lig1 rs20579 had a non-significant 1.07-fold higher risk of developing lung cancer than those carrying the wild-type G allele [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.82-1.40, p=0.6639]. Furthermore, no differential distribution of the Lig1 rs20579 genotype was found among non-smokers (p=0.9910) or smokers (p=0.9001).

CONCLUSION

In contrast to Americans, Lig1 rs20579 genotypes do not appear to play a critical role in determining susceptibility to lung cancer among Taiwanese individuals.

Non-Homologous End-Joining Pathway Genotypes Significantly Associated with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Susceptibility

Defects in the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway lead to genomic instability and carcinogenesis. However, the roles of individual NHEJ genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) etiology are not well-understood. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of NHEJ genotypes, including XRCC4 (rs6869366, rs3734091, rs28360071, rs28360317, rs1805377), XRCC5 (rs828907, rs11685387, rs9288518), XRCC6 (rs5751129, rs2267437, rs132770, rs132774), XRCC7 rs7003908, and Ligase4 rs1805388, to NPC risk, with 208 NPC patients and 416 controls. Genotype-phenotype correlations were also investigated by measuring mRNA and protein expression in adjacent normal tissues and assessing the NHEJ repair capacity in blood lymphocytes from 43 NPC patients. The results showed significant differences in the distributions of variant genotypes at XRCC4 rs3734091, rs28360071, and XRCC6 rs2267437 between the cases and controls. The variant genotypes of these three polymorphisms were associated with significantly increased NPC risks. NPC patients with the risk genotypes at XRCC6 rs2267437 had significantly reduced expression levels of both mRNA and protein, as well as a lower NHEJ repair capacity, than those with the wild-type genotype. In conclusion, XRCC4 rs3734091, rs28360071, and XRCC6 rs2267437 in the NHEJ pathway were associated with NPC susceptibility. XRCC6 rs2267437 can modulate mRNA and protein expression and the NHEJ repair capacity.

Involvement of Mitochondrial Damage and Oxidative Stress in Apoptosis Induced by Betulin Plus Arsenic Trioxide in Neuroblastoma Cells

BACKGROUND/AIM

Arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃), a potent toxin in traditional Chinese medicine, has been utilized as an anticancer agent in Chinese culture for over a millennium. Betulin, commonly extracted from the bark of birch trees, has been identified for its pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antiviral activities. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and underlying anticancer signaling cascade induced by As₂O₃ and betulin in neuroblastoma cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

SK-N-SH cells were treated with As₂O₃ with or without betulin. Cell viability and apoptotic signaling were assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and quantitative western blotting analysis. Student's t-test in addition to one- or two-way analysis of variance was used to examine significant differences between comparison groups.

RESULTS

The combined treatment of As₂O₃ plus betulin was more effective than single treatments in suppressing cell viability and induction of apoptosis, which correlated well with elevated ROS levels. The apoptotic signaling cascade of As₂O₃ plus betulin was revealed as ROS elevation and relative loss of MMP, leading to the cleavage of caspase-3 and -9. As₂O₃ plus betulin treatment also reduced the expression of BCL2 apoptosis regulator, BH3-interacting domain death agonist, and BCL2-like-1.

CONCLUSION

The novel combination of As₂O₃ plus betulin has the potential to serve as a practical anti-neuroblastoma drug.

Metformin induces autophagy of cisplatin-resistant human gastric cancer cells in addition to apoptosis

Metformin has been used to treat cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and mounting studies have shown that metformin can act alone or in synergy with other anticancer agents to achieve anti-cancer efficacies on various types of tumors. However, the role of metformin in either inducing autophagy and cisplatin-resistance of human gastric cancer (GC) cells has never been examined. The study has established a cisplatin-resistant GC cell line and investigated the effects of metformin on inducing autophagy on it. The results demonstrated that treatment with metformin can concentration-dependently suppress the cell viability and cell confluence of cisplatin-resistant GC cells, while having no effects on human primary stomach epithelial cells (HPSEC). For the first time, we found that metformin can significantly increase the acidic vesicular organelles (AVO) level and decrease the acridine orange (AO) level spontaneously in the cisplatin-resistant GC cells. Thus, we further checked the other markers, Atg5, Atg12 and LC3-II, which showed that metformin indeed induced autophagy in the cisplatin-resistant GC cells. In addition, treatment of 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) can significantly rescue the metformin-induced autophagy. At the same time, metformin can induce the alterations of apoptosis-associated signal molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-7 activities. Overall, the pilot study provided evidence for metformin induced autophagy in addition to apoptosis, making it as an effective anticancer drug for the therapy of cisplatin-resistant GC. Killing the cisplatin-resistant GC cells with non-toxic metformin via both autophagy and apoptosis might extend its usefulness in our fighting with chemo-resistance of gastric cancer cells.

Impacts of Mir146a Genotypes on Bladder Cancer Risk in Taiwan

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in mir146a and mir196a and bladder cancer (BLCA) risk in Taiwan. The genotypes of mir146a rs2910164 and mir196a rs11614913 were determined in 375 BLCA patients and 375 healthy controls using PCR-RFLP methodology, and their associations with BLCA risk were evaluated. The study also measured the serum expression level of mir146a using quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed that the distributions of CC, CG and GG genotypes of mir146a rs2910164 were 31.7%, 45.6% and 22.7% in the control group, and 21.9%, 44.3% and 33.8% in the case group, respectively. In logistic regression analyses, the heterozygous variant genotype CG carriers showed a marginally significant association with increased BLCA risk (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.99-2.01), while the homozygous variant genotype GG carriers had a 2.17-fold increased risk of BLCA (OR = 2.17, 95%CI = 1.46-3.21). Moreover, carriers of the GG/CG genotypes had significantly higher serum levels of mir146a than those with the CC genotype (p < 0.0001), indicating a genotype-phenotype correlation. In contrast, mir196a rs11614913 was not associated with BLCA risk. Therefore, the genotypes of mir146a rs2910164 may serve as a useful biomarker for predicting the risk of BLCA.

Novel genetic variants in long non-coding RNA MEG3 are associated with the risk of asthma

Background

Asthma is the most common chronic inflammatory airway disease worldwide. Asthma is a complex disease whose exact etiologic mechanisms remain elusive; however, it is increasingly evident that genetic factors play essential roles in the development of asthma. The purpose of this study is to identify novel genetic susceptibility loci for asthma in Taiwanese. We selected a well-studied long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), MEG3, which is involved in multiple cellular functions and whose expression has been associated with asthma. We hypothesize that genetic variants in MEG3 may influence the risk of asthma.

Methods

We genotyped four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MEG3, rs7158663, rs3087918, rs11160608, and rs4081134, in 198 patients with asthma and 453 healthy controls and measured serum MEG3 expression level in a subset of controls.

Results

The variant AG and AA genotypes of MEG3 rs7158663 were significantly over-represented in the patients compared to the controls (P = 0.0024). In logistic regression analyses, compared with the wild-type GG genotype, the heterozygous variant genotype (AG) was associated with a 1.62-fold [95% confidence interval (CI) [1.18-2.32], P = 0.0093] increased risk and the homozygous variant genotype (AA) conferred a 2.68-fold (95% CI [1.52-4.83], P = 0.003) increased risk of asthma. The allelic test showed the A allele was associated with a 1.63-fold increased risk of asthma (95% CI [1.25-2.07], P = 0.0004). The AG plus AA genotypes were also associated with severe symptoms (P = 0.0148). Furthermore, the AG and AA genotype carriers had lower serum MEG3 expression level than the GG genotype carriers, consistent with the reported downregulation of MEG3 in asthma patients.

Conclusion

MEG3 SNP rs7158663 is a genetic susceptibility locus for asthma in Taiwanese. Individuals carrying the variant genotypes have lower serum MEG3 level and are at increased risks of asthma and severe symptoms.

Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Genotypes With Prostate Cancer Risk

BACKGROUND/AIM

Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies among males, especially in Western populations. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) plays a critical role in extracellular regulation and metastasis. However, its genotypes have seldom been examined among patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Therefore, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the association of genotypes at MMP-2 promoter -1306 (rs243865) and -735 (rs2285053) with PCa risk in a Taiwanese cohort.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The profiles of MMP-2 rs243865 and rs2285053 genotypes were examined among 218 PCa patients and 436 healthy controls by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodologies.

RESULTS

The percentages of wild-type CC, and variant CT and TT genotypes on MMP-2 rs243865 were 88.5, 10.6, and 0.9% in the PCa case group and 85.6, 13.5, and 0.9% in the control group, respectively (p for trend=0.5544). The allelic frequency distribution showed that the variant T allele at MMP-2 rs24386 5 was not associated with PCa risk (p=0.3250). As for MMP-2 rs2285053, the results were also non-significant. In addition, there was no association between the genotypes of MMP-2 rs243865 or rs2285053 with age or smoking status on PCa risk.

CONCLUSION

rs11568818 and rs11568819 at MMP-2 promoter region played minor roles in determining individual PCa risk.

Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Genotypes With Prostate Cancer Risk

BACKGROUND/AIM

Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies among males worldwide. It has been shown that MMP-7 gene is closely correlated with prostate carcinogenesis. However, the role of the MMP-7 genotypes has been seldom examined among prostate cancer patients. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the contribution of MMP-7 promoter genotypes A-181G (rs11568818) and C-153T (rs11568819) to prostate cancer risk in Taiwan.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two hundred and eighteen prostate cancer patients and 436 sex- and age-matched healthy controls were genotyped for MMP-7 rs11568818 and rs11568819 by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and direct sequencing methodologies.

RESULTS

The percentages of wild-type AA, and variant AG and GG genotypes on MMP-7 rs11568818 were 85.3, 13.5, and 1.2% among the prostate cancer cases and 87.6, 10.1, and 2.3% among the healthy controls, respectively (p for trend=0.2557). Interestingly, no MMP-7 rs11568819 genotypes were identified among Taiwanese. The allelic frequency distribution also showed that the variant G allele of MMP-7 rs11568818 seemed not to be a determinant of prostate cancer risk (p=0.7977). There was no joint effect between the genotypes of MMP-7 rs11568818 and age and smoking status on prostate cancer risk.

CONCLUSION

rs11568818 and rs11568819 at MMP-7 promoter region, played no role in determining personal susceptibility to prostate cancer in Taiwan.

The Contribution of Interleukin-8 Rs4073 Genotypes to Triple Negative Breast Cancer Risk in Taiwan

BACKGROUND/AIM

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most challenging breast cancer types. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a pro-tumorigenic cytokine, promoting tumor proliferation and migration. This study aimed to examine the contribution of IL-8 rs4073 genotypes to breast cancer risk and provide a summary of related literature.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

IL-8 genotypic profiles were determined among 1,232 breast cancer cases and 1,232 controls via polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology.

RESULTS

The IL-8 rs4073 AT and AA genotypes had significantly lower prevalence in the case group compared to control group. Allelic frequency analysis showed that individuals carrying the A allele have relatively decreased risk for breast cancer. The stratification analysis showed that IL-8 rs4073 genotypes were protective markers for those with younger (≤55) age.

CONCLUSION

IL-8 rs4073 A allele is a novel predictor for breast cancer, especially TNBC.

Significant Contribution of Interleukin-18 Genotypes to Lung Cancer Risk in Taiwanese

BACKGROUND/AIM

The elevated expression of interleukin-18 (IL-18) among lung cancer patients raised our curiosity to examine the role of IL-18 genotypes in lung cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

IL-18 -656 (rs1946519), -607 (rs1946518), and -137 (rs187238) genotypes of 358 lung cancer cases and 716 controls were determined via the PCR-RFLP methodology.

RESULTS

The distributions of genotypic and allelic frequencies of IL-18 -607, but not those of -656 or -137, were differentially distributed between cases and controls. IL-18 -607 AC and CC genotypes were both lower (45.8% and 16.2%) in lung cancer patients compared to controls (51.4% and 24.7%). In addition, IL-18 -607 AC and CC genotypes were of significantly lower percentages both among non-smokers and smokers. Otherwise, no differential distribution was found regarding IL-18 -656 or -137.

CONCLUSION

IL-18 -607 C allele can serve as a protective predictor for lung cancer risk in Taiwanese.

The Contribution of PDCD6 Polymorphisms to Oral Cancer Risk

BACKGROUND/AIM

Programmed cell death 6 (PDCD6) is up-regulated and highly expressed in early apoptotic cells. In several types of cancer, such as cervical, breast and lung cancers, the association of PDCD6 genotypes have been investigated. However, the contribution of PDCD6 variant genotypes to oral cancer has never been examined. The current study aimed to evaluate the contribution of the PDCD6 rs4957014 and rs3756712 genotypes to the risk of oral cancer in Taiwan.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The contribution of PDCD6 genotypes to oral cancer risk was examined among 958 patients with lung cancer and 958 age- and sex-matched healthy controls by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR- RFLP).

RESULTS

The data showed that the hetero-variant GT and homo-variant GG genotypes of PDCD6 rs4957014 were associated with a decreased risk of oral cancer [odds ratio (OR)=0.81 and 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.67-0.97 and 0.27-0.56, respectively]. The recessive and dominant models also showed that G carriers have protective effects (OR=0.43 and 0.72, 95% CI=0.30-0.61 and 0.61-0.87, respectively). The analysis of allelic frequency distributions showed that the G allele of PDCD6 rs4957014 was associated with reduced oral cancer risk (OR=0.71, 95% CI=0.62-0.82). There was no significant association between any PDCD6 rs3756712 genotype and oral cancer risk. In addition, the GG genotype at PDCD6 rs4957014 significantly decreased the risk of oral cancer among both males (adjusted OR=0.31, 95%CI=0.24-0.56) and females (adjusted OR=0.44, 95% CI=0.22-0.91). Furthermore, the GG genotype at PDCD6 rs4957014 significantly decreased the risk of oral cancer among smokers (adjusted OR=0.35, 95% CI=0.22-0.58), alcohol drinkers (adjusted OR=0.33, 95% CI=0.18-0.49), non-betel quid chewers (adjusted OR=0.33, 95% CI=0.17- 0.81), betel quid chewers (adjusted OR=0.34, 95% CI=0.21- 0.59), but not among never-smokers and non-alcohol drinkers.

CONCLUSION

The G allele carriers of PDCD6 rs4957014 may have protective effects on oral cancer risk and serve as a practical marker for early detection of oral cancer in Taiwan.

Contribution of 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine Methyltransferase Reductase Genotypes to Colorectal Cancer in Taiwan

BACKGROUND/AIM

5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase (MTRR) is responsible for folate metabolism, and we aimed to investigate its genetic role in colorectal cancer (CRC) among Taiwanese.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 362 cases and 362 controls were recruited and their MTRR rs1801394 (A66G) and rs1532268 (C524T) genotypes were examined. The behavioral factors and clinicalpathological factors were also analyzed.

RESULTS

MTRR rs1801394 genotypes were associated with CRC risk (p for trend=0.0087). In detail, G/G genotype was associated with lower risk (p=0.0049, OR=0.39, 95%CI=0.20-0.76). As for allelic frequency analysis, G allele was also associated with decreased CRC risk (p=0.0026, OR=0.68, 95%CI=0.53-0.88). There was no significant association as for MTRR rs1532268. Among non-smokers and non-alcohol drinkers, those with G/G genotype were at 0.38- and 0.46-fold odds of having CRC. There were no significant protective effects among smokers or alcohol drinkers.

CONCLUSION

MTRR rs1801394 GG genotype can be a protective marker for CRC risk in Taiwan.

Association of Matrix Metallopeptidase-2 Genotypes With Risk of Gastric Cancer in Taiwan

BACKGROUND/AIM

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) plays a critical role in the regulation of the extracellular matrix; however, its genotypes have seldom been examined in gastric cancer (GC). This study aimed to investigate the contribution of MMP-2 promoter -1306 (rs243865) and -735 (rs2285053) genotypes to GC risk in a cohort of Taiwanese individuals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study included 121 GC cases and 363 age- and sex-matched controls. The genotypes of MMP-2 were determined by typical polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.

RESULTS

The genotypic and allelic frequency analysis showed that MMP-2 rs243865 variant genotypes decreased the risk of GC. Stratification analysis showed that MMP-2 rs243865 genotypes associate with smoking, alcohol drinking, and Helicobacter pylori infection status to confer personal susceptibility to GC. There is no such association for MMP-2 rs2285053 genotype with GC risk.

CONCLUSION

The MMP-2 rs243865 genotypes may serve as a novel predictive marker for GC personal susceptibility among Taiwanese.

Gadodiamide Induced Autophagy and Apoptosis in Human Keratinocytes

BACKGROUND/AIM

Gadolinium has been reported to cause liver lobular necrosis and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. However, its toxicity to the skin remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a high dose of gadolinium-based contrast agent gadodiamide on the human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cell viability was assessed using MTT assay, and autophagy was assessed using acridine orange and LysoTracker Red staining. Western blotting was performed to verify the changes in Bcl2 and Bax levels.

RESULTS

The viability of HaCaT cells was significantly suppressed after gadodiamide treatment. Interestingly, gadodiamide caused autophagic vacuoles, whereas the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine and chloroquine significantly alleviated autophagic cell death. Simultaneously, gadodiamide induced apoptosis, which was reduced by caspase inhibitors. Gadodiamide also inhibited Bcl-2 expression and promoted Bax expression.

CONCLUSION

Gadodiamide induced both autophagy and apoptosis in HaCaT cells. Physicians should carefully assess the gadodiamide dosage used clinically.

Prognostic significance of circulating insulin growth-like factor 1 and insulin growth-like factor binding protein 3 in renal cell carcinoma patients

Insulin growth-like factor-1 (IGF-1) and its main binding protein insulin growth-like factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) play important roles in cancer development and progression. We hypothesize that circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 may have significant prognostic values in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. We used 1,010 histologically confirmed RCC patients in this case series study to test this hypothesis. We constructed a weighted genetic risk score (GRS) using a large panel of genome-wide association study (GWAS)-identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to predict circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 level, respectively. We analyzed the associations of the GRS with the prognosis of RCC patients using multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. We found significant associations between genetically predicted circulating IGF-1 level, but not IGFBP-3, and RCC prognosis. RCC patients with better prognosis had significantly higher baseline circulating IGF-1 level than those with worse prognosis. Dichotomized at the median value of GRS, patients with high IGF-1 exhibited significantly lower risks of recurrence (HR=0.81, 95% CI, 0.65-0.99, P=0.045) and death (HR=0.74, 95% CI, 0.60-0.91, P=0.004). If patients were dichotomized at the 75% value of GRS, those with the highest quarter of GRS had 27% lower risk of recurrence (OR=0.73, 95% CI, 0.55-0.96, P=0.025) and 34% lower risk of death (OR=0.66, 95% CI, 0.50-0.87, P=0.003) than the other three quarters of patients. High IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio was also associated with reduced risks of recurrence and survival. In conclusion, high circulating IGF-1 level and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio at diagnosis is associated with better prognosis in RCC patients.

Novel Contribution of Long Non-coding RNA MEG3 Genotype to Prediction of Childhood Leukemia Risk

BACKGROUND/AIM

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is frequent among children. Few studies have researched the relationship between maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) and cancer risk. We hypothesized long non-coding RNA MEG3 polymorphisms might influence the risk of childhood ALL.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a total of 266 patients with childhood ALL and 266 healthy controls, genotypes of MEG3 rs7158663, rs3087918, rs11160608 and rs4081134 single nucleotide polymorphisms were investigated for their associations with childhood ALL.

RESULTS

MEG3 rs7158663 AG and AA genotypes were significantly associated with ALL [odds ratio=1.61 (95% confidence interval=1.12-2.31) and 2.21 (1.16-4.22), respectively]. The A allele also exhibited a statistical association with higher risk of ALL (p=0.0015). There was no positive association as for rs3087918, rs11160608 or rs4081134. Interestingly, a significant interaction between MEG3 rs7158663 and age (≥3.5 years) and gender (male) was found.

CONCLUSION

MEG3 rs7158663 AG/AA genotypes were associated with higher susceptibility to childhood ALL. These novel findings should be validated in larger populations and different ethnicities.

Epigenome-Wide Association Study of Prostate Cancer in African Americans Identifies DNA Methylation Biomarkers for Aggressive Disease

DNA methylation plays important roles in prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. African American men have higher incidence and mortality rates of PCa than other racial groups in U.S. The goal of this study was to identify differentially methylated CpG sites and genes between clinically defined aggressive and nonaggressive PCa in African Americans. We performed genome-wide DNA methylation profiling in leukocyte DNA from 280 African American PCa patients using Illumina MethylationEPIC array that contains about 860K CpG sties. There was a slight increase of overall methylation level (mean β value) with the increasing Gleason scores (GS = 6, GS = 7, GS ≥ 8, P for trend = 0.002). There were 78 differentially methylated CpG sites with P < 10-4 and 9 sites with P < 10-5 in the trend test. We also found 77 differentially methylated regions/genes (DMRs), including 10 homeobox genes and six zinc finger protein genes. A gene ontology (GO) molecular pathway enrichment analysis of these 77 DMRs found that the main enriched pathway was DNA-binding transcriptional factor activity. A few representative DMRs include HOXD8, SOX11, ZNF-471, and ZNF-577. Our study suggests that leukocyte DNA methylation may be valuable biomarkers for aggressive PCa and the identified differentially methylated genes provide biological insights into the modulation of immune response by aggressive PCa.

Association of TIMP-2 Rs8179090 Genotypes With Lung Cancer Risk in Taiwan

BACKGROUND/AIM

The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) is a critical inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Along with MMPs, TIMP-2 regulates the breakdown and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membranes. This study investigated the role of genotypes of the TIMP-2 -418G/C (rs8179090) single nucleotide polymorphism on lung risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 358 lung cancer patients and 716 healthy subjects were recruited in this study. Genotypes were identified via the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology.

RESULTS

The distribution of alleles and genotype frequencies of TIMP-2 -418G/C genotypes between the two groups were compared and no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was found. The heterozygous and homozygous variant genotypes showed no differential distribution between the control and case groups (p>0.05).

CONCLUSION

TIMP-2 -418G/C variants might not be associated with lung cancer susceptibility and could not serve as predictors.

Protective Effects of Crocetin on Arsenic Trioxide-induced Oxidative Stress in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

BACKGROUND/AIM

The clinical use of arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) is hampered due to its cardiotoxicity. Therefore, it is critical to prevent As₂O₃-induced loss of endothelial integrity. The purpose of this study was to examine As₂O₃-induced endothelial dysfunction and evaluate the efficacy of crocetin on reversing As₂O₃-induced cardiotoxicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to examine As₂O₃-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA adducts. In addition, the impact of crocetin on As₂O₃-induced cardiotoxicity was evaluated.

RESULTS

As₂O₃ decreased the viability of HUVEC cells and led to apoptosis. Additionally, As₂O₃ elevated NADPH oxidase activity, and the levels of intracellular ROS. Furthermore, the formamidopyrimidine DNA-glycosylase- and endonuclease III-digestible adducts were induced by As₂O₃ Crocetin treatment reversed the As₂O₃-induced reduction in cell viability, the induction of apoptosis, the activation of NADPH oxidase activity, ROS levels and DNA adducts.

CONCLUSION

Crocetin protects from As₂O₃-induced cardio-toxicity.

Significant Association of CCND1 Genotypes With Susceptibility to Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

BACKGROUND/AIM

This study investigated whether genetic variations in cyclin D1 (CCND1) are associated with susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 266 childhood ALL cases and 266 healthy controls were genotyped for CCND1 rs9344 and rs678653.

RESULTS

There was a significant difference in the genotypic distribution of rs9344 between childhood ALL patients and healthy controls (p=0.0077). Compared to the AA genotype, AG and GG genotypes were associated with significantly decreased risks of childhood ALL with odds ratio (OR) of 0.65 [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.44-0.94, p=0.0234] and 0.45 (95%CI=0.26-0.78, p=0.0040), respectively. Supporting this, allelic frequency distributions between childhood ALL patients and controls was significantly different (OR=0.68, 95%CI=0.53-0.88, p=0.0025). There was no significant difference in the genotypic and allelic distributions of rs678653 between cases and controls.

CONCLUSION

CCND1 rs9344, but not rs678653, may serve as a predictive marker of susceptibility for childhood ALL.

Contribution of Interleukin-12A Genotypes to Breast Cancer Risk

BACKGROUND/AIM

Breast cancer incidence is highest among women worldwide, and practical markers for personalized therapeutic strategies are few. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a cytokine that is reported to be significantly lower in healthy controls than breast cancer cases, however, its genotypic contribution to carcinogenesis has never been revealed in breast cancer. We examined whether IL-12A rs568408 and rs2243115 genotypes contribute to elevated breast cancer risk and summarized related literature among other cancers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

IL-12A genotypic profiles were determined among 1,232 breast cancer cases and 1,232 healthy controls via polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology.

RESULTS

The variant genotypes of IL-12A rs568408 and rs2243115 were not found to be significantly associated with elevated breast cancer risk (both p>0.05).

CONCLUSION

IL-12A rs568408 and rs2243115 genotypes may not serve as good predictors of breast cancer risk.

Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Genotypes With Bladder Cancer Risk

AIM

There is very little literature reporting the association of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) with personal susceptibility to bladder cancer. In the current study, we carried out the first examination of the contribution of MMP1 rs1799750 to bladder cancer risk in Taiwanese.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 375 bladder cancer cases and 375 healthy controls were genotyped for MMP1 rs1799750 via polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology and this was evaluated for association with clinicopathological factors.

RESULTS

The frequencies of MMP1 rs1799750 2G/2G, 1G/2G, and 1G/1G genotypes were 35.7%, 44.8% and 19.5% in the group with bladder cancer and 32.5%, 46.4%, and 21.1% in the healthy control group (p for trend=0.6362). The odds ratios (ORs) for bladder cancer risk after adjusting for age and gender for those carrying 1G/2G and 1G/1G genotypes at MMP1 rs1799750 were 0.88 (95% CI=0.62-1.24, p=0.4357) and 0.83 (95% CI=0.61-1.26, p=0.3990), respectively, compared with the wild-type 2G/2G genotype. In allelic frequency analysis, the adjusted OR for those carrying the 1G allele at MMP1 rs1799750 was 0.87 (95% CI=0.71-1.23, p=0.3479) compared to those people carrying a 2G allele.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicated that the genotypes at MMP1 rs1799750 appear to play little role in determining personal susceptibility to bladder cancer for Taiwanese.

Genetically predicted high circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 increase the risks of soft tissue sarcoma

Insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays important roles in carcinogenesis. Previous studies have linked circulating IGF-1 and its main binding protein, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), to cancer risks. However, no study has been conducted in soft tissue sarcoma (STS). In this study, we investigated the relationship of genetically predicted circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 with STS risks. Recent large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 413 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with IGF-1 and 4 SNPs associated with IGFBP-3. We genotyped these SNPs in 821 patients and 851 healthy controls. We constructed weighted genetic risk scores (GRS) to predict circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3. We determined the associations of individual SNPs and GRS with the risks of STS using multivariate logistic regression analysis. We found high genetically predicted circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were both associated with increased STS risks. Dichotomized at the median values of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in controls, individuals with high level of IGF-1 exhibited a 27% increased risk of STS (odds ratio [OR]=1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.04-1.54, P=0.017), whereas the OR for high IGFBP-3 was 1.45 (95% CI=1.20-1.77, P<0.001). Interestingly, the significant association between IGFBP-3 and STS risk was only evident in women (OR=1.88, 95% CI=1.42-2.49, P<0.001), but not in men (OR=1.00, 95% CI=0.75-1.33, P=0.992). In stratified analyses by major STS subtypes, the strongest associations were observed in angiosarcoma for IGF-1, leiomyosarcoma for IGFBP-3, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors for IGFBP-3 in women. In conclusion, high circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels were both associated with increased STS risks.

Associations of genetically predicted circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 with bladder cancer risk

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) play important roles in carcinogenesis. The associations of circulating IGF-1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) with the risks of bladder cancer remain unclear. In this large case control study of 2011 bladder cancer cases and 2369 heathy controls, we assessed the associations of circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 with bladder cancer risks using a Mendelian randomization approach, which uses genetic variants as instruments to study causal relationship between risk factors and diseases. We first constructed a weighted genetic risk score (GRS) predictive of circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 using 413 genome-wide association study-identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with IGF-1 and four SNPs with IGFBP-3, respectively. We found that higher GRS for IGF-1 was associated with a significantly reduced bladder cancer risk (odds ratio [OR] = 0.66 per SD increase, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.82, p < 0.001). We then used a summary statistics-based MR method, inverse-variance weighting (IVW), and found a similar risk estimate (OR = 0.67 per SD increase, 95% CI = 0.54-0.83, p < 0.001). When we categorized individuals into high and low IGF-1 groups using the median GRS value in the controls, the high GRS group had a 21% reduced bladder cancer risk (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.70-0.89) compared to the low GRS group. Genetically predicted circulating IGFBP-3 was not associated with bladder cancer risk. In conclusion, our data demonstrated for the first time a strong inverse relationship between circulating IGF-1 level and bladder cancer risk.

The Association of MMP9 Promoter Rs3918242 Genotype With Gastric Cancer

BACKGROUND/AIM

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) is highly expressed in gastric cancer but the role of MMP9 is unclear. This study aimed at revealing the association of MMP9 promoter rs3918242 genotypes with gastric cancer risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MMP9 rs3918242 genotypes of 121 patients with gastric cancer and 363 healthy individuals were examined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology using serum samples.

RESULTS

MMP9 rs3918242 TT genotype carriers had an elevated gastric cancer risk compared to wild-type CC carriers (odds ratio=3.92, 95% confidence interval=1.28-11.99; p=0.0103). Patients with CT/TT genotypes were at higher risk of metastasis (p=0.0178) than those with CC. No correlation was found between MMP9 rs3918242 genotype and gastric cancer risk with smoking or alcohol behavior, nor Helicobacter pylori infection. No correlation was observed for MMP9 rs3918242 genotypic distributions with age, gender, or body mass index.

CONCLUSION

Carrying a T allele for MMP9 rs3918242 may be predictive for higher gastric cancer risk, and as a predictor for higher risk of metastasis.

Significant Association of Cyclin D1 Promoter Genotypes With Asthma Susceptibility in Taiwan

BACKGROUND/AIM

The molecular mechanisms underlying the association between cell cycle and asthma are poorly understood, and cyclin D1 (CCND1) is found to be upregulated in asthma airway smooth muscle. We investigated whether the most frequently examined functional variants in CCND1 determine asthma susceptibility.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We genotyped 651 participants for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at rs9344 and rs678653 on CCND1 and assessed the association of these SNPs with asthma risk.

RESULTS

Significant differences were found in the distributions of genotypic (p=0.0064) and allelic (p=0.0021) frequencies of CCND1 rs9344. In addition, AG or GG carriers had 0.63- or 0.48-fold adjusted odds ratios for asthma risk (95%confidence intervals=0.48-0.92 and 0.22-0.78, respectively) than those who carried the AA wildtype.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that cell cycle regulation may play a role in asthma initiation and development, and the CCND1 rs9344 genotype may serve as an early detection marker for asthma.

Significant Association of MMP2 Promoter Genotypes to Asthma Susceptibility in Taiwan

BACKGROUND/AIM

Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) is reported to be overexpressed in asthma; however, its genotypic contribution to asthma is not well studied. Therefore, we examined the association of MMP2 genotypes with asthma risk among Taiwanese.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred and ninety-eight asthma patients and 453 non-asthmatic subjects were determined with respect to their MMP2 -1306 (rs243845) and -735 (rs2285053) genotypes.

RESULTS

CT and TT at MMP2 rs243845 are 17.7% and 1.5% among asthma cases, whereas their presence in healthy subjects is at 28.1% and 2.4%, respectively (p for trend=0.0118). In detail, the CT genotype in MMP2 rs243845 was associated with a decreased asthma risk [adjusted odds ratio (OR)=0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.37-0.78, p=0.0040], and the T allele conferred a significantly lower asthma risk compared to the wild-type C allele (adjusted OR=0.55, 95%CI=0.43-0.77, p=0.0042). No significance was found for MMP2 rs2285053.

CONCLUSION

The genotype of CT in MMP2 rs243845 may serve as a novel biomarker in determining susceptibility to asthma in Taiwan.

Culture Separation, Identification and Unique Anti-pathogenic Fungi Capacity of Endophytic Fungi from Gucheng Salvia Miltiorrhiza

BACKGROUND

Salvia miltiorrhiza is a medical herb for human disorders including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. However, the interactions between Salvia miltiorrhiza and its endophytes are largely unknown. The current study aimed at identifying its endophytic fungi and examining their inhibitory effects on anti-pathogenic fungus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Distinct species of endophytic fungi were isolated from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, cultured, sequenced, aiming to predict their taxonomical structures. Meanwhile, extracts from each endophytic fungus fermentations were isolated, compared and evaluated on the inhibitory efficacies on five pathological fungi, Cercospora nicotianae, Phoma arachnidicola, Staphylococcus, Phytophthora eggplant, and Rhizoctonia cerealis.

RESULTS

A total of 34 strains of endophytic fungi were obtained from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Among them, SX19 and C. Gloeosporioids exhibited the most effective inhibitions on five pathogenic fungi.

CONCLUSION

The anti-fungal activities of the endophytic fungus from Salvia miltiorrhiza were confirmed for the first time, and this may benefit crop quality and production in the future.

Significant Association of Chitinase 3-like 1 Genotypes to Asthma Risk in Taiwan

BACKGROUND/AIM

Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) is overexpressed in asthma, and negatively associated with forced expiratory volume in the first second. This study aimed at evaluating whether CHI3L1 genotypes affect asthma risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The blood samples of 198 asthma patients and 453 control subjects were collected, and the genotypic patterns of CHI3L1 -131C/G (rs4950928) and -247G/A (rs1262491437) were examined.

RESULTS

The percentages of CG and GG at CHI3L1 -131C/G were 32.8% and 7.6% among the asthma cases, respectively, significantly higher than the 23.8% and 3.1% among the non-asthmatic healthy subjects (p for trend=0.0009). The allelic frequency distribution analysis showed that the G allele at CHI3L1 - 131C/G conferred a significantly higher asthma risk than the wild-type C allele (p<0.0001). The genotypic and allelic frequency analyses for CHI3L1 -247G/A did not show any significant difference.

CONCLUSION

The G allele at CHI3L1-131C/G serves as a biomarker in determining personal susceptibility to asthma in Taiwan.

Protective Effects of Baicalin on Arsenic Trioxide-induced Oxidative Damage and Apoptosis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

BACKGROUND/AIM

Arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) is an environmental pollutant. However, the detailed mechanisms about As₂O₃-induced loss of endothelial integrity are unknown. This study aimed at investigating how As₂O₃ causes endothelial dysfunction and whether baicalin can reverse such dysfunction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to examine As₂O₃-induced oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The influence of baicalin on As₂O₃-induced endothelial dysfunction were investigated.

RESULTS

The viability of HUVECs was inhibited by As₂O₃ and cells underwent apoptosis. As₂O₃ treatment increased NADPH oxidase activity, and elevated the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Formamidopyrimidine DNA-glycosylase- and endonuclease III-digestible adducts were accumulated. Baicalin reversed As₂O₃-induced apoptosis and As₂O₃-suppressed cell viability. Baicalin caused a decrease in NADPH oxidase activity, and re-balanced the ROS level. As₂O₃-induced formamidopyrimidine DNA-glycosylase- and endonuclease III-digestible adducts were down-regulated.

CONCLUSION

Baicalin was found to have the potential capacity to protect endothelial cells from As₂O₃-induced cytotoxicity.

Interaction of Interleukin-16 Genotypes With Betel Quid Chewing Behavior on Oral Cancer in Taiwan

BACKGROUND/AIM

Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is reported to play an important role in inflammation, carcinogenesis and tumoricidal processes, however, the contribution of IL-16 genotype to oral carcinogenesis is still largely unrevealed. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the contribution of IL-16 genotypes to Taiwan oral cancer risk.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The genotypes of IL-16 rs4778889, rs11556218, and rs4072111 were revealed among 958 oral cancer cases and 958 control subjects by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).

RESULTS

First, the distributions of genotypic (p=0.0004) and allelic (p=0.0001) frequencies of IL-16 rs11556218 were significantly different between the case and control groups. In detail, the frequencies of IL-16 rs11556218 TG and GG were 28.1 and 5.8%, respectively, among oral cancer patients, significantly higher compared to those among controls (25.0% and 2.7%, respectively). Second, no difference was observed regarding IL-16 rs4778889 or IL-16 rs4072111. Last, there was a synergistic effect of betel quid chewing behavior and risky IL-16 rs11556218 genotype on oral cancer risk.

CONCLUSION

The study indicates that the IL-16 rs11556218 G allele synergistically interacts with betel quid chewing behavior, contributing to increased risk of oral cancer in Taiwanese.

Leukocyte telomere length is associated with aggressive prostate cancer in localized African American prostate cancer patients

Telomeres play important roles in cancer initiation and progression. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) has been associated with the risk and prognosis of several cancers, but its association with prostate cancer (PCa) prognosis in African Americans (AAs) has not been reported. In this study, we measured relative LTL from 317 AA PCa patients and assessed its associations with aggressive disease characteristics at diagnosis and biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy. LTL was shorter in patients with higher Gleason scores (GS) at diagnosis. Dichotomized into short and long LTL groups, patients with short LTL exhibited a 1.91-fold (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.14-3.20, P = 0.013) increased risk of being diagnosed with high-risk disease (GS =7 [4 + 3] and GS ≥8) than those with long LTL in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Moreover, shorter LTL was significantly associated with an increased risk of BCR (hazard ratio = 1.68, 95% CI, 1.18-11.44, P = 0.024) compared with longer LTL in localized patients receiving prostatectomy or radiotherapy in multivariable Cox analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed patients with short LTL had significantly shorter BCR-free survival time than patients with long LTL (Log rank P = 0.011). In conclusion, our results showed for the first time that LTL was shorter in PCa patients with higher GS and short LTL was associated with worse prognosis in AA PCa patients receiving prostatectomy or radiotherapy.

Resveratrol inhibited the metastatic behaviors of cisplatin-resistant human oral cancer cells via phosphorylation of ERK/p-38 and suppression of MMP-2/9

Cisplatin resistance is a major clinical problem in the clinical management of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Resveratrol is a natural phytoestrogen with antitumor activities. Whether resveratrol can overcome cisplatin resistance and prevent metastasis in OSCC cells is not known. In this study, we first examined the anti-metastatic capacity of resveratrol and then explored the underlying mechanisms using a cisplatin-resistant human OSCC cell line (CAR). The results demonstrated that at a non-toxic dose range (25 to 75 µM), 24-hr treatment of resveratrol was able to suppress the migration and invasion capacities of CAR cells dose dependently. Interestingly, 50 µM resveratrol treatment could significantly down-regulate the expression of the phosphorylated forms of ERK and p-38, in addition to those of MMP-2 and MMP-9. At the same time, the expression levels of phosphorylated ERK together with those unphosphorylated forms of ERK, p38, and JNK were all insignificantly altered. In conclusion, the signaling cascade for resveratrol's suppression of cisplatin-resistant human oral cancer CAR cells was revealed and summarized. Also the rapid effectiveness in suppressing metastatic behaviors of drug-resistant oral cancer cells of non-toxic resveratrol might extend its application to the drug-resistant oral cancer treatment in the near future. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Based on the evidence we provided in the study, we have proposed a model recording the possible pathway for resveratrol inhibiting the metastasis of cisplatin-resistant oral cancer cells. We suppose this signaling pathway may work in other cancer cell lines, and can be helpful in full understanding of the drug-resistance.

Interaction of DNA Repair Gene XPC With Smoking and Betel Quid Chewing Behaviors of Oral Cancer

BACKGROUND/AIM

Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) is reported to play important roles in DNA integrity and genomic instability, however, the contribution of XPC to oral carcinogenesis is largely uncertain. Therefore, we aimed at examining the contribution of XPC genotypes to oral cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The genotypes of XPC rs2228001 and rs2228000 were examined among 958 oral cancer patients and 958 control subjects by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology and corresponding DNA repair capacity was checked.

RESULTS

First, the percentages of XPC rs2228001 AC and CC were higher among oral cancer patients than controls. Second, no significant association was observed regarding XPC rs2228000. Third, there was a synergistic influence of smoking and betel quid chewing behaviors and XPC rs2228001 genotype on oral cancer risk. Last, functional experiments showed DNA repair capacity was lower for AC/CC carriers than AA carriers.

CONCLUSION

XPC rs2228001 C allele, which was associated with decreased DNA repair capacity, may interact with smoking and betel quid chewing behaviors on oral cancer risk.

Contribution of Interleukin-10 Genotype to Triple Negative Breast Cancer Risk

BACKGROUND/AIM

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by increased recurrence and poor survival. Mounting evidence suggests that interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays a role in carcinogenesis, however, little is known about the contribution of IL-10 to TNBC. The study evaluated the contribution of IL-10 promoter A-1082G (rs1800896), T-819C (rs3021097), A-592C (rs1800872) genotypes to the risk of TNBC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

IL-10 genotypes were examined among 1,232 breast cancer patients and 1,232 controls and evaluated.

RESULTS

The percentages of AG and GG for IL-10 A-1082G genotypes were higher in the breast cancer patient group than in the control group. The GG genotype carriers were of higher risk for breast cancer [odds ratio (OR)=2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.28-3.21, p=0.0021]. Interestingly, G allele carriers were of higher risk of TNBC (OR=1.25, 95%CI=1.07-1.46, p=0.0050).

CONCLUSION

The G allele of IL-10 A-1082G genotype may serve as a predictor for TNBC risk. The finding should be validated in other populations.