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Levy DR, Hunter N, Lin S, Robinson EM, Gillis W, Conlin EB, Anyoha R, Shansky RM, Datta SR. Mouse spontaneous behavior reflects individual variation rather than estrous state. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1358-1364.e4. [PMID: 36889318 PMCID: PMC10090034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Behavior is shaped by both the internal state of an animal and its individual behavioral biases. Rhythmic variation in gonadal hormones during the estrous cycle is a defining feature of the female internal state, one that regulates many aspects of sociosexual behavior. However, it remains unclear whether estrous state influences spontaneous behavior and, if so, how these effects might relate to individual behavioral variation. Here, we address this question by longitudinally characterizing the open-field behavior of female mice across different phases of the estrous cycle, using unsupervised machine learning to decompose spontaneous behavior into its constituent elements.1,2,3,4 We find that each female mouse exhibits a characteristic pattern of exploration that uniquely identifies it as an individual across many experimental sessions; by contrast, estrous state only negligibly impacts behavior, despite its known effects on neural circuits that regulate action selection and movement. Like female mice, male mice exhibit individual-specific patterns of behavior in the open field; however, the exploratory behavior of males is significantly more variable than that expressed by females both within and across individuals. These findings suggest underlying functional stability to the circuits that support exploration in female mice, reveal a surprising degree of specificity in individual behavior, and provide empirical support for the inclusion of both sexes in experiments querying spontaneous behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Rubi Levy
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nigel Hunter
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sherry Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Winthrop Gillis
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rockwell Anyoha
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Noppe H, Verheyden K, Gillis W, Courtheyn D, Vanthemsche P, De Brabander HF. Multi-analyte approach for the determination of ngL−1 levels of steroid hormones in unidentified aqueous samples. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 586:22-9. [PMID: 17386692 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, many analytical methods for the detection of illegal growth promoters, such as thyreostats, anabolics, beta-agonists and corticosteroids have been developed for a wide range of matrices of animal origin, including meat, fat, organ tissue, urine and faeces. The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method for the determination of ng L(-1) levels of estrogens, gestagens, androgens (EGAs) and corticosteroids in aqueous preparations (i.e. drinking water, drinking water supplements), commercially available on the 'black' market. For this, extraction was performed with Bakerbond C18 speedisk, a technique commonly used in environmental analysis. After fractionation, four fractions were collected using a methanol:water gradient program. Gas chromatography coupled to electron impact multiple mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS2) screening for the EGAs was carried out on the derivatized extracts. For the detection of corticosteroids, gas chromatography coupled to negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS) was used after oxidation of the extracts. Confirmation was done by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization multiple mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS2). The combined use of GC and LC coupled to MS enabled the identification and quantification of anabolics and corticosteroids at the low ng L(-1) level. This study demonstrated the occurrence of both androgens and corticosteroids in different commercial aqueous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Noppe
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research group of Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Verheyden K, Le Bizec B, Courtheyn D, Mortier V, Vandewiele M, Gillis W, Vanthemsche P, De Brabander HF, Noppe H. Mass spectrometric detection of and similarities between 1-androgens. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 586:57-72. [PMID: 17386697 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Regularly new anabolic steroids appear on the black market. In most cases these substances are marketed on websites or are confiscated during inspections. 1,(5alpha)-Androstene-17beta-ol-3-one, also known as 1-testosterone, is one of these substances presented to body-builders as a nutritional supplement or a pro-hormone. 1-Testosterone closely resembles the natural hormone testosterone except for a 1,2-double bound instead of a 4,5-double bound. 1-Androstene-3beta,17beta-diol is transformed into 1-testosterone after oral administration. 1-Testosterone, 1-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol and some other related 'new' anabolic steroids were studied with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS2) methods. Similarities in spectra to known analytes, which may lead to pitfalls in the interpretation of the derivatised analytes, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Verheyden
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Van Hoof N, Courtheyn D, Gillis W, Van Hende J, Van Peteghem C, Van de Wiele M, Poelmans S, Noppe H, Van Poucke C, Cobbaert E, Vanthemse P, De Brabander HF. Metabolism of Methenolone Acetate in a Veal Calf. Vet Res Commun 2006; 31:259-72. [PMID: 17216314 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of anabolic steroids has been banned in the European Union since 1981. In this study, the metabolism of the anabolic steroid methenolone acetate, was investigated in a male veal calf. After daily oral administration of methenolone acetate, three main metabolites were detected in both urine and faeces samples. Among these metabolites, alpha-methenolone was apparently the main one, but 1-methyl-5alpha-androstan-3,17-diol and 3alpha-hydroxy-1-methyl-5alpha-androstan-17-one were also observed. The parent compound was still detectable in faeces. As a consequence, abuse of methenolone acetate as growth promoter can be monitored by analysing urine and faeces samples. A few days after the last treatment, however, no metabolites were observed. Alpha-methenolone was detectable in urine until 5 days after the last treatment, but in faeces no metabolites were detectable after 3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Van Hoof
- Research Group Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Noppe H, Arijs K, De Wasch K, Van Cruchten S, Poelmans S, Courtheyn D, Cobbaert E, Gillis W, Vanthemsche P, De Brabander H, Janssen C, Van Hoof N. Biological and chemical approaches for the detection and identification of illegal estrogens in water-based solutions. Vet Res Commun 2006; 30:577-85. [PMID: 16838200 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The continuous introduction of new products used as growth promoters in animal husbandry, for sports doping and as products for body-building requires residue laboratories to initiate research on developing a strategy for the identification of 'unknown' components. In this study, a strategy is presented for elucidating the identity, the structure and the possible effects of illegal estrogenic compounds in an unidentified water-based solution. To obtain complete information on the composition and activity of the unidentified product, a multidisciplinary approach was needed. A case-study is described with a 'solution X' found during a raid. First, in vivo techniques (animal trials with mice, anatomical and histological research) were combined with in vitro techniques (the yeast estrogenic screen (YES)). In a later stage of the investigation, HPLC-fractionation, liquid chromatography-multiple mass spectrometry (LC-MSn) and gas chromatography-multiple mass spectrometry (GC-MSn) were used. Finally, the identity of 'solution X' was confirmed in a very low concentration range (10 ng/L estrone and 400 ng/l ethinyloestradiol).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Noppe
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Poelmans S, De Wasch K, Noppe H, Van Hoof N, Van de Wiele M, Courtheyn D, Gillis W, Vanthemsche P, Janssen CR, De Brabander HF. Androstadienetrione, a boldenone-like component, detected in cattle faeces with GC-MSnand LC-MSn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:798-807. [PMID: 16192066 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500239508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Boldenone (1,4-androstadiene-17-ol-3-one, Bol) has been the subject of a heated debate because of ongoing confusion about its endogenous or exogenous origin when detected in one of its forms in faecal or urine samples from cattle. An expert report was recently written on the presence and metabolism of Bol in various animal species. Androstadienedione (ADD) is a direct precursor of 17beta-boldenone (betaBol). It is a 3,17-dione; ssBol is a 17-ol-3-one. Not much is published on 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-diol, which is a 3,17-diol (ADL). If animals were exposed for a longer period to one of these analytes, a metabolic pathway would be initiated to eliminate these compounds. Similar to recent testosterone metabolism studies in the aquatic invertebrate Neomysis integer, ADD, ssBol and ADL could also be eliminated as hydroxymetabolites after exposure. The presence of 11-keto-steroids or 11-hydroxy-metabolites in faecal samples can interfere with a confirmation method by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS), after oxidation of corticosteroids with a double bond in the A-ring (e.g. prednisolone or its metabolite prednisone). The presence of androstadienetrione (ADT) in faecal samples of cattle has never been reported. The origin of its presence can be explained through different pathways, which are presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Poelmans
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Research Group of Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Westermann AM, Wiedemann GJ, Jager E, Jager D, Katschinski DM, Knuth A, Vörde Sive Vörding PZ, Van Dijk JDP, Finet J, Neumann A, Longo W, Bakhshandeh A, Tiggelaar CL, Gillis W, Bailey H, Peters SO, Robins HI. A Systemic Hyperthermia Oncologic Working Group trial. Ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide combined with 41.8 degrees C whole-body hyperthermia for metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. Oncology 2003; 64:312-21. [PMID: 12759526 DOI: 10.1159/000070287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on earlier clinical and preclinical studies, we conducted a phase II trial in metastatic sarcoma patients of the combination of 41.8 degrees C (x60 min) radiant heat (Aquatherm) whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) with 'ICE' chemotherapy. The ICE regimen consists of ifosfamide (5 g/m(2)), carboplatin (300 mg/m(2)) and etoposide (100 mg/m(2)), concurrent with WBH, with etoposide also on days 2 and 3 post-WBH. METHODS Therapy was delivered every 4 weeks for a maximum of 4 cycles. All patients received filgrastim or lenograstim. RESULTS Of 108 patients enrolled as of September 2001, 95 are evaluable for response. Of the evaluable patients (mean ECOG performance status approximately 1; mean age 42.3; 58% male) 33 had no prior therapy for metastatic disease, and 62 were pretreated (mean: 1.5 prior regimens). The overall response rate was 28.4% (4 complete remissions and 23 partial remissions) with stable disease (SD) in 31 patients. For no prior therapy, the response rate was 36%; in pretreated patients it was 24%. The median overall survival by Kaplan-Meier estimates was 393 days (95% CI 327, 496); the median time to treatment failure was 123 days (95% CI 77, 164). The major toxicity (287 cycles) was grade 3 or 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia seen in 79.7 and 60.6% of treatments respectively; there were 7 episodes of infection (grade 3/4) with 2 treatment-related deaths, bot involving disease progression and ureteral obstruction. CONCLUSION These results are consistent with continued clinical investigation of this combined modality approach.
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Robins HI, Katschinski DM, Longo W, Grosen E, Wilding G, Gillis W, Kraemer C, Tiggelaar CL, Rushing D, Stewart JA, Spriggs D, Love R, Arzoomanian RZ, Feierabend C, Alberti D, Morgan K, Simon K, d'Oleire F. A pilot study of melphalan, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and 41.8 degrees C whole-body hyperthermia. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1999; 43:409-14. [PMID: 10100597 DOI: 10.1007/s002800050915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibilitv of sequencing (based on preclinical modeling) tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF) at two dose levels with melphalan (L-PAM) and 41.8 C whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) for 60 min. PATIENTS AND METHODS Nine patients with refractory cancer were treated from October 1995 to June 1997. The study encompassed a total of 20 trimodality treatment courses. Three patients were treated at TNF dose level I (50 microg/m2) and six patients were treated at TNF dose level II (100 microg/m2). TNF was delivered as a 24-h intravenous infusion, 48 h prior to the combination of L-PAM and WBH; L-PAM was given over 10 min at target temperature at a dose of 17.5 mg/ m2 based on a previous phase I WBH/L-PAM trial. WBH was administered with an Aquatherm radiant heat device. RESULTS Myelosuppression was the major toxicity associated with therapy, but there were no instances of bleeding or neutropenic fevers. Grade 3 thrombocytopenia was seen with 15% of treatments. Regarding absolute neutrophil count, 15% of treatments were associated with grade 3 toxicity, and 45% with grade 4 toxicity, and regarding white blood cell count, 50% of treatments were associated with grade 3 toxicity and 10% with grade 4 toxicity. The myelosuppression observed was equivalent to that seen in our earlier phase I study of WBH and L-PAM (without TNF). Only mild toxicities (grade 1 or 2) were associated with TNF; these were seen with <25% of treatments and included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fevers, and headache. There were no instances of hypotension. There was no relationship between toxicities observed and the two TNF dose levels. Mild WBH toxicities were seen with less than 15% of treatments; these included nausea, vomiting, and herpes simplex I. Responses included two complete remissions (malignant melanoma, TNF dose level I; breast cancer, TNF dose level II), and two disease stabilizations (both malignant melanoma, TNF dose level I). CONCLUSION We conclude that the combination of TNF, L-PAM, and WBH is well tolerated at the dose levels studied. The clinical results justify further clinical investigation for this trimodality treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Robins
- University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison 53792, USA
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Robins HI, Rushing D, Kutz M, Tutsch KD, Tiggelaar CL, Paul D, Spriggs D, Kraemer C, Gillis W, Feierabend C, Arzoomanian RZ, Longo W, Alberti D, d'Oleire F, Qu RP, Wilding G, Stewart JA. Phase I clinical trial of melphalan and 41.8 degrees C whole-body hyperthermia in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:158-64. [PMID: 8996137 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1997.15.1.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the biologic interactions and toxicities of melphalan (L-PAM) combined with 41.8 degrees C whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) for 60 minutes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixteen patients with refractory cancer were treated (May 1992 to May 1995) with WBH alone during week 1) thereafter patients were randomized to receive either L-PAM alone on week 2 and L-PAM plus WBH on week 5, or the reverse sequence. Patients who demonstrated clinical improvement received WBH plus L-PAM monthly. Dose levels of L-PAM were 10 mg/m2 (n = 3), 15 mg/m2 (n = 3), 17.5 mg/m2 (n = 6), and 20 mg/m2 (n = 4). L-PAM was administered at target temperature; WBH was administered with an Aquatherm radiant-heat device (patent pending; Cancer Research Institute, New York, NY). RESULTS Comparisons of mean WBC count and platelet nadirs for L-PAM alone and L-PAM plus WBH demonstrated that the addition of WBH resulted in nadir counts that were, on average, 25% lower. There were no instances of febrile neutropenia or bleeding. Toxicities allowed for escalation of L-PAM to 20 mg/m2; all four patients at this level experienced grade 4 myelosuppression. No significant myelosuppression was observed at 10 and 15 mg/m2. Grade 3 myelosuppression was observed in two of six patients at 17.5 mg/m2. Responses included complete remission (CR) of pancreatic cancer (10 mg/m2), partial remission (PR) of malignant melanoma in two patients (20 mg/m2), and transient clinical and/or serologic improvement in five patients. The pharmacokinetics of L-PAM were not altered by WBH. Observed cytokine induction by WBH is also discussed in detail. CONCLUSION We conclude that L-PAM with 41.8 degrees C WBH is well tolerated. Clinical results are consistent with preclinical predictions and provide a foundation for second-generation trials now in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Robins
- University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, USA.
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Wiedemann GJ, Robins HI, Katschinski DM, Mentzel M, van Heek R, Touhidi RR, Bucsky P, Gillis W, Feyerabend T, d'Oleire F, Freund C, Eleftheriadis S, Weiss C, Wagner T. [Clinical studies on combination of ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (ICE) with whole body hyperthermia]. Med Klin (Munich) 1996; 91:279-83. [PMID: 8709905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G J Wiedemann
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Medizinischen Universität Lübeck
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Robins HI, Kutz M, Wiedemann GJ, Katschinski DM, Paul D, Grosen E, Tiggelaar CL, Spriggs D, Gillis W, d'Oleire F. Cytokine induction by 41.8 degrees C whole body hyperthermia. Cancer Lett 1995; 97:195-201. [PMID: 7497463 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(95)03976-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The potential for 41.8 degrees C whole body hyperthermia (WBH) to enhance ionizing irradiation and cytotoxic chemotherapy without a commensurate increase in normal tissue toxicity is currently receiving renewed clinical interest. Additionally, WBH may have other biological sequela which may be clinically exploited. In this paper, data are summarized revealing the ability of WBH to induce elevated plasma levels of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) within hours of WBH. Data regarding TNF-alpha shows induction in only a proportion of patients. No induction of C-reactive protein (CRP) or the following cytokines was observed: granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-7 (IL-7), interleukin-11 (IL-11), interleukin-12 (IL-12), macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha). Data regarding interleukin-3 (IL-3) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) were variable and inconclusive. The implications of these results to past and future clinical trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Robins
- University of Wisconsin Clinical Science Center, Madison, USA
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