[Application and advancement of digital teaching materials in teaching epidemiology]

This study aims at examining the application and development of digital teaching materials in the field of epidemiology, encompassing both China and international contexts. The research involved conducting search on websites and literature databases to assess the status of digital teaching materials in epidemiology, nationally and internationally. At present, in China, digital teaching materials used in epidemiology are primarily presented in the form of printed books with added QR codes, providing teaching resources such as videos and exercises. However, issues with the level of interactivity have been identified. In foreign countries, with stronger emphasis placed on personalization, interactivity, and the use of rich media technologies in the digital teaching materials, epidemiologically. Enhanced digitization regarding materials and learning outcomes is achieved through features such as real-time notes, interactive animations, and quizzes. These approaches are considered worth considering for adoption. This study provides valuable insights for the digital transformation of epidemiology education.

[Evaluation of differences in quality of life in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease]

Objective: To evaluate the status of, differences in, and factors influencing quality of life (QoL) in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Methods: From September 2021 to February 2023, a cross-sectional study of 140 patients with chronic GVHD was conducted at our center. Symptom burden was assessed by the Lee Symptomatology Scale (LSS), and QoL was assessed by the Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) (version 1) and five-level EuroQoL five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). Results: Data from 140 respondents, including 32 (22.9%) with mild chronic GVHD, 87 (62.1%) with moderate chronic GVHD, and 21 (15.0%) with severe chronic GVHD, were analyzed. Of the respondents, 61.4% were male, and the median transplantation age was 34 (15-68) years. The primary diagnoses were acute myeloid leukemia (50.0%), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (20.0%), and myelodysplastic syndrome (15.0%). The common chronic GVHD-affected organs included the skin in 74 patients (52.9%), the eyes in 57 patients (40.7%), and the liver in 50 patients (35.7%). Among the whole cohort, the eye (20.48±23.75), psychological (16.13±17.00), and oral (13.66±20.55) scores were highest in the LSS group. The physiological function (36.07±11.13), social function (36.10±10.68), and role-emotional functioning (38.36±11.88) scores were lowest in the SF-36 group. The EQ-5D index was 0.764. The total LSS scores for mild, moderate, and severe chronic GVHD were 6.51±6.15, 10.07±5.61, and 20.90±10.09, respectively. The SF-36 physical component scores (PCSs) were 43.12±6.38, 40.73±7.14, and 36.97±6.97, respectively, and the mental component scores (MCSs) were 43.00±8.47, 38.90±9.52, and 28.96±9.63, respectively. The EQ-5D values were 0.810±0.124, 0.762±0.179, and 0.702±0.198, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that the overall symptom burden (β=-0.517), oral symptom burden (β=-0.456), National Institute of Health (NIH) criteria for the eyes (β=-0.376), and nutrition-related symptom burden (β=-0.211) were significantly negatively correlated with the PCS. The NIH score (β=-0.260) was negatively correlated with the MCS score. Oral symptom burden (β=-0.400), joint/fascia NIH criteria (β=-0.332), number of involved systems (β=-0.253), overall NIH criteria (β=-0.205), and number of immunosuppressants taken (β=-0.171) were significantly negatively correlated with the EQ-5D score (all P<0.05). Medium to strong correlations were found between the EQ-5D score and the SF-36 score (|r|=0.384-0.571, P<0.001). Conclusions: The QoL of patients with chronic GVHD is impaired, and the more severe the disease, the poorer the QoL. Overall symptom burden, severity of eyes, and oral symptom burden were the most important factors affecting QoL.

[Application and evaluation of artificial intelligence TPS-assisted cytologic screening system in urine exfoliative cytology]

Objective: To explore the application of manual screening collaborated with the Artificial Intelligence TPS-Assisted Cytologic Screening System in urinary exfoliative cytology and its clinical values. Methods: A total of 3 033 urine exfoliated cytology samples were collected at the Henan People's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. Liquid-based thin-layer cytology was prepared. The slides were manually read under the microscope and digitally presented using a scanner. The intelligent identification and analysis were carried out using an artificial intelligence TPS assisted screening system. The Paris Report Classification System of Urinary Exfoliated Cytology 2022 was used as the evaluation standard. Atypical urothelial cells and even higher grade lesions were considered as positive when evaluating the recognition sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence-assisted screening systems and human-machine collaborative cytologic screening methods in urine exfoliative cytology. Among the collected cases, there were also 1 100 pathological tissue controls. Results: The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the AI-assisted cytologic screening system were 77.18%, 90.79% and 69.49%; those of human-machine coordination method were 92.89%, 99.63% and 89.09%, respectively. Compared with the histopathological results, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of manual reading were 79.82%, 74.20% and 95.80%, respectively, while those of AI-assisted cytologic screening system were 93.45%, 93.73% and 92.66%, respectively. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of human-machine coordination method were 95.36%, 95.21% and 95.80%, respectively. Both cytological and histological controls showed that human-machine coordination review method had higher diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity, and lower false negative rates. Conclusions: The artificial intelligence TPS assisted cytologic screening system has achieved acceptable accuracy in urine exfoliation cytologic screening. The combination of manual screening and artificial intelligence TPS assisted screening system can effectively improve the sensitivity and accuracy of cytologic screening and reduce the risk of misdiagnosis.

Nonlinear interaction between double tearing mode and Kelvin-Helmholtz instability with different shear flows

The nonlinear interaction between the double tearing mode (DTM) and Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instabilities with different shear flow profiles has been numerically investigated via the use of a compressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model. We focus on KH instabilities in weak and reversed magnetic shear plasmas with strong stabilizing effect of field line bending. Results show that KH instabilities coupled with DTMs occur in these plasmas and the KH mode dominates the instability dynamics, suggesting the crucial role of weak magnetic shear in the formation of high-mode harmonics. For symmetric flows, an asymmetric forced magnetic reconnection configuration is maintained during the growth phase, leading to interlocking of the modes. Additionally, this investigation of the DTM-KH instability interaction contributes to our understanding of the nonlinear reconnection mechanism in the regime of weak and reversed magnetic shear plasmas, which is relevant for astrophysical and fusion studies.

[Evaluation of the efficacy of TIPS in 27 patients with hepatic sinus obstruction syndrome in the near and medium term]

Objective: intrahepatic portocaval shunt (TIPS) in the treatment of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 27 patients with HSOS who were treated with TIPS in our center from July 2018 to July 2020. The changes of portal vein pressure (PVP), portal vein pressure gradient (PPG) and liver function were observed, so as to evaluate the efficacy. Paired t test was adopted to evaluate the quantitative parameters, while χ (2) test was used to analyze qualitative parameters, with P < 0.05 as statistical difference. Results: PVP decreased from (4.41 ± 0.18) kPa before shunt to (2.69 ± 0.11) kPa after shunt (t = 82.41, P < 0.001), PPG decreased from (3.23 ± 0.18) kPa before shunt to (1.46 ± 0.23) kPa after shunt (t = 32.41, P < 0.001). The liver function improved significantly after operation. After 24 months of follow-up, 3 patients developed stent restenosis and recanalized after balloon dilation. Three patients developed hepatic encephalopathy, which was improved after drug treatment. One patient underwent liver transplantation due to liver failure. Conclusion: TIPS is effective in the treatment of HSOS in the short and medium term, and can provide time for liver transplantation patients to wait for liver source.

[Clinical characteristics and risk factors for bronchoscopic airway mucus hypersecretion in childhood pneumonia infected by different pathogens]

Objective: To investigate the risk factors for airway mucus hypersecretion in childhood pneumonia infected by different pathogens. Method: A retrospective cohort included 968 children who were hospitalized for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia, adenovirus pneumonia and underwent bronchoscopy in Respiratory Department of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2019 to December 2021 was conducted. The children were divided into two groups distinguished by airway mucus secretion according to the airway mucus hypersecretion score which were scored according to the mucus secretion under the bronchoscope. The demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, laboratory tests and disease severity of the two groups were compared. And the risk factors for the development of airway mucus hypersecretion in two groups were analyzed. Chi square test, Mann-Whithey U test and Fisher exact test were used to analyze the differences between the two groups, and multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors. Result: There were 559 males and 409 females in the 968 children, with an age of 4.0 (1.4, 6.0) years. Among the 642 children with MPP, 185 cases were in the hypersecretion group and 457 cases were in the non-hypersecretion group. There were 41 cases in the hypersecretion group and 160 cases in the non-hypersecretion group of 201 children with RSV pneumonia. In the 125 children with adenovirus pneumonia, there were 39 cases in the hypersecretion group and 86 cases in the non-hypersecretion group. In these children, the age of children in the hypersecretion group was older than that in the non-hypersecretion group (6.0 (4.0, 7.0) vs. 5.0 (3.0, 7.0) years old, 1.5 (0.5, 3.6) vs. 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) years old, 2.0 (1.2, 4.5) vs. 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) years old, U=35 295.00, 2 492.00, 1 101.00, all P<0.05). Through multivariate Logistic regression analysis it found that increased risk of airway mucus hypersecretion was present in childhood MPP with increase in peripheral blood white blood cell count (OR=3.30, 95%CI 1.51-7.93, P=0.004) or increase in neutrophil ratio (OR=2.24, 95%CI 1.16-4.33, P=0.016) or decrease in lymphocyte count (OR=3.22, 95%CI 1.66-6.31, P<0.001) or decrease in serum albumin (OR=2.00, 95%CI 1.01-3.98, P=0.047). The risk of airway mucus hypersecretion was increased in children with RSV pneumonia combined with elevated peripheral blood eosinophils (OR=3.04, 95%CI 1.02-8.93, P=0.043). Meanwhile, airway mucus hypersecretion was associated with severe pneumonia (OR=2.46, 95%CI 1.03-6.15, P=0.047) in children with RSV pneumonia. Older age was associated with increased risk of airway mucus hypersecretion in children with adenovirus pneumonia (OR=1.02, 95%CI 1.00-1.04, P=0.026). In these children with occurrence of pulmonary rales, wheezes or sputum sounds (OR=3.65, 95%CI 1.22-12.64, P=0.028) had an increased risk of airway mucus hypersecretion. Neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) demonstrated higher ratio in hypersecretion group from children with MPP (0.65 (0.43, 0.81) vs. 0.59 (0.34, 0.76), U=24 507.00, P<0.01), while the proportion of macrophages in BALF was lower (0.10 (0.05, 0.20) vs. 0.12 (0.06, 0.24), U=33 043.00, P<0.05). Nucleated cell count and neutrophil ratio in BALF were higher in hypersecretion group of children with RSV pneumonia (1 210 (442, 2 100)×10⁶ vs. 490 (210, 1 510)×10⁶/L, 0.43 (0.26, 0.62) vs. 0.30 (0.13, 0.52), U=2 043.00, 2 064.00, all P<0.05). Conclusions: The increase in peripheral blood white blood cell count, neutrophil ratio and decrease in lymphocyte count, serum albumin in children with MPP is related to the development of airway mucus hypersecretion. In children with RSV pneumonia, the abnormal increase of eosinophils in peripheral blood has relationship with hypersecretion. The appearance of lung rale, wheezing, and sputum rale are associated with airway mucus hypersecretion in children with adenovirus pneumonia. In addition, local neutrophil infiltration in the respiratory tract is closely related to the occurrence of airway mucus hypersecretion caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and RSV infection.

[Long-term outcome of EVAHEART I implantable ventricular assist device for the treatment of end stage heart failure: clinical 3-year follow-up results of 15 cases]

Objective: To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of the implantable ventricular assist system EVAHEART I in clinical use. Methods: Fifteen consecutive patients with end-stage heart failure who received left ventricular assist device therapy in Fuwai Hospital from January 2018 to December 2021 were enrolled in this study, their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. Cardiac function, liver and kidney function, New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, 6-minute walk distance and quality of life were evaluated before implantation and at 1, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months after device implantation. Drive cable infection, hemolysis, cerebrovascular events, mechanical failure, abnormally high-power consumption and abnormal pump flow were recorded during follow up. Results: All 15 patients were male, mean average age was (43.0±7.5) years, including 11 cases of dilated cardiomyopathy, 2 cases of ischemic cardiomyopathy, and 2 cases of valvular heart disease. All patients were hemodynamically stable on more than one intravenous vasoactive drugs, and 3 patients were supported by preoperative intra aortic balloon pump (IABP). Compared with before device implantation, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) was significantly decreased ((80.93±6.69) mm vs. (63.73±6.31) mm, P<0.05), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), total bilirubin and creatinine were also significantly decreased ((3 544.85±1 723.77) ng/L vs. (770.80±406.39) ng/L; (21.28±10.51) μmol/L vs. (17.39±7.68) μmol/L; (95.82±34.88) μmol/L vs. (77.32±43.81) μmol/L; P<0.05) at 1 week after device implantation. All patients in this group were in NYHA class Ⅳ before implantation, and 9 patients could recover to NYHA class Ⅲ, 3 to class Ⅱ, and 3 to class Ⅰ at 1 month after operation. All patients recovered to class Ⅰ-Ⅱ at 6 months after operation. The 6-minute walk distance, total quality of life and visual analogue scale were significantly increased and improved at 1 month after implantation compared with those before operation (P<0.05). All patients were implanted with EVAHEART I at speeds between 1 700-1 950 rpm, flow rates between 3.2-4.5 L/min, power consumption of 3-9 W. The 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year survival rates were 100%, 87%, and 80%, respectively. Three patients died of multiple organ failure at 412, 610, and 872 d after surgery, respectively. During long-term device carrying, 3 patients developed drive cable infection on 170, 220, and 475 d after surgery, respectively, and were cured by dressing change. One patient underwent heart transplantation at 155 d after surgery due to bacteremia. Three patients developed transient ischemic attack and 1 patient developed hemorrhagic stroke events, all cured without sequelae. Conclusion: EVAHEART I implantable left heart assist system can effectively treat critically ill patients with end-stage heart failure, can be carried for long-term life and significantly improve the survival rate, with clear clinical efficacy.

MHD instability dynamics and turbulence enhancement towards the plasma disruption at the HL-2A tokamak

The evolutions of MHD instability behaviors and enhancement of both electrostatic and electromagnetic turbulence towards the plasma disruption have been clearly observed in the HL-2A plasmas. Two types of plasma disruptive discharges have been investigated for similar equilibrium parameters: one with a distinct stage of a small central temperature collapse ([Formula: see text] 5-10%) around 1 millisecond before the thermal quench (TQ), while the other without. For both types, the TQ phase is preceded by a rotating 2/1 tearing mode, and it is the development of the cold bubble from the inner region of the 2/1 island O-point along with its inward convection that causes the massive energy loss. In addition, the micro-scale turbulence, including magnetic fluctuations and density fluctuations, increases before the small collapse, and more significantly towards the TQ. Also, temperature fluctuations measured by electron cyclotron emission imaging enhances dramatically at the reconnection site and expand into the island when approaching the small collapse and TQ, and the expansion is more significant close to the TQ. The observed turbulence enhancement near the X-point cannot be fully interpreted by the linear stability analysis by GENE. Evidences suggest that nonlinear effects, such as the reduction of local [Formula: see text] shear and turbulence spreading, may play an important role in governing turbulence enhancement and expansion. These results imply that the turbulence and its interaction with the island facilitate the stochasticity of the magnetic flux and formation of the cold bubble, and hence, the plasma disruption.

[Empirical analysis on lumbar disc herniation treated with "sinew-bone three needling technique" of Chinese medicine]

The paper presents professor WU Han-qing's experience in treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with "sinew-bone three needling technique" of Chinese medicine. Based on the theory of meridian sinew, the points are located by "three-pass method" in terms of the distribution of meridian sinew and syndrome/pattern differentiation. The cord-like muscles and adhesion are relieved by relaxing technique to work directly on the affected sites and alleviate the local compression to the nerve root. The needle technique is operated flexibly according to the affected regions involved, due to which, the needling sensation is increased while the safety ensured. As a result, the meridian qi is enhanced, the mind and qi circulation is regulated; and the clinical effect is improved.

[Long term results of central hole type posterior chamber intraocular lens in the correction of moderate to high myopia]

Objective: To evaluate the long-term safety,effectiveness,predictability and stability of ICL V4c implantation for moderate to high myopia. Methods: In this retrospective case series study, 95 eyes from 50 patients with moderate to severe myopia who were treated in 2015 underwent central hole type posterior chamber intraocular lens (ICL V4c) implantation at Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University. The patients were followed up for a period of five years, during which we assessed various parameters including uncorrected visual acuity (UDVA), corrected visual acuity (CDVA), refractive error, axial length, intraocular pressure, endothelial cell density (ECD), vault, and complications. We used the paired t-test and repeated measures one-way ANOVA in SPSS statistical software to analyze the data. Results: The mean spherical equivalent refraction (SE) decreased significantly from (-12.16±3.04) D preoperatively to (-0.19±0.55) D at one month and (-1.14±0.84) D at five years postoperatively. The safety indices (postoperative CDVA/preoperative CDVA) were 1.24±0.27 and 1.13±0.27, respectively, and the efficacy indices (postoperative UDVA/preoperative CDVA) were 1.14±0.25 and 0.87±0.26 at one month and five years postoperatively. At one month after surgery, 80.00% of the eyes were within ±0.50 D of the expected correction, and 96.84% were within ±1.00 D. There was no significant difference in IOP between preoperative and postoperative measurements. The rate of ECD was 3.87%, and the vault decreased by 106.32 μm at five years postoperatively. Conclusion: ICL V4c implantation is safe and effective with good predictability and stability for long term.

[Gasless submental approach endoscopic removal of thyroglossal cyst]

Objective: To explore the safety and feasibility of gasless submental approach endoscopic removal of thyroglossal cyst. Methods: This work prospectively included the clinical data of 13 patients who underwent the gasless submental approach endoscopic removal of thyroglossal cyst at the Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from August 2021 to February 2022. The operative time, bleeding volumes, postoperative complications, subjective pain levels, satisfaction with incisional scars, neck and facial deformities, and recurrences were prospectively evaluated by visual analogue scale(VAS) score. Results: All of 13 patients were successfully treated using this new technique. The patients had a median age of 38 years, ranging from 24 to 59 years, comprising of 3 males and 10 females. The length of the submental incision was about 3 cm and the median of operation time was 135 minutes. Postoperative complications were minimal. The median volume of blood loss was 10 ml. Surgical site swelling existed in 1 case and dysphagia for more than 1 week occurred in 2 cases. Patients were discharged from the hospital with a median of 3 days after surgery. On a VAS of 0-10 scores, the pain had a median of 2 on the first day after surgery, and the satisfaction with incision scars and neck and facial deformities showed a median of 8 at 6 months after surgery. There were no recurrences during the follow-up period of 9-15 months. Conclusion: Gasless submental approach endoscopic removal of thyroglossal cyst may be a reliable new surgical method that is safe and has cosmetic advantages.

[Research progress in the treatment of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy based on stereotactic-electroencephalogram]

Temporal lobe epilepsy, with a variety of etiological, symptomatic, electrophysiological characteristics, has the highest incidence among all focal epilepsy, and a high rate of progression to refractory epilepsy. Surgery is an effective treatment, but traditional methods are usually difficult to accurately locate the epileptogenic zone, which may be resolved by stereotactic-electroencephalogram(SEEG) technique. Radiofrequency thermocoagulation and MRI-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy based on SEEG provide a new accurate and minimally invasive choice for refractory epilepsy patients with high surgical risk and difficulty.

[Multidisciplinary regenerative treatment and mechanisms for rescuing a severe calciphylaxis patient with human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells]

Calciphylaxis is a rare disease with severe pain and high-mortality due to cutaneous ischemic necrosis and infection that currently lacks proved effective therapies. The occurrence of calciphylaxis in end stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients is known as calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA), which is characterized histologically by dermal microvessel calcification, intimal fibroplasia and microthrombosis. Here we innovatively treated a severe CUA patient with human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs). A 34-year-old uremic woman was presented with progressive, painful malodorous ulcers in buttocks and mummified lower limbs. Skin pathological features supported the diagnosis of calciphylaxis. The patient was refractory to conventional multidisciplinary symptomatic therapies. With the approval of our hospital ethics committee, she was treated with hAMSCs including intravenous and local intramuscular injection, and external application of hAMSC culture supernatant to the wound area. During 15-month follow-up, the patient had regeneration of skin and soft tissues, with improved blood biochemical, inflammatory, mineral and bone metabolic indices and immunoregulation effects. After 15-month hAMSC treatment, the score of pain visual analog scale (VAS) decreased from 10 to 0, Bates-Jensen wound assessment tool (BWAT) score decreased from 65 to 13, and wound-quality of life (Wound-QoL) questionnaire score decreased from 68 to 0. We propose that hAMSC treatment is promising for CUA patients. The therapy is potentially involved in the multiple beneficial effects of inhibiting vascular calcification, stimulating angiogenesis and myogenesis, modulating adverse inflammatory and immunologic responses, promoting re-epithelialization and restoring skin integrity.

[Observation of microstructure and vessel density changes in the superficial retinal layer in buried optic disc drusen patients]

Objective: To investigate the changes of the microstructure and vascular density in the superficial retinal layer of buried optic disc drusen (ODD) patients. Methods: Retrospective case-control study. A total of 36 ODD eyes (20 patients) and 26 normal control eyes were recruited in Beijing Union Medical College Hospital from January 2018 to July 2020. Measurement of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, slit lamp, fundus examination and visual field examination were performed. The images and data of spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) were analyzed and summarized. The differences of nasal retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness and macular superficial vascular density (VD) between ODD patients and normal controls were compared by independent sample t-test or Mann Whitney U test (the right eye was selected in bilateral ODD patients). Results: The 20 ODD patients and 26 normal controls were all female. There was no significant difference in age between the two groups (P>0.05). The BCVA and visual field examination was normal in all ODD patients. The SD-OCT examination showed an oval low signal shadow under the nasal outer nuclear layer of the optic disc, or local accumulation like a medium signal shadow with a clear boundary, and a high signal capsule in ODD patients. The RNFL in the upper nasal side of the ODD group was significantly different from the normal control group [(102.6±19.1) μm vs. (119.0±13.8) μm; t=-2.81; P<0.01]. Compared with normal control group [101.0 (100.0, 102.0) μm], the average GCC thickness in the ODD group [97.0 (89.3, 99.8) μm] was significantly different (U=48.50; P<0.01). The OCTA en-face scan showed that the vascular network in the macular area of the affected eyes was sparser than that of the control eyes. There was significant difference in superficial macular VD beteeen the ODD group (48.5%±2.8%) and the control group (51.0%±2.3%) (t=-2.63; P<0.05). Conclusions: There is thinning in the RNFL upper nasal side and GCC layer of the macular region in buried ODD patients, and the superficial VD of the macular region in buried ODD patients is lower than that in the normal controls.

[Effect and mechanism of siRNA targeting α-enolase gene combined with paclitaxel on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cell]

Objective: To investigate the effect of siRNA targeting inhibition of α-enolase (ENO1) combined with paclitaxel on the proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma SK-HEP-1 cell and its mechanism. Methods: siRNA-ENO1 (siRNA-ENO1 group) and siRNA-negative control (siRNA-NC group) were transfected into SK-HEP-1 cells in vitro, the untransfected SK-HEP-1 cells were used as the control group, and the transfection effect was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. After SK-HEP-1 cells were treated with 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg/L paclitaxel for 48 hours, the cell survival rate was measured by 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method and the semi inhibitory concentration of paclitaxel was calculated. SK-HEP-1 cells transfected with siRNA-ENO1 or siRNA-NC were treated with 10 μg/L paclitaxel as paclitaxel+ siRNA-ENO1 group and paclitaxel+ siRNA-NC group. The proliferation, clonogenesis, invasion and apoptosis of siRNA-NC group, siRNA-ENO1 group, paclitaxel+ siRNA-ENO1 group and paclitaxel+ siRNA-NC group were detected by MTT, clonogenesis, Transwell chamber and flow cytometry respectively. The expression levels of the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (p-PI3K), p-protein kinase B (Akt) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and B lymphocytoma-2 gene (Bcl-2) were detected by western blotting. Results: Compared with the control group (1.00±0.00 and 0.69±0.04, respectively), the expression levels of ENO1 mRNA and protein (0.25±0.03 and 0.23±0.02, respectively) in siRNA-ENO1 group decreased significantly (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in the expression levels of ENO1 mRNA and protein in siRNA-NC group (P>0.05). Compared without treatment group [(100.00±0.00)%, P<0.05], the survival rates of SK-HEP-1 cells treated with 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg/L paclitaxel [(88.65±6.46)%, (72.36±6.08)%, (60.48±4.23)%, (38.52±3.56)% and (20.75±2.32)%, respectively] decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the semi inhibitory concentration of paclitaxel was 13.26 μg/L. The cell survival rate and clone formation rate of siRNA-ENO1 group [(68.86±5.12)% and (18.12±2.25)%, respectively] were lower than those of siRNA-NC group [(100.00±0.00)% and (29.65±3.06)%, respectively, P<0.05]. The cell survival rate and clone formation rate of the paclitaxel+ siRNA-ENO1 group [(43.28±2.64)% and (8.72±0.52)%, respectively] were significantly different from those of the paclitaxel+ siRNA-NC group [(61.75±5.06)% and (13.48±2.16)%, respectively, P<0.05] and siRNA-ENO1 groups [(68.86±5.12)% and (18.12±2.25)%, respectively, P<0.05]. Cell invasion number in paclitaxel+ siRNA-ENO1 group (23.64±2.12) was lower than that in siRNA-ENO1 group and paclitaxel+ siRNA-NC group (42.16±2.75 and 37.35±2.42, respectively, P<0.05). The apoptosis rates of paclitaxel+ siRNA-NC group and siRNA-ENO1 group [(17.49±1.35)% and (15.29±1.50)%, respectively] were higher than that of siRNA-NC group [(7.21±0.70)%, P<0.05]. The apoptosis rate in the paclitaxel+ siRNA-ENO1 group [(24.59±2.40)%] was higher than those in the paclitaxel+ siRNA-NC group and siRNA-ENO1 group [(17.49±1.35)% and (15.29±1.50)%, respectively, P<0.05]. The expression levels of ENO1, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway related proteins including p-PI3K and p-Akt and the expression levels of PCNA, MMP-9 and Bcl-2 in siRNA-ENO1 group and paclitaxel+ siRNA-NC group were lower than those in siRNA-NC group (P<0.05). The expression levels of ENO1, p-PI3K, p-Akt, PCNA, MMP-9 and Bcl-2 in paclitaxel+ siRNA-ENO1 group were lower than those in siRNA-ENO1 group or paclitaxel+ siRNA-NC group (P<0.05). Conclusion: siRNA targeting inhibition of ENO1 expression can enhance the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel on proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of SK-HEP-1 cells, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Serum cholesterol efflux capacity is associated with coronary plaque progression in patients with coronary heart disease

Background

Coronary plaque progression is a major risk factor of adverse cardiac events in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Emerging evidence showed that attenuated high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function measured by cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) was associated with development of atherosclerosis independent of HDL cholesterol level. In this study, we sought to investigate whether CEC is a predictor for coronary plaque progression in CHD patients.

Methods

We consecutively enrolled CHD patients from January 2017 to August 2019 in our Hospital who underwent elective percutaneous coronary intervention and had at least one non-target coronary lesion. Follow-up coronary angiography were performed at around 12 months. Fluorescence-labeled cholesterol and J774 macrophages were used to measure the CEC of ApoB-depleted serum sample from all patients. Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was performed both at baseline and follow-up to analyze the plaque progression.

Results

A total of 430 CHD patients with 586 non-target coronary lesions were included in the final analysis. During a mean follow-up time of 381.04±59.52 days, patients with decreased CEC presented more severe plaque progression (net luminal loss in highest to lowest CEC quartile: 0.22±0.42mm vs 0.20±0.41mm vs 0.13±0.36mm vs 0.11±0.34mm, p=0.035). In multivariate analysis, baseline CEC was independently associated with coronary plaque progression after adjustment for traditional risk factors including HDL cholesterol and ApoA-I, no matter treated as categorical variable (OR: 0.382 [95% CI 0.180–0.781] for highest to lowest quartile) or continuous variable (OR: 0.522 [95% CI 0.373–0.714] for per SD increase]. Furthermore, CEC demonstrated a better power in predicting coronary plaque progression compared with HDL cholesterol concentration (AUC=0.644 vs 0.514).

Conclusions

This study suggests that HDL function reflected by serum CEC is an independent predictor for coronary plaque progression in CHD patients.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Natural Science Foundation of China, Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning

Synergistic effects ofα-Fe2O3nanoparticles and Fe-doping on gas-sensing performance of NiO nanowires and interface mechanism

High surface area nickel oxide nanowires (NiO NWs), Fe-doped NiO NWs andα-Fe₂O₃/Fe-doped NiO NWs were synthesized with nanocasting pathway, and then the morphology, microstructure and components of all samples were characterized with XRD, TEM, EDS, UV-vis spectra and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. Owing to the uniform mesoporous template, all samples with the same diameter exhibit the similar mesoporous-structures. The loadedα-Fe₂O₃nanoparticles should exist in mesoporous channels between Fe-doped NiO NWs to form heterogeneous contact at the interface of n-typeα-Fe₂O₃nanoparticles and p-type NiO NWs. The gas-sensing results indicate that Fe-dopant andα-Fe₂O₃-loading both improve the gas-sensing performance of NiO NWs sensors.α-Fe₂O₃/Fe-doped NiO NWs sensors presented the highest response to 100 ppm ethanol gas (55.264) compared with Fe-doped NiO NWs (24.617) and NiO NWs sensors (3.189). The donor Fe-dopant increases the ground state resistance and the absorbed oxygen content in air.α-Fe₂O₃nanoparticles in electron depletion region result in the increasing resistance in ethanol gas and decreasing resistance in air. In this way,α-Fe₂O₃/Fe-doped NiO NWs sensor presents the excellent gas-sensing performance due to the formation of heterogeneous contact at the interface.

Analysis of long non-coding RNA expression profiles in disuse osteoporosis using microarray and bioinformatics

Disuse osteoporosis (DOP) is one of the major consequences of long space flights. DOP also occurs in patients with spinal cord injuries and prolonged bedridden states that can have a severe impact on human health. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that play an important role in bone homeostasis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in regulating osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and their abnormal expression might lead to the formation of orthopedic diseases. However, the specific mechanism of DOP has not yet been elucidated. All sequencing data were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. The limma package of R was applied to identify DEmRNAs and DElncRNAs. Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) between DElncRNADEmRNA expression levels were calculated. Functional annotation was performed for DEmRNAs coexpressed with DElncRNAs. In addition, the Cytohubba plug-in in Cytoscape was applied to determine the top 10 hub genes. Finally, connectivity map (CMap) analysis was used to identify potential therapeutic drugs for DOP. The gene expression data, GSE100930 and GSE17696, were retrieved from the GEO database. A total of 2,212 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and 22 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) were obtained. Gene ontology (GO) functional terms, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes, and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis reveal 30 significant GO terms and 13 significant pathways. A coding-non-coding gene co-expression (CNC) network was constructed to study the potential role of hub-DElncRNAs and their co-expressed DEmRNAs in DOP. The lncRNAs, GSNAS1, SNHG12, and EPB41LA4A-AS1, were significant in the CNC network and potential regulators of DOP development. Three bioactive compounds (scoulerine, kinetin riboside, dexanabinol) with potential therapeutic significance for DOP were obtained through the Connectivity Map (CMAP) analysis. Our study revealed a new mechanism for a lineage shift of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under microgravity, and linked the function of protein-coding mRNAs with ncRNAs, which may contribute to the development of new therapies for DOP.

[Immunogenicity and safety of a boost dose of measles, mumps, and rubella combined vaccine for 4-6 years old children]

Objective: To investigate the immunogenicity and safety of a boost dose of measles, mumps, and rubella combined vaccine (MMR) for children 4 to 6 years old. Methods: Children, aged 4 to 6 years old, had vaccinated with 1 dose of measles and rubella combined vaccine(MR) at the age of 8 months and 1 dose of MMR vaccine at 18-months, were recruited in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, and Beijing, respectively. All children were assigned into 4, 5 and 6-year-old group. The children who met inclusion and exclusion criteria were vaccinated with 1 dose MMR vaccine, and were collected blood samples before vaccination and 35 to 42 d after the vaccination. During the study period, adverse events were collected at 30 min, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 4-12 d, and 13 to 42 days after vaccination. Serum was tested for IgG antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella. Geometric mean concentrations (GMC) of measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies were compared among groups by analysis of variance or non-parametric test. Seropositive rates and adverse event rates were compared among groups by Chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Results: A total of 500 children were included in immunogenicity analysis and 535 children were included in safety analysis. The overall adverse event rate was 20.37%, the most of severity for adverse events was mild. The rates of local and systemic adverse events were 0.37% and 20.00%, respectively. Symptoms of local adverse events were redness. The main systemic adverse events were fever, followed by cough, rash and runny nose. Received a dose of MMR vaccine for booster immunization, the seropositive rates of measles antibody, mumps antibody and rubella antibody were above 99% for all 3 age groups, and there was no significant difference between groups. There were significant differences in mumps antibody GMC among groups (P=0.042), but no significant differences in measles and rubella antibodies GMC. Conclusion: The immunogenicity and safety of a boosted MMR vaccintion in children aged 4, 5 and 6 years were all similar good.

Improved light extraction efficiency of AlGaN deep-ultraviolet light emitting diodes combining Ag-nanodots/Al reflective electrode with highly transparent p-type layer

Enhancement of light extraction efficiency (LEE) of AlGaN-based deep-ultraviolet (DUV) light emitting diodes (LEDs) has been attempted by adopting Ag-nanodots/Al reflective electrodes on a highly transparent complex p-type layer. By thinning the p-GaN to several nm, highly DUV transparent p-type layer is achieved, making it meaningful for the application of reflective electrodes composed of Ag-nanodots and Al film to allow most light emitted upward to be reflected back to the sapphire side. By this approach, the maximum light output power and external quantum efficiency of the DUV-LEDs with optimized Ag nanodots/Al electrodes are severally increased by 52% and 58%, respectively, compared to those with traditional Ni/Au electrodes when the current is below 200 mA.

[Study on the relationship between occupational stress and metabolic syndrome in operating room nursing staff of a third-class A hospital]

Objective: To explore the relationship between occupational stress and metabolic syndrome (MS) in operating room nurses. Methods: In July 2019, 179 nurses in the operating room of a third-class A hospital in Shandong Province were selected as the research objects. The self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the general situation, and "Nurse Job Stressor Scale" was used to investigate the occupational stress level of nursing staff. The height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischemia-modified albumin, lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 were measured. The nursing staff were divided into MS group and non-MS group, and the occupational stress levels of the two groups were compared. Chi square test or Fisher test were used to compare the counting data between groups; the measurement data were expressed by Mean±SD, and the comparison between groups was performed with t test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of MS. Results: The overall occupational stress level of nurses in operating room was (450.58±141.77) points, which was significantly lower than the norm score (P<0.05) ; Compared with non-MS group, the overall occupational stress level, work nature, workload and patient related factors in MS group were significantly higher, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) ; The prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia and hypertension were significantly different among the groups with different occupational stress levels (P<0.05) . After adjusting waist circumference, triglyceride, systolic blood pressure, high density lipoprotein, ischemia modified albumin and lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2, the total score of occupational stress was the risk factor of MS in operating room nurses (P<0.05) . Conclusion: The occupational stress level of nurses in operating room is related to the prevalence of MS.

[Practice guideline for patients with osteoporosis]

In recent years, osteoporosis (OP) has become one of the main diseases affecting the health of middle-aged and elderly people in China, and the prevalence of OP has increased significantly. The clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines for this disease are also constantly updated. The overall principles speciallyemphasise that doctors and patients need to work together to negotiate the details of the diagnosis and treatment guidelines, in order to improve the OP clinical diagnosis and treatment rate. Therefore, patients' knowledge of the disease, understanding of clinical guidelines, and cooperation with doctors to implement diagnosis and treatment plans are very important. In this study, from the most concerned issues of the patients, we established the OP patient practice guideline working group. 14 recommendations, as the OP patient practice guidelines, are proposed in accordance with the relevant principles of the "World Health Organization guidelines development manual" and the international normative process.

[Peripapillary and macular vessel density in eyes with different phases of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy]

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of vessel density in the optic disc and macular area of patients with different phases of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) and their correlation with visual function. Methods: This case-control study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology of Peking Union Medical College Hospital between June 2019 and September 2019. TAO patients and healthy volunteers were included in the study. Patients with a clinical activity score greater than or equal to 3 points were categorized as active TAO. Dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) patients with a course less than 6 months were categorized as acute phase of DON, and those more than 6 months were in the chronic group. Healthy volunteers were in the control group. Each group included 12 subjects, with right eyes for analysis. There were 6 males and 6 females in each group. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination including best corrected visual acuity and visual field examination for the mean defect (MD). Best corrected visual acuity was subsequently converted to logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). Optical coherence tomography was used to measure the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and retinal ganglion cell complex (GCC). Optical coherence tomography angiography was used to the peripapillary and macular vessel density. The differences in the vessel densities in the optic disc and macular area between groups and their correlation with different factors were analyzed. Analysis of variance, non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman coefficient were conducted for statistical analysis. Results: There was no significant difference in age among the four groups (P>0.05). The logMAR of the acute DON group was 0.1 (0.0, 0.2), worse than the control group, which was 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) (U=114.000, P<0.05). The overall vessel densities of the optic disc in acute DON and chronic DON were significantly lower than the control group (54.70%±2.31% and 54.31%±3.65% vs. 57.54%±2.17%; t=3.104, 2.636; both P<0.05). The overall superficial vessel densities of the macular area in active TAO, acute DON and chronic DON were significantly lower than the control group (46.07%±3.06% and 42.26%±5.05% and 45.63%±3.87% vs. 49.34%±3.08%), and the differences were statistically significant (t=2.614, 4.147, 2.603; all P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the size of the foveal avascular zone or the density of deep blood vessels in the macular area among the four groups (all P>0.05). In the active TAO period, there was no correlation between the MD value, RNFL thickness, GCC thickness and the vessel densities of the optic disc and macular area (all P>0.05). The vascular density of the whole layer of the optic disc in acute DON was negatively correlated with the MD value (r=-0.591, P<0.05) and positively correlated with the RNFL thickness and GCC thickness (r=0.595, 0.693; both P<0.05). In chronic DON, the overall capillary density of the optic disc was negatively correlated with the MD value (r=-0.673, P<0.05); the superficial overall blood vessel density of the macular area was positively correlated with the thickness of RNFL and GCC (r=0.732, 0.712;both P<0.01). Conclusions: In active TAO, only the blood supply to the superficial layer of the macular area is decreased. In the acute and chronic phases of DON, the blood supply to the superficial layer of the macular area and the optic disc is both reduced; the smaller the blood vessel density, the more severe the visual field defect, and the thinner the RNFL and GCC. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56:824-831).

[Study on the relationship between quality of nursing professional life and depression tendency of nursing staff]

Objective: To explore the relationship between the quality of professional life and depression tendency of nurses. Methods: From November 2018 to January 2019, 242 nurses from some third-class A hospitals were randomly selected as the subjects. The Quality of Professional Life Scale of Nurses were used to evaluate the status of nurses' professional life quality, and the depression state of nurses was measured by Self Rating Depression Scale, and the relationship between them was analyzed. Results: The total score of professional life of nurses was (156.86±26.60) , including family work balance (24.60±4.73) , working environment (77.30±14.78) , workload (36.34±6.11) and social environment (18.62±4.21) . The total score of depression tendency of nurses was (43.76±9.50) , the overall depression tendency rate was 64.46% (156/242) , and the incidence rates of moderate and severe depression tendency were 23.55% (57/242) and 10.74% (26/242) , respectively. There was negative correlation between the total score of professional quality of life and each dimension score with depression tendency (P<0.05) ; Multiple linear regression analysis showed that high quality of professional life was the protective factor of depression tendency of nurses (P<0.001) . Conclusion: The quality of professional life of nurses is related to depression tendency, and the high quality of professional life is not prone to depression.

Methionine improves feather follicle development in chick embryos by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling

This study was conducted to explore the regulatory role of methionine (Met) in feather follicle and feather development during the embryonic period of chicks. A total of 280 fertile eggs (40 eggs/group) were injected with 0, 5, 10, 20 mg of L-Met or DL-Met/per egg on embryonic day 9 (E9), and whole-body feather and skin tissues were collected on E15 and the day of hatching (DOH). The whole-body feather weight was determined to describe the feather growth, and the skin samples were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining and Western blotting for the evaluation of feather follicle development and the expressions of Wingless/Int (Wnt)/β-catenin signaling pathway proteins, respectively. The results showed that L- or DL-Met did not affect the embryo weight (P > 0.05), but increased the absolute and relative whole-body feather weights. Specifically, 5 and 10 mg of L-Met and 5, 10, and 20 mg of DL-Met significantly increased the absolute feather weight at E15 (P < 0.05), and 10 mg of L-Met and 5 and 10 mg of DL-Met significantly increased the absolute and relative feather weight on the DOH (P < 0.05). Moreover, a main effect analysis suggested that changes in the embryo and feather weights were related to the Met levels (P < 0.05) but not the Met source (P > 0.05). The levels of L- and DL-Met were quadratically correlated with the absolute and relative feather weights of chicks on the DOH (P < 0.05). Correspondingly, all doses of L- and DL-Met significantly increased the diameter and density of feather follicles on the DOH (P < 0.05), as well as the activity of Wnt/β-catenin on E15 and the DOH (P < 0.05). In conclusion, injection of either L- or DL-Met can improve feather follicle development by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and thereby promoting feather growth; furthermore, no difference in feather growth was found between L- and DL-Met treatments. Our findings might provide a nutritional intervention for regulating feather growth in poultry production.

[Clinical analysis of 67 cases of pure red cell aplastic anemia]

Objective: To investigate secondary factors, laboratory features, treatment options, and prognosis of pure red cell aplastic anemia (PRCA) . Methods: This was a multicenter retrospective clinical study. Patients aged above 18 years newly diagnosed with PRCA between June 1, 2010, and June 1, 2019, were recruited as the main study object. A comparative analysis of remission rate and overall survival rate was made according to different treatment schemes adopted by patients and different drug reduction rates. Results: A total of 67 patients with PRCA were included in this study and the secondary PRCA group accounted for 44.8% (30/67) . The most common secondary factors were thymoma (n=10) and T-cell large lymphocytic leukemia (T-LGLL) (n=6) . The overall response rate of PRCA was 85.7% and the 3-year overall survival rate of PRCA was (74.3±7.5) %. The remission rate of cyclosporine A alone was slightly higher than that of oral glucocorticoid alone or combined with glucocorticoid[90.0% (36/40) vs 75.0% (12/16) , P=0.147]. After patients applied with cyclosporine A treatment reached CR/PR and remained stable for 3-6 months, the dose of cyclosporine A was reduced by 25 mg each time. The cyclosporine A reduction interval of a 25 mg/d reduction in more than 1 month significantly prolonged the median disease-free survival compared with a 25 mg/d reduction in less than 1 month [not reached vs 15 (95% CI 7-23) months, P<0.001]. There were 62.5% (10/16) of patients who responded to the initial or incremental treatment regimen after relapse. Conclusion: PRCA has features of various secondary factors, high overall survival rate, and high remission rate. Treatment with cyclosporine A alone is preferred, and cyclosporine A should be slowly tapered to reduce the risk of later relapse after it takes effect and patients reach a steady state.

[Hepatic cystic and alveolar echinococcosis co-infections: a report of 3 cases]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the diagnosis and surgical treatment of co-infection with hepatic cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, so as to provide insights into the diagnosis and treatment of these patients.

METHODS

The clinical data of patients with co-infections of hepatic cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital between 2017 and 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

Three patients were diagnosed with co-infection of hepatic cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. One patient was diagnosed by preoperative CT scan, and confirmed intraoperatively. The other two cases were diagnosed as cystic echinococcosis by preoperative color ultrasonography and imaging examinations, and were definitively diagnosed as co-infection of hepatic cystic and alveolar echinococcosis by intraoperative examination of the lesion morphology and postoperative pathology. Two patients were given radical surgery, and another case was given removal of the internal capsule and subtotal excision of the outer capsule of Echinococcus granulous in the liver following exploration.

CONCLUSIONS

Co-infection with hepatic cystic and alveolar echinococcosis is easy for missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis prior to operation, and the definitive diagnosis may be made by means of imaging examinations combined with postoperative pathology. The surgery is relatively complicated and difficult for patients with co-infection of hepatic cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, and individualized surgical treatment regimen should be employed for patients with various types of infections.

[The analysis of clinical characteristics of 34 novel coronavirus pneumonia cases in Ningxia Hui autonomous region]

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of 34 COVID-19 cases and to provide the basis for the prevention and control of the epidemic disease. Methods: Thirty-four COVID-19 patients diagnosed with RT-PCR in the isolation ward of the Fourth People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui autonomous region (infectious diseases hospital) from the January 22 to February 4, 2020 were selected as the research subjects. The clinical data were collected. Excel was used to describe the relationship between clinical classification and age distribution, contact history and date of onset. SPSS 25.0 statistical software was used for analysis. The general information, clinical symptoms, blood test, virus nucleic acid test results, epidemiology, CT imaging, treatment and prognosis were analyzed. Results: There were 5 mild cases (5/34), 24 ordinary cases (24/34), 5 severe cases (5/34). The elderly was more common in severe patients. The main clinical symptoms were fever (27/34)and dry cough(26/34). The peripheral blood showed normal or decreased leukocyte count (33/34), decreased lymphocyte count (12/34). The increase of C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer was related to the severity of the disease. Some patients had mild liver and kidney damage. Six patients were diagnosed through 3 or more times of nucleic acid tests. Sixteen cases had Wuhan related history,13 cases were close contacts, 5 cases had no confirmed route. The clustered infections were found in 6 families. In typical cases, CT showed single or multiple patchy ground glass shadow with thickening of interlobular septum. In severe cases, diffuse lesions of both lungs were found, with ground glass shadow, consolidation shadow and strip shadow coexisting. Thirty-four patients were treated with interferon-α and Lopinavir/Ritonavir with good prognosis. Conclusions: The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 were similar to that of general viral pneumonia but with strong infectivity. Close contact and family aggregation caused disease outbreaks. COVID-19 could not be excluded if two nucleic acid tests were negative and high-resolution CT was helpful for differential diagnosis. Early detection, early isolation, early diagnosis and early treatment are important for good prognosis. The effectiveness of antiviral drugs needs to be further verified.

Investigation of feather follicle morphogenesis and the expression of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in yellow-feathered broiler chick embryos

1. This study investigated the pattern of feather follicle morphogenesis and the expression of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway in the skin of yellow-feathered broiler chick embryos during feather development, using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Western blot assays, respectively. 2. The results showed that the skin displayed protrusions during embryonic days E7-E9, feather buds elongated during E10-E11 with anterior-posterior and proximal-distal asymmetries, and the epidermis invaginated to form the primary feather follicles (Pfs) at E12. At E13, the formation of the feather follicle and the epidermis at the base of the feather bud further invaginated into the dermis. By E15, Pf formation was essentially complete, and secondary feather follicles (Sfs) appeared. It was speculated that Pfs and Sfs developed independently and that Pfs occurred earlier than Sfs. 3. Quantitative measurements of Pf density reached a maximum at E15 and then decreased gradually. Sf density started to increase from E15. 4. Protein expression levels of β-catenin, TCF4, cyclin D1, and c-Myc were significantly increased during E8-E12 (P < 0.05) and then decreased from E13 to the day of hatching (DOH) (P < 0.05). The result of the β-catenin immunolocalisation signal intensity assay was consistent with the result of the Western blot assay. 5. Collectively, the results indicated that the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway is essential for promoting the development of feather follicles, especially during E7-E15.

[Value of lenvatinib for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma]

Objective: To observe the safety and efficacy of lenvatinib for the treatment of medium-advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods: A total of 36 patients with medium-advanced hepatocellular carcinoma from the First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital were retrospectively analyzed from January 2018 to May 2019. All patients had shown tumor progression after at least 2 sessions of TACE. The patients were consisted of 30 males and 6 females with age range of 35 to 76 (54±10) years. Patients received orally administered lenvatinib at a dose of 12 mg once daily for patients ≥ 60 kg and 8 mg once daily for patients<60 kg. According to modified RECIST criteria the tumor response, disease control rate, overall survival and progression free survival were evaluated once every 6-8 weeks. The adverse events were recorded. Results: No patient was in complete response, 2 cases (5.7%) in partial response, and 5 cases (14.3%) in stable disease, respectively. Disease control rate was 20.0% (7/35), the overall survival was 11.5 months, and the progression free survival was 5.3 months. The overall incidence of adverse events was 66.7% (24/36). The most frequent adverse events were hypertension, proteinuria, hand-foot skin reaction and abdominal distension. Conclusion: Lenvatinib can extend the overall survival in a percentage of medium-advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients who were unresectable and refractory to TACE. Although the incidence of adverse events is high, most of them are mild and reversible.

Influence of the Klotho/FGF23/Egr1 signaling pathway on calcium-phosphorus metabolism in diabetic nephropathy and the intervention of Shenyuan granules

This study aimed to explore the effects of Shenyuan granules on the Klotho/FGFR23/Egr1 signaling pathway and calcium-phosphorus metabolism in diabetic mice models with impairment of renal function. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) mice models were randomly divided into three groups: Shenyuan granules group (n=10), model control group (n=10), and blank control group (n=10). Corresponding drugs were given by gavage for 8 weeks. Blood glucose and serum creatinine (SCr), urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and mLAB were detected before and after administration. Moreover, RT-qPCR was performed to detect the expression of CYP24 and CYP27 mRNA in kidney tissue. Blood FGF23 was detected by ELISA. Western-blot and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect the expressions of Klotho, FGFR1, Egr1, CYP24, CYP27, ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2. Compared with the blank control group, in the model control group serum FGF23,P, SCr and 24-hour proteinuria levels increased (P<0.05), serum Ca significantly decreased (P<0.05), expressionss of Egr1, CYP24, CYP27 and p-ERK1/2 were up-regulated (P<0.05), and the expressions of Klotho and FGFR1 were down-regulated (P<0.05). After treatment, compared with the model control group, in the Shenyuan granule group serum FGF23, P, SCr levels decreased (P<0.05), serum Ca increased (P<0.05), expressions of Egr-1, CYP24, CYP27 and p-ERK1/2 were down-regulated (P<0.05), and the expressions of Klotho and FGFR1 were up-regulated (P<0.05). Shenyuan granules may partly intervene in the expressions of CYP24 and CYP27 through the Klotho/FGF23/Egr1 signaling pathway, thereby improving calcium and phosphorus metabolism and alleviating renal injury in diabetic nephropathy.

Leucine promotes the growth of squabs by increasing crop milk protein synthesis through the TOR signaling pathway in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia)

Leucine (Leu) plays a critical regulatory role in protein synthesis, however, the effects and molecular mechanisms of Leu on crop milk protein in the domestic pigeons (Columba livia) are still unknown. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary Leu supplementation on crop milk protein synthesis and the growth performance of squabs and the possible underlying mechanism. A total of 240 pairs of breeding pigeons (1102.3 ± 9.5 g/pair) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments, including a positive control (PC) diet that had adequate crude protein (crude protein, CP = 18%; Leu = 1.30%), a negative control (NC) diet that was low in CP (CP = 16%, Leu = 1.30%), and NC diets supplemented with Leu at 0.15%, 0.45%, or 1.05%. Compared with the NC diet, 0.15 to 0.45% Leu supplementation decreased BW loss and increased relative crop weight, crop thickness, and protein levels in the crop tissue and milk of breeding pigeons. However, dietary supplementation with 1.05% Leu inhibited ADFI in breeding pigeons. Dietary supplementation with 0.15 to 0.45% Leu decreased the mortality rate and increased the BW, eviscerated yield, and breast muscle yield of young squabs. The protein expression levels of the target of rapamycin (TOR), ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6), eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) were upregulated in the crop tissue of breeding pigeons in PC, 0.15% and 0.45% Leu-supplemented groups. Collectively, these results indicated that 0.15 to 0.45% Leu supplementation could decrease BW loss, increase milk protein synthesis in the crop of breeding pigeons, and enhance the survival rate and growth performance of young squabs through the TOR signaling pathway.

Targeted disruption of TORC1 retards young squab growth by inhibiting the synthesis of crop milk protein in breeding pigeon (Columba livia)

This study was conducted to explore the regulatory role of the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) signaling pathway in crop milk synthesis in breeding pigeons (Columba livia). Three groups of breeding pigeons in the lactation period (n = 30 pairs/group) were respectively injected with rapamycin (RAPA, a specific inhibitor of the target of rapamycin complex) at doses of 0 (vehicle, control), 0.6, or 1.2 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day via the wing vein for 7 days. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) and BW of the breeding pigeons and the BW of young squabs were respectively recorded throughout the experimental period. The breeding pigeons were sacrificed to collect their crop tissues, crop milk, and serum on the eighth day of the experiment. The results showed that neither 0.6 nor 1.2 mg/kg BW RAPA injection affected BW loss or ADFI in breeding pigeons (P > 0.05), while crop thickness and crop relative weight were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the 1.2 mg/kg BW rapamycin-injected group. Simultaneously, RAPA (especially at 1.2 mg/kg BW) decreased the crude protein, αs1-casein, αs2-casein, β-casein, and amino acid contents (Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Gly, Ala, Cys, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Lys, His, Arg, and Pro) of crop milk (P < 0.05) and the concentrations of albumin, total protein, and uric acid in the serum of breeding pigeons (P < 0.05). Additionally, the expression of TORC1 pathway-related proteins (TORC1, S6K1, S6, 4EBP1, and eIF4E) was downregulated in the crop tissues of breeding pigeons by 0.6 or 1.2 mg/kg BW/day RAPA injection (P < 0.05). Accordingly, the average daily gain (ADG) of young squabs declined, and the mortality rate increased significantly (P < 0.05). Together, the results showed that RAPA reduced protein and amino acid levels in the crop milk of breeding pigeons and retarded young squab growth, suggesting a crucial role of TORC1 in crop milk synthesis in breeding pigeons.

[Optic nerve morphology and vessel density in eyes with different phases of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy]

Objective: To compare the blood flow around the optic disc and related factors in patients with acute and chronic non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and healthy volunteers with small disc cups under the same anatomical structure. Methods: This was a prospective case-control study. NAION patients with unilateral onset and healthy volunteers of the same phase were included in the study conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology of Peking Union Medical College Hospital between February 2017 and September 2018. Patients with a course of ≤ 3 months were categorized in the acute phase of NAION, and those with a course of >3 months were in the chronic phase of NAION. Healthy volunteers were in the control group. All subjects underwent the examination of best corrected visual acuity converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR), measurement of non-contact intraocular pressure, slit lamp examination, small pupil fundus examination, and axial measurement. Optical coherence tomography was used to measure the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layers (RNFL) and retinal ganglion cell complex (GCC). Optical coherence tomography angiography was used to measure the vessel density around the optic disc. NAION patients underwent the visual field examination. Analysis of variance, non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman coefficient was used for statistical analysis. Results: This study included 16 patients with acute phase of NAION, aged (57±9) years, 6 males and 10 females. There were 17 patients with chronic disease, aged (56±10) years, 7 males and 10 females. There were 15 healthy controls, aged (57±10) years old, 6 males and 9 females. There were no significant differences in age and gender between the groups (both P>0.05). The RNFL and the GCC in the NAION chronic phase group were significantly thinner than those in the acute phase group [(78±38) μm vs. (191±99) μm, (75±19) μm vs. (98±28) μm; t=4.389, 2.758; both P<0.05]. The cup/disc area ratio, cup/disc vertical diameter ratio and cup/disc horizontal diameter ratio in the chronic phase group were larger than those in the acute phase group [0.18 (0.11, 0.31) vs. 0.05 (0.01, 0.18), 0.45 (0.39, 0.56) vs. 0.22 (0.11, 0.41), 0.39 (0.28, 0.54) vs. 0.20 (0.07, 0.42)], and the difference was statistically significant (U=212.000, 208.000, 205.000; all P<0.05). Compared with the optic disc vessel density in the control group (53%±6%), there was a significant decrease in the acute phase group and the chronic phase group (45%±7%, 41%±8%; t=3.705, 4.940; both P<0.01). The blood vessel density in the nasal inferior of the chronic phase group was significantly lower than that in the acute phase group (36%±8% vs. 42%±7%, P=0.039), other sections didn't have significant difference (all P>0.05). There were tortuous capillaries in 8/16 of the acute phase cases, with a low blood flow density and visual field defect in relative positions. Correlation analysis showed that the whole density and peripapillary density in the NAION patients were negatively correlated with LogMAR, mean visual field defect, cup/disc area ratio, focal loss of volume of GCC and general loss of volume of GCC (r=-0.510, -0.733, -0.372, -0.532, -0.648; all P<0.01), but positively correlated with GCC and RNFL thickness (r=0.604, 0.508; both P<0.01). Conclusions: The optic disc vessel density in the acute phase and chronic phase of NAION is significantly reduced. The vessel density in the nasal area of the chronic phase is significantly reduced compared with the acute phase. The vessel density is correlated with visual acuity, visual field defect, disc indexes, thickness of RNFL and GCC. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2019, 55: 677-686).

Properties of Cosmic Helium Isotopes Measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

Precision measurements by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station of ^{3}He and ^{4}He fluxes are presented. The measurements are based on 100 million ^{4}He nuclei in the rigidity range from 2.1 to 21 GV and 18 million ^{3}He from 1.9 to 15 GV collected from May 2011 to November 2017. We observed that the ^{3}He and ^{4}He fluxes exhibit nearly identical variations with time. The relative magnitude of the variations decreases with increasing rigidity. The rigidity dependence of the ^{3}He/^{4}He flux ratio is measured for the first time. Below 4 GV, the ^{3}He/^{4}He flux ratio was found to have a significant long-term time dependence. Above 4 GV, the ^{3}He/^{4}He flux ratio was found to be time independent, and its rigidity dependence is well described by a single power law ∝R^{Δ} with Δ=-0.294±0.004. Unexpectedly, this value is in agreement with the B/O and B/C spectral indices at high energies.

[Present situation and progress of comprehensive treatments for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis]

Alveolar echinococcosis is a parasitic zoonosis that severely damages human health. Currently, radical surgical resection is the first choice for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. For the advanced hepatic echinococcosis patients with refractory radical resection, the palliative surgery combined with chemotherapy, liver transplantation, drug therapy, and radiofrequency microwave ablation may provide comprehensive tools. This article reviews the current situation and progress of comprehensive treatments for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.

Greatly enhanced performance of AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes by introducing a polarization modulated electron blocking layer

Carrier transport in AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet (DUV) light emitting diodes (LEDs) with the wavelength of 273 nm has been investigated by introducing polarization modulated electron blocking layer (EBL) that adopts an Al composition and thickness graded multiple quantum barriers (MQB) structure. The experimental result shows that the maximum light output power and external quantum efficiency for the proposed structure at the current of 250 mA are 9.6 mW and 1.03% respectively, severally increasing by 405% and 249% compared to traditional one, meanwhile, the efficiency droop at 250 mA is also dramatically reduced from 42.2% to 16.6%. Further simulation analysis indicates that this graded MQB-EBL enhances the potential barrier height for electrons and meanwhile reduces that for holes, hence effectively suppresses the electron leakage, and at the same time significantly improves the hole injection efficiency. As a result, the whole performance of the LED with the proposed MQB-EBL is dramatically improved.

[Incidence and risk factors of extraintestinal manifestations in children with inflammatory bowel disease]

Objective: To investigate the incidence and risk factors of extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: The clinical data of 161 children with IBD was collected from the electronic medical records in the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine from January 2012 to December 2017. These patients were divided into Crohn's disease (CD) group and ulcerative colitis (UC) group, accounting for 82.0% (132 cases) and 18.0%(29 cases), respectively. The incidence of EIMs in each group was analyzed. The potential risk factors of EIMs including the IBD phenotype, gender, age, location of the CD lesion, disease activity of CD, and the presence of perianal lesion were analyzed with logistic regression model. Results: Eighty-eight patients (54.7%) had EIMs. The main EIMs were immune-mediated EIMs and growth retardation, accounting for 41.0% (66/161) and 24.2% (39/161), respectively. Aphthous ulcer (39/161, 23.0%) was the most common symptom among immune-mediated EIMs, followed by arthropathy (20/161, 12.4%) and skin lesions (19/161, 11.8%). Forty-three patients (26.7%) had EIMs before being diagnosed as IBD. Fifty-eight (65.9%) patients had only one EIM during the whole course of IBD. By logistic regression analysis, CD (OR=5.536, 95%CI:1.825-16.788) and perianal disease (OR=1.969, 95%CI:1.035-3.746) were the risk factors of immune-mediated EIMs. Meanwhile, CD (OR=11.319, 95%CI: 1.487-86.179), younger than six-year-old at diagnosis (OR=8.556, 95%CI: 3.109-23.545), moderate to severe activity of CD (OR=3.447, 95%CI: 1.196-9.934) and perianal disease (OR=3.361, 95%CI: 1.720-7.793) increased the risk of growth retardation. Conclusions: The children with IBD have a high incidence of EIMs, which were more common in CD than in UC. The risk factors of developing EIMs include CD, perianal diseases, younger than six-year-old at diagnosis and moderate to severe activity of CD.

[Association between plasma selenium and the risk of impaired glucose regulation]

Objective: To investigate the association between plasma selenium exposure and the risk of impaired glucose regulation (IGR). Methods: A case-control study was conducted to select IGR patients who were admitted to the outpatient clinic of the Department of Endocrinology to perform oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) at the Tongji Hospital affiliated to the Tongji Medical College from September 2004 to 2016 as a case group. Participants with normal glucose tolerance recruited from an unselected group of population undergoing routine health examinations in the same hospital were selected as a control group. The control group was matched according to the age (±5 years old) and sex of the case group. The inclusion criteria for subjects recruited were as follows: age ≥30 years, body mass index (BMI) <40 kg/m(2), no history of a diagnosis of IGR or type 2 diabetes, and no history of receiving pharmacological treatment for hyperlipidemia or hypertension. Patients with any clinically systemic disease such as neurological or endocrine disease, acute illness, chronic inflammatory disease or infectious disease were excluded from the study. A total of 1 957 subjects, 897 in the case group and 1 060 in the control group, were included. Questionnaires were used to collect information of all subjects, and peripheral venous blood was collected after fasting and OGTT, respectively. Plasma selenium, fasting blood glucose, blood lipid (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol) and 2 h OGTT plasma glucose concentration were detected, respectively. The subjects were divided into low, medium and high concentration groups according to the tertiles of plasma selenium concentration in the control group. The multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the association between plasma selenium exposure and IGR. Results: The age (mean±SD) of the case and control group was (53.71±11.38) and (53.95±12.17) years old. The plasma selenium concentration [M (P(25), P(75))] in the case group was 92.81(77.07, 107.05) μg/L, which was significantly higher than the control group [88.73 (77.13, 100.88) μg/L] (P<0.05). The results of multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, family history of diabetes and hypertension, the risk of IGR was higher in the high-concentration group and the low-concentration group compared with the middle-concentration group, the values of OR (95%CI) were 1.22 (95%CI: 0.94-1.59) and 1.81 (95%CI: 1.42-2.30), respectively. Conclusion: The study suggested a U-shaped association between plasma selenium and IGR.

[The research of sentinel lymph node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer patients]

With the extensive use of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), some breast cancer patients could avoid axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and its complications. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plays an important role in the multimodality therapies of breast cancer. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, some patients with breast cancer were down-staged from positive axillary lymph node (cN+ ) to clinically negative (cN0). For these patients, the feasibility and safety of sentinel lymph node biopsy remains controversial. However, with the application of new technologies, SLNB is expected to become the main treatment for breast cancer patients with stage cN0 after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

[Epidemiological survey of mental disorders in the rural left behind elderly aged 60 years and older in Gansu]

Objective: To investigate the prevalence, demographic characteristics and social life function of mental disorders in the rural left behind elderly aged 60 years and older in Gansu. Methods: Between November 2017 and June 2018, a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to randomly select the rural left behind elderly aged 60 years and older in Gansu, and totally 6 000 elderly were enrolled. By using the extended general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the American Handbook for Diagnosis and Statistics of Mental Disorders (DSM-Ⅳ) Axis Ⅰ Disorders Formal Clinical Examination Patient Edition, all the included subjects were screened and diagnosed. Functional status was assessed by the Global Assessment Function scale (GAF). Statistical analysis of the prevalence of various mental illnesses, as well as the differences in the prevalence of different gender, marital status and age groups was performed. Results: Totally, 6 000 subjects completed the survey. The adjusted current prevalence of any mental disorder was 20.11% (95%CI 17.70%-22.85%). The six most prevalent specific disorders were major depressive disorder (9.20%), pain disorder (2.71%), mood disorder due to the body condition (2.08%), generalized anxiety disorder (1.99%), anxiety disorder not otherwise specified (1.15%) and dysthymic disorder (0.84%). The lifetime prevalence of mental disorders was 20.54% (95%CI 18.40%-23.39%). The overall current prevalence of mental disorders was higher in women (242.89‰) than in men (119.55‰), and the unmarried (248.37‰) was higher than those married (187.53‰). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of mental disorders among different age groups (P>0.05). The GAF score of mental disorders was 56±11, and 71.82% was moderate to severe functional impairment. Conclusions: The prevalence of mental disorders is high in rural left-behind population aged 60 years and over in Gansu Province. Major depression is a condition that deserves special attention.

[The correlation of ganglion cell layer thickness with visual field defect in non-functional pituitary adenoma with chiasm compression]

Objective: To investigate the consequences of the thickness of ganglion cell layer (GCL) and visual field defect of non-functional pituitary adenoma with chiasm compression. Methods: A case control study. The study included 40 (80 eyes) non-functional pituitary adenoma patients in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from March 2015 to February 2017. Twenty patients (no visual field defect group, 40 eyes) of them were detected to be chiasm compressed or touched by the adenoma with no visual field defect detected, and the other 20 patients (visual field defect group, 40 eyes) were the sex-and-age matched pituitary adenoma patients with bitemporal heminopsia. This study also included 20 (control group, 40 eyes) sex-and-age matched healthy controls. The para-papillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in 6 quadrants including nasal, temporal, nasal superior, temporal superior, nasal inferior and temporal inferior as well as the macular GCL thickness and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness in 4 quadrants including nasal superior, nasal inferior, temporal superior and temporal inferior were measured. The non-parametric test was used to compare the RNFL, GCL and GCIPL thickness among the three groups. Results: The mean age among the three groups was (46±10) years and the difference among the three groups was not significant (P=0.88). The sex ratio of the three groups was 9∶11 (male∶female) and the difference among the three groups was not significant. The mean axial length among the three groups was (23.22±0.90) mm and the difference among the three groups was not significant (P=0.51). The thickness of para-papillary RNFL of temporal superior, temporal, nasal superior, nasal, nasal inferior quadrants and whole circumference was significantly thinner in the visual field defect group than the control group [(129.88±28.64) μm, (63.63±26.84) μm, (88.08±32.16) μm, (50.68±19.99) μm, (92.48±25.06) μm, and (85.00±20.65) μm vs. (141.10±18.95) μm, (79.12±16.78) μm, (113.68±21.28) μm, (69.67±14.23) μm, (117.80±31.32) μm, and (102.80±9.68) μm, t=2.26, 3.06, 4.14, 4.84, 4.25, 4.88, all P<0.05]. In the nasal quadrant, the para-papillary RNFL of the no visual field defect group was significantly thinner compared with the control group [(61.45±9.83) μm vs. (69.67±14.23) μm, t=2.97, P<0.05]. The total GCL thickness was (30.48±5.42) μm in the visual field defect group, (31.35±2.77) μm in the no visual field defect group, thinner than that in the control group [(33.32±2.92) μm, t=2.92, 3.62; both P<0.05]. The total GCIPL thickness showed no significant difference among the three groups (P=0.07). In the superior and inferior temporal quadrants, the GCL and GCIPL thickness showed no significant difference among the three groups (all P>0.05). In the superior and inferior nasal quadrants, the GCL thickness was (29.41±5.97) μm, and (28.47±5.13) μm in the visual field defect group, (31.15±3.27) μm and (30.61±2.96) μm in the no visual field defect group, and (34.23±3.16) μm and (32.97±2.78) μm in the control group. The GCL thickness in the nasal quadrant was thinner in the visual field defect group (t=4.45, 4.82)and the no visual field defect group(t=4.23, 3.63) than in the control group (all P<0.01). However, no significant difference in GCL thickness was detected between the visual field defect group and the no visual field defect group (both P>0.05). In the superior and inferior nasal quadrants, the GCIPL thickness was (54.06±10.50) μm and (51.77±9.18) μm in the visual field defect group, (58.03±4.00) μm and (56.23±5.37) μm in the no visual field defect group, and (62.26±7.11) μm and (59.39±6.64) μm in the control group. The GCIPL thickness was thinner in the nasal quadrant in the visual field defect group than in the control group (t=3.95, 4.20, both P<0.01). Only in the Superior nasal quadrant, the GCIPL was significantly thinner in the no visual field defect group than the control group (t=3.25, P<0.01). Conclusion: The optic GCL may get thinner in pituitary nonfunctional adenoma with chiasm compression patients without the RNFL layer thinning and visual field defect. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2019, 55: 186-194).

[Analysis of the relationship between ultrasonographic features and cervical lymph node skip metastasis of papillary thyroid micro-carcinoma]

Objective: To investigate the correlation between cervical lymph node skip metastasis with ultrasonographic characteristics of papillary thyroid micro- carcinoma (PTMC). Methods: We reviewed ultrasonographic features of 385 primary PTMC and cervical lymph node metastasis, confirmed by pathology in Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis of PTMC patients. The relationship between ultrasonographic features of primary lesions and skip metastasis of cervical lymph nodes was analyzed by χ(2) test and multiple factor Cox regression. Results: Among the 385 cases of PTMC patients with cervical lymph node metastasis, 231 cases were central lymph node metastasis alone, 31 cases were lateral cervical lymph node metastasis alone, 123 cases were both central and lateral cervical lymph node metastasis. Among the 354 cases without skip metastasis of cervical lymph nodes, 48 cases were level Ⅱ, 92 cases were level Ⅲ, 83 cases were level Ⅳ, 9 cases were level Ⅴ, 354 cases were level Ⅵ. Among the 31 cases with skipping metastasis of cervical lymph nodes, 12 cases were level Ⅱ, 14 cases were level Ⅲ, 14 cases were level Ⅳ, 1 case was level Ⅴ. The sensitivity and specificity of preoperative ultrasonography in the diagnosis of central cervical lymph node metastasis were 46.3% and 66.7%, respectively, and those of lateral cervical lymph node were 91.0% and 87.8%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the abutment/perimeter, diameter and location of PTMC were significantly associated with skip metastasis (P<0.05), multivariate analysis showed that abutment/perimeter and location of PTMC were significantly associated with skip metastasis (P<0.05). Conclusions: The sensitivity and specificity of preoperative ultrasound diagnosis for lateral cervical lymph node metastasis of PTMC is higher than that of central metastasis. PTMC with abutment/perimeter ≥1/4 and upper portion location are prone to skip metastasis.

[Characteristics of cervical lymph node metastasis of cN0 laryngeal carcinoma]

Objective: To investigate the incidence of occult cervical lymph node metastasis and the common neck level of metastases in cN0 laryngocarcinoma, and the relationship between the clinicopathologic features of laryngocarcinoma and cervical lymph node metastasis. Methods: A total of 506 cases with cN0 laryngocarcinoma treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between March 2011 and March 2018 were enrolled, and their medical records and follow-up data were retrospectively analyzed. Of them, 211 cases of were glottic carcinoma in stage T1 without neck dissection and they were observed by clinical follow-up; other 295 cases, including glottic carcinoma, supraglottic carcinoma and hypopharyngeal carcinoma in stage T2-T4 were treated with surgical resection of the primary lesions and selective neck dissection. SPSS 22.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results: The total incidence of cervical lymph node metastasis was 10.87%(55/506), with a lower incidence in T1 stage glottic carcinoma(6/211,2.84%) than that in other cases(49/295,16.61%). The incidence of cervical lymph node metastasis in glottic carcinoma (29/426, 6.81%) was lower than those in supraglottic carcinoma (22/71,30.99%) and subglottic carcinoma (4/9) (χ(2)=35.810,P<0.01).The pN+ rates of glottic carcinoma at T1, T2, T3 were 2.84%(6/211), 5.31%(6/113), 16.05%(13/81), and 19.05%(4/21), respectively (χ(2)=18.572, P<0.01). The pN+ rates of supraglottic carcinoma at T2, T3 and T4 were 3/13, 32.50%(13/40) and 6/13, respectively (χ(2)=3.649,P>0.05). The incidence of cervical lymph node metastasis in poorly differentiated carcinoma (17/42, 40.48%) was higher than those in moderately differentiated carcinoma (26/205, 12.68%) and high differentiated carcinoma(12/246, 4.88%)(χ(2)=36.356, P<0.01). Moreover, 85 pN+ lymph nodes were obtained by selective neck dissection, respectively 43(50.59%) in level Ⅱa, 30(35.29%) in level Ⅲ, 1(1.18%) in level Ⅳ and 11(12.94%) in level Ⅵ. Conclusions: The occult cervical lymph node metastasis was frequently found in cN0 laryngocarcinoma. Selective neck dissection should be performed with surgery for the primary lesions in T3-T4 glottic laryngeal cancer, T2-T4 supraglottic laryngeal cancer and subglottic carcinoma, and the neck dissection for level Ⅱa and Ⅲ is appropriate. It is required to detect pre-laryngeal and pre-tracheal lymph nodes in patients with subglottic laryngeal carcinoma.

Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Electrons

Precision results on cosmic-ray electrons are presented in the energy range from 0.5 GeV to 1.4 TeV based on 28.1×10^{6} electrons collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. In the entire energy range the electron and positron spectra have distinctly different magnitudes and energy dependences. The electron flux exhibits a significant excess starting from 42.1_{-5.2}^{+5.4}  GeV compared to the lower energy trends, but the nature of this excess is different from the positron flux excess above 25.2±1.8  GeV. Contrary to the positron flux, which has an exponential energy cutoff of 810_{-180}^{+310}  GeV, at the 5σ level the electron flux does not have an energy cutoff below 1.9 TeV. In the entire energy range the electron flux is well described by the sum of two power law components. The different behavior of the cosmic-ray electrons and positrons measured by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer is clear evidence that most high energy electrons originate from different sources than high energy positrons.

[Preliminary study of auditory cortex resting-state fMRI features for adult post-lingual deafness]

Objective: To understand the auditory cortex resting-state fMRI features for adult post-lingual deafness.Method: The author performed functional connectivity analysis on the study subjects with resting-state fMRI,the region of interest(ROI) of which were based separately on the left and right sides of primary auditory cortex. The data were collected from 8 cases with severe or above sensorineurally post-lingual deafness,compared to a control group of 8 cases with normal hearing. Result: When ROI were based on the left A1 areas of all subjects, the main activating area in the control group was bilateral superior temporal gyrus(STG), while the post-lingual deafness group included the bilateral STG, pre-central gyri, left Transverse temporal gyrus(TTG), post-central gyri and right TTG (P<0.01); when ROI were based on the right A1 areas of all subjects, the main activating area in the control group was the bilateral STG, while the post-lingual deafness group included the bilateral STG, right precentral gyri and post-central gyr i(P<0.01). The data showed statistical significance(P<0.05). Conclusion: After hearing loss functional reorganization takes place in the brains of adults with post-lingual deafness, resulting in possible enhancement of visual sense, tactile sense and other sensory systems in order to compensate information acquisition in daily life. .

Towards Understanding the Origin of Cosmic-Ray Positrons

Precision measurements of cosmic ray positrons are presented up to 1 TeV based on 1.9 million positrons collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. The positron flux exhibits complex energy dependence. Its distinctive properties are (a) a significant excess starting from 25.2±1.8  GeV compared to the lower-energy, power-law trend, (b) a sharp dropoff above 284_{-64}^{+91}  GeV, (c) in the entire energy range the positron flux is well described by the sum of a term associated with the positrons produced in the collision of cosmic rays, which dominates at low energies, and a new source term of positrons, which dominates at high energies, and (d) a finite energy cutoff of the source term of E_{s}=810_{-180}^{+310}  GeV is established with a significance of more than 4σ. These experimental data on cosmic ray positrons show that, at high energies, they predominantly originate either from dark matter annihilation or from other astrophysical sources.

[Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: a clinical analysis]

Objective:To explore the clinical diagnosis and treatment characteristics and clinical factors of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type and provide the basis for clinical individual therapy and experience.Method:The 25 cases personal data of ENKTL received from December in 2009 to July in 2016 by our department including clinical manifestation, the serum EBV-DNA detection, imaging examination, Ann-Arbor staging, histological grade, treatment, and prognosis, etc. were retrospectively analyzed. All of the patients were pathological diagnosis and received standard, specification and system treatment. Single factor survival analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test, and multivariate analysis was carried out using Coxproportional hazard model in the risk assessment about the factors affecting the prognosis of clinical.Result:Of the 25 patients, 15 cases(60%) were in stage ⅠE-ⅡE, which 1 year and 3 years (overall survival) OS were 100%, 100% respectively and 10 cases(40%) were in stage ⅢE-ⅣE, which 1 year and 3 years OS were respectively 40.0%, 26.7%. It had significant statistical difference (P= 0.000). Radiotherapy alone in 3 cases which 1 year and 3 years OS were respectively 100%, 100%;Chemotherapy alone in 6 cases, which 1 year and 3 years OS were 53.6% and 53.6%, respectively; 16 cases of comprehensive treatment combined radiation and chemotherapy which 1 year and 3 years OS are 84.6% and 84.6% respectively. There were significant difference between three kinds of treatment model (P= 0.027), and chemotherapy alone had the worst prognosis. Further multivariate analysis using Coxproportional hazard model showed that the course of the disease, B symptoms, EBV-DNA copy number positive, treatment mode closely associated with the prognosis (P were 0.006, 0.003, 0.010, 0.040 respectively).Conclusion:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type invasive is strong, the overall prognosis is poor. For early Ann Arbor staging, low risk and limited to the nasal cavity cases, radiotherapy alone curative effect is better. While for strong attack range or terminal patients, chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy is the first selection. In addition, this result shows that Ann Arbor staging, treatment pattern, the course of the disease, B symptoms, EBV-DNA copy number positive are independent prognostic factors.