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Ruparelia A, McKaige E, Williams C, Schulze K, Fuchs M, Oorschot V, Lacene E, Mirella M, Baxter E, Torrente Y, Ramm G, Stojkovic T, Lavoié J, Bryson-Richardson R. P.77Repurposing of metformin identified as a potential therapy in models of BAG3 myofibrillar myopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.06.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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2
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Santiago-Gonzalez B, Monguzzi A, Caputo M, Villa C, Prato M, Santambrogio C, Torrente Y, Meinardi F, Brovelli S. Metal Nanoclusters with Synergistically Engineered Optical and Buffering Activity of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species by Compositional and Supramolecular Design. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5976. [PMID: 28729689 PMCID: PMC5519591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters featuring tunable luminescence and high biocompatibility are receiving attention as fluorescent markers for cellular imaging. The recently discovered ability of gold clusters to scavenge cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the intracellular environment extends their applicability to biomedical theranostics and provides a novel platform for realizing multifunctional luminescent probes with engineered anti-cytotoxic activity for applications in bio-diagnostics and conceivably cellular therapy. This goal could be achieved by using clusters of strongly reactive metals such as silver, provided that strategies are found to enhance their luminescence while simultaneously enabling direct interaction between the metal atoms and the chemical surroundings. In this work, we demonstrate a synergic approach for realizing multifunctional metal clusters combining enhanced luminescence with strong and lasting ROS scavenging activity, based on the fabrication and in situ protection of Ag nanoclusters with a supramolecular mantle of thiolated-Au atoms (Ag/Au-t). Confocal imaging and viability measurements highlight the biocompatibility of Ag/Au-t and their suitability as fluorescent bio-markers. ROS concentration tests reveal the remarkable scavenging activity of Ag-based clusters. Proliferation tests of cells in artificially stressed culture conditions point out their prolonged anti-cytotoxic effect with respect to gold systems, ensuring positive cell proliferation rates even for long incubation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Santiago-Gonzalez
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
| | - A Monguzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - M Caputo
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - C Villa
- Dipartimento di Patofisiologia e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - M Prato
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - C Santambrogio
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca Piazza della Scienza, 2 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Y Torrente
- Dipartimento di Patofisiologia e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - F Meinardi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - S Brovelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, via R. Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
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Torrente Y, Fahime EE, Caron NJ, Bresolin N, Tremblay JP. Intramuscular Migration of Myoblasts Transplanted after Muscle Pretreatment with Metalloproteinases. Cell Transplant 2017; 9:539-549. [DOI: 10.1177/096368970000900410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of pretreatments of host muscles with metalloproteinases (MMPs) or with notexin on the migration of transplanted myoblasts was investigated. Transgenic TnILacZ mice in which the β-galactosidase gene is under the control of a quail fast skeletal troponin I gene promoter were used as donors. A polyethylene microtube with four perforations was inserted in the tibialis anterior (TA) of CD1 mice. Both pretreatment substances and cells were slowly injected through that microtube. Muscles were pretreated 2 days before myoblast injection either with a mixture of collagenase, matrilysin, and notexin or with only collagenase and matrilysin or only notexin. As control for our experiments, TnILacZ and C2C12 myoblasts were also injected in TA muscles not pretreated. Comparison of short and long-term myoblast radial migration was performed using a dye (PKH26) and X-gal staining, respectively. The recipient mice were immunosuppressed with FK506. Two days after myoblast transplantation, the cell movement in muscles pretreated with collagenase, matrilysin, and notexin was slightly greater than in muscles pretreated only with collagenase and matrilysin but was about twice that observed in muscles treated with notexin alone. Almost no radial migration of TnILacZ myoblasts was observed in untreated muscles. The C2C12 myoblasts showed a four-to fivefold higher migration capacity than TnILacZ myoblasts. At 15 days after TnILacZ myoblast transplantation, the farthest positive β-gal muscle fibers show a two- to threefold extension of the initial migration observed at 2 days, demonstrating the ability of myoblasts to continue the migration following all pretreatments and even in the untreated muscles. In addition, more muscle fibers expressed the β-gal reporter gene in muscles pretreated only with MMPs. Our results clearly demonstrate that muscle pretreatments with MMPs increase myoblast migration and fusion with host muscle fibers after transplantation and that the C2C12 cell line producing MMPs has a higher migratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Torrente
- Centro Dino Ferrari, Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E. El Fahime
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - N. J. Caron
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
| | - N. Bresolin
- IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy
- IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - J. P. Tremblay
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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Peverelli E, Giardino E, Treppiedi D, Meregalli M, Belicchi M, Vaira V, Corbetta S, Verdelli C, Verrua E, Serban AL, Locatelli M, Carrabba G, Gaudenzi G, Malchiodi E, Cassinelli L, Lania AG, Ferrero S, Bosari S, Vitale G, Torrente Y, Spada A, Mantovani G. Dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2) and somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) agonists are effective in inhibiting proliferation of progenitor/stem-like cells isolated from nonfunctioning pituitary tumors. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:1870-1880. [PMID: 28120505 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The role of progenitor/stem cells in pituitary tumorigenesis, resistance to pharmacological treatments and tumor recurrence is still unclear. This study investigated the presence of progenitor/stem cells in non-functioning pituitary tumors (NFPTs) and tested the efficacy of dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2) and somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) agonists to inhibit in vitro proliferation. They found that 70% of 46 NFPTs formed spheres co-expressing stem cell markers, transcription factors (DAX1, SF1, ERG1) and gonadotropins. Analysis of tumor behavior showed that spheres formation was associated with tumor invasiveness (OR = 3,96; IC: 1.05-14.88, p = 0.036). The in vitro reduction of cell proliferation by DRD2 and SSTR2 agonists (31 ± 17% and 35 ± 13% inhibition, respectively, p < 0.01 vs. basal) occurring in about a half of NFPTs cells was conserved in the corresponding spheres. Accordingly, these drugs increased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 and decreased cyclin D3 expression in spheres. In conclusion, they provided further evidence for the existence of cells with a progenitor/stem cells-like phenotype in the majority of NFPTs, particularly in those with invasive behavior, and demonstrated that the antiproliferative effects of dopaminergic and somatostatinergic drugs were maintained in progenitor/stem-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peverelli
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Giardino
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Treppiedi
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Meregalli
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Ystem Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - M Belicchi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Ystem Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - V Vaira
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - S Corbetta
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - C Verdelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - E Verrua
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A L Serban
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Locatelli
- Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan
| | - G Carrabba
- Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan
| | - G Gaudenzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - E Malchiodi
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Cassinelli
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Ystem Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - A G Lania
- Endocrine Unit, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - S Ferrero
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan Medical School
| | - S Bosari
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Vitale
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy.,Endocrine and Metabolic Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Y Torrente
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Ystem Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - A Spada
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Mantovani
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Gorio A, Torrente Y, Madaschi L, Di Stefano A, Pisati F, Marchesi C, Belicchi M, Di Giulio A, Bresolin N. Erratum to “Fate of autologous dermal stem cells transplanted into the spinal cord after traumatic injury (TSCI)” [Neuroscience 125 (2004) 179–189]. Neuroscience 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pane M, Mazzone E, Sormani M, Scalise R, Berardinelli A, Messina S, Torrente Y, D’Amico A, Doglio L, Viggiano E, D’Ambrosio P, Cavallaro F, Frosini S, Bello L, De Sanctis R, Fanelli L, Rolle E, Bianco F, Magri F, Vita G, Motta M, Donati M, Mongini T, Pini A, Battini R, Pegoraro E, Previtali S, Napolitano S, Bruno C, Politano L, Comi G, Bertini E, Mercuri E. P.2.7 6min walk test 12month changes in DMD: Correlation with genotype. Neuromuscul Disord 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2013.06.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Mazzone E, Pane M, Scalise R, Sormani M, Torrente Y, Berardinelli A, Messina S, Cavallaro F, ′Amico AD, Doglio L, Bruno C, Politano L, Frosini S, Battini R, Bello L, Pegoraro E, Bonfiglio S, Comi G, Pini A, de Sanctis R, Bianco F, Vasco G, Mongini T, Donati M, Previtali S, Napolitano S, Vita G, Bertini E, Mercuri E. S.P.4 Functional changes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A 24month longitudinal cohort study. Neuromuscul Disord 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.06.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Pegoraro E, Bello L, Piva L, Barp A, Ermani M, Politano L, Mercuri E, Previtali S, Torrente Y, Bruno C, Minetti C, Berardinelli A, Comi G, D'Amico A, Soraru' G, Messina S, Mongini T, Bertini E, Ferlini A, Gualandi F, Battini R, Boffi P, Pane M, Vita G, Hoffman E, Angelini C. Osteopontin in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (S15.002). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.s15.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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9
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Lerario A, Cogiamanian F, Marchesi C, Belicchi M, Bresolin N, Porretti L, Torrente Y. P4.53 Effect of rituximab in two patients with dysferlin-deficient muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.06.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Meregalli M, Farini A, Belicchi M, Parolini D, Sitzia C, Cassinelli L, Del Fraro G, Razini P, Angeloni V, Jardim L, da Silva Bizario J, Garcia L, Torrente Y. O.9 Stem cell therapy of muscular dystrophies using exon skipping approach in GRMD dogs. Neuromuscul Disord 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2011.06.960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mazzone E, Vasco G, Sormani MP, Torrente Y, Berardinelli A, Messina S, D'Amico A, Doglio L, Politano L, Cavallaro F, Frosini S, Bello L, Bonfiglio S, Zucchini E, De Sanctis R, Scutifero M, Bianco F, Rossi F, Motta MC, Sacco A, Donati MA, Mongini T, Pini A, Battini R, Pegoraro E, Pane M, Gasperini S, Previtali S, Napolitano S, Martinelli D, Bruno C, Vita G, Comi G, Bertini E, Mercuri E. Functional changes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A 12-month longitudinal cohort study. Neurology 2011; 77:250-6. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318225ab2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Sassone J, Colciago C, Figini M, Marchi P, Colleoni F, Di Pardo A, Zippel R, Torrente Y, Sipione S, Silani V, Ciammola A. A13 Mutant huntingtin induces activation of Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein (BNIP3). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.222570.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Navarro C, Farini A, Razini P, Krahn M, Garcia L, Lévy N, Torrente Y. T.P.1.10 Exon-skipping of dysferlin in CD133+ stem cells isolated from normal and patient affected with dysferlinopathies. Neuromuscul Disord 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2009.06.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lerario A, Cogiamanian F, Marchesi C, Bonfiglio S, Belicchi M, Porretti L, Bresolin N, Torrente Y. T.P.4.02 Effects of rituximab treatment in two patients affected by dysferlin-deficient muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2009.06.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The surprising similarity of much brain tumour behavior to the intrinsic properties of the neural stem/progenitor cell has triggered a recent interest in both arming stem cells to track and help eradicate tumours and in viewing stem cell biology as somehow integral to the emergence and/or production of the neoplasm itself. Moreover, based on the unique capacity of neural stem cells (NSCs) to migrate throughout the brain and to target invading tumour cells, the transplantation of NSCs offers a new potential therapeutic approach as a cell-based delivery system for gene therapy in brain tumours. On the one hand, both stem cells and cancer cells are thought to be capable of unlimited proliferation. While on the other, many tumours and cancer cell lines express stem cell markers, suggesting either that cancer cells resemble stem cells or that cancers contain stem-like cells. In this review we highlight the close relationship between normal neural stem cells and brain tumour stem cells and also suggest the possible clinical implications that these similarities could offer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Colleoni
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Science, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy
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Farini A, Meregalli M, Belicchi M, Battistelli M, Parolini D, D'Antona G, Gavina M, Ottoboni L, Constantin G, Bottinelli R, Torrente Y. T and B lymphocyte depletion has a marked effect on the fibrosis of dystrophic skeletal muscles in the scid/mdx mouse. J Pathol 2007; 213:229-38. [PMID: 17668421 DOI: 10.1002/path.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal connective tissue proliferation following muscle degeneration is a major pathological feature of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a genetic myopathy due to lack of the sarcolemmal dystrophin protein. Since this fibrotic proliferation is likely to be a major obstacle to the efficacy of future therapies, research is needed to understand and prevent the fibrotic process in order to develop an effective treatment. Murine muscular dystrophy (mdx) is genetically homologous to DMD, and histopatological alterations are comparable to those of the muscles of patients with DMD. To investigate the development of fibrosis, we bred the mdx mouse with the scid immunodepressed mouse and analysed fibrosis histologically; we used ELISA analysis to determine TGF-beta1 expression. Significant reduction of fibrosis and TGF-beta1 expression was found in the muscles of the scid/mdx mice. However, we observed similar centrally located nuclei, necrosis, muscle degeneration and muscle force compared to the mdx animals. These data demonstrate a correlation between the absence of B and T lymphocytes and loss of fibrosis accompanied by reduction of TGF-beta1, suggesting the importance of modulation of the immune system in DMD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Crosses, Genetic
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Fibrosis/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Mice, SCID
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/immunology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/physiopathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/immunology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/physiopathology
- Pedigree
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Farini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Department of Neurological Sciences, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Italy
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Torrente Y, Belicchi M, Marchesi C, D'Antona G, Cogiamanian F, Pisati F, Gavina M, Giordano R, Tonlorenzi R, Fagiolari G, Lamperti C, Porretti L, Lopa R, Sampaolesi M, Vicentini L, Grimoldi N, Tiberio F, Songa V, Baratta P, Prelle A, Forzenigo L, Guglieri M, Pansarasa O, Rinaldi C, Mouly V, Butler-Browne GS, Comi GP, Biondetti P, Moggio M, Gaini SM, Stocchetti N, Priori A, D'Angelo MG, Turconi A, Bottinelli R, Cossu G, Rebulla P, Bresolin N. Autologous transplantation of muscle-derived CD133+ stem cells in Duchenne muscle patients. Cell Transplant 2007; 16:563-77. [PMID: 17912948 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783465064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal X-linked recessive muscle disease due to defect on the gene encoding dystrophin. The lack of a functional dystrophin in muscles results in the fragility of the muscle fiber membrane with progressive muscle weakness and premature death. There is no cure for DMD and current treatment options focus primarily on respiratory assistance, comfort care, and delaying the loss of ambulation. Recent works support the idea that stem cells can contribute to muscle repair as well as to replenishment of the satellite cell pool. Here we tested the safety of autologous transplantation of muscle-derived CD133+ cells in eight boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in a 7-month, double-blind phase I clinical trial. Stem cell safety was tested by measuring muscle strength and evaluating muscle structures with MRI and histological analysis. Timed cardiac and pulmonary function tests were secondary outcome measures. No local or systemic side effects were observed in all treated DMD patients. Treated patients had an increased ratio of capillary per muscle fibers with a switch from slow to fast myosin-positive myofibers.
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MESH Headings
- AC133 Antigen
- Adolescent
- Antigens, CD/classification
- Antigens, CD/isolation & purification
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Child
- Double-Blind Method
- Feasibility Studies
- Follow-Up Studies
- Glycoproteins/classification
- Glycoproteins/isolation & purification
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunomagnetic Separation/classification
- Immunophenotyping/classification
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/therapy
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/cytology
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/transplantation
- Peptides/classification
- Peptides/isolation & purification
- Peptides/metabolism
- Stem Cell Transplantation
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Transplantation, Autologous
- Transplantation, Homologous/adverse effects
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Torrente
- Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Department of Neurological Sciences, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Italy.
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Benchaouir R, Goyenvalle A, Meregalli M, Belicchi M, Farini A, Battistelli M, Bresolin N, Garcia L, Torrente Y. G.P.3.04 Rescue of human dystrophin after transplantation of exon skipping-engineered DMD stem cells in a dystrophic animal model. Neuromuscul Disord 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Negroni E, Riederer I, Di Santo J, Torrente Y, Mouly V, Butler-Browne G. G.P.16.10 In vivo myogenic potential of human AC133 muscle-derived stem cells. Neuromuscul Disord 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.06.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Farini A, Meregalli M, Belicchi M, Battistelli M, Parolini D, D’Antona G, Gavina M, Bottinelli R, Torrente Y. G.P.6.11 T- and B-lymphocytes depletion has a great effect on the fibrosis of the dystrophic skeletal muscles in the scid/mdx mouse. Neuromuscul Disord 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.06.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Belicchi M, Meregalli M, Farini A, Cattaneo A, Marchesi C, Porretti L, Bresolin N, Torrente Y. G.P.16.05 Ex vivo expansion of human circulating CD133+ progenitor cells: Promising tool for cell-based therapeutic approaches in muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.06.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Marchesi C, Belicchi M, Meregalli M, Farini A, Lopa R, Gavina M, Porretti L, Parolini D, D’Angelo M, Bresolin N, Cossu G, Torrente Y. G.P.16.06 Abundance of circulating progenitors with myo-endothelial potential correlates with a mild phenotype in patients affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.06.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chaouch S, Furling D, Goyenvalle A, Garcia L, Di Santo J, Torrente Y, Butler-Browne G, Mouly V. G.P.3.01 The use of immortalised human fibroblasts from a DMD patient to test exon skipping in vivo. Neuromuscul Disord 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Marchesi C, Pluderi M, Colleoni F, Belicchi M, Meregalli M, Farini A, Parolini D, Draghi L, Fruguglietti ME, Gavina M, Porretti L, Cattaneo A, Battistelli M, Prelle A, Moggio M, Borsa S, Bello L, Spagnoli D, Gaini SM, Tanzi MC, Bresolin N, Grimoldi N, Torrente Y. Skin-derived stem cells transplanted into resorbable guides provide functional nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve resection. Glia 2007; 55:425-38. [PMID: 17203471 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The regeneration in the peripheral nervous system is often incomplete and the treatment of severe lesions with nerve tissue loss is primarily aimed at recreating nerve continuity. Guide tubes of various types, filled with Schwann cells, stem cells, or nerve growth factors are attractive as an alternative therapy to nerve grafts. In this study, we evaluated whether skin-derived stem cells (SDSCs) can improve peripheral nerve regeneration after transplantation into nerve guides. We compared peripheral nerve regeneration in adult rats with sciatic nerve gaps of 16 mm after autologous transplantation of GFP-labeled SDSCs into two different types of guides: a synthetic guide, obtained by dip coating with a L-lactide and trimethylene carbonate (PLA-TMC) copolymer and a collagen-based guide. The sciatic function index and the recovery rates of the compound muscle action potential were significantly higher in the animals that received SDSCs transplantation, in particular, into the collagen guide, compared to the control guides filled only with PBS. For these guides the morphological and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated an increased number of myelinated axons expressing S100 and Neurofilament 70, suggesting the presence of regenerating nerve fibers along the gap. GFP positive cells were found around regenerating nerve fibers and few of them were positive for the expression of glial markers as S-100 and glial fibrillary acidic protein. RT-PCR analysis confirmed the expression of S100 and myelin basic protein in the animals treated with the collagen guide filled with SDSCs. These data support the hypothesis that SDSCs could represent a tool for future cell therapy applications in peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marchesi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico-Mangiagalli e Regina Elena of Milan, Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Italy
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Belicchi M, Marchesi C, Benchaouir R, D’Antona G, Mouly V, Buttler-Browne G, Cossu G, Bresolin N, Garcia L, Torrente Y. T.P.1 08 Autologous transplantation of muscle-derived AC133+ stem cells. Neuromuscul Disord 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2006.05.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Torrente Y, Gavina M, Belicchi M, Fiori F, Komlev V, Bresolin N, Rustichelli F. High-resolution X-ray microtomography for three-dimensional visualization of human stem cell muscle homing. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:5759-64. [PMID: 17022981 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the perspective of clinical translation of stem cell research, it would be advantageous to develop new techniques to detect donor cells after transplantation to track their fate and thus better understand their role in regeneration of damaged and diseased tissues. In this study we use X-ray computed microtomography for three-dimensional visualization of stem cells that were labeled with magnetic nanoparticles and transplanted via intra-arterial infusion. We show that X-ray computed microtomography offers the possibility to detect with high definition and resolution human cells after transplantation, and opens new possibilities for both experimental stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Torrente
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Padiglione Ponti, Ospedale Policinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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Gorio A, Torrente Y, Madaschi L, Di Stefano AB, Pisati F, Marchesi C, Belicchi M, Di Giulio AM, Bresolin N. Fate of autologous dermal stem cells transplanted into the spinal cord after traumatic injury (TSCI). Neuroscience 2004; 125:179-89. [PMID: 15051157 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rat dermis is a source of cells capable of growing in vitro and, in appropriate conditions, forming floating spheres constituted by nestin-positive cells. We have clonally grown these spheres up to the 15th generation. These spheres can be dissociated into cells that differentiate in vitro under appropriate conditions, these cells are labeled by antibodies to immature neuron markers such as nestin and beta-tubulin III and, later, to mature neuron markers such as microtubule-associated protein 2 and neurofilaments. However, most cells are positive to the astroglial marker glia fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). When sphere-derived cells are transplanted into the spinal cord after traumatic injury, their migration into the lesion cavity is optimal but their differentiation is dependent upon the time interval between lesioning and cell transplantation. Injection of skin-derived stem cell within 30 min from injury yields mainly membrane activated complex-1 (MAC-1), cluster of differentiation-4 (CD-4) and CD-8 positive cells, that 60-90 days later undergo apoptosis. However, when transplantation is performed 7 days after injury, most cells (65% of total) are positive to staining with antibodies to GFAP, others (16%) to neurofilaments, and a smaller amount (2%) to the endothelial marker, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule. Thus our study shows that delayed transplantations of dermis-derived stem cells yield healthy cells that do not die, migrate to the lesion site, and there differentiate mainly in cells expressing glia and neuronal markers. On the other hand there is the possibility of dye transfer from labeled cells to endogenous cells, and this might influence the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gorio
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan, Via A di Rudinì 8, Milano 20142, Italy.
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Torrente Y, El Fahime E, Caron NJ, Del Bo R, Belicchi M, Pisati F, Tremblay JP, Bresolin N. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulates chemotactic response in mouse myogenic cells. Cell Transplant 2003; 12:91-100. [PMID: 12693669 DOI: 10.3727/000000003783985115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of transplanted myogenic cells occurs during both embryogenesis and regeneration of skeletal muscles and is important for successful myoblast transplantation, but little is known about factors that promote chemotaxis of these cells. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is known to induce chemotactic effect on several cell types. In this study, we investigated its influence on the in vitro and in vivo motility of C2C12 and primary myoblasts. In the in vitro test performed in the blind-well Boyden chambers, we showed that TNF-alpha (50-400 U/ml) significantly enhanced the ability of myogenic cells to migrate. The dose-response curve for this factor was bell shaped, with maximum activity in the 200 U/ml range. In the in vivo test, intramuscular administration of TNF-alpha was performed by an Alzet pump connected to a perforated polyethylene microtube inserted in the tibialis anterior (TA) of CD1 mice. In these experiments, myoblasts were injected under the muscle epimysium. The recipient mice were immunosuppressed with FK506. Our results showed that, 5 days after myoblast transplantation, cells migrated further in the muscles infused with TNF-alpha than in the muscles not exposed to TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha not only has a chemotactic activity but may also modify cell migration via its action on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. The proteolytic activities of the MMPs secreted in the muscles were thus also assessed by gelatin zymography. The results showed an increased of MMP-2 and MMP-9 transcripts in the TNF-alpha-infused muscles injected with myogenic cells. Myoblast migration during transplantation may be enhanced by overlapping gradients of several effector molecules such as TNF-alpha, interferon-gamma (INF-gamma), and interleukins, released at the site of muscle injury. We propose that TNF-alpha may promote myoblast migration directly through chemotactic activity and indirectly by enhancing MMP activity at the site of muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Torrente
- Centro Dino Ferrari, Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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El Fahime E, Mills P, Lafreniere JF, Torrente Y, Tremblay JP. The urokinase plasminogen activator: an interesting way to improve myoblast migration following their transplantation. Exp Cell Res 2002; 280:169-78. [PMID: 12413883 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2002.5642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscle cell migration plays an important role in the incorporation of transplanted myoblasts in muscle fibers. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the high migration capacity of the C(2)C(12) myoblast cell line may help to develop approaches to improve the migration of normal myoblasts and consequently to increase their participation to the host myofiber regeneration. We have previously shown that matrix metalloproteinases are implicated in the in vivo migration of C(2)C(12). Here, we studied the role of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in this process. The expression of uPA mRNA and the enzymatic activity of uPA were studied in both normal myoblasts and the C(2)C(12) myoblast cell line. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that uPA mRNA was more strongly expressed in C(2)C(12) cells than in normal myoblasts. The enzymatic activity of secreted uPA analyzed by casein zymography is higher in medium conditioned by C(2)C(12) cells than in medium conditioned by normal myoblasts. Using our previously described microtube technique to assess in vivo cell migration, we showed that uPA is implicated in the in vivo migration of C(2)C(12) cells since this migration was abrogated in the presence of aprotinin (a general serine protease inhibitor) or amiloride (a uPA-specific inhibitor). We, therefore, hypothesized that increasing endogenous uPA expression by normal myoblasts may improve their migration capacity. Since an accumulating body of evidence has shown that growth factors regulate expression of uPA in a wide range of cells, we treated normal myoblasts with several growth factors alone or in combination with components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). All stimulants tested showed a minimal to strong effect on uPA enzymatic activity as assayed by zymography analysis. The positive effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on uPA enzymatic activity was slightly potentiated in the presence of fibronectin. Moreover, the pretreatment and coinjection of mouse myoblasts with bFGF alone or in combination with fibronectin improved significantly their in vivo migration throughout the tibialis anterior muscle of mdx mice. These results suggest that increasing uPA expression by an appropriate combination of growth factors and ECM components constitutes a possible approach to improving the migration of myogenic cells after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E El Fahime
- Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
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Colombo FR, Torrente Y, Casati R, Benti R, Corti S, Salani S, D'Angelo MG, DeLiso A, Scarlato G, Bresolin N, Gerundini P. Biodistribution studies of 99mTc-labeled myoblasts in a murine model of muscular dystrophy. Nucl Med Biol 2001; 28:935-40. [PMID: 11711313 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8051(01)00256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to evaluate the myoblast labeling of various 99mTc complexes and to select the complex that best accomplishes this labeling, and second to evaluate the biodistribution of myoblasts labeled with this complex using mice with MDX muscular dystrophy (the murine homologue of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy). The following ligands were used to prepare the corresponding 99mTc complexes: hexakis-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile (MIBI), bis(2-ethoxyethyl)diphosphinoethane (Tf), (RR,SS)-4,8-diaza-3,6,6,9-tetramethyl-undecane-2,10-dione-bisoxime (HM-PAO), bis(N-ethyl)dithiocarbamate (NEt), and bis(N-ethoxy, N-ethyl)dithiocarbamate (NOEt). One million murine myoblasts were incubated for 30-60 minutes with 5 mCi of each of the 99mTc complexes prepared from the above ligands. Viability was assessed by microscopic counting after trypan blue staining, and the radioactivity absorbed in the cells was measured after centrifugation. The compound with the highest uptake in cellular pellets was [99mTc]N-NOEt. The biodistribution of myoblasts labeled with this complex was evaluated after intraaortic injection in dystrophic mice. Such an approach has the potential of effecting widespread gene transfer through the bloodstream to muscles lacking dystrophin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Colombo
- IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Milan, Italy.
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Comi GP, Fortunato F, Lucchiari S, Bordoni A, Prelle A, Jann S, Keller A, Ciscato P, Galbiati S, Chiveri L, Torrente Y, Scarlato G, Bresolin N. Beta-enolase deficiency, a new metabolic myopathy of distal glycolysis. Ann Neurol 2001; 50:202-7. [PMID: 11506403 DOI: 10.1002/ana.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A severe muscle enolase deficiency, with 5% of residual activity, was detected in a 47-year-old man affected with exercise intolerance and myalgias. No rise of serum lactate was observed with the ischemic forearm exercise. Ultrastructural analysis showed focal sarcoplasmic accumulation of glycogen beta particles. The enzyme enolase catalyzes the interconversion of 2-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate. In adult human muscle, over 90% of enolase activity is accounted for by the beta-enolase subunit, the protein product of the ENO3 gene. The beta-enolase protein was dramatically reduced in the muscle of our patient, by both immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting, while alpha-enolase was normally represented. The ENO3 gene of our patient carries two heterozygous missense mutations affecting highly conserved amino acid residues; a G467A transition changing a glycine residue at position 156 to aspartate, in close proximity to the catalytic site, and a G1121A transition changing a glycine to glutamate at position 374. These mutations were probably inherited as autosomal recessive traits since the mother was heterozygous for the G467A and a sister was heterozygous for the G1121A transition. Our data suggest that ENO3 mutations result in decreased stability of mutant beta-enolase. Muscle beta-enolase deficiency should be considered in the differential diagnosis of metabolic myopathies due to inherited defects of distal glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Comi
- Istituto di Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Milano, IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Italy.
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Caron NJ, Torrente Y, Camirand G, Bujold M, Chapdelaine P, Leriche K, Bresolin N, Tremblay JP. Intracellular delivery of a Tat-eGFP fusion protein into muscle cells. Mol Ther 2001; 3:310-8. [PMID: 11273772 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tat protein from HIV-1, when fused with heterologous proteins or peptides, can traverse biological membranes in a process called "protein transduction," delivering its cargo into cells. A Tat-eGFP fusion protein was purified from bacteria to study the transduction kinetics of Tat fusion proteins into cultured myoblasts and in the muscle tissue. Correctly folded Tat-eGFP reaches a maximum intracellular level in nearly 30 min, while its endogenous fluorescence is first detected only after 14 h. The nuclear localization signal from the basic domain of Tat was not sufficient to confer nuclear localization to Tat-eGFP, suggesting that the nuclear import pathway used by the exogenously added Tat-eGFP might be sensitive to the folding state of eGFP. In mice, the direct delivery to the muscle tissue using subcutaneous injections or the intra-arterial pathway led to few positive fibers in the muscle periphery or surrounding the blood vessels. Muscles injected with Tat-eGFP showed intense labeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), suggesting that, although Tat fusion proteins can transduce muscle fibers, their binding by components of the ECM surrounding myofibers could interfere with the intracellular transduction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Caron
- Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université laval, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
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Del Bo R, Torrente Y, Corti S, D'Angelo MG, Comi GP, Fagiolari G, Salani S, Cova A, Pisati F, Moggio M, Ausenda C, Scarlato G, Bresolin N. In vitro and in vivo tetracycline-controlled myogenic conversion of NIH-3T3 cells: evidence of programmed cell death after muscle cell transplantation. Cell Transplant 2001; 10:209-21. [PMID: 11332636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo gene therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy based on autologous transplantation of genetically modified myoblasts is limited by their premature senescence. MyoD-converted fibroblasts represent an alternative source of myogenic cells. In this study the forced MyoD-dependent conversion of murine NIH-3T3 fibroblasts into myoblasts under the control of an inducible promoter silent in the presence of tetracycline was evaluated. After tetracycline withdrawal this promoter drives the transcription of MyoD in the engineered fibroblasts, inducing their myogenesis and giving rise to beta-galactosidase-positive cells. MyoD-expressing fibroblasts withdrew from the cell cycle, but were unable to fuse in vitro into multinucleated myotubes. Five days following implantation of engineered fibroblasts in muscles of C57BL/10J mice we observed a sevenfold increase of beta-galactosidase-positive regenerating myofibers in animals not treated with antibiotic compared with treated animals. After 1 week the number of positive fibers decreased and several apoptotic myonuclei were detected. Three weeks following implantation of MyoD-converted fibroblasts in recipient mice, no positive "blue" fiber was observed. Our results suggest that transactivation by tetracycline of MyoD may drive an in vivo myogenic conversion of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and that, in this experimental setting, apoptosis plays a relevant role in limiting the efficacy of engineered fibroblast transplantation. This work opens the question whether apoptotic phenomena also play a general role as limiting factors of cell-mediated gene therapy of inherited muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Del Bo
- Dino Ferrari Center, Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Milan, Italy
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Corti S, Salani S, Del Bo R, Torrente Y, Strazzer S, Belicchi M, Paganoni S, Li Z, Comi GP, Bresolin N, Paulin D, Scarlato G. T-antigen regulated expression reduces apoptosis of tag-transformed human myoblasts. Cell Mol Life Sci 2001; 58:135-40. [PMID: 11229812 DOI: 10.1007/pl00000773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The generation of human myogenic cell lines could potentially provide a valuable source for cell transplantation in myopathies. The dysregulation of proliferative-differentiative signals by viral oncogenes can result in the induction of apoptosis. Whether apoptosis occurred in myogenic cells expressing large T antigen (Tag) from SV40 upon differentiation was unknown. Human muscle satellite cells were transfected with two different constructs, containing either an origin-defective SV40 genome or Tag under vimentin promoter control. When differentiation was triggered, Tag expression reduced the formation of myotubes and dead cells showing apoptotic features were present. However, the cells expressing SV40 Tag under vimentin promoter control retained their capacity to form myotubes and expressed the myofibrillar proteins as myosin heavy chain and dystrophin when Tag expression was silent. Their apoptotic rate was similar to that of untransfected cells. The observation that apoptosis can be prevented by the down-regulation of Tag suggests that the programmed cell death induced in transformed cells can be reversed, and confirms the regulatory efficiency of the human vimentin promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Corti
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Italy.
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El Fahime E, Torrente Y, Caron NJ, Bresolin MD, Tremblay JP. In vivo migration of transplanted myoblasts requires matrix metalloproteinase activity. Exp Cell Res 2000; 258:279-87. [PMID: 10896779 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.4962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscle cell migration and extracellular matrix remodeling are essential aspects of muscle development and regeneration. In this study, using a new technique to assess in vivo myoblast migration, we have confirmed previous results showing that the C(2)C(12) myoblast cell line exhibits a higher migratory capacity than primary myoblasts. To test the hypothesis that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are required for the migration of C(2)C(12) myoblasts, we determined whether a synthetic metalloproteinase inhibitor, BB94 (Batimastat), inhibited this process in vivo. Pretreatment with BB94 for 3 days decreased the C(2)C(12) migration at 2 days after cell injection. Since MMP expression is thus necessary for myoblast migration, we have undertaken the identification and characterization of the MMPs expressed by the C(2)C(12) cell line. An RT-PCR assay was used to determine the pattern of MMP mRNA expression by the C(2)C(12) cell line. The proteolytic activities of the MMPs secreted in the culture medium were also assessed by gelatin zymography. The results showed that MMP2 (gelatinase A, 72-kDa type IV collagenase) and MT1-MMP transcripts were expressed by this cell line; however, only MMP2 was secreted and was able to be activated in the extracellular environment. This cell line failed to express MMP9 (gelatinase B, 92-kDa type IV collagenase), stromelysine 2, or stromelysine 3. Our observation that the membrane type MMP (MT1-MMP) transcript is also expressed by the C(2)C(12) suggests that the MMP2 proform (pro-MMP2), may be activated by the MT1-MMP. This possibility is supported by our observation that the pretreatment of C(2)C(12) with concanavalin A (which is known to induce the expression of MT1-MMP) resulted in the processing of pro-MMP2 to its mature form, in a dose-dependent manner. Overexpression and activation of MMP2 in normal myoblasts showed significant increased migration of mouse myoblasts in vivo. Our finding that MMP2 and MT1-MMP gene are coexpressed by C(2)C(12) myoblasts could account for the high migratory capacity of C(2)C(12). Together these results supported the importance of MMP2 and its activation by MT1-MMP for myoblast migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E El Fahime
- Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Ste.-Foy, Québec, Canada
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Torrente Y, D'Angelo MG, Li Z, Del Bo R, Corti S, Mericskay M, DeLiso A, Fassati A, Paulin D, Comi GP, Scarlato G, Bresolin N. Transplacental injection of somite-derived cells in mdx mouse embryos for the correction of dystrophin deficiency. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9:1843-52. [PMID: 10915773 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/9.12.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal recessive disease caused by the absence of dystrophin in skeletal muscle, heart and other tissues. No cure is available at present for DMD. Here we describe a new strategy for the correction of dystrophin deficiency based on the transplantation of normal somite-derived cells into mdx mouse embryos. Somite-derived cells were isolated from E11.5 transgenic mouse embryos expressing the LacZ gene under the control of the muscle-specific desmin promoter and injected into the uterine circulation of pregnant mdx mice at gestational days E11.5-E17. Approximately 30% of the injected mdx embryos survived the procedure. Donor somite-derived cells were able to cross the placenta and migrate into host embryonic tissues. The pattern of donor cell distribution in host tissues depended on the gestational age of the transplanted embryos. Cells were found in hindlimb muscles, diaphragm, heart and ribs in E11.5 treated embryos and in the skull, ribs, vertebrae and lung of E15-E17 treated embryos. Normal dystrophin transcripts were detected in muscle and bone by RT-PCR. Histochemical analysis showed co-localization of LacZ and dystrophin expression in 5% of soleus and quadriceps muscle fibres and in 4% of heart myocytes of two of seven 8-week-old treated mdx mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Torrente
- IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Torrente Y, El Fahime E, Caron NJ, Bresolin N, Tremblay JP. Intramuscular migration of myoblasts transplanted after muscle pretreatment with metalloproteinases. Cell Transplant 2000; 9:539-49. [PMID: 11038070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of pretreatments of host muscles with metalloproteinases (MMPs) or with notexin on the migration of transplanted myoblasts was investigated. Transgenic TnILacZ mice in which the beta-galactosidase gene is under the control of a quail fast skeletal troponin I gene promoter were used as donors. A polyethylene microtube with four perforations was inserted in the tibialis anterior (TA) of CD1 mice. Both pretreatment substances and cells were slowly injected through that microtube. Muscles were pretreated 2 days before myoblast injection either with a mixture of collagenase, matrilysin, and notexin or with only collagenase and matrilysin or only notexin. As control for our experiments, TnILacZ and C2C12 myoblasts were also injected in TA muscles not pretreated. Comparison of short and long-term myoblast radial migration was performed using a dye (PKH26) and X-gal staining, respectively. The recipient mice were immunosuppressed with FK506. Two days after myoblast transplantation, the cell movement in muscles pretreated with collagenase, matrilysin, and notexin was slightly greater than in muscles pretreated only with collagenase and matrilysin but was about twice that observed in muscles treated with notexin alone. Almost no radial migration of TnILacZ myoblasts was observed in untreated muscles. The C2C12 myoblasts showed a four-to fivefold higher migration capacity than TnILacZ myoblasts. At 15 days after TnILacZ myoblast transplantation, the farthest positive beta-gal muscle fibers show a two- to threefold extension of the initial migration observed at 2 days, demonstrating the ability of myoblasts to continue the migration following all pretreatments and even in the untreated muscles. In addition, more muscle fibers expressed the beta-gal reporter gene in muscles pretreated only with MMPs. Our results clearly demonstrate that muscle pretreatments with MMPs increase myoblast migration and fusion with host muscle fibers after transplantation and that the C2C12 cell line producing MMPs has a higher migratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Torrente
- Centro Dino Ferrari, Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Milan, Italy
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Torrente Y, D'Angelo MG, Del Bo R, DeLiso A, Casati R, Benti R, Corti S, Comi GP, Gerundini P, Anichini A, Scarlato G, Bresolin N. Extracorporeal circulation as a new experimental pathway for myoblast implantation in mdx mice. Cell Transplant 1999; 8:247-58. [PMID: 10442737 DOI: 10.1177/096368979900800305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The deficiency of dystrophin, a sarcolemmal associated protein, is responsible for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Gene replacement is attractive as a potential therapy. In this article, we describe a new method for myoblast transplantation and expression of dystrophin in skeletal muscle tissue of dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse through iliac vessels extracorporeal circulation. We evaluated the extracorporeal circulation as an alternative route of delivering myoblasts to the target tissue. Two series of experiments were performed with the extracorporeal circulation. In a first series, L6 rat myoblasts, transfected with LacZ reporter gene, were perfused in limbs of 15 rats. In the second series, the muscle limbs of three 6-8-week-old mdx were perfused with myoblasts of donor C57BL10J mice. Before these perfusions, the right tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of the rats and mdx was injected three times at several sites with bupivacaine (BPVC) and hyaluronidase. The ability of injected cells to migrate in the host tissue was assessed in rats by technetium-99m cell labeling. No radioactivity was detected in the lungs, bowels, and liver of animals treated with extracorporeal circulation. The tissue integration and viability of the myoblasts were ultimately confirmed by genetic and histochemical analysis of LacZ reporter gene. Following a single extracorporeal perfusion of myoblasts from donor C57BL10J, sarcolemmal expression of dystrophin was observed in clusters of myofibers in tibialis anterior muscles previously treated with BPVC and hyaluronidase. Furthermore, large clusters of dystrophin-positive fibers were observed in muscles up to 21 days after repeated treatments. These clusters represented an average of 4.2% of the total muscle fibers. These results demonstrate that the extracorporeal circulation allows selective myoblast-mediated gene transfer to muscles, opening new perspectives in muscular dystrophy gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Torrente
- Centro Dino Ferrari, Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Milan, Italy
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Bresolin N, Ausenda CD, Casati R, Torrente Y, DeLiso A, D'Angelo MG, Benti R, Moggio M, Baldessari S, Comi GP, Colombo F, Gerundini P, Scarlato G. Intra-aortic injection of myoblasts in mdx mice: genetic and technetium-99m cell labeling and biodistribution. Muscle Nerve 1997; 20:757-9. [PMID: 9149087 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199706)20:6<757::aid-mus17>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Bresolin
- Centro Dino Ferrari, Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Milan, Italy
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Ausenda CD, Bresolin N, De Liso A, D'Angelo MG, Moggio M, Del Bo R, Gallanti A, Comi GP, Torrente Y, Bordoni A, Scarlato G. In vivo biolistic technique in control and mdx dystrophic mice. Muscle Nerve 1996; 19:912-4. [PMID: 8965850 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199607)19:7<912::aid-mus18>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C D Ausenda
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, Italy
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