Short-term effect of meteorological factors on COVID-19 mortality in Qom, Iran

The present study was conducted to assess the short-term effects of the meteorological factors on the COVID-19 mortality in Qom, Iran. The GAM with a quasi-Poisson link function was used to evaluate the impact of temperature, DTR, relative humidity, and absolute humidity on the COVID-19 mortality, controlling potential confounders such as time trend, air pollutants, and day of the week. The results showed that the risk of COVID-19 mortality was reduced, in single-day lag/multiple-day average lag, per one-unit increase in absolute humidity (percentage change in lag 0=-33.64% (95% CI (-42.44, -23.49)), and relative humidity (percentage change in lag 0=-1.87% (95% CI (-2.52, -1.22)). Also, per one-unit increase in DTR value, COVID death risk increased in single-day and multiple-day average lag. This study demonstrated a significant relationship between the four meteorological variables and the COVID-19 mortality.

Individual memories and coping with the COVID-19 lockdown: Family members’ experiences

Introduction Understanding the psychological and behavioral reactions to emerging infectious diseases is crucial in managing outbreaks. This study sought to explain family members’ experiences of individual memories and coping with the COVID-19 lockdown. Methods An exploratory, descriptive and qualitative research was conducted by content analysis in Lorestan province, Iran. The purposive sampling was continued by achieving data saturation, reaching 29 samples. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted to family members who stayed at home during the COVID-19-induced lockdown. The data was collected from October 2020 to February 2021. Content analysis presented by Graneheim and Lundman was used to analyze the data. Results The findings of this study contained 100 codes and five categories with its respective subcategories. Categories included taking advantage of opportunities (increasing intimate communication in the family; compensation and progress), coping mechanisms (creating fun and creativity at home; trying to spend leisure time; sports, reading books, music; increasing patience and tolerance; and forced Internet communications), social aspects (positive and negative), outcomes (gratefulness, pleasure, and happiness; concerns; psychological aspects; and damage and challenge to the foundation of families), and economic aspects (cost savings; recession/job loss/financial downturn; and low-income families' unaffordability to prepare electronics for education). Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic and its induced-lockdown have affected various aspects of family life and its pros and cons have been presented by the participants. Policymakers must design and implement programs in line with this change in the public’s lifestyles so that families are not damaged.

Native Iranian Medicinal Plants with Anti-Vaginal Infection Properties: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

The use of herbs has recently been considered an effective method in the treatment of infections. The purpose of this study was to introduce Iranian medicinal plants with an effect on vaginal infections.

METHODS

In our systematic review study, keywords including 'medicinal plants', 'Iranian medicinal plants', 'vaginal infection', 'essential oils', and 'extracts' were searched in PubMed, Web of Science Direct, Scopus, Scientific Information Database, and Google Scholar. This study focused on the articles published from 2000 to 2019.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

According to our investigation, Stachys lavandulifolia, Thymus vulgaris L., Origanum vulgare L., Allium jesdianum, Cichorium intybus, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Azadirachta Indica, Stachys lavandulifolia, Coriandrum sativum L., Rosmarinus officinalis, Ferula gummosa L., Origanum syriacum, Eucalyptus globulus, Myrtus communis, Zingiber officinale, Punica granatum, Vitex agnus-castus, Mentha suaveolens, Quercus Brantii Lindl, Zataria multiflora, Berberis vulgaris, Thymus vulgaris L., Echinophora platyloba, Stachys lavandulifolia, Viola odorata, Menthe piperita, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Ziziphus mauritiana, Quercus infectoria, Hypericum perforatum, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Calendula officinalis, Origanum vulgare, Ziziphus nummularia, Satureja Bachtiarica, Foeniculum vulgare, Nigella sativa, Anethum graveolens, Salvia officinalis, and Calendula officinalis are used to treat vaginal infections.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, native plants of Iran have been reported to have antimicrobial properties for the treatment of vaginal infections and can be used as a suitable and effective alternative to antibiotics in future research.

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the 11-Item de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale in Iranian Older Adults

Loneliness is usually a chronic condition which may lead to physical and psychological undesirable consequences, and requires measurement and intervention. This study was conducted with the aim of preparing a Persian version of the 11-item de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale and evaluating its psychometric properties among the Iranian older adults. After applying the translation-back translation method, the prepared script was subjected to the face and content validity evaluations and a Persian version of the scale was prepared. Factor analysis, concurrent validity, internal consistency, and test-retest methods were used to validate the scale. The Persian version of the 11-item de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale showed acceptable content validity. The negative and significant correlations between the loneliness scores and the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale indicated that the questionnaire had acceptable concurrent validity. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed two factors for the scale. Also, the results of the intra-class correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha coefficient demonstrated that the scale had acceptable reliability. The Persian version of the 11-item de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale is an appropriate tool for measuring loneliness in the Iranian older adults.

A Study on the Most Frequent Academic Words in High Impact Factor English Nursing Journals: A Corpus-based Study

BACKGROUND

The ability to comprehend a text depends primarily on the knowledge about its words. This study investigated the most frequent words in high impact factor (IF) English nursing journals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This corpus-based study was conducted on the articles of 13 English nursing journals with an IF of over 0.7 from November 2014 to September 2016. After the typographical errors were corrected and the tokens (running words) in each journal were equalized, the tokens were analyzed using the Range software. Finally, a word list was extracted from the final 2851 articles and 8196,953 tokens to reach the optimal 98% vocabulary coverage.

RESULTS

A word list consisting of 1081 word families and 3175 word types with 5.24% coverage was extracted, which fulfilled the 98% vocabulary coverage. In other words, the coverage of the 1081 word-family list (5.24%), the coverage of the 1^st 3000 English word families (87.55%), proper names, marginal words, compound words, and abbreviations related to the software (3.29%), and the coverage of the new proper names (1.13%), new compounds (0.02%), new abbreviations (0.72%), and letter-number combinations (0.05%) totaled 98%.

CONCLUSIONS

By learning the 1^st 3000 English word families and the 1081 word families introduced in this study, a nursing student can comprehend the texts of articles in high IF nursing journals without any considerable help from other resources.

The Level and Frequency of Faculty Incivility as Perceived by Nursing Students of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences

Background: Little evidence exists concerning students' perception of faculty incivility. Given the growing trend of incivility and the stressful nature of these behaviors, the present study aimed to investigate the level and frequency of faculty incivility as perceived by nursing students. Methods: A stratified random sample of 178 students from four nursing faculties of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences participated in the present cross-sectional study. The Incivility in Nursing Education-Revised Survey, consisting of 24 items, was used to investigate the prevalence and frequency of faculty incivility, and the mean and frequency of each item was calculated separately. The data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (chi-square, independent t-test and analysis of variance), and the significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Most of the participants were single, did not live in a dormitory, and ranged in age from 19 to 23. From their perspective, disrespect, physical threat, property damage, and physical violence were of paramount importance. 61.8% of them argued that they had "sometimes" and "always" experienced "unfair assessment" during the last year. Creating codes of behavior, enhancing awareness of civility, and developing and implementing policies for managing incivility were proposed as the most important strategies for improving civility. Conclusion: Faculty members should be prepared for establishing friendly and respectful relationships, effective teaching, and applying a reality-based assessment. Identifying different and prevalent kinds of faculty incivility and making faculty members aware of them paves the way for faculty members to rethink their performance.

Practical parasitology courses and infection with intestinal parasites in students

Students who are working in research or educational laboratories of parasitology, as well as health care workers providing care for patients, are at the risk of becoming infected with parasites through accidental exposure. The main purpose of this study was to identify potential positive cases of intestinal parasitic infections among students who took practical parasitology courses compared with students who did not take any practical parasitology courses in Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran, in 2013-2014. A total of 310 subjects from various majors were invited to voluntarily participate in the study. Various demographic data were collected using questionnaires. Three stool samples were collected from each individual on alternate days. Saline wet mounts (SWM), formalin-ether sedimentation test (FEST), Sheather floatation test (SHFT) and trichrome and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining methods were used to diagnose the presence of intestinal parasites. The prevalence rate of intestinal parasites (IPs) among the students was 11.93%. There was a significant difference between majors in the infection with IPs (P<0.05). The most frequently observed IPs were Blastocystis hominis (4.51%) and Giardia intestinalis (3.54%). The results of this study showed that the transmission of pathogenic parasites in the educational course of practical parasitology could occur and must be taken into careful consideration.

Psychometric testing of the Persian version of the Belongingness Scale-Clinical Placement Experience

BACKGROUND

Belongingness has been identified both as a fundamental human need and as a prerequisite for nursing students' clinical learning. Belongingness has also been associated with students' academic achievement, retention, self-esteem, self-directed learning, and self-efficacy. The Belongingness Scale-Clinical Placement Experience is a valid and reliable measure of nursing students' belongingness scores; however, a Persian version of this scale is not currently available.

AIM

This study aimed to translate the Belongingness Scale-Clinical Placement Experience into Persian, to evaluate its psychometric properties, and to measure the belongingness experiences of Iranian nursing students.

METHODS

Following translation and initial validity and reliability testing of the scale, 300 nursing students from three universities in Iran completed the survey. Further psychometric testing was undertaken followed by analysis of descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

Based on the results of confirmatory factor analysis two items were removed from the scale. The mean score of Persian version of the Belongingness Scale-Clinical Placement Experience was 3.21 (0.57). The whole scale had a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.92). The alpha coefficients of the subscales of "self-esteem", "connectedness", and "efficacy" were 0.85, 0.86, and 0.80 respectively.

CONCLUSION

Similar to previous versions of the Belongingness Scale-Clinical Placement Experience, the Persian version demonstrated strong psychometric properties with strong validity and reliability, indicating its utility and appropriateness when measuring Iranian nursing students' belongingness experiences. Further testing with other cohorts would strengthen these results.

Seidlitzia rosmarinus for lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial

OBJECTIVE

This study was performed to investigate the effect of Seidlitzia rosmarinus on the clinical symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

METHODS

This single-blind clinical trial included 98 patients with voiding and storage symptoms in Shohada Ashayer Hospital of Khorramabad. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of treatment with prazosin 1mg/day plus Seidlitzia rosmarinus 3g/day and treatment with prazosin 1mg/day. The clinical symptoms were measured using the International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) questionnaire. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, prostate volume, and residual urine volume before and 2 months after the intervention were measured.

RESULTS

The results of the study before the intervention did not show significant differences between the prazosin and Seidlitzia rosmarinus plus prazosin groups for the scores of clinical symptoms, PSA level, prostate volume, and residual urine volume (p>0.05). However, significant differences were found between the two groups after the intervention for the mean change scores of clinical symptoms (6.8 scores in the Seidlitzia rosmarinus group vs. 2 scores in the control group) (p<0.001), while no significant differences were found for the mean change scores of PSA level, prostate volume, and residual urine volume (p>0.05).

CONCLUSION

The results of the study showed that the simultaneous consumption of Seidlitzia rosmarinus and prazosin, compared to the consumption of prazosin alone, results in significant improvements in the clinical symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Honey in the treatment of Fournier's gangrene as an adjuvant: a cross sectional study

Fournier's gangrene is a progressive polymicrobial necrotising infection. The purpose of this study was to assess the outcome of Fournier's gangrene infection in patients who received topical honey with their therapeutic regimens. The cross-sectional study included 17 patients with Fournier's gangrene. Under spinal anaesthesia, the necrotic areas were debrided. In the first week, every day, the wounds were cleansed with Betadine, normal saline, and 2% oxygenated water, then 30-50cc of honey was used after the wounds were dried. The wounds were then dressed. This method of dressing was taught to the patients' attendants. The granulation tissues, generally bright pink, were observed on the 10th day. Four (23.5%) patients underwent colostomy and 1 (5.9%) died. All the patients were discharged two weeks after the initial debridement. Compared with other studies, honey reduced the healing and hospitalisation time as well as additional costs.

Characteristics of Colorectal Cancer in Khorramabad, Iran during 2013

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is a common, deadly disease with different incidence rates in different parts of the world. The present study aims to investigate the clinical presentations, colonoscopic findings, and family history of colorectal cancer in the city of Khorramabad, Iran. METHODS This cross-sectional study, conducted in 2013, included 112 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer by colonoscopy with pathological confirmation in addition to 112 individuals matched with patients for age and gender. Controls were chosen from the outpatients admitted to the Skin and Eye Clinics of ShohadaAshayer Hospital in Khorramabad who had no gastrointestinal diseases. A self-generated questionnaire was used to assess family history of smoking and gastrointestinal cancer history in immediate relatives of subjects from both groups. Fisher's exact test and odds ratios (OR) were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Based on the findings of this study, the most common clinical presentation in the patients was abdominal pain (67.9%). The sigmoid colon (40%) was the most common anatomical site of the tumor in men; the rectum (34.6%) and sigmoid colon (34.6%) were the most common sites in women, which was not statistically significant (p=0.21). There were 11 (19.6%) patients and 2 (3.6%) individuals in the control group who reported a history of colorectal cancer in their immediate relatives, which was statistically significant (p=0.008). CONCLUSION In this study, left-sided colon cancer was more common. Subjects with colon cancer had more positive FHx. This indicated that genetic factors, in addition to environmental factors, could increase the incidence of colorectal cancer in a community. A better identification of these factors would result in better control and management of this disease.

Perception of medical university members from nutritional health in the quran

BACKGROUND

Desirable health is impossible without good nutrition, and Allah has addressed us on eating foods in 118 verses.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to describe the medical university faculty members' perceptions of nutritional health in the Quran, revealing the important role of faculty members.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This qualitative study was conducted with a phenomenological approach. Homogeneous sampling was performed in a final sample size of 16 subjects. The Colaizzi's phenomenological method was applied for data analysis.

RESULTS

Three main categories were extracted from the data analysis, including the importance of nutrition in the Quran (referring to certain fruits, vegetables and foods, illustrating and venerating the heavenly ones, nutritional recommendations, revealing the healing power of honey and the effects of fruits and vegetables on physical and social health); reasons of different foods being lawful (halal) and unlawful (haram) (religious slaughter, wine, meats, consequences of consuming haram materials, general expression of halal and haram terms); and fasting (fasting and physical health, fasting and mental health).

CONCLUSIONS

What has been mentioned in the Quran is what scientists have achieved over the time, since the Quran is governed by logic. Although we do not know the reasons for many things in the Quran, we consider it as the foundation.

WITHDRAWN: Seroepidemiology of hepatitis E virus in Western Iran

The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.031. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.

Complications of primary realignment of posterior urethral disruption after pelvic trauma

Background:

There are two fundamental selections for the management of traumatic posterior urethral injury, delayed repair or early primary realignment.

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to assess the complications of primary realignment of posterior urethral disruption.

Patients and Methods:

This retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study was done at the Shohada-ye Ashayer University Hospital in Khorramabad. All male patients admitted to the hospital with posterior urethral disruption and had undergone primary realignment of the urinary tract between 2003 and 2010 were included. Primary realignment of the urinary tract was done up to 24 hours after injury. The patients underwent open cystostomy and then a nelaton catheter was inserted from the bladder neck to the distal urethra anterogradely. Upon voiding from the catheter, another nelaton catheter was fixed to it and was pulled into the bladder. The catheter was removed if the urethra was intact in the retrograde urethrography after three weeks. The patients were followed for six months. The data were presented as mean and percentage.

Results:

A total of 24 patients were evaluated while seven, eleven, four, and two patients were aged under 20, 20 to 39, 40 to 59, and over 60 years old, respectively. Thirteen patients (54.16%) had urinary tract stenosis after the primary realignment. Erectile dysfunction was reported in three of them. Urinary incontinence did not occur in patients without stenosis.

Conclusions:

Early primary realignment of posterior urethral disruption had significant complications. In this study we did not have a control group, thus we could not compare the complications of delayed repair and early primary realignment of the posterior urethra. We recommend further case-control studies with larger sample size.

Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in mentally retarded patients in Iranian rehabilitation centers

Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most common causes of latent infections in humans and animals. Although T. gondii infection is widely prevalent in the world, most acquired cases of the disease are asymptomatic. The important aspect of this parasitic infection is the probable danger of congenital transmission and its severe effects on the fetus. There have been many reports about the prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibody among different groups of people in Iran; however the epidemiological data in mentally retarded patients are rare. The present study was conducted on 158 mentally retarded persons (94 males, 64 females) in the rehabilitation centers of Khoramabad from autumn 2012 to winter 2013. The overall prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibody was 30.4 % (48 cases). There were no significant difference between sex and toxoplasmosis (p > 0.05). However, there were no statistically significant difference between age and toxoplasmosis, nevertheless the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the patients less than 10-years-old had significantly the lowest rate. The highest infection rates were found in the two age groups of 10-19 and ≥30 years old. Our results showed that the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the mentally retarded persons in the rehabilitation centers of Khorramabad was similar to the prevalence in pregnant women in this city. Therefore, the disease does not cause additional danger to this group of women.

The effect of quality circles on job satisfaction and quality of work-life of staff in emergency medical services

INTRODUCTION

Quality circles, as a participatory management technique, offer one alternative for dealing with frustration and discontent of today's workers. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of implementation of quality circles on nurses' quality of work-life and job satisfaction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, two emergency medical services (EMS) of Hamedan province were selected and randomly assigned as the experimental and control groups. After the experimental group was trained and quality circles were established in this group, the levels of quality of work-life and job satisfaction were measured in the two groups. Then, the statistical analyses were performed using t-test.

RESULTS

After the intervention, the results showed significant differences between the scores of motivational factors (p=0.001), the total scores of job satisfaction (p=0.003), and the scores of some quality of work life (QWL) conceptual categories including the use and development of capacities (p=0.008), the total space of life (p=0.003), and the total scores of QWL (p=0.031) in the experimental group compared to those in the control group.

CONCLUSION

This study confirms the effectiveness of quality circles in improving quality of work-life and job satisfaction of nurses working in EMS, and offers their application as a management method that can be used by EMS managers.

Brucellosis-induced avascular necrosis of the hip in a middle-aged person

BACKGROUND

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease mostly transmitted to humans through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and can lead to a systemic disease with any organ involvement. In this report, we describe a case of brucellosis-induced avascular necrosis of the hip. Brucellosis was diagnosed through serological tests, and avascular necrosis of the femoral head was confirmed by pelvic MRI. The patient was treated with a combination of antimicrobial treatments and referred to the orthopedic service for total hip arthroplasty. Brucellosis may present with unusual manifestations and should be always taken into consideration, particularly in endemic areas.

Comparison of designed slippers splints with the splints available on the market in the treatment of hallux valgus

Hallux valgus or the lateral deviation of the great toe is a complex disease. If it is not treated, it will cause the deviation of other toes. Hallux valgus is three times more common in females and may cause uncomfortable deformity of the foot, problems in putting on unsuitable and narrow toe box shoes, and pain on the medial side of the first metatarsophalangeal joint; therefore, patients seek medical services. Untreated hallux valgus may cause the hammer toe deformity of the second toe. In this cohort study, 30 patients referring to the Orthopedic Clinic of Shohada Ashayer Hospital of Khorramabad, Iran, with a complaint of hallux valgus were randomly divided into two groups. The splints designed by the researches (slippers splints) were given to the case group, and the splints on the market including night splints and interdigital pads were given to the control group. The patients were followed every three months for a year and every time the weight bearing anteroposterior radiography of both feet were taken and hallux valgus and inter-metatarsal angles were measured. The data was analyzed by the SPSS software using repeated measure tests. In the case group that used the designed splints regularly, hallux valgus angles decreased more dramatically than in the control group (P<0.001). This study showed that, despite controversies over the nonoperative treatment of hallux valgus, if hallux valgus angle in patient is mild to moderate, the splint can be used as a nonoperative treatment.

The value of the anthropometric parameters of the tibia in the forensic identification of the Iranian population over the age of 20

OBJECTIVE

Tibia is one of the bones which can be applied in sex determination in addition to its successful role in determination of stature. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of anthropometric parameters of the tibia in forensic identification.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cross-sectional analysis of anthropometric parameters of the tibia was done by Legal Medicine Organization of Tehran, Iran studying Iranian population over the age of 20 during 2009 and 2010.

RESULTS

This study covered four aspects of tibias of 80 fresh Iranian cadavers, 40 men and 40 women, including the maximum lateromedial length, medial length, proximal width, and the distal width. The study showed that genders can be distinguished using the lateromedial length with 90% sensitivity and 80% specificity, the medial length with 90% sensitivity and 85% specificity, the proximal width with 85% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity, and the distal width with 67.5% sensitivity and 75% specificity.

CONCLUSION

In order to determine the relationships between the diverse aspects of tibia, the correlations between different dimensions of tibia were examined, resulting in the regression equations between its length and width.

Survey of both hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus (HCV-Ab) coinfection among HIV positive patients

BACKGROUND

HIV, HBV and HCV is major public health concerns. Because of shared routes of transmission, HIV-HCV coinfection and HIV-HBV coinfection are common. HIV-positive individuals are at risk of coinfection with HBV and HCV infections. The prevalence rates of coinfection with HBV and HCV in HIV-patients have been variable worldwide depending on the geographic regions, and the type of exposure.

AIM

This study aimed to examine HBV and HCV coinfection serologically and determine the shared and significant factors in the coinfection of HIV-positive patients.

METHODS

This descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out on 391 HIV-positive patients including 358 males and 33 females in Lorestan province, west Iran, to survey coinfection with HBsAg and anti-HCV. The retrospective demographic data of the subjects was collected and the patients' serums were analyzed by ELISA kits including HBsAg and anti-HCV. The collected data was analyzed with SPSS software (15) and Chi-square. Fisher's exact test with 5% error intervals was used to measure the correlation of variables and infection rates.

RESULTS

The results of the study indicated that the prevalence of coinfection in HIV-positive patients with hepatitis viruses was 94.4% (370 in 391), out of whom 57 (14.5%) cases were HBsAg positive, 282 (72%) cases were anti-HCV positive, and 31 (7.9%) cases were both HBsAg and anti-HCV positive.

CONCLUSION

There was a significant correlation between coinfection with HCV and HBV and/or both among HIV-positive patients depending on different variables including sex, age, occupation, marital status, exposure to risk factors. (p < 0.001).

The comparison of the efficacy of various fixatives on diverse staining methods of Giardia lamblia cyst

The definite and exact diagnosis of protozoa is possible using high magnification objective lenses, provided that suitable stained smears are prepared. Therefore, the appropriateness of both fixative and staining methods to the species of parasite, which is the main objective of this study, is important. In this study, five various fixatives including (Merthiolate iodine formalin) MIF, (Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin) SAF, (Polyvinyl alcohol) PVA, formalin and schaudinn and four types of stains including Hematoxylin I, Hematoxylin II, Trichrome and Carbol-fuchsin were prepared using standard procedures. After the smears of stool samples containing Giadria lamblia cyst were prepared and kept for 24 h in various fixatives, the study was carried out using the four above-mentioned stains by changing the ingredients and time as well as by repeating the experiments. After fixing and staining all the smears in identical conditions along with the implementing interferences in the staining process, the following results were eventually obtained considering the morphologic indexes and negative and positive scores (from 1 to 20): formalin with 17 scores in hematoxylin I staining, formalin and SAF with 15 and 14 scores, respectively in Hematoxylin II staining, MIF with 13 scores in Trichrome staining and SAF, PVA, MIF with 11.5, 11.5 and 11 scores, respectively in carbol-fuchsin staining were found to be the best fixatives. Hematoxylin I staining using formalin fixative with 17 scores showed the best result while the maximum score for Carbol-fuchsin staining was 11.5 showing a necessity for more expenditure, time and expert cooperation to reach ideal results.