Synthesis and Biological Evaluations of Novel Human Parathyroid Hormone 1 Receptor (hPTHR1) Agonists Bearing Bicyclic Aromatic Moiety

We have previously shown that the small molecule hPTHR1 agonist PCO371 (1) orally and dose-dependently induces PTH-like calcemic and hypophostemic activity in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Compound 2a, bearing a bicyclic aromatic ring, was identified as a novel hPTHR1 agonist during hit to lead modification. It showed moderate PTHR1 agonistic activity with an EC20 value of 15 μM, and its metabolic stability in human liver microsome (hLM) as well as its solubility in phosphate buffer (PPb) and Fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) were found to be poor. As results of the initial derivatization of 2a, we identified the indole derivatives as another scaffold. In this article, we report on the structure-activity relationship (SAR), structure-metabolism relationship (SMR), and structure-solubility relationship (SSR) of bicyclic aromatic derivatives, and the in vivo efficacy of 2j.

Lead Optimization and Avoidance of Reactive Metabolite Leading to PCO371, a Potent, Selective, and Orally Available Human Parathyroid Hormone Receptor 1 (hPTHR1) Agonist

We have previously shown that the oral administration of the small molecule hPTHR1 agonist PCO371 and its lead compound, 1 (CH5447240) results in PTH-like calcemic and hypophostemic activity in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. However, 1 was converted to a reactive metabolite in a human liver microsome assay. In this article, we report on the modification path that led to an enhancement of PTHR1 agonistic activity and reduction in the formation of a reactive metabolite to result in a potent, selective, and orally active PTHR1 agonist 1-(3,5-dimethyl-4-(2-((4-oxo-2-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]dec-1-en-8-yl)sulfonyl)ethyl)phenyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (PCO371, 16c). This compound is currently being evaluated in a phase 1 clinical study for the treatment of hypoparathyroidism.

Development of a Novel Human Parathyroid Hormone Receptor 1 (hPTHR1) Agonist (CH5447240), a Potent and Orally Available Small Molecule for Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism

During the course of derivatization of HTS hit 4a, we have identified a novel small-molecule hPTHR1 agonist, 1-(3,5-dimethyl-4-(2-((2-((1 R,4 R)-4-methylcyclohexyl)-4-oxo-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]dec-1-en-8-yl)sulfonyl)ethyl)phenyl)-1-methylurea (CH5447240, 14l). Compound 14l exhibited a potent in vitro hPTHR1 agonist effect with EC₂₀ of 3.0 μM and EC₅₀ of 12 μM and showed excellent physicochemical properties, such as high solubility in fasted state simulated intestinal fluid and good metabolic stability in human liver microsomes. Importantly, 14l showed 55% oral bioavailability and a significantly elevated serum calcium level in hypocalcemic model rats.

Impact of junction formation processes on single molecular conductance

We have investigated the electric conductance and atomic structure of single molecular junctions of pyrazine (Py), 4,4′-bipyridine (BiPy), fullerene (C₆₀), and 1,4-diaminobutane (DAB).

Halogen bonding at the active sites of human cathepsin L and MEK1 kinase: efficient interactions in different environments

In two series of small-molecule ligands, one inhibiting human cathepsin L (hcatL) and the other MEK1 kinase, biological affinities were found to strongly increase when an aryl ring of the inhibitors is substituted with the larger halogens Cl, Br, and I, but to decrease upon F substitution. X-ray co-crystal structure analyses revealed that the higher halides engage in halogen bonding (XB) with a backbone C=O in the S3 pocket of hcatL and in a back pocket of MEK1. While the S3 pocket is located at the surface of the enzyme, which provides a polar environment, the back pocket in MEK1 is deeply buried in the protein and is of pronounced apolar character. This study analyzes environmental effects on XB in protein-ligand complexes. It is hypothesized that energetic gains by XB are predominantly not due to water replacements but originate from direct interactions between the XB donor (Caryl-X) and the XB acceptor (C=O) in the correct geometry. New X-ray co-crystal structures in the same crystal form (space group P2(1)2(1)2(1)) were obtained for aryl chloride, bromide, and iodide ligands bound to hcatL. These high-resolution structures reveal that the backbone C=O group of Gly61 in most hcatL co-crystal structures maintains water solvation while engaging in XB. An aryl-CF3-substituted ligand of hcatL with an unexpectedly high affinity was found to adopt the same binding geometry as the aryl halides, with the CF3 group pointing to the C=O group of Gly61 in the S3 pocket. In this case, a repulsive F2C-F⋅⋅⋅O=C contact apparently is energetically overcompensated by other favorable protein-ligand contacts established by the CF3 group.

Design and synthesis of novel allosteric MEK inhibitor CH4987655 as an orally available anticancer agent

The MAP kinase pathway is one of the most important pathways involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, and its components are promising targets for antitumor drugs. Design and synthesis of a novel MEK inhibitor, based on the 3D-structural information of the target enzyme, and then multidimensional optimization including metabolic stability, physicochemical properties and safety profiles were effectively performed and led to the identification of a clinical candidate for an orally available potent MEK inhibitor, CH4987655, possessing a unique 3-oxo-oxazinane ring structure at the 5-position of the benzamide core structure. CH4987655 exhibits slow dissociation from the MEK enzyme, remarkable in vivo antitumor efficacy both in mono- and combination therapy, desirable metabolic stability, and insignificant MEK inhibition in mouse brain, implying few CNS-related side effects in human. An excellent PK profile and clear target inhibition in PBMC were demonstrated in a healthy volunteer clinical study.

Morphological variation in leaf shape in Ainsliaea apiculata with special reference to the endemic characters of populations on Yakushima Island, Japan

We analyzed leaf shape variations in Ainsliaea apiculata Sch. Bip. to evaluate the uniqueness of morphological characters in populations on Yakushima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Leaf size and shape from populations on Yakushima Island (n = 300) were compared with those from populations in other areas of Japan (n = 300). A considerable amount of variation occurred in leaf size in A. apiculata populations both on Yakushima Island and elsewhere, but clear discontinuities in leaf size were not detected. Some variants previously thought to be endemic to Yakushima Island, i.e., A. apiculata var. acerifolia and A. apiculata var. rotundifolia, were also found in other locations in Japan. Moreover, these leaf types were found to be continuous with the typical leaf shape of A. apiculata var. apiculata via various intermediate types, suggesting the need for future revision of these taxa. Based on these results, we reevaluated the uniqueness of the Yakushima populations of A. apiculata in terms of leaf variation. The uniqueness of the Yakushima populations was defined by a more diverse leaf shape than found in populations from other areas.

Design and synthesis of novel prodrugs of 2′-deoxy-2′-methylidenecytidine activated by membrane dipeptidase overexpressed in tumor tissues

DNA microarray analysis comparing human tumor tissues with normal tissues including hematopoietic progenitor cells resulted in identification of membrane dipeptidase as a prodrug activation enzyme. Novel prodrugs of 2'-deoxy-2'-methylidenecytidine (DMDC) including compound 23 that are activated by membrane dipeptidase (MDP) preferentially in tumor tissue were designed and synthesized to generate the active drug, DMDC, after hydrolysis of the dipeptide bond followed by spontaneous cyclization of the promoiety.

Design, synthesis and antifungal activity of a novel water soluble prodrug of antifungal triazole

A highly potent water soluble triazole antifungal prodrug, RO0098557 (1), has been identified from its parent, the novel antifungal agent RO0094815 (2). The prodrug includes a triazolium salt linked to an aminocarboxyl moiety, which undergoes enzymatic activation followed by spontaneous chemical degradation to release 2. Prodrug 1 showed high chemical stability and water solubility and exhibited strong antifungal activity against systemic candidiasis and aspergillosis as well as pulmonary aspergillosis in rats.

Anaerobic digestion of organic waste in Japan: the first demonstration plant at Kyoto City

Recycling of Municipal Solid Waste is vigorously promoted in Japan and the necessity of energy recovery from organic waste is increasing. An anaerobic digestion demonstration plant for organic waste in Kyoto City, Japan has been operated for about two years. Three kinds of wastes (garbage and leftovers from hotels, yard waste and used paper) mixed at various ratios are used. The plant has maintained stable operations with each mixture, generating biogas by the decomposition of VS at the rate of about 820 m3N/ton-VS.

Separation of 6-deoxy-heptan [correction of 6-deoxy-heptane] from a smooth-type lipopolysaccharide preparation of Burkholderia pseudomallei

Smooth-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Burkholderia pseudomallei has been reported to contain two kinds of O-antigenic polysaccharides, a 1,3-linked homopolymer of 6-deoxy-heptose and a polymer with a repeating unit of -->3)-glucose-(1-->3)-6-deoxy-talose-(1--> with O-acetyl or O-methyl modifications. A LPS preparation containing these two polysaccharides was separated by gel-permeation chromatography in this study. Chemical analysis of the separated fractions revealed the 6-deoxy-heptan [corrected] to be a polysaccharide without a lipid portion and the polymer of glucose and 6-deoxy-talose to be an O-antigenic polysaccharide of the LPS. This result was further supported by the assay of these polysaccharide molecules for macrophage activation activity. The 6-deoxy-heptan [corrected] showed no macrophage activation, indicating that this polysaccharide was not the LPS, but one of the capsular polysaccharides of B. pseudomallei.

The use of an osseointegrated implant for orthodontic anchorage to a Class II Div 1 malocclusion

This case report describes the use of an osseointegrated implant to maximize anchorage in a 24-year-old female orthodontic patient with an Angle Class II, Division 1 malocclusion. Preadjusted edgewise appliance therapy was performed by extraction of only the maxillary first premolars. The osseointegrated implant was placed in the median-sagittal region of the hard palate for maximum orthodontic anchorage and connected to maxillary first molar bands via a transpalatal arch. Total treatment time was 2 years and 8 months. Cephalometric superimposition revealed the achievement of maximum molar anchorage in the maxilla, resulting in satisfactory occlusal and facial improvements. Histological analysis of the implant-bone interface demonstrated that the fixture was successfully osseointegrated. In conclusion, the osseointegrated implant placed in the median-sagittal palate was shown to be an effective orthodontic system that can be used clinically as a rigid intraoral anchorage.

Lipopolysaccharide of Burkholderia cepacia and its unique character to stimulate murine macrophages with relative lack of interleukin-1beta-inducing ability

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Burkholderia cepacia was purified by the conventional phenol-water extraction method (preparation BcLPS-1), followed by enzymatic treatments with DNase, RNase, trypsin, and proteinase K (preparation BcLPS-2), and finally by deoxycholate-phenol-water extraction (preparation BcLPS-3). Cells of LPS-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice were activated by both the BcLPS-1 and the BcLPS-2 preparations but barely activated by BcLPS-3. When LPS-responsive C3H/HeN mice were used as targets, endotoxic activities such as lethal toxicity to galactosamine-sensitized mice, mitogenicity to spleen cells, and activation of macrophages to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were strongly exhibited even by highly purified BcLPS-3 at levels comparable to those of the highly active enterobacterial LPS of Salmonella enterica serovar Abortus-equi (SaeLPS), used as the control. The ability of BcLPS-3 to activate murine macrophages for induction of IL-1beta was, however, much weaker than that of SaeLPS. Both accumulation of pro-IL-1beta protein and expression of IL-1beta mRNA in macrophages by stimulation with BcLPS-3 were much weaker than by stimulation with SaeLPS. These results indicate that LPS of B. cepacia has the potential to play a role as a pathogenic factor with strong activity comparable to that of usual enterobacterial LPS, but unlike the latter, this LPS has a relative lack of ability in the activation of murine macrophages to induce IL-1beta. The lack of IL-1beta-inducing ability appears to be caused by incomplete signal transduction somewhere in the upstream step(s) of IL-1beta gene transcription.

Structural analysis of a new glycosphingolipid from the lipopolysaccharide-lacking bacterium Sphingomonas adhaesiva

A new glycosphingolipid, GSL-4B, was isolated from Sphingomonas adhaesiva and found to share the ceramide moiety with GSL-1 and GSL-3 from Sphingomonas capsulata studied earlier [Kawahara, K.; Moll, H.; Knirel, Y. A.; Seydel, U.; Zähringer, U. Eur. J. Biochem. 2000, 267, 1837-1846]. It is heterogeneous with respect to the long-chain bases erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol (sphinganine), (13Z)-erythro-2-amino-13-eicosene-1,3-diol, and (13Z)-erythro-2-amino-13,14-methylene-1,3-eicosanediol which in GSL-4B are present in the ratios of 1.1:1.0:1.1, and all bearing amide-linked (S)-2-hydroxymyristic acid. Methylation analysis and MALDI-TOF-MS along with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy showed that the carbohydrate part of GSL-4B has the structure of alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->4)-alpha-D-Galp-(1-->6)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcpA-(1-->1)-Cer

A comparative study of Caucasian and Japanese mandibular clinical arch forms

The purpose of this study was to clarify morphological differences between Caucasian and Japanese mandibular clinical arch forms in Class I, II, and III malocclusions. The study included 60 Class I, 50 Class II, and 50 Class III cases from each ethnic group. The most facial portion of 13 proximal contact areas was digitized from photocopied images of the mandibular dental arches. Clinical bracket points were calculated for each tooth based on mandibular tooth thickness data. Four linear and 2 proportional measurements were taken. The dental arches were classified into square, ovoid, and tapered forms to determine and compare the frequency distributions between the 2 ethnic groups. The Caucasian population had a statistically significant decreased arch width and increased arch depth compared with the Japanese population. When the subjects were regrouped by arch form, no statistically significant difference in arch dimension was observed between the 2 ethnic groups in any of the arch form samples. Our results suggest that there is no single arch form specific to any of the Angle classifications or ethnic groups. It appears to be the frequency of a particular arch form that varies among Angle classifications or ethnic groups.

Effect of weak electric current on reducing oral bacteria in vitro

The ions generated by weak electric current may be used for removal of dental plaque. Also, it has been judged from changes in the viable bacterial cell count and the amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the saliva that the passage of such a current also has a bactericidal effect on the oral microflora. We confirmed in vitro that 0.5 and 1.0 mA currents that passed for 10 min through phosphate buffered saline containing salivary bacteria were effective in killing the bacteria.

The Nd-YAG laser is useful in prevention of dental caries during orthodontic treatment

Plaque control during the course of orthodontic treatment is not an easy task, and dental caries are not an unlikely complication. We examined the possibility of controlling dental caries with Nd-YAG laser irradiation in orthodontic patients. As a preliminary experiment, we used the Nd-YAG laser to irradiate an extracted tooth and then left it to soak in lactic acid. The decay of the tooth was evaluated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM); tooth decay was inhibited by the action of the laser. Twenty patients undergoing orthodontic treatment for early decalcification of the teeth (white spot lesions) were selected, and photographs were taken of their oral cavities. White spot lesions on the four incisors and two canines of the maxilla were traced on tracing paper, and their areas were calculated by computer. Ten of the patients received laser treatment and acidulated phosphate fluoride solution (APF); the other ten acted as the control group. Between 11 and 12 months later, we photographed the oral cavity as we had previously; the white spot lesions were again traced and their areas calculated. The changes in the areas of the white spots of the laser-irradiated and control groups showed the following increases: laser-irradiated group, 1.41 times; controls, 2.87 times. The difference was statistically significant. These results demonstrate that Nd-YAG laser irradiation with application of APF acts as an effective method of caries control during orthodontic treatment.

A lip seal study of Japanese children with malocclusion

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between lip seal and malocclusion in Japanese children. Fifty-three patients aged 7 to 14 years (mean 10.24 +/- 1.93) were selected randomly, and compared with 20 subjects with normal occlusion aged 7 to 14 years (mean 10.50 +/- 2.56). The subjects were divided into a good lip seal group and poor lip seal group by observing the distance between the upper and lower lip at rest. The variables that were analyzed for morphological evaluation included model analysis and cephalometric analysis. Noted for functional evaluation were tongue position, the size of the tonsils and adenoids and the oral muscle force measured by button pulling. In the evaluation of the degree of lip seal, there was no statistical difference between subjects with malocclusion and those with normal occlusion. Within the group with malocclusions, however, there were significant differences in overbite (p < 0.01), overjet (p < 0.01), and oral muscle force by button pulling (p < 0.05) between the good lip seal and poor lip seal groups. These results suggest that there is a need not only to correct malocclusion but also to be aware of lip sealing so that it may be improved in Japanese children.

The O-polysaccharide of lipopolysaccharide isolated from Vibrio fluvialis O19 is identical to that of Vibrio bioserogroup 1875 variant

A structural analysis has been carried out on the O-polysaccharide of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Vibrio fluvialis 181-86 (Kobe) serotype O19 (O19) which has the Inaba antigen factor C of O1 V. cholerae and factors D and E in common with Vibrio bioserogroup 1875. The O-polysaccharide of O19 was characterized as an alpha (1-->2)-linked homopolymer of N-3-hydroxypropionyl-D-perosamine (4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-mannopyranose), which was identical to that of Vibrio bioserogroup 1875 Variant. Passive hemolysis and passive hemolysis inhibition analysis performed using anti-factor D, E and anti-factor E antisera, demonstrated that the LPS from O19 harbored O-antigenic factors identical to those of the LPS from Vibrio bioserogroup 1875 Variant.

Agonist-induced isometric contraction of smooth muscle cell-populated collagen gel fiber

String-shaped reconstituted smooth muscle (SM) fibers were prepared in rectangular wells by thermal gelation of a mixed solution of collagen and cultured SM cells derived from guinea pig stomach. The cells in the fiber exhibited an elongated spindle shape and were aligned along the long axis. The fiber contracted in response to KCl (140 mM), norepinephrine (NE; 10(-7) M), epinephrine (10(-7) M), phenylephrine (10(-6) M), serotonin (10(-6) M), and histamine (10(-5) M), but not acetylcholine (10(-5) M). Phentolamine (10(-7) M) produced a parallel rightward shift of the NE dose-response curve. Moreover, NE-induced contraction was partially inhibited by nifedipine and completely abolished by the intracellular Ca(2+) chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester, the myosin light chain kinase inhibitor ML-9, the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632, and papaverine. A [(3)H]quinuclidinyl benzilate binding study revealed that the loss of response to acetylcholine was due to the loss of muscarinic receptor expression during culture. The expression of contractile proteins in the fibers was similar to that in cultured SM cells. These results suggest that, although the fiber is not a model for fully differentiated SM, contractile mechanisms are maintained.

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel fungal chitin synthase inhibitors

A novel Candida albicans chitin synthase 1 (CaChs1) inhibitor, RO-41-0986 (1) was discovered by random screening. Systematic modification led to the identification of a highly potent CaChs1 inhibitor, RO-09-3024 (2), having strong antifungal activity against Candida spp. in vitro.

An electromyogram study on mandibular movement in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients before and after orthodontic treatment

The purpose of this study is to investigate masticatory muscle function in subjects with unilateral cleft lip and palate compared with normal occlusion and the extents of improvement before and after orthodontic treatment. Subjects were twenty pretreatment patients, thirty posttreatment patients and ten controls. Electromyograms were recorded from their masticatory muscles during masticatory movement and tapping movement. Reduction of duration/stroke ratio (D/S) was observed in electromyograms obtained during masticatory movement after orthodontic treatment. The reduction was especially notable in the masseter muscle. In spite of a significant reduction in coefficient of variation (CV) values, a significant difference between the posttreatment group and the control group indicated some persisting irregularity in masticatory movement. Electromyograms taken during tapping movement showed no change in latency in the posttreatment group, but duration of the silent period (SP) was shortened and SP appearance increased. The findings outlined above reveal electromyographically clear improvements in masticatory muscle functions and jaw reflex mechanisms after orthodontic treatment. Nevertheless, parameters for subjects with cleft lip and palate still differed from those for controls with normal occlusion. The influence of plastic surgery in subjects with the defects discussed here causes maxillary retrusion, which in turn results in skeletal malocclusion. Orthodontic treatment should be designed to compensate this dentally and alveolarly. This design and the need to improve masticatory functions would contribute to eliminate the extreme difficulty of the therapeutic process.

Quality of life domains in the healthy public: A trial investigation using attendants for an annual health checkup

A trial investigation of subjects gathered for annual health checkups was performed to detect domains of quality of life in the healthy public, and to explore the changes of their demographic characteristics for the possibility of engaging them in health service activities in the community. The eligible 1,096 subjects aged 30-79 years were investigated. The period of this survey was from September to December, 1997. The subjects were questioned using ten quality of life domains which were preliminarily prepared and had been assumed to be most important in the subjects' lives in relation to the order of priority, importance, and satisfaction levels. The first most important domain in both the male and female subjects' lives was personal health, followed by relationships with family, though the mean importance scores for their personal health and relationships with family were almost equivalent. The mean scores for work abruptly decreased in males over 60 years of age. Also, the first large and the second relatively small principal components were extracted through principal components analysis. The proposed ten domains of quality of life are most likely valid and reliable in terms of the results analyzed and the comparison with a referred study. Relationships with family is an effective cue for health service activities in the community, and the significance of work on quality of life in the healthy public will have to be taken into account separately, especially in males.

A study of the changes in facial profile after orthodontic treatment. Part 1. Comparison between the improved group and unimproved group

The purpose of this study was to investigate the harmonious facial profile before and after orthodontic treatment on permanent dentition and to determine the factors which influence lateral facial harmony. Materials were lateral Roentgen cephalograms from 150 subjects (25 males and 25 females each in 3 groups--maxillary protrusion, mandibular protrusion and crowding--) taken before and after treatment. The average age before treatment was 11 years and 6 months and, after treatment, was 14 years and 3 months. The term of active treatment was 2 years and 9 months. Lateral facial evaluation based on the external profile line was performed by a group of 40 persons which included dental students and the general public. In the 5 stage evaluation, each subject could receive from 40 to 200 points. The subjects with more than 121 points were classified in the harmonious group; those with less than 120 points were classified in the disharmonious group. Subjects who had been classified as disharmonious before treatment but became harmonious after treatment constituted the improved group. Subjects classified disharmonious before treatment who remained disharmonious after treatment constituted the unimproved group. The value of the overall harmonious group before treatment was 8.6% and, after treatment, was 36.6%. The increase in the percentage of cases classified as harmonious varied among the different occlusal types: for the mandibular protrusion, the value before treatment was 2% and after treatment was 32%, for crowding it was 18% before and 46% after treatment, and for maxillary protrusion, it was 6% before and 32% after treatment. The ratio of percentage in the harmonious group increased on every malocclusion group after treatment, suggesting the importance of orthodontic treatment for improvement of lateral facial harmony. Before treatment, the morphological conditions in the improved group were more advantageous than those in the unimproved group.

A study of the harmonious profile in facial esthetics. Part 1. Descriptive statistics

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between a harmonious profile and normal occlusion, differences between good and poor groups, and the characteristics of a good group from normal occlusion group and after orthodontic treatment groups. The sample included 60 subjects with normal occlusion (normal subjects) and 88 after orthodontic treatment subjects (orthodontic subjects). Evaluators were 20 students and 20 orthodontists from Tokyo Dental College. For the purpose of profile evaluation, normal and orthodontic subjects were classified into 3 groups (good, mediocre, and poor) based in their external profile lines. Lateral Roentgen-cephalograms were used to measure hard and soft tissues. Mean values and Student's t-test were calculated statistically.

RESULTS

1. The frequencies of the good and poor subjects were similar in both normal subjects and orthodontic subjects. When considering the mediocre group, however, the normal subjects were more likely to have a better profile than the other subjects. 2. There were differences in hard tissues between the good group and the poor group in both the normal subjects and the orthodontic subjects, but only slight differences in soft tissues. 3. In the good groups of both normal and orthodontic subjects (all subjects), the edges of the upper and lower central incisors and upper and lower lips retruded, the ratio of upper facial height to total facial height was greater and the chin region was thicker than in the poor group. Additionally, in the good group of normal subjects, the maxilla protruded and the anteroposterior difference between the maxilla and mandible was larger.

Occlusal stability after extraction orthodontic therapy in adult and adolescent patients

In this study we compared the posttreatment stability of occlusion in adults and adolescents treated for crowding or maxillary protrusion with four-premolar extractions and edgewise mechanics at an average of more than 4 years out of treatment. The adolescent sample showed a significantly greater posttreatment increase in mandibular anterior crowding than the adult sample. Posttreatment overjet and overbite remained more stable in the adolescents. We noted a correlation between in-treatment expansion and posttreatment narrowing of mandibular intercanine width in the adults. Differences in postorthodontic occlusal changes were noted between the adult and adolescent samples.

Isolation and characterisation of disodium (4-amino-4-deoxy-beta-L- arabinopyranosyl)-(1-->8)-(D-glycero-alpha-D-talo-oct-2-ulopyranosylona te)- (2-->4)-(methyl 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosid)onate from the lipopolysaccharide of Burkholderia cepacia

A trisaccharide was isolated from the core oligosaccharide in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Burkholderia cepacia GIFU 645 (ATCC 25416, type strain) by methanolysis followed by HPLC and saponification. It was identified by MS, methylation analysis and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy as disodium (4-amino-4-deoxy-beta-L-arabinopyranosyl)-(1-->8)-(D-glycero- alpha-D-talo-oct-2-ulopyranosylonate)-(2-->4)-(methyl 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulopyranosid)onate. In addition to the trisaccharide derivative, methanolysis gave dimethyl (D-glycero-alpha-D- talo-oct-2-ulopyranosylonate)-(2-->4)-(methyl 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2- ulopyranosid)onate in a relative proportion to the trisaccharide of 3:1, indicating a non-stoichiometric (approximately 25%) substitution of the octulosonic acid by 4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose in the LPS.

Relationships between mandibular symphysis morphology and lower incisor inclination in skeletal class III malocclusion requiring orthognathic surgery

The purpose of this study is to clarify symphysis morphological characteristics in skeletal class III malocclusion requiring orthognathic surgery and their relationships with symphysis morphology and inclination of the long axis of the lower incisor. The materials were pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs from 50 subjects diagnosed as requiring orthognathic surgery. Controls were 30 adults with normal occlusion and well-balanced faces. Detailed cephalometric measurements on the mandibular symphysis (angular, linear and proportional measurements) were recorded and analyzed statistically. In the surgical group, the long axis of the lower incisor demonstrated a significant lingual inclination in relation to the mandibular plane and symphysis. Moreover, because the symphysis demonstrated lingual inclination everywhere except in the basal bone region in relation to the mandibular plane, the curvature between the alveolar and the basal bone region was significantly smaller than that of normal occlusion group. The symphysis labial external surface in the alveolar and basal bone regions demonstrated lingual inclination in relation to the mandibular plane, however, there was no difference in curvature. Small mean values were obtained for Pt.B width, Pog width, and Sym height. Significant differences were observed only in Pt.B width. In both the surgical and normal occlusion groups, a significant correlation was observed between the inclination of the long axis of the lower incisors and symphysis inclination. In the basal bone region, however, there was no significant correlation.

The effects of retraction forces applied to the anterior segment of orthodontic arch wires: differences in wire deflection with wire size

Orthodontic arch wire deflection was studied in relationship to retraction forces applied to arch wires during anterior retraction with sliding mechanics. Two different sizes of orthodontic stainless steel arch wires (SS wires) .016" x .022" and .019" x .025", were examined. Retraction forces were generated using an elastic polymer material to measure arch wire deflection and applied to the arch wires by a commonly-used anterior retraction device with power chains hooked from the first molar areas to the pre-welded posts at distal site of the lateral incisors. The force application caused both the .016" x .022" and the .019" x .025" arch wires to deflect. The amount of deflection increased almost in proportion to the retraction force applied. With the same retraction force applied, the amount of deflection of the .019" x .025" wire was approximately 47.1% of that of the .016" x .022" wire.

Soft laser irradiation induced pain reduction in orthodontic treatment

It has been emphasized that pain reduction without analgesic drugs is necessary in orthodontic treatment. Especially, needed is reduction after the initial wire application. Soft laser irradiation has been applied in dental clinics, and we reported its effectiveness in pain reduction in orthodontic treatment. In this study, we evaluated the continuous effects of the laser irradiation by questionnaire and pulp sensitization measured by pulp electrodiagnosis. The laser irradiation time required for pain reduction was also examined. We confirmed that soft laser irradiation produced an effective pain reduction in orthodontic treatment.

Soft laser irradiation effects on pain reduction in orthodontic treatment

The effects of soft laser (low reactive level laser) on reduction of pain while undergoing orthodontic treatment was examined in this study. These patients were randomly separated into 3 groups: non-treated control group (CG), blind irradiation group (BG), and laser irradiated group (LG). The effect of laser irradiation on reduction in pain was analyzed by a questionnaire given to patients who had been wired with an edgewise appliance of a multi-bracket system for orthodontic therapy. Just after application of the initial wire, LG patients were irradiated with the soft laser from the labial and lingual sites for a total of one minute. Reduction in pain was found in some patients who had been irradiated. In particularly, delay in the pain appearance was noted as compared to the other two control groups.

A study of the growth changes in the maxillofacial skeleton of females with reversed occlusion: investigation by means of lateral x-ray cephalogram

321 females with reversed occlusion from the ages of 6 to 20 were classified into 15 groups according to chronological age, and the changes of maxillofacial skeleton accompanying growth were investigated. Lateral cephalometric roentgenogram before treatment of the subjects were used for analyses and measurements of maxillofacial skeleton and overjet. The cephalometric analysis was standardized on the S-N plane, and 5 angular items and 6 linear distances were examined. The results of the investigation are summarized as follows: (1) angle ANB, the relationship between the upper and lower jaws, deteriorated to a minus degree from the age of 9 and became -3.3 degrees at the age of 14. Skeletal convexity became negative from the same age and was -7.3 degrees at the age of 14. Thus, the abnormal skeletal features progressed in this condition. (2) The Ar-Gn distance measurement gradually increased from the age of 6 to 18. The increase was 16.2 mm from 7 to 12, an increase of 3.2 mm yearly. (3) A high correlation (r = 0.99) was observed between angle ANB and Convexity. As well, a high coefficient of correlation (r = 0.87) was observed between skeletal convexity and soft tissue convexity. The change in soft tissue convexity may occur 3-4 years later than that of skeletal convexity. (4) The growth curve of Ar-Gn became a logistic curve with the point of deflection at the age of 10.87. The growth curves of S-Gn and N-Me became logistic curves in the same way.

A dynamic study of the effect on the maxillofacial complex of the face bow: analysis by a three-dimensional finite element method

In order to investigate the effects of a face bow on the maxillofacial complex, we applied an analysis by a finite element method. To create a skull model, we measured an adult skull sample, and constructed a left lateral model without a mandible with 11 bones of 11 types, 30 sutures, and 3 synchondroses. The numbers of elements and nodes in the model were 1,207 and 1,539, respectively. The numbers of elements in the face bows used were 16 for the short type and 22 for the long one, respectively. Both of them were directly connected to the first molar tooth. To establish the constraining conditions, a symmetrical condition at the center of the model was chosen, and the basal part of the occipital bone was completely fixed. Each 1 kg loading was applied in three directions: 30 degrees post-superior, 0 degree posterior, and 30 degrees post-inferior. The results from this face bow loading experiment showed that the direction of displacement and the stress distribution were significantly different among the kinds of the face bows and the loading directions. For the short type face bow, simple compression appeared due to the post-superior loading and bending deformation due to the posterior and post-inferior ones. For the long type face bow, some bending deformations appeared, including anterior-elongation and posterior compression due to the post-superior loading. Post-inferior bending due to posterior loading and post-inferior bending and inferior displacement due to the post-inferior loading also appeared. Thus it is feasible to dynamically control the maxillofacial complex form by changing the type of the face bow and the direction of the loading traction.

Effects of fasting and refeeding on structures of the intestinal villi and epithelial cells in White Leghorn hens

1. The fine structural alterations of villi and epithelial cells in each part of the small intestine were investigated in layer-type hens fasted for 12 h to 20 d or refed for one day after each fasting period. 2. Within the first 24-h-fasting, villi of the duodenum showed a remarkable reduction in height and those of the jejunum revealed a gradual decrease; such a significant reduction of the villus height was not obtained in the ileum. After 36-h-fasting, villus height in each part gradually decreased with days of fasting. 3. All intestinal villus heights increased after only 1-d-refeeding of various kinds of diets following 3-, 10-, or 20-d-fasting. The duodenum especially rapidly recovered even after long-term fasting of 20 d but the ileum showed very slow recovery, suggesting that the ileum seems to be inactive in absorptive function. 4. These variable alterations of villus height in the proximal intestine suggest that the higher intestinal absorptive ability is under the normal feeding, the more rapidly villus height is influenced by nutritional conditions. 5. Cell area and cell mitosis decreased after fasting, the latter showing a marked reduction. However, in spite of a remarkable decrease of cell mitosis in the proximal intestine after fasting, refeeding activated cell renewal and it soon reached control levels, demonstrating that the villus height mainly varied with the numbers of epithelial cells. 6. In the epithelial cells of the proximal intestine in chickens fasted for 20 d, large lysosomal autophagous vacuoles including mitochondria and dense bodies were observed. These were reduced in size by refeeding for only one day, suggesting that fasting may cause intracellular digestion through lysosomal autophagy. 7. These results lead to the conclusion that long-term for force moulting is possible, that a high protein and high energy diet can be fed immediately after fasting and that a cell undergoing lysosomal autophagy in normal chickens indicates undernutrition.

Long-term stability following surgical orthodontic treatment of mandibular prognathisms: investigation by means of lateral X-ray cephalogram

The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term stability of jaw relations and occlusion following surgical orthodontic treatment of mandibular prognathisms and skeletal openbites. Subjects consisted of fifteen adult patients. Ten patients underwent the sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) of the mandible and five patients underwent two jaw surgery (Le Fort I osteotomy of the maxilla and SSRO of the mandible). They were observed over five years after the end of active treatment, and lateral X-ray cephalograms were taken at each stage. In the SSRO group, pogonion was retrograded an average of 8.7mm due to the operation and it was further replaced 0.4mm backward after the end of active treatment. Although the vertical distance between nasion and menton decreased 2.9mm between the operative period, it increased 1.8mm after the end of active treatment. On the other hand, in the two jaw surgery group, point A was advanced 4.0mm forward and < SNA increased 3.1 degrees between the operative period. Pogonion was retrograded 11.4mm between the same period, but moved 0.7mm forward after the end of active treatment. A comparison of the osteosynthesis methods revealed that pogonion in the wiring group was retrograded 8.3mm backward between the operative period, but moved 2.1mm forward during the postsurgical orthodontic treatment. Pogonion in the rigid group was retrograded 12.6mm backward between the operative period, but moved 1.6mm forward during the postsurgical orthodontic treatment. However, both groups were stabilized completely after the end of active treatment. A comparison of the differences in the orthodontic treatment method revealed that < Ul-SN in the extraction group inclined 8.3 degrees lingually during presurgical orthodontic treatment, but it tipped 7.0 degrees labially during the postsurgical orthodontic treatment and inclined 3.4 degrees lingually after the end of active treatment. < Ul-SN in the non-extraction group inclined 5.5 degrees lingually during the presurgical orthodontic treatment, but it tipped 2.0 degrees labially during the postsurgical orthodontic treatment and inclined 1.9 degrees lingually after the end of active treatment.

An N-[(R)-(-)-2-hydroxypropionyl]-alpha-L-perosamine homopolymer constitutes the O polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae O144 which has antigenic factor(s) in common with V. cholerae O76

Chemical and serological studies were performed with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Vibrio cholerae O144 (O144). The LPS of O144 contained D-glucose, D-galactose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, D-fructose, D-quinovosamine (2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D-gluco-pyranose) and L-perosamine (4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-L-manno-pyranose). The perosamine, a major component sugar of the LPS from O144, was in an L-configuration, as is also the case in the LPS from V. cholerae O76 (O76), in contrast to the D-configuration of the perosamine in the LPS of V. cholerae O1. A structural analysis revealed that the O polysaccharide chain of the LPS from O144 is an alpha(1-->2)-linked homopolymer of (R)-(-)-2-hydroxypropionyl-L-perosamine. The serological cross-reactivity between O144 and O76 was clearly revealed by cross-agglutination and cross-agglutinin absorption tests with whole cells, as well as by passive hemolysis tests with sheep red-blood cells that had been sensitized with the LPS from O144 and O76. In contrast, in passive hemolysis tests, the LPS of O144 did not cross-react serologically with the LPSs from other strains such as V. cholerae O1 (Ogawa and Inaba), V. cholerae O140, Vibrio bio-serogroup 1875 (Original and Variant) and Yersinia enterocolitica O9. The LPSs from these strains consist of O polysaccharide chains composed of alpha(1-->2)-linked homopolymers of D-perosamine with various N-acyl groups, and they share the Inaba antigen factor C of V. cholerae O1 in common. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the absolute configuration of the perosamine residue in homopolymers plays a very important role in the expression of the serological specificity of the Inaba antigen factor C of V. cholerae O1.

The O polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae O76 is a homopolymer of N-[(S)-(+)-2-hydroxypropionyl]-alpha-L-perosamine

Chemical and serological studies of LPS from Vibrio cholerae O76 (O76) were performed. The LPS of O76 contained D-glucose, D-galactose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, D-fructose, D-glucosamine, D-quinovosamine (2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose) and L-perosamine (4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-L-mannopyranose). The sugar composition of the LPS from O76 was quite similar to that of LPS from V. cholerae O1 with the exception of the presence of a small amount of D-galactose in the LPS of O76. However, perosamine, a major sugar component of the LPS from O76, was in the L configuration in contrast to the D configuration of the perosamine in the LPS of V. cholerae O1. The L-perosamine was N-acylated with an (S)-(+)-2-hydroxypropionyl group in the LPS from O76. Structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy, as well as GC/MS, revealed that the O polysaccharide chain of the LPS from O76 was an alpha(1-->2)-linked homopolymer of N-[(S)-(+)-2-hydroxypropionyl]-L-perosamine. The serological cross-reactivity between the LPS of O76 and the LPS from other strains, such as V. cholerae O1 (Ogawa and Inaba O forms), Vibrio bio-serogroup 1875 (Original and Variant strains), V. cholerae O140 (Hakata) and Yersinia enterocolitica O9, was examined in passive haemolysis tests with sheep red blood cells that had been sensitized with LPS and antisera raised against whole cells of these bacteria. The latter six strains have in common the O antigen that includes Inaba antigen factor C, in addition to their own O-antigenic factors. Thus, they crossreact serologically. The O polysaccharide chains of the LPS of these six trains are known to consist exclusively of alpha(1-->2)-linked D-perosamine homopolymers and differences are found only among the N-acyl substituents. In passive haemolysis tests, the LPS of O76 did not cross-react serologically with any of the other LPS examined. Thus, the results obtained in this study support the hypothesis that Inaba antigen factor C, associated with the O antigens of these six strains, which include V. cholerae O1, is related substantially and exclusively to their alpha(1-->2)-linked homopolymers of N-acylated D-perosamine, and not to such homopolymers of N-acylated L-perosamine.

Extraction and characterization of the smooth-type lipopolysaccharide from Fusobacterium nucleatum JCM 8532 and its biological activities

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Fusobacterium nucleatum JCM 8532 was isolated by hot-phenol water extraction. Most of the LPS was extracted in the phenolic phase and shown to be the smooth-type, whereas the aqueous phase contained mainly rough-type LPS. The chemical composition of the LPS was similar to that reported in other studies, but D-quinovosamine, which may be a major component of O-antigenic polysaccharide, and 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (Kdoi) were detected for the first time by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The biological activities of smooth-type LPS, including limulus activity, lethal toxicity, pyrogenicity, and B lymphocyte mitogenicity, were comparable to those of entero-bacterial LPS. Smooth-type LPS inhibited the cell growth and DNA synthesis of adult and fetal human gingival fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that LPS may play a role in the occurrence of human gingivitis.

Immunochemistry of group A and Inaba C antigen factors constituting the O antigen of O1 Vibrio cholerae

Serological cross-reactivity among intact lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from O1 Vibrio cholerae Inaba O-form (Inaba), Yersinia enterocolitica O9 (O9), non-O1 V. cholerae serogroup Hakata (Hakata) and Vibrio bio-serogroup 1875 Variant (1875 Variant) (all of which share Inaba antigen factor C), as well as a total of six kinds of chemically modified LPS (three from O9 and three from Inaba) was demonstrated by passive hemolysis and passive hemolysis inhibition by using these LPS as antigen for sensitizing sheep red blood cells and as inhibitor. These intact as well as chemically modified LPS contained, in their O polysaccharide chain, alpha(1-->2)-linked linear perosamine (4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-manno-pyranose) homopolymers with different N-acyl groups: their acyl groups comprise 3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronyl (Inaba LPS), formyl (O9 LPS), 3-hydroxypropionyl (1875 Variant LPS), acetyl (Hakata LPS and artificially introduced into Inaba and O9 LPS), propionyl and butyryl (both artificially introduced into Inaba and O9 LPS) groups. N-Deacylation of the alpha(1-->2)-linked N-(3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronyl)perosamine homopolymer of Inaba and the N-formyl one of O9 LPS resulted in virtual elimination of their serological reactivity with both homologous and heterologous antisera. Furthermore, when the resultant NH2 groups of the N-deacylated perosamine homopolymers of both LPS were N-acylated with acetyl, propionyl or butyryl groups, they markedly recovered both of their serological reactivities. These results are compatible with the interpretation that the Inaba antigen factor C possessed by the four bacteria is substantially related to the common presence of N-acyl groups, regardless of their identity, residing in the perosamine residues constituting the O polysaccharide chain of their LPS. It was also indicated that the group antigen factor A of O1 V. cholerae is substantially related to the 3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronyl groups residing in the perosamine homopolymer of Inaba LPS.

Biological activities of lipopolysaccharide isolated from Vibrio cholerae O139, a new epidemic strain for recent cholera in Indian subcontinent

Biological activities of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Vibrio cholerae O139, a new causative agent for recent cholera epidemic in Indian subcontinent, were investigated in comparison with those of LPS from O1 V. cholerae. V. cholerae O139 LPS exerted mitogenic activity, lethal toxicity and Shwartzman reaction to the same extent as those observed for O1 V. cholerae LPS, although these activities except for lethal toxicity were obviously lower than those of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 LPS used as a reference. It was, therefore, suggested that O139 LPS does not contribute to the high infective and pathogenic potentials of the V. cholerae O139 strain as in the case of O1 V. cholerae.

O-antigenic lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal, a new epidemic strain for recent cholera in the Indian subcontinent

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal contained colitose (3,6-dideoxy-L-galactose) in addition to glucose, L-glycero-D-manno-heptose, fructose, glucosamine and quinovosamine in its polysaccharide and only glucosamine in lipid A, while perosamine, a characteristic component sugar of V. cholerae O1 LPS, was absent. 3-Hydroxydodecanoic, tetradecanoic and hexadecanoic acids as ester-bound fatty acids and 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid as amide-bound fatty acid were identified in the lipid A. A very high serological specificity of O139 LPS distinct from that of O1 V. cholerae was demonstrated by passive hemolysis and passive hemolysis inhibition tests by using the LPS either as antigen for sensitizing sheep red blood cells or as inhibitor in the latter test.

N-3-hydroxypropionyl-alpha-D-perosamine homopolymer constituting the O-chain of lipopolysaccharides from Vibrio bioserogroup 1875 possessing antigenic factor(s) in common with O1 Vibrio cholerae

A structural study was performed by 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy and methylation analysis of the O-chain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Vibrio bioserogroup 1875 possessing antigenic factor(s) in common with O1 Vibrio cholerae. It was demonstrated to contain a linear homopolymer of (1-->2)-linked N-3-hydroxypropionyl-alpha-D-perosamine [4-(3-hydroxypropanamido)-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranose], which is very similar to, but not identical with, both (1-->2)-linked linear N-3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronyl(S-2,4-dihydroxybutyryl)-alpha-D - perosamine homopolymer and (1-->2)-linked linear N-acetyl-alpha-D-perosamine homopolymer which constitute the O-chains of O1 V. cholerae and non-O1 V. cholerae bioserogroup Hakata LPS respectively.

Occurrence of 2-O-methyl-N-(3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronyl)-D-perosamine (4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-manno-pyranose) in lipopolysaccharide from Ogawa but not from Inaba O forms of O1 Vibrio cholerae

A structural study by GC-MS, methylation analysis, and 1H and 13C NMR was carried out on alpha (1-->2)-linked linear N-(3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronyl)-D-perosamine homopolymer constituting the O-polysaccharide chain of lipopolysaccharide from O1 Vibrio cholerae Ogawa and Inaba O forms. Occurrence of 2-O-methyl-N-(3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronyl)-D-perosamine was demonstrated at the non-reducing terminus of the perosamine-homopolymer of lipopolysaccharide from the Ogawa O form in contrast to the presence of N-(3-deoxy-L-glycero-tetronyl)-D-perosamine at the nonreducing terminus for the Inaba O form.