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Rutter GA, Sweet IR. Glucose Regulation of β-Cell KATP Channels: Is a New Model Needed? Diabetes 2024; 73:849-855. [PMID: 38768365 DOI: 10.2337/dbi23-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The canonical model of glucose-induced increase in insulin secretion involves the metabolism of glucose via glycolysis and the citrate cycle, resulting in increased ATP synthesis by the respiratory chain and the closure of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels. The resulting plasma membrane depolarization, followed by Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels, then induces insulin granule fusion. Merrins and colleagues have recently proposed an alternative model whereby KATP channels are controlled by pyruvate kinase, using glycolytic and mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to generate microdomains of high ATP/ADP immediately adjacent to KATP channels. This model presents several challenges. First, how mitochondrially generated PEP, but not ATP produced abundantly by the mitochondrial F1F0-ATP synthase, can gain access to the proposed microdomains is unclear. Second, ATP/ADP fluctuations imaged immediately beneath the plasma membrane closely resemble those in the bulk cytosol. Third, ADP privation of the respiratory chain at high glucose, suggested to drive alternating, phased-locked generation by mitochondria of ATP or PEP, has yet to be directly demonstrated. Finally, the approaches used to explore these questions may be complicated by off-target effects. We suggest instead that Ca2+ changes, well known to affect both ATP generation and consumption, likely drive cytosolic ATP/ADP oscillations that in turn regulate KATP channels and membrane potential. Thus, it remains to be demonstrated that a new model is required to replace the existing, mitochondrial bioenergetics-based model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Rutter
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québéc, Canada
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, U.K
- Lee Kong Chian Imperial Medical School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Ian R Sweet
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Stein D, Kars ME, Wu Y, Bayrak ÇS, Stenson PD, Cooper DN, Schlessinger A, Itan Y. Genome-wide prediction of pathogenic gain- and loss-of-function variants from ensemble learning of a diverse feature set. Genome Med 2023; 15:103. [PMID: 38037155 PMCID: PMC10688473 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function (GOF) variants give rise to increased/novel protein functions whereas loss-of-function (LOF) variants lead to diminished protein function. Experimental approaches for identifying GOF and LOF are generally slow and costly, whilst available computational methods have not been optimized to discriminate between GOF and LOF variants. We have developed LoGoFunc, a machine learning method for predicting pathogenic GOF, pathogenic LOF, and neutral genetic variants, trained on a broad range of gene-, protein-, and variant-level features describing diverse biological characteristics. LoGoFunc outperforms other tools trained solely to predict pathogenicity for identifying pathogenic GOF and LOF variants and is available at https://itanlab.shinyapps.io/goflof/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stein
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Meltem Ece Kars
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yiming Wu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nan Chong, Si Chuan, 637009, China
| | - Çiğdem Sevim Bayrak
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Peter D Stenson
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David N Cooper
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Yuval Itan
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Mouratidis I, Chan CY, Chantzi N, Tsiatsianis G, Hemberg M, Ahituv N, Georgakopoulos-Soares I. Quasi-prime peptides: identification of the shortest peptide sequences unique to a species. NAR Genom Bioinform 2023; 5:lqad039. [PMID: 37101657 PMCID: PMC10124967 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the organisms present in a biosample has many important applications in agriculture, wildlife conservation, and healthcare. Here, we develop a universal fingerprint based on the identification of short peptides that are unique to a specific organism. We define quasi-prime peptides as sequences that are found in only one species, and we analyzed proteomes from 21 875 species, from viruses to humans, and annotated the smallest peptide kmer sequences that are unique to a species and absent from all other proteomes. We also perform simulations across all reference proteomes and observe a lower than expected number of peptide kmers across species and taxonomies, indicating an enrichment for nullpeptides, sequences absent from a proteome. For humans, we find that quasi-primes are found in genes enriched for specific gene ontology terms, including proteasome and ATP and GTP catalysis. We also provide a set of quasi-prime peptides for a number of human pathogens and model organisms and further showcase its utility via two case studies for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Vibrio cholerae, where we identify quasi-prime peptides in two transmembrane and extracellular proteins with relevance for pathogen detection. Our catalog of quasi-prime peptides provides the smallest unit of information that is specific to a single organism at the protein level, providing a versatile tool for species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mouratidis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Engineering Science, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Candace S Y Chan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nikol Chantzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Georgios Christos Tsiatsianis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- National Technical University of Athens, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Hemberg
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Quandt Z, Kim S, Villanueva-Meyer J, Coupe C, Young A, Kang JH, Yazdany J, Schmajuk G, Rush S, Ziv E, Perdigoto AL, Herold K, Lechner MG, Su MA, Tyrrell JB, Bluestone J, Anderson M, Masharani U. Spectrum of Clinical Presentations, Imaging Findings, and HLA Types in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Hypophysitis. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad012. [PMID: 36860908 PMCID: PMC9969737 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Hypophysitis is a known immune-related adverse event (irAE) of immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs), commonly associated with CTLA-4 inhibitors and less often with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Objective We aimed to determine clinical, imaging, and HLA characteristics of CPI-induced hypophysitis (CPI-hypophysitis). Methods We examined the clinical and biochemical characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary, and association with HLA type in patients with CPI-hypophysitis. Results Forty-nine patients were identified. Mean age was 61.3 years, 61.2% were men, 81.6% were Caucasian, 38.8% had melanoma, and 44.5% received PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor monotherapy while the remainder received CTLA-4 inhibitor monotherapy or CTLA-4/PD-1 inhibitor combination therapy. A comparison of CTLA-4 inhibitor exposure vs PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor monotherapy revealed faster time to CPI-hypophysitis (median 84 vs 185 days, P < .01) and abnormal pituitary appearance on MRI (odds ratio 7.00, P = .03). We observed effect modification by sex in the association between CPI type and time to CPI-hypophysitis. In particular, anti-CTLA-4 exposed men had a shorter time to onset than women. MRI changes of the pituitary were most common at the time of hypophysitis diagnosis (55.6% enlarged, 37.0% normal, 7.4% empty or partially empty) but persisted in follow-up (23.8% enlarged, 57.1% normal, 19.1% empty or partially empty). HLA typing was done on 55 subjects; HLA type DQ0602 was over-represented in CPI-hypophysitis relative to the Caucasian American population (39.4% vs 21.5%, P = 0.01) and CPI population. Conclusion The association of CPI-hypophysitis with HLA DQ0602 suggests a genetic risk for its development. The clinical phenotype of hypophysitis appears heterogenous, with differences in timing of onset, changes in thyroid function tests, MRI changes, and possibly sex related to CPI type. These factors may play an important role in our mechanistic understanding of CPI-hypophysitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Quandt
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
| | - Javier Villanueva-Meyer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
| | - Catherine Coupe
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
| | - Arabella Young
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jee Hye Kang
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
| | - Jinoos Yazdany
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Gabriela Schmajuk
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Stephanie Rush
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
| | - Elad Ziv
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
| | - Ana Luisa Perdigoto
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kevan Herold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Melissa G Lechner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maureen A Su
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - J Blake Tyrrell
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
| | - Mark Anderson
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
| | - Umesh Masharani
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
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Li L, Yao ZC, Parian A, Yang YH, Chao J, Yin J, Salimian KJ, Reddy SK, Zaheer A, Gearhart SL, Mao HQ, Selaru FM. A nanofiber-hydrogel composite improves tissue repair in a rat model of Crohn's disease perianal fistulas. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eade1067. [PMID: 36598982 PMCID: PMC9812382 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perianal fistulas (PAFs) represent a severe complication of Crohn's disease (CD). Despite the advent of biologic and small-molecule therapeutics for luminal disease, PAFs in CD (CD-PAF) are relatively resistant to treatment, with less than 50% responding to any therapy. We report an injectable, biodegradable, mechanically fragmented nanofiber-hydrogel composite (mfNHC) loaded with adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) for the treatment of fistulas in a rat model of CD-PAF. The ADSC-loaded mfNHC results in a higher degree of healing when compared to surgical treatment of fistulas, which is a standard treatment. The volume of fistulas treated with mfNHC is decreased sixfold compared to the surgical treatment control. Molecular studies reveal that utilization of mfNHC reduced local inflammation and improved tissue regeneration. This study demonstrates that ADSC-loaded mfNHC is a promising therapy for CD-PAF, and warrants further studies to advance mfNHC toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhi-Cheng Yao
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alyssa Parian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yueh-Hsun Yang
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Chao
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Public Health Studies, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jason Yin
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevan J. Salimian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sashank K. Reddy
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Atif Zaheer
- Division of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan L. Gearhart
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Florin M. Selaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Moraïs S, Stern J, Kahn A, Galanopoulou AP, Yoav S, Shamshoum M, Smith MA, Hatzinikolaou DG, Arnold FH, Bayer EA. Enhancement of cellulosome-mediated deconstruction of cellulose by improving enzyme thermostability. Biotechnol Biofuels 2016; 9:164. [PMID: 27493686 PMCID: PMC4973527 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concerted action of three complementary cellulases from Clostridium thermocellum, engineered to be stable at elevated temperatures, was examined on a cellulosic substrate and compared to that of the wild-type enzymes. Exoglucanase Cel48S and endoglucanase Cel8A, both key elements of the natural cellulosome from this bacterium, were engineered previously for increased thermostability, either by SCHEMA, a structure-guided, site-directed protein recombination method, or by consensus-guided mutagenesis combined with random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR, respectively. A thermostable β-glucosidase BglA mutant was also selected from a library generated by error-prone PCR that will assist the two cellulases in their methodic deconstruction of crystalline cellulose. The effects of a thermostable scaffoldin versus those of a largely mesophilic scaffoldin were also examined. By improving the stability of the enzyme subunits and the structural component, we aimed to improve cellulosome-mediated deconstruction of cellulosic substrates. RESULTS The results demonstrate that the combination of thermostable enzymes as free enzymes and a thermostable scaffoldin was more active on the cellulosic substrate than the wild-type enzymes. Significantly, "thermostable" designer cellulosomes exhibited a 1.7-fold enhancement in cellulose degradation compared to the action of conventional designer cellulosomes that contain the respective wild-type enzymes. For designer cellulosome formats, the use of the thermostabilized scaffoldin proved critical for enhanced enzymatic performance under conditions of high temperatures. CONCLUSIONS Simple improvement in the activity of a given enzyme does not guarantee its suitability for use in an enzyme cocktail or as a designer cellulosome component. The true merit of improvement resides in its ultimate contribution to synergistic action, which can only be determined experimentally. The relevance of the mutated thermostable enzymes employed in this study as components in multienzyme systems has thus been confirmed using designer cellulosome technology. Enzyme integration via a thermostable scaffoldin is critical to the ultimate stability of the complex at higher temperatures. Engineering of thermostable cellulases and additional lignocellulosic enzymes may prove a determinant parameter for development of state-of-the-art designer cellulosomes for their employment in the conversion of cellulosic biomass to soluble sugars.Graphical abstractConversion of conventional designer cellulosomes into thermophilic designer cellulosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moraïs
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Johanna Stern
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amaranta Kahn
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anastasia P. Galanopoulou
- Microbiology Group, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Shahar Yoav
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
- Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Melina Shamshoum
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Matthew A. Smith
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Dimitris G. Hatzinikolaou
- Microbiology Group, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Frances H. Arnold
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Edward A. Bayer
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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