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Qian Y, Takimoto Y, Yasumura A. Cross-cultural differences in prefrontal cortex activity in moral judgment: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study based on the CNI model. Behav Brain Res 2024; 465:114891. [PMID: 38354860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past, comparative cultural neurological studies of moral judgments have mainly focused on Eastern and Western groups. We initially examined Japanese and Chinese groups, both East Asian cultures. We utilized a recently proposed polynomial model known as the "consequences, norms, and generalized inaction" (CNI) model to investigate the variations in the overall prefrontal cortex activity between these two groups during moral judgment. METHODS We employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to analyze the prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity within a CNI model of moral judgment among 23 healthy Japanese and 26 healthy Chinese adults. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed significant differences in the PFC activation between Japanese and Chinese individuals in the CNI moral judgment task context. Specifically, during the CNI task, Chinese men exhibited higher right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (R-DLPFC) activity than Chinese women. In contrast, Japanese women showed greater left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) activity than Japanese men. In an international comparison, R-DLPFC activity was higher in Chinese men than in Japanese men. Conversely, the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activity was higher in Japanese men compared to Chinese men. Additionally, among women, the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex activity was higher in Japanese women than in Chinese women. In conclusion, our findings support the perspective of cultural psychology and identify cultural and sex differences in PFC activity between Japanese and Chinese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachun Qian
- Graduate School of Social and Cultural Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takimoto
- Department of Biomedical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Yasumura
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan.
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2
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Lu Y, Gerstorf D, Löckenhoff C. Age Differences in Self-Continuity in Germany and the United States: The Role of Temporal Direction, Temporal Distance, and Demographics. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:841-846. [PMID: 36617791 PMCID: PMC10174281 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research suggests that self-continuity is higher in older ages, especially for more distant intervals. This study extends prior work by examining age and temporal patterns of self-continuity in 2 adult life-span samples from Germany and the United States. METHODS German data (n = 1,656, aged 18-93) were drawn from the German Socioeconomic Panel. U.S. data (n = 230, aged 18-87) were collected through a survey research firm. Preregistered multilevel analyses examined the roles of age, temporal direction (past/future), and temporal distance (1/5/10 years), and explored the role of demographic covariates. RESULTS In both data sets, self-continuity was higher in older ages and decreased with distance from the present, especially for the past. Interaction effects among age, temporal distance, and temporal directions were complex and varied across samples. Self-continuity was higher among married and more educated German participants and more affluent U.S. participants, but age differences remained robust when including demographic covariates. DISCUSSION Findings replicate prior evidence for age-related increments in self-continuity but suggest that patterns vary by temporal distance and direction and may be sensitive to contextual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Geller S, Levy S, Hyman O, Jenkins PL, Abu-Abeid S, Goldzweig G. Preoperative body-related emotional distress and culture as predictors of outcomes of bariatric surgery. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:2361-2369. [PMID: 33389718 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Findings concerning the impact of bariatric surgical intervention on both psychological variables and weight loss are often controversial and misconstrued the world over. The aim of this study was to classify bariatric surgery patients according to patterns of preoperative measures that may predict postoperative psychological and physiological outcomes and to compare these patterns between two distinct cultures. METHODS Of 169 consecutive bariatric surgery candidates from Israel and 81 candidates from the United States, 73 and 35 patients, respectively consented to be included in a follow-up phase. Body image dissatisfaction, emotional eating behaviors, risk of suicide, depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms, and percent excess weight loss were measured. K-means clustering procedure was used to classify bariatric surgery patients according to their preoperative body-related emotional distress, which was composed of body image dissatisfaction and emotional eating. The joint effect of culture and body-related emotional distress cluster on psychological distress was tested. RESULTS The cluster analysis revealed two preoperative body-related emotional distress patterns: high body-related emotional distress and low body-related emotional distress. Following surgery, US patients showed a higher risk of suicide and lower excess weight loss than Israeli patients within only the high body-related emotional distress cluster (a significant interaction effect). CONCLUSION Preoperative assessment of body-related emotional distress patterns among bariatric surgery candidates may enable professionals to identify potential postoperative risks of suicide, anxiety, and decreased weight loss. The relationship between the body-related emotional distress cluster and outcome measures is culture dependent. LEVEL III Case-control analytic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulamit Geller
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, 14, Rabenu Yeruham Street, 68182, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Sigal Levy
- Statistical Education Unit, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofra Hyman
- Outpatient Psychiatry, Bassett Medical Center Cooperstown, Cooperstown, NY, USA
| | - Paul L Jenkins
- Bassett Healthcare Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, NY, USA
| | - Subhi Abu-Abeid
- General Surgery Division, Bariatric Surgery Unit, The Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6, Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Goldzweig
- School of Behavioral Sciences, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, 14, Rabenu Yeruham Street, 68182, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Kim H, Kim K, Kim JW. The Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire for Depression in Youth: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2021; 52:399-408. [PMID: 32671498 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-01026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess cross-cultural differences in depressive symptoms and the validity of the Korean version of the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ). Four hundred and sixty-four children and adolescents (aged 7-19, 278 girls) with any psychiatric diagnosis, 290 of whom had major depressive disorder, were included. The levels of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents were evaluated by children/adolescents and their parents. We conducted Pearson's r and Cronbach's α, confirmative factor analysis and item response theory tests. The Korean version of the MFQ demonstrated excellent criterion validity and discriminant validity. There were no cultural differences in the clinical manifestations of depression in youth from Western countries and Korea. Korean youths with depression were more likely to complain of cognitive and emotional symptoms than somatic symptoms. The Korean version of the MFQ demonstrated promising psychometric properties in a clinical sample of children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haebin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungmin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Gu Y, Zheng Y, Swerts M. Which Is in Front of Chinese People, Past or Future? The Effect of Language and Culture on Temporal Gestures and Spatial Conceptions of Time. Cogn Sci 2020; 43:e12804. [PMID: 31858627 PMCID: PMC6916330 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The temporal‐focus hypothesis claims that whether people conceptualize the past or the future as in front of them depends on their cultural attitudes toward time; such conceptualizations can be independent from the space–time metaphors expressed through language. In this paper, we study how Chinese people conceptualize time on the sagittal axis to find out the respective influences of language and culture on mental space–time mappings. An examination of Mandarin speakers' co‐speech gestures shows that some Chinese spontaneously perform past‐in‐front/future‐at‐back (besides future‐in‐front/past‐at‐back) gestures, especially when gestures are accompanying past‐in‐front/future‐at‐back space–time metaphors (Exp. 1). Using a temporal performance task, the study confirms that Chinese can conceptualize the future as behind and the past as in front of them, and that such space–time mappings are affected by the different expressions of Mandarin space–time metaphors (Exp. 2). Additionally, a survey on cultural attitudes toward time shows that Chinese tend to focus slightly more on the future than on the past (Exp. 3). Within the Chinese sample, we did not find evidence for the effect of participants' cultural temporal attitudes on space–time mappings, but a cross‐cultural comparison of space–time mappings between Chinese, Moroccans, and Spaniards provides strong support for the temporal‐focus hypothesis. Furthermore, the results of Exp. 2 are replicated even after controlling for factors such as cultural temporal attitudes and age (Exp. 3), which implies that linguistic sagittal temporal metaphors can indeed influence Mandarin speakers' space–time mappings. The findings not only contribute to a better understanding of Chinese people's sagittal temporal orientation, but also have additional implications for theories on the mental space–time mappings and the relationship between language and thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gu
- Tilburg Center for Cognition and Communication, Tilburg University.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London
| | - Yeqiu Zheng
- Department of Econometrics and Operations Research, Tilburg University
| | - Marc Swerts
- Tilburg Center for Cognition and Communication, Tilburg University
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Ding XP, Teo SLY, Tay C. The link between parental mental state talk and children's lying: An indirect effect via false belief understanding. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 201:104990. [PMID: 32977115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Past research shows that parental mental state talk (MST) is closely associated with children's theory-of-mind (ToM) understanding. The current study extends previous work by investigating whether parental MST is also associated with children's ToM in action (i.e., lying). A total of 90 Singaporean 3- to 5-year-olds participated in this study with their parents. Parental MST was measured using a storytelling task with a wordless picture book. Mediation analysis revealed an indirect effect: Children's ToM understanding served as a mediator in the path between parental MST and children's lying, whereas there was no significant direct effect of parental MST on children's lying. This study is the first to focus on the relation between parental MST and ToM in an applied setting. Our findings suggest that parental MST can help children to develop sociocognitive skills, which in turn can help children to gain the insight that lying may be used as a strategy for personal gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Pan Ding
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore.
| | - Sherann Ler Ying Teo
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore
| | - Cleo Tay
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore.
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Callizo-Romero C, Tutnjević S, Pandza M, Ouellet M, Kranjec A, Ilić S, Gu Y, Göksun T, Chahboun S, Casasanto D, Santiago J. Temporal focus and time spatialization across cultures. Psychon Bull Rev 2020; 27:1247-58. [PMID: 32729031 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-020-01760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The temporal focus hypothesis (TFH) proposes that whether the past or the future is conceptualized as being located in front depends on temporal focus: the balance of attention paid to the past (tradition) and the future (progress). How general is the TFH, and to what extent can cultures and subcultures be placed on a single line relating time spatialization and temporal focus in spite of stark differences in language, religion, history, and economic development? Data from 10 Western (sub)cultural groups (N = 1198,) were used to derive a linear model relating aggregated temporal focus and proportion of future-in-front responses. This model then successfully fitted 10 independently collected (sub)cultural groups in China and Vietnam (N = 899). Further analysis of the whole data set (N = 2,097) showed that the group-level relation arose at the individual level and allowed precise quantification of its influence. Finally, in an effort to apply the model to all relevant published data sets, we included recent data from Britain and South Africa: The former, but not the latter, fitted the model well. Temporal focus is a central factor that shapes how people around the world think of time in spatial terms.
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Xu C, Ellefson MR, Ng FFY, Wang Q, Hughes C. An East-West contrast in executive function: Measurement invariance of computerized tasks in school-aged children and adolescents. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 199:104929. [PMID: 32711217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Existing cross-cultural findings related to school-aged children's executive function (EF) from studies using computerized tasks highlight both an East-West contrast (East > West) and potential methodological confounds (e.g., contrasting levels of computer fluency). Capitalizing on two recent data sets, this multisite study of 1,311 children living in mainland China (n = 453; Mage = 11.89 years, SD = 0.87), Hong Kong (n = 371; Mage = 12.21 years, SD = 0.99), and the United Kingdom (n = 487; Mage = 11.91 years, SD = 0.93) tested measurement invariance of a computerized EF-task battery prior to investigating cultural contrasts in mean levels of EF efficiency scores. Our models established partial scalar invariance across sites. Latent factor means were substantially lower for British children than for their counterparts from either mainland China or Hong Kong, with a significant but smaller contrast between the latter two groups. Within the Chinese sample, self-reported computer use was unrelated to variation in children's performance on online tests of EF, indicating that peripheral effects of task modality are unlikely to explain the between-culture differences in EF task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Xu
- Centre for Family Research, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK.
| | | | - Florrie Fei-Yin Ng
- Department of Educational Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Claire Hughes
- Centre for Family Research, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK
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Seo M, Na J, Kim YH. Moral in whose eyes? Cross-cultural differences in moral decision making and behaviour. Int J Psychol 2020; 56:175-182. [PMID: 32378182 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
All people want to feel that they are morally adequate. People tend to evaluate their moral adequacy by judging their behaviour through their own eyes (first-person perspective) or the eyes of others (third-person perspective). People in all cultures use both perspectives, but there may be cultural variations in which perspective takes precedence. By conducting two studies, we explore the way people in face cultures are more likely to secure their moral self-regard through the eyes of others (vs. their own eyes), whereas the opposite is true in case of people from dignity cultures. Study 1 found that people from face culture (Korean participants) cheated to a lesser extent when others were invoked (vs. not invoked), but people from dignity culture (American participants) were not affected by this priming. Study 2 found that moral intentions were more strongly influenced by what participants perceived others to do in moral situations in face (vs. dignity) cultures. In contrast, moral intentions were found to be more strongly influenced by what they believed they should do in moral situations in dignity (vs. face) cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjae Seo
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Jinkyung Na
- Department of Psychology, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Solmazer G, Azık D, Fındık G, Üzümcüoğlu Y, Ersan Ö, Kaçan B, Özkan T, Lajunen T, Öz B, Pashkevich A, Pashkevich M, Danelli-Mylona V, Georgogianni D, Berisha Krasniqi E, Krasniqi M, Makris E, Shubenkova K, Xheladini G. Cross-cultural differences in pedestrian behaviors in relation to values: A comparison of five countries. Accid Anal Prev 2020; 138:105459. [PMID: 32065913 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study compared pedestrian behaviors in five countries (Estonia, Greece, Kosovo, Russia, and Turkey) and investigated the relationships between these behaviors and values in each country. The study participants were 131 pedestrians for Estonia, 249 for Greece, 112 for Kosovo, 176 for Russia, and 145 for Turkey. The principal component analyses revealed that the four-factor structure of the Pedestrian Behavior Scale (PBS) was highly consistent across the five countries. ANCOVA results revealed significant differences between countries on the PBS items and scale scores. Specifically, Greek and Turkish participants reported transgressive pedestrian behaviors more frequently than Estonian, Kosovar, and Russian pedestrians while Kosovar participants reported transgressive pedestrian behaviors less frequently than Estonian pedestrians. In addition, Turkish and Russian pedestrians reported lapses and aggressive behaviors more frequently than Estonian, Greek, and Kosovar pedestrians. Finally, Turkish and Estonian pedestrians reported positive behaviors more frequently than Kosovar pedestrians. Unexpectedly, the regression analyses showed that values have varying effects on pedestrian behavior in the five countries. That is, context or country may determine the effect of values on pedestrian behaviors. The results are discussed in relation to the previous literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaye Solmazer
- Department of Psychology, İzmir Bakırçay University, Turkey; Safety Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Turkey.
| | - Derya Azık
- Safety Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
| | - Gizem Fındık
- Safety Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Üzümcüoğlu
- Safety Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Turkey; Department of Psychology, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Turkey
| | - Özlem Ersan
- Safety Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
| | - Bilgesu Kaçan
- Safety Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Turkey; Department of Psychology, Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey
| | - Türker Özkan
- Safety Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
| | - Timo Lajunen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - Bahar Öz
- Safety Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Turkey
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Gartstein MA, Erickson NL, Cooijmans KHM, Hancock GR, Zijlmans MAC, de Weerth C. Is prenatal maternal distress context-dependent? Comparing United States and the Netherlands. J Affect Disord 2020; 260:710-715. [PMID: 31561114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal anxiety and depression symptoms during pregnancy can compromise a woman's well-being and affect offspring development. The present study represents a comparison of maternal late-pregnancy internalizing symptoms (i.e., depression and anxiety) between the United States of America (US) and the Netherlands. We hypothesized that women in the US would report higher levels of anxiety and depression during pregnancy compared to their Dutch counterparts, both on individual symptom indicators and overall latent distress, due to more favorable policies/accessible services relevant to perinatal health in the Netherlands. METHODS Pregnant women were recruited at two comparable sites in the Netherlands (n = 327) and the US (n = 228). Measures included self-reports of internalizing distress and key covariates (i.e., parity, gestational, and maternal age). RESULTS Expectant mothers in the US reported higher depressive and anxiety symptoms compared to their Dutch counterparts. Results were consistent across individual internalizing symptom indicators and the overall latent prenatal distress means computed for US and Dutch samples, with an estimated large effect size for the latter after controlling for covariates. LIMITATIONS Despite their relatively large sizes, our samples were limited in their representativeness of the two cultures and mechanisms contributing to observed differences were not examined. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women in the US reported higher levels of depression and anxiety symptoms than women in the Netherlands. Implications concern perinatal policy and clinical services (e.g., emotional health support provided to mothers).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora L Erickson
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kelly H M Cooijmans
- Radboud University and Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Seo D, Han DE, Kim YH. He is smarter when he looks smart in front of many versus a few others: Impact of audience size on target appraisals in a cross-cultural context. Int J Psychol 2019; 55:509-517. [PMID: 31797381 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Will a person be seen as more superior if he or she receives an award in front of a large audience in comparison with a small audience? We predicted that this would hold true for East Asians, whose cultural logic of face asserts that a person's worth can only be conferred by collective others, but would not hold true for European Americans, whose cultural logic of dignity promotes the judgement of a person's worth based on their own perspective. This study found an audience-size effect for East Asians, in which participants gave higher appraisals to a target when they imagined the target's high performance to have been seen by 10 other people (vs. one other person) even when the target's performance level remained constant. In contrast, Westerners were not affected by the size of the audience witnessing the target's performance. In addition, perceived social reputation was found to mediate the audience-size effect; the participants imagining the target performing well in front of 10 others (vs. one other) perceived others as thinking more highly of the target; this in turn led participants to give higher appraisals to the target. As expected, this mediation effect was only found for East Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasom Seo
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da Eun Han
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Jean KR, Lindbergh CA, Mewborn CM, Robinson TL, Gogniat MA, Miller LS. Education Differentially Buffers Cognitive Performance in Black and White Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 74:1366-1375. [PMID: 30304527 PMCID: PMC6777771 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given that black American older adults are more likely to have lower educational attainment and perform worse on cognitive tests than white Americans, we examined whether increased education would confer greater cognitive advantage to black Americans on measures of global and specific domains of cognitive function. METHODS The sample included 522 community-dwelling older adults from a larger study. An analysis of covariance was conducted with race and education as between-participant factors and global cognition as the dependent variable. A multivariate analysis of covariance was conducted with five cognitive domains (immediate memory, visuospatial/constructional ability, language, attention, and delayed memory) as the dependent variables. RESULTS Significant main effects indicated that black Americans, F(1,516) = 29.18, p < .001, and individuals with less education, F(1,516) = 44.93, p < .001, evidenced lower cognitive functioning, controlling for age and overall health status, and the interaction term reached statistical significance, F(1,516) = 7.95, p = .005. The impact of education on global cognitive function for black participants was more than twice as large (Cohen's d = 1.30) than for white participants (Cohen's d = .52). There was a significant race × education interaction for the cognitive domain of attention (p < .001) and a composite measure of non-memory domains (i.e., language, visuospatial/constructional, and attention; p < .001). DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that educational attainment is particularly important for black Americans with respect to global cognitive function, attention, and non-memory domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kharine R Jean
- Department of Psychology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Cutter A Lindbergh
- Department of Psychology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Catherine M Mewborn
- Department of Psychology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Talia L Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Marissa A Gogniat
- Department of Psychology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - L Stephen Miller
- Department of Psychology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens
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Butovskaya M, Burkova V, Karelin D, Filatova V. The association between 2D:4D ratio and aggression in children and adolescents: Cross-cultural and gender differences. Early Hum Dev 2019; 137:104823. [PMID: 31330462 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two recent meta-analyses have suggested the association between digit ratio (2D:4D) and aggression is weak. This conclusion has been criticised because the meta-analyses conflate forms of aggression that show strong sex differences with those that do not, and most studies have considered post-pubertal participants. AIMS We test the influence of 2D:4D and ethnicity in the expression of aggression in children and adolescents in four ethnic groups of European and African origin. STUDY DESIGN Buss and Perry aggression questionnaire. Direct measurement of the 2nd and 4th digits. SUBJECTS 1296 children and adolescents from Tanzania and Russia from 4 ethnic groups - Datoga, Meru, Russians, Tatars. RESULTS There were ethnic and gender differences in ratings on aggression with boys consistently reporting more physical aggression. In all four samples right 2D:4D was significantly lower in boys, compared to girls. With regard to our total sample of boys, the right 2D:4D was significantly and negatively associated with self-ratings on physical aggression, but no association was found for left 2D:4D. No associations between 2D:4D and physical aggression were found for girls. Hostility was negatively correlated with 2D:4D for boys, and anger was positively correlated with 2D:4D in girls. CONCLUSION Sex differences were strongest for right 2D:4D (boys<girls), and for physical aggression (boys>girls). Right 2D:4D was negatively related to physical aggression in boys only, suggesting possible relationship to prenatal androgenization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Butovskaya
- Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
| | - V Burkova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - D Karelin
- Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Filatova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Hoskens J, Klingels K, Smits-Engelsman B. Validity and cross-cultural differences of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition in typically developing infants. Early Hum Dev 2018; 125:17-25. [PMID: 30172781 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Dutch translation of Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III-NL) is a comprehensive tool assessing cognitive, language and motor development in children up to 42 months. AIMS The first aim of this study was to evaluate concurrent validity of the Bayley-III-NL Gross Motor Scale (GMS) in relation to the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). Secondly, divergent validity between the other subscales mutually and the AIMS was investigated. Finally, the importance of population-specific reference values was examined. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A sample of 122 healthy, typically developing Flemish children (mean age: 9 months 7 days), born full term was assessed with the Bayley-III-NL and the AIMS. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Concurrent validity of the Bayley-III-NL GMS and the AIMS was moderate to high (0.59-0.98; p < 0.001). In addition, weak correlations (-0.10-0.27) between the non-motor-Bayley-III-NL subscales and the AIMS were found. Finally, significant differences were found between Bayley-III scores based on Flemish and American norms (p < 0.001), except for fine motor skills (p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study provides support for the concurrent validity of the Bayley-III-NL GMS and divergent validity of the different Bayley-III-NL subscales. Secondly, population-specific reference values should be used to avoid over- and under estimation of infant's development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Hoskens
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Herestraat 49, Box 1510, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Hasselt University, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED, Agoralaan gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Katrijn Klingels
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Herestraat 49, Box 1510, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Hasselt University, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED, Agoralaan gebouw D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation, University of Cape Town, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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Damen FWM, Hofstede GJ, Steenbekkers BLPA, Vitaglione P, Pellegrini N, Fogliano V, Luning PA. Values and value conflicts in snack providing of Dutch, Polish, Indonesian and Italian mothers. Food Res Int 2018; 115:554-561. [PMID: 30599979 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates which values play a role in the decision of mothers about snacks to offer to their young children with a focus on the value conflicts that might occur. The study explores whether national culture is reflected in mothers' values in snack choice for their young children and the related value conflicts. Semi-structured interviews with 67 mothers of 2-7 years old children divided over 4 national cultures (Dutch, Polish, Indonesian and Italian) were conducted. Questions were asked about their values and value conflicts when providing a snack to their young children. Four key themes could be distinguished to cluster the mentioned values. The health-related key theme includes all values that are associated with the healthiness of the product, the child-related key theme all values that connects to the child, the time-related key theme includes the value convenience and the product-related key theme includes all values that are associated with the product itself. Dutch and Polish mothers mostly valued health of the snack, whereas Indonesian and Italian mothers mostly valued the preference of their child. Data also shows specific prevalence between values and nationalities: convenience was very important for Dutch mothers, valuing organic food was typical for Polish mothers, religion played a role for Indonesian mothers, while Italian mothers placed more value on brand compared to the mothers of other cultures. In all cultures, the value conflicts mentioned were mainly related to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke W M Damen
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands.
| | - Gert Jan Hofstede
- Information Technology Group, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
| | - Bea L P A Steenbekkers
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Pellegrini
- Department of Food and Drug, Parma University, Parco Area delle Science 47/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
| | - Pieternel A Luning
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
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Athanasiou K, Melegkovits E, Andrie EK, Magoulas C, Tzavara CK, Richardson C, Greydanus D, Tsolia M, Tsitsika AK. Cross-national aspects of cyberbullying victimization among 14-17-year-old adolescents across seven European countries. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:800. [PMID: 29986687 PMCID: PMC6038297 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing use of the Internet and social network sites (SNS) has created a new domain of socio-emotional development for adolescents. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore cybervictimization across seven European countries, in relation to socio-demographic, Internet use and psychosocial variables. METHODS A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted in the participating countries: Germany, Greece, Iceland the Netherlands, Poland, Romania and Spain. Anonymous self-completed questionnaires included sociodemographic data, internet usage characteristics, school achievement, parental control, the Internet Addiction Test and Achenbach's Youth Self-Report. RESULTS The highest rate of cyber victimization was found in Romania (37.3%) and the lowest in Spain (13.3%). Multiple logistic regression analyses gave differing results between countries. In Romania, Poland and Germany cyberbullying victimization was associated with SNS use, whereas Internet use was associated with increased odds of cybervictimization only in Romania. Cybervictimization was associated with greater internalizing behavior problems in all countries analysed, and with externalizing problems in all except Romania. CONCLUSIONS Cyberbullying victimization is an on-going problem, which is subject to country-specific socio-demographic factors and diverse patterns of current Internet use and its development. Preventive measures should emphasize the integration of Internet communication technology education in educational contexts, and focus on the consistent association between cybervictimization and internalizing and externalizing difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliope Athanasiou
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Melegkovits
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisabeth K Andrie
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Magoulas
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Chara K Tzavara
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Clive Richardson
- Department of Economic and Regional Development, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | - Donald Greydanus
- Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Maria Tsolia
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis K Tsitsika
- Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, P. and A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, University of Athens, Leoforos Mesogeion 24, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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Khosla NN, Perry SP, Moss-Racusin CA, Burke SE, Dovidio JF. A comparison of clinicians' racial biases in the United States and France. Soc Sci Med 2018; 206:31-37. [PMID: 29680770 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Clinician bias contributes to racial disparities in healthcare, but its effects may be indirect and culturally specific. OBJECTIVE The present work aims to investigate clinicians' perceptions of Black versus White patients' personal responsibility for their health, whether this variable predicts racial bias against Black patients, and whether this effect differs between the U.S. and France. METHOD American (N = 83) and French (N = 81) clinicians were randomly assigned to report their impressions of an identical Black or White male patient based on a physician's notes. We measured clinicians' views of the patient's anticipated improvement and adherence to treatment and their perceptions concerning how personally responsible the patient was for his health. RESULTS Whereas French clinicians did not exhibit significant racial bias on the measures of interest, American clinicians rated a hypothetical White patient, compared to an identical Black patient, as significantly more likely to improve, adhere to treatment, and be personally responsible for his health. Moreover, in the U.S., personal responsibility mediated the racial difference in expected improvement, such that as the White patient was seen as more personally responsible for his health, he was also viewed as more likely to improve. CONCLUSION The present work indicates that American clinicians displayed less optimistic expectations for the medical treatment and health of a Black male patient, relative to a White male patient, and that this racial bias was related to their view of the Black patient as being less personally responsible for his health relative to the White patient. French clinicians did not show this pattern of racial bias, suggesting the importance of considering cultural influences for understanding racial biases in healthcare and health.
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Li J, Liu L, Chalmers E, Snedeker J. What is in a name?: The development of cross-cultural differences in referential intuitions. Cognition 2017; 171:108-111. [PMID: 29127909 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Past work has shown systematic differences between Easterners' and Westerners' intuitions about the reference of proper names. Understanding when these differences emerge in development will help us understand their origins. In the present study, we investigate the referential intuitions of English- and Chinese-speaking children and adults in the U.S. and China. Using a truth-value judgment task modeled on Kripke's classic Gödel case, we find that the cross-cultural differences are already in place at age seven. Thus, these differences cannot be attributed to later education or enculturation. Instead, they must stem from differences that are present in early childhood. We consider alternate theories of reference that are compatible with these findings and discuss the possibility that the cross-cultural differences reflect differences in perspective-taking strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincai Li
- School of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Longgen Liu
- School of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Elizabeth Chalmers
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jesse Snedeker
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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20
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Accordini M, Browning S, Gennari M, McCarthy K, Margola D. Till the ocean do us part: Italian and American therapists' representations of stepfamilies in treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 20:271. [PMID: 32913750 PMCID: PMC7451387 DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2017.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Research often focuses on the characteristics of stepfamilies and their differences with first-union families; however, few studies take into account the therapist's perspective with regards to the treatment of such families. Also, cross-cultural research on the topic is limited. To fill these gaps, a content analysis of responses from 125 Italian and 45 American therapists regarding their representations of stepfamilies and stepfamily therapy was undertaken. Results show that American therapists emphasized specific stepfamily characteristics (e.g., the lack of a shared family history, the occurrence of conflict between former spouses, the presence of unrealistic expectations towards treatment) to a greater extent if compared to Italian therapists. By contrast, besides being more general in their definition of stepfamilies, Italian therapists focused more on themselves, their theoretical models, and their professional and personal skills. The study provides insights on both the differences in the clinical cultures of the two countries and implications for stepfamily therapy and training.
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Coid J, Hu J, Kallis C, Ping Y, Zhang J, Hu Y, Bui L, Ullrich S, Bebbington P. A cross-national comparison of violence among young men in China and the UK: psychiatric and cultural explanations. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:1267-1279. [PMID: 28801755 PMCID: PMC5617870 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Public health psychiatry has a key role in violence prevention. Cross-national comparisons of violence and associated psychiatric morbidity can indicate targets for preventive interventions. METHOD Data on young adult men in households, 18-34 years, were drawn from the Second Men's Modern Lifestyles survey in Great Britain (n = 2046) and from a corresponding survey in Chengdu, China (n = 4132), using a translated questionnaire. Binary logistic regression models were carried out to estimate the cross-national differences for different types of violence and to identify explanatory variables. RESULTS Chinese men were less likely to report violence in the past 5 years (AOR 0.59, 95% CI 0.48-0.72, P < 0.001). All levels of violence were lower among Chinese men except intimate partner violence (AOR 2.43, 95% CI 1.65-3.59, P < 0.001) and a higher proportion of Chinese men were only violent towards their partners (AOR 7.90, 95% CI 3.27-19.07, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Cross-national differences were explained by British men's reports of early violence persisting into adulthood, confidence in fighting ability, perception that violence is acceptable behaviour, and experience of violent victimization. More British men screened positive for antisocial personality disorder and substance misuse. Attitudes which condone violence and a serious problem of alcohol-related, male-on-male violence are key targets for preventive interventions among British men. The higher prevalence of life course-persistent antisocial behaviour among British men is of concern and requires further investigation. Higher prevalence of intimate partner violence among Chinese men reflects patriarchal approaches to conflict resolution and confirms an important public health problem in China which requires further cross-national investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Coid
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Garrod Building, Turner Street, London, E1 2AD, UK
| | - Junmei Hu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Constantinos Kallis
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Garrod Building, Turner Street, London, E1 2AD, UK
| | - Yuan Ping
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Juying Zhang
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yueying Hu
- Chengdu Academy of Social Sciences, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Laura Bui
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Garrod Building, Turner Street, London, E1 2AD, UK
| | - Simone Ullrich
- Violence Prevention Research Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Garrod Building, Turner Street, London, E1 2AD, UK.
| | - Paul Bebbington
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, W1T 7NF, UK
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Fell CB, König CJ, Jung S, Sorg D, Ziegler M. Are country level prevalences of rule violations associated with knowledge overclaiming among students? Int J Psychol 2017; 54:17-22. [PMID: 28675428 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cultural norms of behaviour influence desirable and problematic behaviours of individuals. In particular, cultural norms should influence individuals' dishonesty. In a recent Nature study, prevalence of rule violations was introduced as a new country-level measure of behavioural norms. However, information on individuals' actual honesty was not available due to characteristics of the experimental design. Overcoming this limitation, we show that country-level behavioural norms are related to individual-level knowledge overclaiming behaviour (i.e., claiming to know concepts that do not exist, a measure of individuals' actual behavioural dishonesty) among 290,954 students from 57 countries (from the 2012 PISA study). Our study represents a crucial test of the argument that cultural norms influence individual's behaviour and of the validity of the measurement of countries' prevalences of rule violations. These results imply that shaping the behaviour of today's students may result in new behavioural norms that emphasise honesty and rule adherence more strongly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens B Fell
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Jung
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniel Sorg
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Matthias Ziegler
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Liga F, Ingoglia S, Inguglia C, Lo Coco A, Lo Cricchio MG, Musso P, Cheah C, Rose L, Gutow MR. Associations Among Psychologically Controlling Parenting, Autonomy, Relatedness, and Problem Behaviors During Emerging Adulthood. J Psychol 2017; 151:393-415. [PMID: 28388337 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2017.1305323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the relations among perceived parental psychological control (PPC), autonomy and relatedness, and negative outcomes during emerging adulthood in two cultural contexts: Italy and the USA. More specifically, we explored the mechanisms through which dependency-oriented PPC (DPPC) and achievement-oriented PPC (APPC) are associated with both internalizing and externalizing difficulties, focusing on the mediating role of autonomy and relatedness. Participants were 418 European-American and 359 Italian college students. Results indicated that the expressions of PPC with regard to dependency and achievement were related to emerging adults' negative outcomes through different pathways, and these effects were moderated by the cultural group. The implications of the findings for future related empirical investigations and clinical interventions were discussed.
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Ciocca G, Niolu C, Déttore D, Antonelli P, Conte S, Tuziak B, Limoncin E, Mollaioli D, Carosa E, Gravina GL, Di Sante S, Di Lorenzo G, Fisher AD, Maggi M, Lenzi A, Siracusano A, Jannini EA. Cross-cultural and socio-demographic correlates of homophobic attitude among university students in three European countries. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:227-233. [PMID: 27667822 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate homophobic attitudes in three European countries: Italy, Albania, and Ukraine. One thousand and forty-eight students were recruited in Italian (n = 766), Albanian (n = 180), and Ukrainian (n = 102) university centers. METHODS A socio-demographic questionnaire and Homophobia Scale (HS) were administered by our staff. RESULTS Cross-cultural and significant differences among Italian, Albanian, and Ukrainian students were found on the Homophobia Scale (HS; Italy: mean = 22.26 ± 16.73; Albania: mean = 38.15 ± 17.28; Ukraine: mean = 59.18 ± 16.23). The analysis of socio-demographic characteristics revealed that the male gender emerged as main predictor of homophobic attitude in all the three countries, although also a conservative political orientation and the religious belief predict higher homophobia levels in Italy and Albania, particularly. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that in these European countries assessed, attitudes toward homosexuality are different. Ukrainians display higher levels of homophobia than Albanians and Italians, confirming the central role of cultural differences in homophobic attitudes. Nevertheless, some socio-demographic aspects such as identification as male have a similar influence on homophobic attitudes in all assessed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ciocca
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00131, Rome, Italy
| | - C Niolu
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00131, Rome, Italy
| | - D Déttore
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - P Antonelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Conte
- Catholic University "Our Lady of Good Council", Tirana, Albania
| | - B Tuziak
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - E Limoncin
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00131, Rome, Italy
| | - D Mollaioli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - E Carosa
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - G L Gravina
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - S Di Sante
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Lorenzo
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00131, Rome, Italy
| | - A D Fisher
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Siracusano
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00131, Rome, Italy
| | - E A Jannini
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00131, Rome, Italy.
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Błachnio A, Przepiorka A, Benvenuti M, Cannata D, Ciobanu AM, Senol-Durak E, Durak M, Giannakos MN, Mazzoni E, Pappas IO, Popa C, Seidman G, Yu S, Wu AMS, Ben-Ezra M. An international perspective on Facebook intrusion. Psychiatry Res 2016; 242:385-7. [PMID: 27347649 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Facebook has become one of the most popular social networking websites in the world. The main aim of the study was to present an international comparison of Facebook intrusion and Internet penetration while examining possible gender differences. The study consisted of 2589 participants from eight countries: China, Greece, Israel, Italy, Poland, Romania, Turkey, USA. Facebook intrusion and Internet penetration were taken into consideration. In this study the relationship between Facebook intrusion and Internet penetration was demonstrated. Facebook intrusion was slightly negatively related to Internet penetration in each country.
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Abstract
This study highlights Syrian communication practices using comparative tests with the United States communication as a baseline. Additionally, theoretical findings on individualism and collectivism theory are extended to include findings from Syria. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance was used to test culture’s effect in demographically similar (in age, SES, and education) student convenience samples, with the covariate communication adaptability, on dependent variables: empathy, social confirmation, social composure, friendships, non-verbal immediacy, social self-efficacy, and general self-efficacy. Results indicated that Syrians possess more empathy, social confirmation, and perceived general self-efficacy in comparison to U.S. citizens who have greater social composure, friendships, non-verbal immediacy and social self-efficacy. These results indicate that Syrians have the strength of self-efficacy to succeed in intercultural relationships while U.S. Americans have the assets of warmth and sociability to enable successful interactions with Syrians.
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Neto F, da Conceição Pinto M, Mullet E, Furnham A. Estimates of lay views about reversal multiple intelligences for self and others: Sex and cross-cultural comparisons. Int J Psychol 2015; 52:436-444. [PMID: 26644171 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on lay conceptions of intelligence. It examined sex and cross-cultural similarities and differences in estimated intelligences and beliefs about intelligence in two countries, Angola and East Timor, within the reversal theory framework. A total of 209 Angolan (109 women and 100 men) and 183 Timorese (89 women and 94 men) students were participated in this study. Participants completed a questionnaire in order to estimate their parents', partners' and own overall intelligence and the 8 reversal multiple intelligences (telic, paratelic, conformist, negativistic, autic mastery, autic sympathy, alloic mastery and alloic sympathy intelligence). Respondents also rated 6 questions about intelligence. Men rated their overall, conformist and autic mastery higher than women. Angolans rated their overall, telic, paratelic, conformist, negativistic, autic mastery, autic sympathy, alloic mastery and alloic sympathy intelligence higher than Timorese. In both countries, fathers have been perceived as more intelligent than mothers, and telic intelligence emerged as a significant predictor of overall intelligence. Principal component analysis of the 8 reversal multiple intelligences yielded one factor. Angolan participants revealed more IQ test experience than Timorese participants. Most of respondents in both countries did not believe in sex differences in intelligence. These findings are discussed by means of cross-cultural literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Neto
- Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Adrian Furnham
- Department of Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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Jiang D, Li T, Hamamura T. Societies' tightness moderates age differences in perceived justifiability of morally debatable behaviors. Eur J Ageing 2015; 12:333-40. [PMID: 28804365 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-015-0346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on age differences in moral judgment tends to focus on children and adolescents. The current study examined age differences in perceived justifiability of morally debatable behaviors across adulthood cross-culturally. A large cross-cultural dataset consisting of 25,142 individuals of varying ages (15-95 years old) from 20 societies was drawn from the World Values Survey. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to test age differences in perceived justifiability of morally debatable behaviors on issues pertaining to honesty and fairness as well as the moderating effect of societies' tightness. Across societies, older adults judged moral transgression less leniently than did younger adults. However, this pattern was moderated by the societies' tightness, such that age was a stronger predictor of perceived justifiability of morally debatable behaviors in loose societies relative to tight societies. The current study highlights the importance of examining moral development from the lifespan development perspective. The findings may illuminate potential mechanisms for inter-generational misunderstanding about moral issues.
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Mei L, Xue G, Lu ZL, He Q, Wei M, Zhang M, Dong Q, Chen C. Native language experience shapes neural basis of addressed and assembled phonologies. Neuroimage 2015; 114:38-48. [PMID: 25858447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested differential engagement of addressed and assembled phonologies in reading Chinese and alphabetic languages (e.g., English) and the modulatory role of native language in learning to read a second language. However, it is not clear whether native language experience shapes the neural mechanisms of addressed and assembled phonologies. To address this question, we trained native Chinese and native English speakers to read the same artificial language (based on Korean Hangul) either through addressed (i.e., whole-word mapping) or assembled (i.e., grapheme-to-phoneme mapping) phonology. We found that, for both native Chinese and native English speakers, addressed phonology relied on the regions in the ventral pathway, whereas assembled phonology depended on the regions in the dorsal pathway. More importantly, we found that the neural mechanisms of addressed and assembled phonologies were shaped by native language experience. Specifically, one key region for addressed phonology (i.e., the left middle temporal gyrus) showed greater activation for addressed phonology in native Chinese speakers, while one key region for assembled phonology (i.e., the left supramarginal gyrus) showed more activation for assembled phonology in native English speakers. These results provide direct neuroimaging evidence for the effect of native language experience on the neural mechanisms of phonological access in a new language and support the assimilation-accommodation hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Mei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application and School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Lin Lu
- Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging and Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Wei
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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30
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Paulus M. Children's inequity aversion depends on culture: a cross-cultural comparison. J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 132:240-6. [PMID: 25626404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent work showed the presence of strong forms of inequity aversion in young children. When presented with an uneven number of items, children would rather tend to throw one item away than to distribute them unequally between two anonymous others. The current study examined whether or not this pattern is a universal part of typical development by investigating 6- and 7-year-old Ugandan children. Results revealed that the Ugandan children, in contrast to their U.S. peers, tended to distribute the resources unequally rather than to throw the remaining resource away. This points to cross-cultural differences in the development of children's fairness-related decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Paulus
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
Sex differences between men and women in social anxiety are largely unexplored. This study sought to shed some light on this topic. We administered self-report measures of social anxiety to community samples of 17,672 women and 13,440 men from 16 Latin American countries, Spain and Portugal, as well as to a clinical sample of 601 patients diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. Small but significant differences were found between men and women in the general degree of social anxiety and self-reported fears of interactions with the opposite sex, criticism and embarrassment, and speaking in public-talking to people in authority. These results point to small, but meaningful differences between men and women in social anxiety. Implications of these results for the self-report measurement of social anxiety in men and women are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel C Salazar
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Benito Arias
- Department of Psychology, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Stefan G Hofmann
- Department of Psychology and Brain Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
To be competitive, contemporary engineers must be capable of both processing and communicating information effectively. Available research suggests that Indian students would be disadvantaged in information literacy in their language of instruction (English) compared to U.S. students because English is not Indian students' native language. Compared to U.S. students, Indian students (a) were predicted to apply practical text processing strategies to a greater extent than analytic strategies and (b) endorse the direct transmission of information over critical, interpretive analysis of information. Two validated scales measuring self-reported use of reading strategies and beliefs about interpreting and critiquing written information were administered to engineering students at an Indian Institute of Technology in their freshman to senior years. Neither prediction was supported: Indian students reported applying analytic strategies over pragmatic strategies and were more disposed to critically analyze information rather than accept it passively. Further, Indian students reported being more analytic and more reflective in their reading behaviors than U.S. engineering students. Additional data indicated that U.S. and Indian students' text-processing strategies and beliefs are associated with the texts that they read and their academic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Taraban
- Department of Psychology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX USA
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Kuusio H, Heponiemi T, Vänskä J, Aalto AM, Ruskoaho J, Elovainio M. Psychosocial stress factors and intention to leave job: differences between foreign-born and Finnish-born general practitioners. Scand J Public Health 2013; 41:405-11. [PMID: 23508947 DOI: 10.1177/1403494813477248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Physicians' high dropout rate is a significant problem in primary care in many countries. One solution to this issue is to recruit internationally mobile physicians. This study explores the role of psychosocial factors in explaining intention to leave among GPs including potential differences between foreign-born and Finnish GPs. METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire was sent to randomly-selected Finnish physicians (n = 7000) and all foreign-born physicians (n = 1297) living in Finland in the year 2010. The questionnaire was returned by 4333 physicians, of whom 832 were GPs. Of those 176 were foreign-born GPs. RESULTS Intention to leave was more common among foreign-born GPs (59%) than among Finnish GPs (52%). High job demands were associated with higher intention to leave from primary care both in foreign-born (OR 1.90) and Finnish GPs (OR 2.20). This association remained among foreign-born GPs after adjusted the model for the country of origin or the reason for migration (OR 1.80, 1.82). Lack of job control, patient-related stress, and stresses related to teamwork were associated with higher intention to leave only among Finnish GPs (ORs 0.45, 1.75 and 1.99). CONCLUSIONS There may be cultural differences in the psychosocial factors that enhance or prevent job involvement among physicians. Thus, novel thinking is needed in organizational development of GP work in order to better understand foreign-born physicians' specific needs in a target country. This study also suggests that lightening workload could help to attract more GPs, both foreign-born and Finnish, to primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannamaria Kuusio
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Service System Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland.
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