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Abstract
Microbial production of bioactive glucosides using uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase (UGT) is an efficient glucoside production method. Here, we describe a detailed method for the construction of a UDP-glucose biosynthetic enzyme gene coexpression plasmid, that is, pCDF-PGP and the microbial production of prunasin from racemic mandelonitrile using Escherichia coli possessing UGT85A47 obtained from Japanese apricot. Furthermore, this constructed vector can find application in the production of various other glucosides that utilize other UGTs and aglycons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Asano
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan.
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2
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Di Dalmazi G, Giuliani C. Plant constituents and thyroid: A revision of the main phytochemicals that interfere with thyroid function. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112158. [PMID: 33789121 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, there has been a lot of interest in plant constituents for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-proliferative properties. However, concerns have been raised on their potential toxic effects particularly when consumed at high dose. The anti-thyroid effects of some plant constituents have been known for some time. Indeed, epidemiological observations have shown the causal association between staple food based on brassicaceae or soybeans and the development of goiter and/or hypothyroidism. Herein, we review the main plant constituents that interfere with normal thyroid function such as cyanogenic glucosides, polyphenols, phenolic acids, and alkaloids. In detail, we summarize the in vitro and in vivo studies present in the literature, focusing on the compounds that are more abundant in foods or that are available as dietary supplements. We highlight the mechanism of action of these compounds on thyroid cells by giving a particular emphasis to the experimental studies that can be significant for human health. Furthermore, we reveal that the anti-thyroid effects of these plant constituents are clinically evident only when they are consumed in very large amounts or when their ingestion is associated with other conditions that impair thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Di Dalmazi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST) and Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy; Department of Medicine and Aging Science, Translational Medicine PhD Program, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Cesidio Giuliani
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST) and Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
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3
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Pinheiro de Castro ÉC, Demirtas R, Orteu A, Olsen CE, Motawie MS, Zikan Cardoso M, Zagrobelny M, Bak S. The dynamics of cyanide defences in the life cycle of an aposematic butterfly: Biosynthesis versus sequestration. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 116:103259. [PMID: 31698083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heliconius butterflies are highly specialized in Passiflora plants, laying eggs and feeding as larvae only on them. Interestingly, both Heliconius butterflies and Passiflora plants contain cyanogenic glucosides (CNglcs). While feeding on specific Passiflora species, Heliconius melpomene larvae are able to sequester simple cyclopentenyl CNglcs, the most common CNglcs in this plant genus. Yet, aromatic, aliphatic, and modified CNglcs have been reported in Passiflora species and they were never tested for sequestration by heliconiine larvae. As other cyanogenic lepidopterans, H. melpomene also biosynthesize the aliphatic CNglcs linamarin and lotaustralin, and their toxicity does not rely exclusively on sequestration. Although the genes encoding the enzymes in the CNglc biosynthesis have not yet been biochemically characterized in butterflies, the cytochromes P450 CYP405A4, CYP405A5, CYP405A6 and CYP332A1 have been hypothesized to be involved in this pathway in H. melpomene. In this study, we determine how the CNglc composition and expression of the putative P450s involved in the biosynthesis of these compounds vary at different developmental stages of Heliconius butterflies. We also establish which kind of CNglcs H. melpomene larvae can sequester from Passiflora. By analysing the chemical composition of the haemolymph from larvae fed with different Passiflora diets, we show that H. melpomene is able to sequestered prunasin, an aromatic CNglcs, from P. platyloba. They are also able to sequester amygdalin, gynocardin, [C13/C14]linamarin and [C13/C14]lotaustralin painted on the plant leaves. The CNglc tetraphyllin B-sulphate from P. caerulea is not detected in the larval haemolymph, suggesting that such modified CNglcs cannot be sequestered by Heliconius. Although pupae and virgin adults contain dihydrogynocardin resulting from larval sequestration, this compound was metabolized during adulthood, and not used as nuptial gift or transferred to the offspring. Thus, we speculate that dihydrogynocardin is catabolized to recycle nitrogen and glucose, and/or to produce fitness signals during courtship. Mature adults have a higher concentration of CNglcs than any other developmental stages due to increased de novo biosynthesis of linamarin and lotaustralin. Accordingly, all CYP405As are expressed in adults, whereas larvae mostly express CYP405A4. Our results shed light on the importance of CNglcs for Heliconius biology and their coevolution with Passiflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érika C Pinheiro de Castro
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Zoology, Cambridge University. Downing Street, CB3 3EJ, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rojan Demirtas
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anna Orteu
- Department of Zoology, Cambridge University. Downing Street, CB3 3EJ, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawie
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Márcio Zikan Cardoso
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Mika Zagrobelny
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Blomstedt CK, O'Donnell NH, Bjarnholt N, Neale AD, Hamill JD, Møller BL, Gleadow RM. Metabolic consequences of knocking out UGT85B1, the gene encoding the glucosyltransferase required for synthesis of dhurrin in Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench). Plant Cell Physiol 2016; 57:373-86. [PMID: 26493517 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many important food crops produce cyanogenic glucosides as natural defense compounds to protect against herbivory or pathogen attack. It has also been suggested that these nitrogen-based secondary metabolites act as storage reserves of nitrogen. In sorghum, three key genes, CYP79A1, CYP71E1 and UGT85B1, encode two Cytochrome P450s and a glycosyltransferase, respectively, the enzymes essential for synthesis of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin. Here, we report the use of targeted induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) to identify a line with a mutation resulting in a premature stop codon in the N-terminal region of UGT85B1. Plants homozygous for this mutation do not produce dhurrin and are designated tcd2 (totally cyanide deficient 2) mutants. They have reduced vigor, being dwarfed, with poor root development and low fertility. Analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) shows that tcd2 mutants accumulate numerous dhurrin pathway-derived metabolites, some of which are similar to those observed in transgenic Arabidopsis expressing the CYP79A1 and CYP71E1 genes. Our results demonstrate that UGT85B1 is essential for formation of dhurrin in sorghum with no co-expressed endogenous UDP-glucosyltransferases able to replace it. The tcd2 mutant suffers from self-intoxication because sorghum does not have a feedback mechanism to inhibit the initial steps of dhurrin biosynthesis when the glucosyltransferase activity required to complete the synthesis of dhurrin is lacking. The LC-MS analyses also revealed the presence of metabolites in the tcd2 mutant which have been suggested to be derived from dhurrin via endogenous pathways for nitrogen recovery, thus indicating which enzymes may be involved in such pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia K Blomstedt
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, 3800 Australia
| | - Natalie H O'Donnell
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, 3800 Australia Present address: Plant Health Australia, level 1, 1 Phipps Close, Deakin, 2600 Australia
| | - Nanna Bjarnholt
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and VILLUM research center for 'Plant Plasticity', Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alan D Neale
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, 3800 Australia
| | - John D Hamill
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, 3800 Australia Present address: Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF), Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, 3216, Australia
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory and VILLUM research center for 'Plant Plasticity', Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Roslyn M Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, 3800 Australia
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Waszkowiak K, Gliszczyńska-Świgło A, Barthet V, Skręty J. Effect of Extraction Method on the Phenolic and Cyanogenic Glucoside Profile of Flaxseed Extracts and their Antioxidant Capacity. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2015; 92:1609-1619. [PMID: 26640278 PMCID: PMC4661209 DOI: 10.1007/s11746-015-2729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The application of flaxseed extracts as food ingredients is a subject of interest to food technologists and nutritionists. Therefore, the influence of the extraction method on the content and composition of beneficial compounds as well as anti-nutrients is important. In the study, the effects of two solvent extraction methods, aqueous and 60 % ethanolic, on phenolic and cyanogenic glucoside profiles of flaxseed extract were determined and compared. The impact of extracted phenolic compounds on the antioxidant capacity of the extracts was also investigated. Defatted meals from brown and golden flax varieties were used as extraction material. The ethanolic extraction was more selective for phenolics (100.8-131.7 mg g-1) than the aqueous one (11.5-15.7 mg g-1). However, the contribution of particular phenolic compounds to total phenolics was much more dependent on flax variety than extraction method. A strong relationship was observed between both radical scavenging and ferric reducing activity and the content of phenolics (particularly secoisolariciresinol diglucoside). The correlation between extract chelating ability and phenolics was moderate suggesting that other flaxseed compounds are involved in this activity. The extraction method strongly affected cyanogenic glucoside content of flaxseed extracts; the aqueous extraction caused 96 % reduction in cyanogenic glucoside content (0.56-0.62 mmol g-1) when compared to the content in defatted meal (9.1-11.6 mmol g-1). On the contrary, ethanolic extraction resulted in the high cyanogenic glucoside content in the extracts (71-89 mmol g-1). The results reveals that ethanolic extraction gives extracts rich in antioxidant lignans; aqueous extracts have lower antioxidant activity than ethanolic but cyanogenic glucosides are significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Waszkowiak
- />Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Gliszczyńska-Świgło
- />Faculty of Commodity Science, Poznań University of Economics, al Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland
| | - Veronique Barthet
- />Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8 Canada
| | - Joanna Skręty
- />Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
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