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Mori T, Teramoto T, Kakuta Y. Crystal structure of activating sulfotransferase SgdX2 involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolite sungeidine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 711:149891. [PMID: 38621346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms synthesize a plethora of complex secondary metabolites, many of which are beneficial to human health, such as anticancer agents and antibiotics. Among these, the Sungeidines are a distinct class of secondary metabolites known for their bulky and intricate structures. They are produced by a specific biosynthetic gene cluster within the genome of the soil-dwelling actinomycete Micromonospora sp. MD118. A notable enzyme in the Sungeidine biosynthetic pathway is the activating sulfotransferase SgdX2. In this pathway, SgdX2 mediates a key sulfation step, after which the product undergoes spontaneous dehydration to yield a Sungeidine compound. To delineate the structural basis for SgdX2's substrate recognition and catalytic action, we have determined the crystal structure of SgdX2 in complex with its sulfate donor product, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP), at a resolution of 1.6 Å. Although SgdX2 presents a compact overall structure, its core elements are conserved among other activating sulfotransferases. Our structural analysis reveals a unique substrate-binding pocket that accommodates bulky, complex substrates, suggesting a specialized adaptation for Sungeidine synthesis. Moreover, we have constructed a substrate docking model that provides insights into the molecular interactions between SgdX2 and Sungeidine F, enhancing our understanding of the enzyme's specificity and catalytic mechanism. The model supports a general acid-base catalysis mechanism, akin to other sulfotransferases, and underscores the minor role of disordered regions in substrate recognition. This integrative study of crystallography and computational modeling advances our knowledge of microbial secondary metabolite biosynthesis and may facilitate the development of novel biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mori
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takamasa Teramoto
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Yoshimitsu Kakuta
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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2
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Iwamoto Y, Saito S, Teramoto T, Maruyama-Nakashita A, Kakuta Y. Crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana sulfotransferase SOT16 involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 677:149-154. [PMID: 37586213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs), a class of secondary metabolites found in Brassicaceae plants, play important roles in plant defense and contribute distinct flavors and aromas when used as food ingredients. Following tissue damage, GSLs undergo enzymatic hydrolysis to release bioactive volatile compounds. Understanding GSL biosynthesis and enzyme involvement is crucial for improving crop quality and advancing agriculture. Plant sulfotransferases (SOTs) play a key role in the final step of GSL biosynthesis by transferring sulfate groups to the precursor molecules. In the present study, we investigated the enzymatic reaction mechanism and broad substrate specificity of Arabidopsis thaliana sulfotransferase AtSOT16, which is involved in GSL biosynthesis, using crystal structure analysis. Our analysis revealed the specific catalytic residues involved in the sulfate transfer reaction and supported the hypothesis of a concerted acid-base catalytic mechanism. Furthermore, the docking models showed a strong correlation between the substrates with high predicted binding affinities and those experimentally reported to exhibit high activity. These findings provide valuable insights into the enzymatic reaction mechanisms and substrate specificity of GSL biosynthesis. The information obtained in this study may contribute to the development of novel strategies for manipulating GSL synthesis pathways in Brassica plants and has potential agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Iwamoto
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; Kyushu University Future Creators in Science Project (QFC-SP), Japan
| | - Seira Saito
- Kyushu University Future Creators in Science Project (QFC-SP), Japan; Meizen High School, Fukuoka, 830-0022, Japan
| | - Takamasa Teramoto
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; Kyushu University Future Creators in Science Project (QFC-SP), Japan.
| | - Akiko Maruyama-Nakashita
- Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kakuta
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; Kyushu University Future Creators in Science Project (QFC-SP), Japan.
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Kurogi K, Cao Y, Segawa K, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Uetrecht J, Liu MC. Sulfation of 12-hydroxy-nevirapine by human SULTs and the effects of genetic polymorphisms of SULT1A1 and SULT2A1. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115243. [PMID: 36084709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nevirapine (NVP) is an effective drug for the treatment of HIV infections, but its use is limited by a high incidence of severe skin rash and liver injury. 12-Hydroxynevirapine (12-OH-NVP) is the major metabolite of nevirapine. There is strong evidence that the sulfate of 12-OH-NVP is responsible for the skin rash. While several cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) have been shown to be capable of sulfating 12-OH-NVP, the exact mechanism of sulfation in vivo is unclear. The current study aimed to clarify human SULT(s) and human organs that are capable of sulfating 12-OH-NVP and investigate the metabolic sulfation of 12-OH-NVP using cultured HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Enzymatic assays revealed that of the thirteen human SULTs, SULT1A1 and SULT2A1 displayed strong 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity. 1-Phenyl-1-hexanol (PHHX), which applied topically prevents the skin rash in rats, inhibited 12-OH-NVP sulfation by SULT1A1 and SULT2A1, implying the involvement of these two enzymes in the sulfation of 12-OH-NVP in vivo. Among five human organ cytosols analyzed, liver cytosol displayed the strongest 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity, while a low but significant activity was detected with skin cytosol. Cultured HepG2 cells were shown to be capable of sulfating 12-OH-NVP. The effects of genetic polymorphisms of SULT1A1 and SULT2A1 genes on the sulfation of 12-OH-NVP by SULT1A1 and SULT2A1 allozymes were investigated. Two SULT1A1 allozymes, Arg37Asp and Met223Val, showed no detectable 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity, while a SULT2A1 allozyme, Met57Thr, displayed significantly higher 12-OH-NVP-sulfating activity compared with the wild-type enzyme. Collectively, these results contribute to a better understanding of the involvement of sulfation in NVP-induced skin rash and provide clues to the possible role of SULT genetic polymorphisms in the risk of this adverse reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yanshan Cao
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S3M2, Canada
| | - Koshi Segawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S3M2, Canada
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Xu X, Meng X, Zhang N, Jiang H, Ge H, Qian K, Wang J. The cytosolic sulfotransferase gene TcSULT1 is involved in deltamethrin tolerance and regulated by CncC in Tribolium castaneum. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2021; 177:104905. [PMID: 34301366 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sulfuryl transfer reaction catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) is one of the major conjugating pathways responsible for the detoxification and subsequent elimination of xenobiotics, however, functional characterization of insect SULTs is still limited. In this study, cDNA encoding a cytosolic sulfotransferase, named TcSULT1, was cloned from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Sequence analysis revealed that TcSULT1 had the conserved signature sequences of SULTs, and shared moderate amino acid identities with Bombyx mori and Drosophila SULTs. Analysis of the transcription level showed that TcSULT1 was highly expressed in head, epidermis and malpighian tube, and upregulated at 4 h after exposure to deltamethrin. Knockdown of TcSULT1 significantly increased the susceptibility of beetles to deltamethrin. Both RNAi and dual-luciferase assay revealed that the transcription factor TcCncC regulates the expression of TcSULT1. These data provides insights into the function and regulatory mechanism of insect SULTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiangkun Meng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Heng Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huichen Ge
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Kurogi K, Rasool MI, Alherz FA, El Daibani AA, Bairam AF, Abunnaja MS, Yasuda S, Wilson LJ, Hui Y, Liu MC. SULT genetic polymorphisms: physiological, pharmacological and clinical implications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:767-784. [PMID: 34107842 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1940952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs)-mediated sulfation is critically involved in the metabolism of key endogenous compounds, such as catecholamines and thyroid/steroid hormones, as well as a variety of drugs and other xenobiotics. Studies performed in the past three decades have yielded a good understanding about the enzymology of the SULTs and their structural biology, phylogenetic relationships, tissue/organ-specific/developmental expression, as well as the regulation of the SULT gene expression. An emerging area is related to the functional impact of the SULT genetic polymorphisms. AREAS COVERED The current review aims to summarize our current knowledge about the above-mentioned aspects of the SULT research. An emphasis is on the information concerning the effects of the polymorphisms of the SULT genes on the functional activity of the SULT allozymes and the associated physiological, pharmacological, and clinical implications. EXPERT OPINION Elucidation of how SULT SNPs may influence the drug-sulfating activity of SULT allozymes will help understand the differential drug metabolism and eventually aid in formulating personalized drug regimens. Moreover, the information concerning the differential sulfating activities of SULT allozymes toward endogenous compounds may allow for the development of strategies for mitigating anomalies in the metabolism of these endogenous compounds in individuals with certain SULT genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mohammed I Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Karbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A El Daibani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Ahsan F Bairam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Maryam S Abunnaja
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Shin Yasuda
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Bioscience, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan
| | - Lauren J Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Ying Hui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
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Teramoto T, Nishio T, Kurogi K, Sakakibara Y, Kakuta Y. The crystal structure of mouse SULT2A8 reveals the mechanism of 7α-hydroxyl, bile acid sulfation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 562:15-20. [PMID: 34030040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids play essential roles in facilitating the intestinal absorption of lipophilic nutrients as well as regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis via activation of some receptors. Bile acids are cytotoxic, and consequently their concentrations are tightly controlled. A critical pathway for bile acid elimination and detoxification is sulfation. The pattern of bile acid sulfation differs by species. Sulfation preferentially occurs at the 3α-OH of bile acids in humans, but at the 7α-OH in mice. A recent study identified mouse cytosolic sulfotransferase 2A8 (mSULT2A8) as the major hepatic 7α-hydroxyl bile acid-sulfating enzyme. To elucidate the 7α-OH specific sulfation mechanism of mSULT2A8, instead of 3α-OH specific sulfation in humans, we determined a crystal structure of mSULT2A8 in complex with cholic acid, a major bile acid, and 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate, the sulfate donor product. Our study shows that bile acid-binding mode of mSULT2A8 and how the enzyme holds the 7α-OH group of bile acids at the catalytic center, revealing that the mechanism underlying 7α-OH specific sulfation. The structure shows the substrate binds to mSULT2A8 in an orientation perpendicular to that of human 3α-hydroxyl bile acid-sulfotransferase (hSULT2A1). The structure of the complex provides new insight into species different bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Teramoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeaki Nishio
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kakuta
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Shimohira T, Kurogi K, Liu MC, Suiko M, Sakakibara Y. The critical role of His48 in mouse cytosolic sulfotransferase SULT2A8 for the 7α-hydroxyl sulfation of bile acids. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1359-1365. [PMID: 29685090 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1464897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) SULT2A subfamily are known to be critically involved in the homeostasis of steroids and bile acids. SULT2A8, a 7α-hydroxyl bile acid-preferring mouse SULT, has been identified as the major enzyme responsible for the mouse-specific 7-O-sulfation of bile acids. Interestingly, SULT2A8 lacks a conservative catalytic His residue at position 99th. The catalytic mechanism underlying the SULT2A8-mediated 7-O-sulfation of bile acids thus remained unclear. In this study, we performed a mutational analysis in order to gain insight into this yet-unresolved issue. Results obtained revealed two amino acid residues, His48 and Leu99, that are unique to the mouse SULT2A8, but not other SULTs, are essential for its 7-O-sulfating activity toward bile acids. These findings suggested that substitutions of two amino acids, which might have occurred during the evolution of the mouse SULT2A8 gene, endowed mouse SULT2A8 the capacity to catalyze the 7-O-sulfation of bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Shimohira
- a Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan.,b Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- a Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan.,b Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- c Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo , OH , USA
| | - Masahito Suiko
- a Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan.,b Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- a Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan.,b Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
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Bairam AF, Rasool MI, Alherz FA, Abunnaja MS, El Daibani AA, Gohal SA, Kurogi K, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. Sulfation of catecholamines and serotonin by SULT1A3 allozymes. Biochem Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29524394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the involvement of sulfoconjugation in the metabolism of catecholamines and serotonin. The current study aimed to clarify the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of human SULT1A3 and SULT1A4 genes on the enzymatic characteristics of the sulfation of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and serotonin by SULT1A3 allozymes. Following a comprehensive search of different SULT1A3 and SULT1A4 genotypes, twelve non-synonymous (missense) coding SNPs (cSNPs) of SULT1A3/SULT1A4 were identified. cDNAs encoding the corresponding SULT1A3 allozymes, packaged in pGEX-2T vector were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. SULT1A3 allozymes were expressed, and purified. Purified SULT1A3 allozymes exhibited differential sulfating activity toward catecholamines and serotonin. Kinetic analyses demonstrated differences in both substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency of the SULT1A3 allozymes. Collectively, these findings provide useful information relevant to the differential metabolism of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and serotonin through sulfoconjugation in individuals having different SULT1A3/SULT1A4 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan F Bairam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Mohammed I Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Karbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Maryam S Abunnaja
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Amal A El Daibani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Saud A Gohal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Kurogi K, Yoshihama M, Horton A, Schiefer IT, Krasowski MD, Hagey LR, Williams FE, Sakakibara Y, Kenmochi N, Suiko M, Liu MC. Identification and characterization of 5α-cyprinol-sulfating cytosolic sulfotransferases (Sults) in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:120-127. [PMID: 28807679 PMCID: PMC5675747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
5α-Cyprinol 27-sulfate is the major biliary bile salt present in cypriniform fish including the zebrafish (Danio rerio). The current study was designed to identify the zebrafish cytosolic sulfotransferase (Sult) enzyme(s) capable of sulfating 5α-cyprinol and to characterize the zebrafish 5α-cyprinol-sulfating Sults in comparison with human SULT2A1. Enzymatic assays using zebrafish homogenates showed 5α-cyprinol-sulfating activity. A systematic analysis, using a panel of recombinant zebrafish Sults, revealed two Sult2 subfamily members, Sult2st2 and Sult2st3, as major 5α-cyprinol-sulfating Sults. Both enzymes showed higher activities using 5α-cyprinol as the substrate, compared to their activity with DHEA, a representative substrate for mammalian SULT2 family members, particularly SULT2A1. pH-Dependence and kinetics experiments indicated that the catalytic properties of zebrafish Sult2 family members in mediating the sulfation of 5α-cyprinol were different from those of either zebrafish Sult3st4 or human SULT2A1. Collectively, these results imply that both Sult2st2 and Sult2st3 have evolved to sulfate specifically C27-bile alcohol, 5α-cyprinol, in Cypriniform fish, whereas the enzymatic characteristics of zebrafish Sult3 members, particularly Sult3st4, correlated with those of human SULT2A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Maki Yoshihama
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Frontier Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Austin Horton
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Isaac T Schiefer
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Matthew D Krasowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, RCP 6233, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lee R Hagey
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Frederick E Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Naoya Kenmochi
- Frontier Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Shimohira T, Kurogi K, Hashiguchi T, Liu MC, Suiko M, Sakakibara Y. Regioselective production of sulfated polyphenols using human cytosolic sulfotransferase-expressing Escherichia coli cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:84-90. [PMID: 28286122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dietary polyphenols present in fruits and vegetables have been reported to manifest beneficial health effects on humans. Polyphenol metabolites including their sulfated derivatives have been shown to be biologically active. Primarily due to the difficulty in preparing regiospecific sulfated polyphenols for detailed investigations, the exact functions of sulfated polyphenols, however, remain unclear. The current study aimed to develop a procedure for the regioselective production of sulfated polyphenols using Escherichia coli cells expressing human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs). Two regioisomers of sulfated genistein were produced by E. coli cells expressing human SULT1A3, SULT1C4, or SULT1E1, and purified using Diaion HP20 resin, followed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Structural analysis using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed that E. coli cells expressing SULT1A3 preferentially produced genistein 4'-sulfate, whereas E. coli cells expressing SULT1C4 preferentially produced genistein 7-sulfate. To improve the bioproductivity, the effects of several factors including the concentrations of glucose and SO42-, and growth temperature were investigated. The bioproduction procedure established in this study will be valuable for the production of regioselective sulfated polyphenols for use in future studies on their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Shimohira
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takuyu Hashiguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan; Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.
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Rasool MI, Bairam AF, Kurogi K, Liu MC. On the sulfation of O-desmethyltramadol by human cytosolic sulfotransferases. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:953-958. [PMID: 28802998 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that sulfate conjugation is involved in the metabolism of the active metabolite of tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol (O-DMT). The current study aimed to systematically identify the human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) that are capable of mediating the sulfation of O-DMT. METHODS The sulfation of O-DMT under metabolic conditions was demonstrated using HepG2 hepatoma cells and Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cells. O-DMT-sulfating activity of thirteen known human SULTs and four human organ specimens was examined using an established sulfotransferase assay. pH-Dependency and kinetic parameters were also analyzed using, respectively, buffers at different pHs and varying O-DMT concentrations in the assays. RESULTS Of the thirteen human SULTs tested, only SULT1A3 and SULT1C4 were found to display O-DMT-sulfating activity, with different pH-dependency profiles. Kinetic analysis revealed that SULT1C4 was 60 times more catalytically efficient in mediating the sulfation of O-DMT than SULT1A3 at respective optimal pH. Of the four human organ specimens tested, the cytosol prepared from the small intestine showed much higher O-DMT-sulfating activity than cytosols prepared from liver, lung, and kidney. Both cultured HepG2 and Caco-2 cells were shown to be capable of sulfating O-DMT and releasing sulfated O-DMT into cultured media. CONCLUSION SULT1A3 and SULT1C4 were the major SULTs responsible for the sulfation of O-DMT. Collectively, the results obtained provided a molecular basis underlying the sulfation of O-DMT and contributed to a better understanding about the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tramadol in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I Rasool
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Karbala, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Ahsan F Bairam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, USA; Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, USA.
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Han Z, Xi Y, Luo L, Zhou C, Kurogi K, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. Sulfate conjugation of daphnetin by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 189:250-252. [PMID: 27215683 PMCID: PMC5103626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Turkey, daphnetin-containing Daphne oleoides is used as a folk medicine for treating rheumatic pain and lumbago. A daphnetin-containing traditional Chinese medicine tablet, named Zushima-Pian, is available in China for treating rheumatoid arthritis. The present study aimed to investigate the metabolism of daphnetin through sulfation in cultured human cells and to identify the human cytosolic sulfotransferase(s) (SULT(s)) that is(are) capable of mediating the sulfation of daphnetin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultured HepG2 human hepatoma cells and Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cells were labeled with [(35)S]sulfate in the presence of different concentrations of daphnetin. Thirteen known human SULTs, previously expressed and purified, as well as cytosols of human kidney, liver, lung, and small intestine, were examined for daphnetin-sulfating activity using an established sulfotransferase assay. RESULTS [(35)S]sulfated daphnetin was found to be generated and released by HepG2 cells and Caco-2 cells labeled with [(35)S] sulfate in the presence of daphnetin. Among the 13 known human SULTs, SULT1A1, SULT1A2, SULT1A3, SULT1B1, and SULT1C4 displayed significant sulfating activity toward daphnetin. Of the four human organ samples later tested, small intestine and liver cytosols displayed considerably higher daphnetin-sulfating activity than those of lung and kidney. CONCLUSION The results derived from the present study showed unequivocally that daphnetin could be sulfated in cultured human cells and by purified human SULT enzymes as well as human organ cytosols. The information obtained provided a basis for further studies on the metabolism of daphnetin through sulfation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Yuecheng Xi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Lijun Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA; School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA; School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA; Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614 USA.
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Xi Y, Seyoum H, Liu MC. Role of SULT-mediated sulfation in the biotransformation of 2-butoxyethanol and sorbitan monolaurate: A study using zebrafish SULTs. Aquat Toxicol 2016; 177:19-21. [PMID: 27218426 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
2-Butoxyethanol and sorbitan monolaurate are major components of oil dispersants that are applied in large quantities to control oil spill in the aquatic environment. An important question is whether aquatic animals are equipped with mechanisms for the detoxification of these oil dispersant compounds. The current study aimed to examine whether zebrafish cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are capable of sulfating 2-butoxyethanol and sorbitan monolaurate. A systematic analysis of 18 zebrafish SULTs revealed that SULT3 ST1 showed the strongest sulfating activity toward 2-butoxyethanol, while SULT1 ST3 displayed the strongest sulfating activity toward sorbitan monolaurate. The pH-dependence of these two SULTs in mediating the sulfation of 2-butoxyethanol or sorbitan monolaurate was examined. Taken together, these results implied that SULT-mediated sulfation may function in the detoxification of these two oil dispersant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecheng Xi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Helen Seyoum
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Hui Y, Liu MC. Sulfation of ritodrine by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs): Effects of SULT1A3 genetic polymorphism. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:125-9. [PMID: 25941087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the metabolism of ritodrine through sulfation. The current study was designed to identify the human SULTs that are capable of sulfating ritodrine and to investigate how genetic polymorphism of the major ritodrine-sulfating SULT, SULT1A3, may affect its sulfating activity. A systematic analysis revealed that of the 13 known human SULTs, SULT1A1, SULT1A3, and SULT1C4, were capable of mediating the sulfation of ritodrine, with SULT1A3 displaying the strongest sulfating activity. Effects of genetic polymorphism on the sulfating activity of SULT1A3 were examined. By employing site-directed mutagenesis, 4 SULT1A3 allozymes were generated, expressed, and purified. Purified SULT1A3 allozymes were shown to exhibit differential sulfating activity toward ritodrine. Kinetic studies further demonstrated differential substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency among the SULT1A3 allozymes. Collectively, these results provided useful information concerning the differential metabolism of ritodrine through sulfation in different individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Kurogi K, Chepak A, Hanrahan MT, Liu MY, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. Sulfation of opioid drugs by human cytosolic sulfotransferases: metabolic labeling study and enzymatic analysis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:40-8. [PMID: 24832963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to examine the sulfation of eight opioid drugs, morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, butorphanol, nalbuphine, levorphanol, nalorphine, and naltrexone, in HepG2 human hepatoma cells and human organ samples (lung, liver, kidney, and small intestine) and to identify the human SULT(s) responsible for their sulfation. Analysis of the spent media of HepG2 cells, metabolically labeled with [35S]sulfate in the presence of each of the eight opioid drugs, showed the generation and release of corresponding [35S]sulfated derivatives. Five of the eight opioid drugs, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, butorphanol, nalorphine, and naltrexone, appeared to be more strongly sulfated in HepG2 cells than were the other three, morphine, nalbuphine, and levorphanol. Differential sulfating activities toward the opioid drugs were detected in cytosol or S9 fractions of human lung, liver, small intestine, and kidney, with the highest activities being found for the liver sample. A systematic analysis using eleven known human SULTs and kinetic experiment revealed SULT1A1 as the major responsible SULTs for the sulfation of oxymorphone, nalbuphine, nalorphine, and naltrexone, SULT1A3 for the sulfation of morphine and hydromorphone, and SULT2A1 for the sulfation of butorphanol and levorphanol. Collectively, the results obtained imply that sulfation may play a significant role in the metabolism of the tested opioid drugs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Andriy Chepak
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Michael T Hanrahan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ming-Yih Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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