Association between TSH suppression therapy and type 2 deiodinase gene polymorphism in differentiated thyroid carcinoma

INTRODUCTION

Oral levothyroxine (L-T4) suppression of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels is the most commonly used clinical approach to manage and treat patients after thyroid cancer surgery. This study aimed to investigate the association between TSH suppression therapy and type 2 deiodinase gene (DIO2) polymorphism in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total of 240 patients with DTC who received total thyroidectomy (TT; 120) and hemithyroidectomy (HT; 120) were enrolled in this study. The serum TSH, free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were detected using an automatic serum immune analyser and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Based on the results of DIO2 gene detection, 3 genotypes of Thr92Ala were detected.

RESULTS

The serum TSH levels were inhibited after oral L-T4 treatment, but the proportion of patients who reached the TSH suppression standard in the hemithyroidectomy group was higher than in the total thyroidectomy group. After TSH suppression treatment, serum FT4 levels were increased in both total thyroidectomy and hemithyroidectomy. The difference in serum TSH, FT3, and FT4 levels was associated with different genotypes, and patients with high cytosine cytosine (CC) genotypes may have difficulty meeting the TSH suppression criteria.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who underwent total thyroidectomy exhibited higher postoperative serum FT4 levels than patients in the hemithyroidectomy group after TSH suppression therapy. The Thr92Ala polymorphism of type 2 deiodinase (D2) was associated with TSH suppression therapy.

The ABA/LANCL1/2 Hormone/Receptor System Controls Adipocyte Browning and Energy Expenditure

The abscisic acid (ABA)/LANC-like protein 1/2 (LANCL1/2) hormone/receptor system regulates glucose uptake and oxidation, mitochondrial respiration, and proton gradient dissipation in myocytes. Oral ABA increases glucose uptake and the transcription of adipocyte browning-related genes in rodent brown adipose tissue (BAT). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the ABA/LANCL system in human white and brown adipocyte thermogenesis. Immortalized human white and brown preadipocytes, virally infected to overexpress or silence LANCL1/2, were differentiated in vitro with or without ABA, and transcriptional and metabolic targets critical for thermogenesis were explored. The overexpression of LANCL1/2 increases, and their combined silencing conversely reduces mitochondrial number, basal, and maximal respiration rates; proton gradient dissipation; and the transcription of uncoupling genes and of receptors for thyroid and adrenergic hormones, both in brown and in white adipocytes. The transcriptional enhancement of receptors for browning hormones also occurs in BAT from ABA-treated mice, lacking LANCL2 but overexpressing LANCL1. The signaling pathway downstream of the ABA/LANCL system includes AMPK, PGC-1α, Sirt1, and the transcription factor ERRα. The ABA/LANCL system controls human brown and "beige" adipocyte thermogenesis, acting upstream of a key signaling pathway regulating energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and thermogenesis.

Inhibiting thyroid activation in aged human explants prevents mechanical induced detrimental signalling by mitigating metabolic processes

OBJECTIVES

To investigate whether the deiodinase inhibitor iopanoic acid (IOP) has chondroprotective properties, a mechanical stress induced model of human aged explants was used to test both repeated dosing and slow release of IOP.

METHODS

Human osteochondral explants subjected to injurious mechanical stress (65%MS) were treated with IOP or IOP encapsulated in poly lactic-co-glycolic acid-polyethylene glycol nanoparticles (NP-IOP). Changes to cartilage integrity and signalling were determined by Mankin scoring of histology, sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) release and expression levels of catabolic, anabolic and hypertrophic markers. Subsequently, on a subgroup of samples, RNA sequencing was performed on 65%MS (n = 14) and 65%MS+IOP (n = 7) treated cartilage to identify IOP's mode of action.

RESULTS

Damage from injurious mechanical stress was confirmed by increased cartilage surface damage in the Mankin score, increased sGAG release, and consistent upregulation of catabolic markers and downregulation of anabolic markers. IOP and, though less effective, NP-IOP treatment, reduced MMP13 and increased COL2A1 expression. In line with this, IOP and NP-IOP reduced cartilage surface damage induced by 65%MS, while only IOP reduced sGAG release from explants subjected to 65%MS. Lastly, differential expression analysis identified 12 genes in IOP's mode of action to be mainly involved in reducing metabolic processes (INSIG1, DHCR7, FADS1 and ACAT2) and proliferation and differentiation (CTGF, BMP5 and FOXM1).

CONCLUSION

Treatment with the deiodinase inhibitor IOP reduced detrimental changes of injurious mechanical stress. In addition, we identified that its mode of action was likely on metabolic processes, cell proliferation and differentiation.

Selenoprotein DIO2 Is a Regulator of Mitochondrial Function, Morphology and UPRmt in Human Cardiomyocytes

Members of the fetal-gene-program may act as regulatory components to impede deleterious events occurring with cardiac remodeling, and constitute potential novel therapeutic heart failure (HF) targets. Mitochondrial energy derangements occur both during early fetal development and in patients with HF. Here we aim to elucidate the role of DIO2, a member of the fetal-gene-program, in pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived human cardiomyocytes and on mitochondrial dynamics and energetics, specifically. RNA sequencing and pathway enrichment analysis was performed on mouse cardiac tissue at different time points during development, adult age, and ischemia-induced HF. To determine the function of DIO2 in cardiomyocytes, a stable human hPSC-line with a DIO2 knockdown was made using a short harpin sequence. Firstly, we showed the selenoprotein, type II deiodinase (DIO2): the enzyme responsible for the tissue-specific conversion of inactive (T4) into active thyroid hormone (T3), to be a member of the fetal-gene-program. Secondly, silencing DIO2 resulted in an increased reactive oxygen species, impaired activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, severely impaired mitochondrial respiration and reduced cellular viability. Microscopical 3D reconstruction of the mitochondrial network displayed substantial mitochondrial fragmentation. Summarizing, we identified DIO2 to be a member of the fetal-gene-program and as a key regulator of mitochondrial performance in human cardiomyocytes. Our results suggest a key position of human DIO2 as a regulator of mitochondrial function in human cardiomyocytes.

Integrative analysis of histomorphology, transcriptome and whole genome resequencing identified DIO2 gene as a crucial gene for the protuberant knob located on forehead in geese

Background

During domestication, remarkable changes in behavior, morphology, physiology and production performance have taken place in farm animals. As one of the most economically important poultry, goose owns a unique appearance characteristic called knob, which is located at the base of the upper bill. However, neither the histomorphology nor the genetic mechanism of the knob phenotype has been revealed in geese.

Results

In the present study, integrated radiographic, histological, transcriptomic and genomic analyses revealed the histomorphological characteristics and genetic mechanism of goose knob. The knob skin was developed, and radiographic results demonstrated that the knob bone was obviously protuberant and pneumatized. Histologically, there were major differences in structures in both the knob skin and bone between geese owing knob (namely knob-geese) and those devoid of knob (namely non-knob geese). Through transcriptome analysis, 592 and 952 genes differentially expressed in knob skin and bone, and significantly enriched in PPAR and Calcium pathways in knob skin and bone, respectively, which revealed the molecular mechanisms of histomorphological differences of the knob between knob- and non-knob geese. Furthermore, integrated transcriptomic and genomic analysis contributed to the identification of 17 and 21 candidate genes associated with the knob formation in the skin and bone, respectively. Of them, DIO2 gene could play a pivotal role in determining the knob phenotype in geese. Because a non-synonymous mutation (c.642,923 G > A, P265L) changed DIO2 protein secondary structure in knob geese, and Sanger sequencing further showed that the AA genotype was identified in the population of knob geese, and was prevalent in a crossing population which was artificially selected for 10 generations.

Conclusions

This study was the first to uncover the knob histomorphological characteristics and genetic mechanism in geese, and DIO2 was identified as the crucial gene associated with the knob phenotype. These data not only expand and enrich our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of head appendages in both mammalian and avian species, but also have important theoretical and practical significance for goose breeding.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07822-9.

Variants in MCT10 protein do not affect FT3 levels in athyreotic patients

PURPOSE

Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding for transporters have been associated with serum thyroid hormone concentrations with inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical significance of the rs17606253 in SLC16A10 gene alone and in combination with the DIO2 Thr92Ala variation in athyreotic patients.

METHODS

One-hundred patients submitted to total thyroidectomy and treated with levothyroxine were included. Pre- and post surgical serum TSH levels did not differ by more than ± 0.5 mIU/l.

RESULTS

Both patients carrying the wild-type allele or heterozygous for rs17606253 in SLC16A10 gene had a significant reduction in FT3 post surgical levels (p = 0.01 and p < 0.0001, respectively) while Thr92Ala in DIO2 gene was associated with reduced FT3 levels for heterozygous and rare homozygous patients (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.01, respectively). We identified two groups ("FT3 unchanged" and "FT3 reduced") using a cutoff of at least 0.5 pg/ml as a significant variation between pre- and post surgical FT3 values. In this case, the rs17606253 was not statistically associated with reduced FT3 levels at genotype and allele levels. On the contrary, the Thr92Ala in DIO2 gene was confirmed statistically associated with reduced FT3 levels after surgery with a p = 0.035 at genotype level and p = 0.014 at allele level.

CONCLUSIONS

We confirmed the role of DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism on T3 levels. On the contrary, SLC16A1 rs17606253 polymorphism did not impair hormone levels in athyreotic patients treated with levothyroxine therapy.

Association between DIO2 polymorphism and the risk of Kashin-Beck disease in the Tibetan population

BACKGROUND

Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) is a local, multiple and deformable osteoarthropathy, mostly occurring in Tibet. Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2) is implicated in the activation of thyroid hormones to which the bones are very sensitive. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the association between KBD and DIO2 in the Tibetan population.

METHODS

We carried out a case-control study among 316 cases and 320 controls from a Tibetan population. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms in DIO2 were selected and genotyped using the Agena MassARRAY platform (Agena Bioscience, San Diego, CA, USA). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by logistic regression analysis. HaploReg (https://pubs.broadinstitute.org/mammals/haploreg/haploreg.php) and GTEx (http://www.gtexportal.org) databases were applied for functional assessment of the polymorphisms.

RESULTS

The "A/C" genotype of rs1352815 (OR = 3.18, 95% CI = 1.14-8.85, p = 0.027) and the "A/G" genotype of rs1388382 (OR = 3.80, 95% CI = 1.30-11.11, p = 0.015) were associated with the susceptibility of KBD under the co-dominant model. With gender stratification analysis, rs1388382 showed obvious evidence for correlation with an elevated risk of KBD in females under the co-dominant model (OR = 3.32, 95% CI = 1.06-10.41, p = 0.039).

CONCLUSIONS

The results obtained in the present study indicate that DIO2 polymorphisms rs1352815 and rs1388382 were correlated with KBD susceptibility among Tibetans, which also sheds new light on the role of DIO2 in the development of KBD.

Gonadotrophin-mediated miRNA expression in testis at onset of puberty in rhesus monkey: predictions on regulation of thyroid hormone activity and DLK1-DIO3 locus

Molecular mechanisms responsible for the initiation of primate spermatogenesis remain poorly characterized. Previously, 48 h stimulation of the testes of three juvenile rhesus monkeys with pulsatile LH and FSH resulted in down-regulation of a cohort of genes recognized to favor spermatogonia stem cell renewal. This change in genetic landscape occurred in concert with amplification of Sertoli cell proliferation and the commitment of undifferentiated spermatogonia to differentiate. In this report, the non-protein coding small RNA transcriptomes of the same testes were characterized using RNA sequencing: 537 mature micro-RNAs (miRNAs), 322 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and 49 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) were identified. Pathway analysis of the 20 most highly expressed miRNAs suggested that these transcripts contribute to limiting the proliferation of the primate Sertoli cell during juvenile development. Gonadotrophin treatment resulted in differential expression of 35 miRNAs, 12 snoRNAs and four snRNA transcripts. Ten differentially expressed miRNAs were derived from the imprinted delta-like homolog 1-iodothyronine deiodinase 3 (DLK1-DIO3) locus that is linked to stem cell fate decisions. Four gonadotrophin-regulated expressed miRNAs were predicted to trigger a local increase in thyroid hormone activity within the juvenile testis. The latter finding leads us to predict that, in primates, a gonadotrophin-induced selective increase in testicular thyroid hormone activity, together with the established increase in androgen levels, at the onset of puberty is necessary for the normal timing of Sertoli cell maturation, and therefore initiation of spermatogenesis. Further examination of this hypothesis requires that peripubertal changes in thyroid hormone activity of the testis of a representative higher primate be determined empirically.

Clinical significance of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase polymorphism

INTRODUCTION

Biological activity of thyroid hormones (TH) is regulated by enzymes known as deiodinases. The most important is represented by the type 2 deiodinase (D2), which is the main T4-activating enzyme, ubiquitous in human tissues and therefore essential in many metabolic processes. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SPN) of D2, known as Thr92Ala (rs225014), has been reported in the general population while other polymorphisms are less frequently described.

AREAS COVERED

Several authors investigated the potential metabolic effect of these polymorphisms in the general population and in specific groups of patients. Thr92Ala polymorphism was mainly studied in patients with autoimmune or surgical hypothyroidism and in patients with physical/psychological disorders that could be related to an overt hypothyroidism. Susceptibility to develop more severe type 2 diabetes or insulin resistance has also been evaluated.

EXPERT COMMENTARY

There is an increasing evidence that the presence of D2 polymorphisms may play a pivotal role in a better definition and customized therapeutic approach of patients with hypothyroidism and/or type 2 diabetes, suggesting that these patients should be screened for D2 polymorphisms. Nevertheless, further research should be performed in order to clarify the association between D2 polymorphisms, metabolic alterations and clinical conditions of the carrier patients.

Non-Thyroidal Illness Syndrome in Patients Exposed to Indoor Air Dampness Microbiota Treated Successfully with Triiodothyronine

Long-term exposure to dampness microbiota induces multi-organ morbidity. One of the symptoms related to this disorder is non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS). A retrospective study was carried out in nine patients with a history of mold exposure, experiencing chronic fatigue, cognitive disorder, and different kinds of hypothyroid symptoms despite provision of levothyroxine (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine, LT4) monotherapy. Exposure to volatile organic compounds present in water-damaged buildings including metabolic products of toxigenic fungi and mold-derived inflammatory agents can lead to a deficiency or imbalance of many hormones, such as active T3 hormone. Since the 1970s, the synthetic prohormone, levothyroxine (LT4), has been the most commonly prescribed thyroid hormone in replacement monotherapy. It has been presumed that the peripheral conversion of T4 (3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) into T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine) is sufficient to satisfy the overall tissue requirements. However, evidence is presented that this not the case for all patients, especially those exposed to indoor air molds. This retrospective study describes the successful treatment of nine patients in whom NTIS was treated with T3-based thyroid hormone. The treatment was based on careful interview, clinical monitoring, and laboratory analysis of serum free T3 (FT3), reverse T3 (rT3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone, free T4, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) values. The ratio of FT3/rT3 was calculated. In addition, some patients received adrenal support with hydrocortisone and DHEA. All patients received nutritional supplementation and dietary instructions. During the therapy, all nine patients reported improvements in all of the symptom groups. Those who had residual symptoms during T3-based therapy remained exposed to indoor air molds in their work places. Four patients were unable to work and had been on disability leave for a long time during LT4 monotherapy. However, during the T3-based and supportive therapy, all patients returned to work in so-called "healthy" buildings. The importance of avoiding mycotoxin exposure via the diet is underlined as DIO2 genetic polymorphism and dysfunction of DIO2 play an important role in the development of symptoms that can be treated successfully with T3 therapy.

Genetic Contribution to the Development of Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis in a Population Presenting with Nonacute Knee Symptoms a Decade Earlier

This study examined the contribution of the osteoarthritis (OA) susceptibility genes ASPN, GDF5, DIO2, and the 7q22 region to the development of radiographic knee OA in patients with a mean age of 40.6 ± 7.9 years (standard deviation) and who suffered from nonacute knee complaints a decade earlier. Dose–response associations of four single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in the susceptibility genes were determined by comparing 36 patients who showed the development of OA on radiographs (Kellgren and Lawrence score ≥1) with 88 patients having normal cartilage with no development of OA on radiographs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis including the variables such as age, gender, body mass index, and reported knee trauma was performed. A dose–response association of DIO2 SNP rs225014: odds ratio (OR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–4.5 (P = 0.019) and GDF5 SNP rs143383: OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1–3.8 (P = 0.031) was observed with knee OA development. The ASPN and 7q22 SNPs were not associated with OA development.

A domestication related mutation in the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene (TSHR) modulates photoperiodic response and reproduction in chickens

The thyroid stimulating hormone receptor gene (TSHR) has been suggested to be a "domestication locus" in the chicken. A strong selective sweep over TSHR in domestic breeds together with significant effects of a mutation in the gene on several domestication related traits, indicate that the gene has been important for chicken domestication. TSHR plays a key role in the signal transduction of seasonal reproduction, which is characteristically less strict in domestic animals. We used birds from an advanced intercross line between ancestral Red Junglefowl (RJF) and domesticated White Leghorn (WL) to investigate effects of the mutation on reproductive traits as well as on TSHB, TSHR, DIO2 and DIO3 gene expression during altered day length (photoperiod). We bred chickens homozygous for either the mutation (d/d) or wild type allele (w/w), allowing assessment of the effect of genotype at this locus while also controlling for background variation in the rest of the genome. TSHR gene expression in brain was significantly lower in both d/d females and males and d/d females showed a faster onset of egg laying at sexual maturity than w/w. Furthermore, d/d males showed a reduced testicular size response to decreased day length, and lower levels of TSHB and DIO3 expression. Additionally, purebred White Leghorn females kept under natural short day length in Sweden during December had active ovaries and lower levels of TSHR and DIO3 expression compared to Red Junglefowl females kept under similar conditions. Our study indicates that the TSHR mutation affects photoperiodic response in chicken by reducing dependence of seasonal reproduction, a typical domestication feature, and may therefore have been important for chicken domestication.

Molecular basis of photoperiodic control of reproductive cycle in a subtropical songbird, the Indian weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus)

Less is known about genetic basis of photoperiodic regulation of reproductive cycle in subtropical birds. This study measured the expression levels of DIO2, DIO3, GnRH, and GnIH genes in Indian weaver birds subjected to short days (8h light:16h darkness, 8L:16D) and long days (16L:8D) for 48weeks. Whereas small, reproductively inactive testes were maintained under short days, weaver birds underwent testis recrudescence - regression cycle under long days. Relative expression levels of DIO2, DIO3, GnRH and GnIH genes were quantified by the real-time PCR (qPCR) in hypothalamus of birds (n=4) sampled at the beginning of the experiments, and after 10 and 48weeks of short and long day exposures. These sample times represented photosensitive unstimulated (day 0), and under long days the recrudescence (photostimulated, after 10weeks) and regression (photorefractory, after 48weeks) testicular phases. Birds under short days served as controls. The expression pattern of these genes corresponded with testicular phases. High and low GnRH and DIO2 levels were found in birds with large and small testes, respectively. By-and-large the converse was true for GnIH and DIO3 expression levels. Thus, after 10weeks of exposure, there was a significant difference in the mRNA levels between short and long day birds, with small and large testes, respectively. The results also suggest for a possible rapid switching between DIO2 and DIO3 and GnRH and GnIH expressions during testis maturation - regression cycle in Indian weaver birds.

Regulatory SNPs and transcriptional factor binding sites in ADRBK1, AKT3, ATF3, DIO2, TBXA2R and VEGFA

Abstract Regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms (rSNPs) which change the transcriptional factor binding sites (TFBS) for transcriptional factors (TFs) to bind DNA were reviewed for the ADRBK1 (GRK2), AKT3, ATF3, DIO2, TBXA2R and VEGFA genes. Changes in the TFBS where TFs attach to regulate these genes may result in human sickness and disease. The highlights of this previous work were reviewed for these genes.

Short communication: quantitative comparison of iodothyronine deiodinase I and II mRNA expression in ovine tissues

Iodothyronine deiodinases I and II (DIO1 and DIO2) remove iodine from T4 to convert it to a more biologically active T3. The relative contribution of different tissue deiodinases to the establishment of a euthyroid state in sheep is not known. The objective of this study was to quantitate the amounts of transcription of DIO1 and DIO2 deiodinases in different ovine tissues. Using RT-qPCR, we found that DIO1 deiodinase is transcribed in skeletal muscle, kidney, and heart, more than thyroid, in diaphragm in quantities very similar to thyroid, and in liver, spleen, lung, and mammary gland lower than thyroid. We also found that the level of DIO2 transcription in all other tissues was lower than that in thyroid. In clinical settings, measurement of DIO1 and DIO2 expression in a given tissue may provide important clues on the intensity of selenium deficiency and its effects on the metabolism of thyroid hormones.

Diet-induced obesity mediated by the JNK/DIO2 signal transduction pathway

The cJun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway is a key mediator of metabolic stress responses caused by consuming a high-fat diet, including the development of obesity. To test the role of JNK, we examined diet-induced obesity in mice with targeted ablation of Jnk genes in the anterior pituitary gland. These mice exhibited an increase in the pituitary expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), an increase in the blood concentration of thyroid hormone (T4), increased energy expenditure, and markedly reduced obesity compared with control mice. The increased amount of pituitary TSH was caused by reduced expression of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2), a gene that is required for T4-mediated negative feedback regulation of TSH expression. These data establish a molecular mechanism that accounts for the regulation of energy expenditure and the development of obesity by the JNK signaling pathway.