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Cao Y, Li R, Bai L. Vagal sensory pathway for the gut-brain communication. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 156:228-243. [PMID: 37558522 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The communication between the gut and brain is crucial for regulating various essential physiological functions, such as energy balance, fluid homeostasis, immune response, and emotion. The vagal sensory pathway plays an indispensable role in connecting the gut to the brain. Recently, our knowledge of the vagal gut-brain axis has significantly advanced through molecular genetic studies, revealing a diverse range of vagal sensory cell types with distinct peripheral innervations, response profiles, and physiological functions. Here, we review the current understanding of how vagal sensory neurons contribute to gut-brain communication. First, we highlight recent transcriptomic and genetic approaches that have characterized different vagal sensory cell types. Then, we focus on discussing how different subtypes encode numerous gut-derived signals and how their activities are translated into physiological and behavioral regulations. The emerging insights into the diverse cell types and functional properties of vagal sensory neurons have paved the way for exciting future directions, which may provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for disorders involving gut-brain communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Cao
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Rui Li
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ling Bai
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China.
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2
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Thomas W, Harvey BJ. Estrogen-induced signalling and the renal contribution to salt and water homeostasis. Steroids 2023; 199:109299. [PMID: 37619674 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is considered to be one of the most estrogen-responsive, not reproductive organs in the body. Different estrogen receptors (ERs) show sex-specific differences in expression along the nephron and the expression of different ERs also changes with the estrous cycle of the female. The kidney becomes more estrogen-sensitive when estradiol levels are at their highest, just prior to ovulation. This review discusses the different mechanisms by which estradiol can modify the salt and water conservation processes of the kidney through transporter regulation to support the fluid and electrolyte homeostasis changes required in mammalian reproduction. The kidney plays a critical role in regulating blood pressure by controlling fluid homeostasis, and so protects the female cardiovascular system from dramatic changes in whole body fluid volume that occur at critical points in the human menstrual cycle and in pregnancy. This is augmented by the direct actions of estradiol on the cardiovascular system, for example through the direct stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase, which releases NO to promote vasodilation. This and other mechanisms are less evident in the male and give women a degree of cardiovascular protection up until menopause, when the risks of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease begin to match the risks experienced by males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Thomas
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Muharraq, Bahrain.
| | - Brian J Harvey
- RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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3
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Masuda T, Nagata D. Fluid homeostasis induced by sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: novel insight for better cardio-renal outcomes in chronic kidney disease. Hypertens Res 2023. [PMID: 36849579 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is a risk factor for end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular events, and mortality. Thus, the prevention and appropriate management of hypertension in these patients are essential strategies for better cardio-renal outcomes. In this review, we show novel risk factors for hypertension with CKD, several promising prognostic markers and treatment for cardio-renal outcomes. Of note, the clinical use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors has recently expanded to non-diabetic patients with CKD and heart failure as well as diabetic patients. SGLT2 inhibitors have an antihypertensive effect, but are also associated with a low risk of hypotension. This unique mechanism of blood pressure regulation by SGLT2 inhibitors may partially depend on body fluid homeostasis, which is mediated by the autoregulation property between "accelerator" (diuretic action) and "brake" (increase in anti-diuretic hormone vasopressin and fluid intake). Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockers are used in the treatment of essential hypertension and hyperaldosteronism. Recently, a new MR blocker, finerenone, has been launched as a treatment for CKD with type 2 diabetes. These advances in relation to hypertension in CKD may contribute to the reduction of renal and cardiovascular events.
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4
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Salah HM, Biegus J, Fudim M. Role of the Renal Lymphatic System in Heart Failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2023; 20:113-120. [PMID: 36848025 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-023-00595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The lymphatic system plays a major but overlooked role in maintaining fluid homeostasis. Given the unique fluid homeostasis functions of the kidneys, dysregulation of the renal lymphatic system underlies the development of self-propagating congestive pathomechanisms. In this review, we outline the roles of the renal lymphatic system in heart failure (HF). RECENT FINDINGS Studies have uncovered several pathomechanisms involving the renal lymphatic system in congestive states, such as impaired interstitial draining by the renal lymphatic system, impaired structure and valves of renal lymphatics, lymphatic-induced increase in renal reabsorption of water and sodium, and development of albuminuria with proteinuria-induced renal lymphangiogenesis. These self-propagating mechanisms result in "renal tamponade" with manifestations of cardiorenal syndrome and inappropriate renal response to diuretics. Dysregulation of the renal lymphatic system is integral to the development and progression of congestion in HF. Targeting renal lymphatics may provide a novel pathway to treat intractable congestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam M Salah
- Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jan Biegus
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marat Fudim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
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5
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Chen J, Xu XW, Kang JX, Zhao BC, Xu YR, Li JL. Metasilicate-based alkaline mineral water confers diarrhea resistance in maternally separated piglets via the microbiota-gut interaction. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106580. [PMID: 36436708 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Stress or stress-induced intestinal disturbances, especially diarrhea, are the main triggers for inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Diarrhea and intestinal inflammatory disease afflict patients around the world, and it has become a huge burden on the global health care system. Drinking sodium metasilicate-based alkaline mineral water (SM-based AMW) exerts a potential therapeutic effect in gastrointestinal disorders, including gut inflammation, and diarrhea, but the supportive evidence on animal studies and mechanism involved remain unreported. The maternally separated (MS) piglet (Newly weaned piglet) is an excellent model to investigate the treatment of diarrhea in infant. This study aims to determine whether drinking SM-based AMW confers diarrhea resistance in maternally separated (MS) piglets under weaning stress and what the underlying mechanisms are involved. 240 newly weaned piglets were randomly divided into the Control group and the sodium metasilicate pentahydrate (SMP) group. A decreased diarrhea incidence was observed in SMP treatment piglets. The intestine injury and activated stress hormones (COR and ACTH) induced by weaning was alleviated by SM-based AMW. This may be related to the improvement of intestinal microflora structure and function by SMP, especially the increase of s_copri abundance. Meanwhile, SMP maintained the integrity of the duodenal mucus barrier in MS piglets. Importantly, by targeting NF-κB inhibition via the microbiota-gut interaction, SM-based AMW alleviated intestinal inflammation, maintained fluid homeostasis by modulating aquaporins and fluid transporter expression, and enhanced barrier integrity by suppressing MLCK/p-MLC signaling. Therefore, drinking metasilicate-based alkaline mineral water confers diarrhea resistance in MS piglets via the microbiota-gut interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xiang-Wen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jian-Xun Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Bi-Chen Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ya-Ru Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jin-Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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6
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Izumisawa Y, Ito K, Sugita K, Arai T, Kokudo H, Kitamura N, Shibuya I. Mechanisms of GABA-mediated inhibition of the angiotensin II-induced cytosolic Ca 2+ increase in rat subfornical organ neurons. Brain Res 2021; 1763:147451. [PMID: 33773979 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the subfornical organ (SFO) sense both neurotransmitters and circulating humoral factors such as angiotensin II (AII) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and regulate multiple physiological functions including drinking behavior. We recently reported that AII at nanomolar concentrations induced a persistent [Ca2+]i increase in acutely dissociated SFO neurons and that this effect of AII was reversibly inhibited by GABA. In the present study, we studied the inhibitory mechanism of GABA using Ca2+ imaging and patch-clamp electrophysiology. The AII-induced persistent [Ca2+]i increase was inhibited by GABA in more than 90% of AII-responsive neurons and by other two SFO inhibitory ligands, ANP and galanin, in about 60 and 30% of neurons respectively. The inhibition by GABA was mimicked by the GABAA and GABAB receptor agonists muscimol and baclofen. The involvement of both GABA receptor subtypes was confirmed by reversal of the GABA-mediated inhibition only when the GABAA and GABAB receptors antagonists bicuculline methiodide and CGP55845 were both present. The GABAB agonist baclofen rapidly and reversibly inhibited voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) currents recorded in response to depolarizing pulses in voltage-clamp electrophysiology using Ba2+ as a charge carrier (IBa). Baclofen inhibition of IBa was antagonized by CGP55845, confirming GABAB receptor involvement; was reduced by N-ethylmaleimide, suggesting downstream Gi-mediated actions; and was partially removed by a large prepulse, indicating voltage-dependency. The magnitude of IBa inhibition by baclofen was reduced by the application of selective blockers for N-, P/Q-, and L-type VGCCs (ω-conotoxin GVIA, ω-agatoxin IVA, and nifedipine respectively). Overall, our study indicates that GABA inhibition of the AII-induced [Ca2+]i increase is mediated by both GABAA and GABAB receptors, and that GABAB receptors associated with Gi proteins suppress Ca2+ entry through VGCCs in SFO neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Izumisawa
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
| | - Kenji Ito
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sugita
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
| | - Tazuyo Arai
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
| | - Hina Kokudo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
| | - Naoki Kitamura
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
| | - Izumi Shibuya
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan.
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Sakai K, Yamazaki O, Ishizawa K, Tamura Y, Wang Q, Ueno M, Hayama Y, Fujigaki Y, Shibata S. Upregulation of renal Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 2 in obese diabetes mellitus via a vasopressin receptor 2-dependent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:710-715. [PMID: 32035616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 2 (NKCC2) in thick ascending limb (TAL) in the kidney plays a central role in tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) system by sensing NaCl delivery to the distal tubules. Although accumulating data indicate that dysregulated TGF contributes to the progression of diabetic complications, the regulation of NKCC2 in diabetes mellitus (DM) remains unclear. We here show that NKCC2 is overactivated via a vasopressin receptor 2 (V2R)-dependent mechanism in db/db mice, a mouse model of obese DM. Compared with db/+ mice, we found that both aquaporin 2 and NKCC2 levels were significantly increased in the kidney in db/db mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of V2R and NKCC2 in the kidney demonstrated that V2R is present in the TAL, as well as in the collecting duct. Moreover, the administration of tolvaptan, a selective V2R antagonist, sharply decreased aquaporin 2 and NKCC2 in db/db mice, confirming the causal role of V2R signaling in NKCC2 induction in this model. Although tolvaptan reduced aquaporin 2 abundance also in db/+ mice, its effect on NKCC2 was modest compared with db/db mice. In total kidney lysates, uromodulin expression was not altered between db/+ and db/db mice, suggesting that V2R signaling alters NKCC2 without altering uromodulin levels. These data implicate the dysregulation of NKCC2 in the pathophysiology of type 2 DM, and underscore the complex nature of fluid volume disorders in diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Sakai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamazaki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ishizawa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yoshifuru Tamura
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Qin Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan; Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yuto Hayama
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Fujigaki
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.
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8
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Abstract
Capillary pericytes in the cochlea of mammals are-compared to pericytes in other tissues, like the CNS-relatively poorly researched. To begin with, there is still a considerable debate as to whether the very last precapillary arterioles should-due to their contractile properties-may be considered to be pericytes.However, cochlear capillary pericytes have shifted into the center of attention in the past decade. Most mammals show a considerable number of pericytes in the stria vascularis of the cochlea-up to 1300 in a mouse alone. This high number may be explained by the observation that cochlear capillary pericytes may be differentiated into different subgroups, depending on the immune markers that are expressed by them. Corresponding with these subpopulations, cochlear pericytes fulfill three core functions in the physiology of the cochlea: Formation of the intrastrial blood-fluid barrier-Pericytes monitor the ion, fluid, and nutrient household and aid in the homeostasis thereof. Regulation of cochlear blood flow-By contraction on relaxation, pericytes contribute to the regulation of cochlear blood flow, a paramount function parameter of the cochlea. Immune response-Pericytes actually contribute to the immune response in inflammation of the cochlea. Due to these central roles in the physiology of the cochlea, pericytes actually play a major role in numerous cochlear pathologies, including, but not limited to, sudden sensorineural hearing loss, acoustic trauma, and inflammation of the cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Canis
- The Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Mattis Bertlich
- The Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Munich, Germany.
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9
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Possenti L, Casagrande G, Di Gregorio S, Zunino P, Costantino ML. Numerical simulations of the microvascular fluid balance with a non-linear model of the lymphatic system. Microvasc Res 2018; 122:101-110. [PMID: 30448400 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluid homeostasis is required for life. Processes involved in fluid balance are strongly related to exchanges at the microvascular level. Computational models have been presented in the literature to analyze the microvascular-interstitial interactions. As far as we know, none of those models consider a physiological description for the lymphatic drainage-interstitial pressure relation. We develop a computational model that consists of a network of straight cylindrical vessels and an isotropic porous media with a uniformly distributed sink term acting as the lymphatic system. In order to describe the lymphatic flow rate, a non-linear function of the interstitial pressure is defined, based on literature data on the lymphatic system. The proposed model of lymphatic drainage is compared to a linear one, as is typically used in computational models. To evaluate the response of the model, the two are compared with reference to both physiological and pathological conditions. Differences in the local fluid dynamic description have been observed using the non-linear model. In particular, the distribution of interstitial pressure is heterogeneous in all the cases analyzed. The resulting averaged values of the interstitial pressure are also different, and they agree with literature data when using the non-linear model. This work highlights the key role of lymphatic drainage and its modeling when studying the fluid balance in microcirculation for both to physiological and pathological conditions, e.g. uremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Possenti
- LaBS, Chemistry, Material and Chemical Engineering Department "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
| | - Giustina Casagrande
- LaBS, Chemistry, Material and Chemical Engineering Department "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Di Gregorio
- LaBS, Chemistry, Material and Chemical Engineering Department "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Italy; MOX, Department of Mathematics, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Zunino
- MOX, Department of Mathematics, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Costantino
- LaBS, Chemistry, Material and Chemical Engineering Department "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Italy
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Kurt G, Woodworth HL, Fowler S, Bugescu R, Leinninger GM. Activation of lateral hypothalamic area neurotensin-expressing neurons promotes drinking. Neuropharmacology 2018; 154:13-21. [PMID: 30266601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animals must ingest water via drinking to maintain fluid homeostasis, yet the neurons that specifically promote drinking behavior are incompletely characterized. The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) as a whole is essential for drinking behavior but most LHA neurons indiscriminately promote drinking and feeding. By contrast, activating neurotensin (Nts)-expressing LHA neurons (termed LHA Nts neurons) causes mice to immediately drink water with a delayed suppression of feeding. We therefore hypothesized that LHA Nts neurons are sufficient to induce drinking behavior and that these neurons specifically bias for fluid intake over food intake. To test this hypothesis we used designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) to selectively activate LHA Nts neurons and studied the impact on fluid intake, fluid preference and feeding. Activation of LHA Nts neurons stimulated drinking in water-replete and dehydrated mice, indicating that these neurons are sufficient to promote water intake regardless of homeostatic need. Interestingly, mice with activated LHA Nts neurons drank any fluid that was provided regardless of its palatability, but if given a choice they preferred water or palatable solutions over unpalatable (quinine) or dehydrating (hypertonic saline) solutions. Notably, acute activation of LHA Nts neurons robustly promoted fluid but not food intake. Overall, our study confirms that activation of LHA Nts neurons is sufficient to induce drinking behavior and biases for fluid intake. Hence, LHA Nts neurons may be important targets for orchestrating the appropriate ingestive behavior necessary to maintain fluid homeostasis. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Hypothalamic Control of Homeostasis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Kurt
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48114, USA
| | - Hillary L Woodworth
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48114, USA
| | - Sabrina Fowler
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48114, USA
| | - Raluca Bugescu
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48114, USA
| | - Gina M Leinninger
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48114, USA.
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11
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Stein LM, Haddock CJ, Samson WK, Kolar GR, Yosten GLC. The phoenixins: From discovery of the hormone to identification of the receptor and potential physiologic actions. Peptides 2018; 106:45-48. [PMID: 29933026 PMCID: PMC6092957 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Using a series of classical protein purification techniques, coupled with more modern molecular approaches, a family of neuropeptides, the Phoenixins, was identified to be produced in brain and heart, and to bind selectively in pituitary gland, ovary and brain. These same binding sites were revealed, using a novel receptor identification strategy, to express the orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR173, the expression of which was required for the actions of phoenixin both in vivo and in vitro. In fact, studies using small interfering RNA molecules to compromise GPR173 expression revealed the physiologic relevance of the initially reported pharmacologic actions of the peptides. Those include not only the reproductive actions of the peptides in brain and pituitary gland, but also a CNS site of action in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Additional pharmacologic actions of the phoenixins have been described and the race is on to establish the physiologic relevance of those actions as well as the therapeutic potential of phoenixin analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Christopher J Haddock
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, United States
| | - Willis K Samson
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, United States
| | - Grant R Kolar
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, United States
| | - Gina L C Yosten
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, 63104, United States.
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12
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Abstract
The requirements of metabolizing tissue are both continuous and variable; accordingly, the microvasculature serving that tissue must be similarly dynamic. Just as it is recognized that males and females of the same species have differing metabolic requirements, is it not likely that the microvasculature serving these tissues will differ by sex? This section focusing on the constituents of the microcirculation identifies what is known presently about the role sex plays in matching metabolic demand with microvascular function and areas requiring additional study. Many of the identified sex differences are subtle and easily ignored. In the aggregate, though, they can profoundly alter phenotype, especially under stressful conditions including pregnancy, exercise, and disease states ranging from diabetes to heart failure. Although the features presently identified to "have sex" range from differences in growth, morphology, protein expression, and intracellular signaling, males and females alike achieve homeostasis, likely by different means. Studies of microvascular sexual dimorphism are also identifying age as an independent but interacting factor requiring additional attention. Overall, attempting to ignore either sex and/or age is inappropriate and will prevent the design and implementation of appropriate interventions to present, ameliorate, or correct microvascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia H Huxley
- Center for Gender Physiology, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Scott S Kemp
- Center for Gender Physiology, Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Düsing R, Tops M, Quirin M. Intranasal oxytocin administration engenders blocked vasopressin homeostatic responses but no salivary vasopressin increases. Peptides 2015; 74:70-1. [PMID: 26471906 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Düsing
- Institute of Psychology, University of Osnabruck, Germany
| | - Mattie Tops
- Department of Clinical Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Markus Quirin
- Institute of Psychology, University of Osnabruck, Germany
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14
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Abstract
The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that is critical for sustaining life through its homeostatic control and integrative regulation of the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine systems. Neuroendocrine function in mammals is mediated mainly through the control of pituitary hormone secretion by diverse neuroendocrine cell groups in the hypothalamus. Cannabinoid receptors are expressed throughout the hypothalamus, and endocannabinoids have been found to exert pronounced regulatory effects on neuroendocrine function via modulation of the outputs of several neuroendocrine systems. Here, we review the physiological regulation of neuroendocrine function by endocannabinoids, focusing on the role of endocannabinoids in the neuroendocrine regulation of the stress response, food intake, fluid homeostasis, and reproductive function. Cannabis sativa (marijuana) has a long history of recreational and/or medicinal use dating back to ancient times. It was used as an analgesic, anesthetic, and antianxiety herb as early as 2600 B.C. The hedonic, anxiolytic, and mood-elevating properties of cannabis have also been cited in ancient records from different cultures. However, it was not until 1964 that the psychoactive constituent of cannabis, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, was isolated and its chemical structure determined (Gaoni & Mechoulam, 1964).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Tasker
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marc O Fisher
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xin Fu
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jennifer R Rainville
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Grant L Weiss
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Raft S, Andrade LR, Shao D, Akiyama H, Henkemeyer M, Wu DK. Ephrin-B2 governs morphogenesis of endolymphatic sac and duct epithelia in the mouse inner ear. Dev Biol 2014; 390:51-67. [PMID: 24583262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Control over ionic composition and volume of the inner ear luminal fluid endolymph is essential for normal hearing and balance. Mice deficient in either the EphB2 receptor tyrosine kinase or the cognate transmembrane ligand ephrin-B2 (Efnb2) exhibit background strain-specific vestibular-behavioral dysfunction and signs of abnormal endolymph homeostasis. Using various loss-of-function mouse models, we found that Efnb2 is required for growth and morphogenesis of the embryonic endolymphatic epithelium, a precursor of the endolymphatic sac (ES) and duct (ED), which mediate endolymph homeostasis. Conditional inactivation of Efnb2 in early-stage embryonic ear tissues disrupted cell proliferation, cell survival, and epithelial folding at the origin of the endolymphatic epithelium. This correlated with apparent absence of an ED, mis-localization of ES ion transport cells relative to inner ear sensory organs, dysplasia of the endolymph fluid space, and abnormally formed otoconia (extracellular calcite-protein composites) at later stages of embryonic development. A comparison of Efnb2 and Notch signaling-deficient mutant phenotypes indicated that these two signaling systems have distinct and non-overlapping roles in ES/ED development. Homozygous deletion of the Efnb2 C-terminus caused abnormalities similar to those found in the conditional Efnb2 null homozygote. Analyses of fetal Efnb2 C-terminus deletion heterozygotes found mis-localized ES ion transport cells only in the genetic background exhibiting vestibular dysfunction. We propose that developmental dysplasias described here are a gene dose-sensitive cause of the vestibular dysfunction observed in EphB-Efnb2 signaling-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Raft
- Section on Sensory Cell Regeneration and Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Leonardo R Andrade
- Laboratory of Biomineralization, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Dongmei Shao
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Department of Orthopedics, Gifu University, Gifu City 501-1194, Japan
| | - Mark Henkemeyer
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Doris K Wu
- Section on Sensory Cell Regeneration and Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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