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Wang Y, Wang B, Cao W, Xu X. PTX3 activates POSTN and promotes the progression of glioblastoma via the MAPK/ERK signalling axis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 703:149665. [PMID: 38359612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrinsic brain tumours such as glioblastoma (GBM) are believed to develop from neuroglial stem or progenitor cells. GBM accounts for approximately half of gliomas. GBM has a poor prognosis and a low 5-year survival rate. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is overexpressed in GBM, but the potential mechanism is unclear. METHODS Glioblastoma data from the TCGA and CGGA databases were used to analyse PTX3 expression. Subsequently, in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to verify the effect of PTX3 silencing in glioma cells on EMT like process and GSC maintenance. The JASPAR database was used to predict the downstream genes of PTX3. POSTN is a novel target gene of PTX3 in gliomas, and this finding was validated using a luciferase reporter gene assay. Western blotting and KEGG enrichment analysis were used to predict the downstream pathway of POSTN, and it was found that the MAPK/ERK pathway might be related to the function of POSTN. RESULTS GBM tissues have higher levels of PTX3 expression than normal brain tissues (NBTs). In functional tests, PTX3 promoted the EMT like process of GBM cells while maintaining the stem cell characteristics of GBM stem cells and enhancing their self-renewal. Moreover, we performed a dual luciferase reporter experiment to confirm that PTX3 binds to the POSTN promoter region. In addition, the expression of key proteins in the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway was increased after PTX3 overexpression. CONCLUSION POSTN is a direct target of PTX3 that promotes GBM growth via the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenping Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiupeng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China.
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Giambra M, Di Cristofori A, Raimondo F, Rigolio R, Conconi D, Chiarello G, Tabano SM, Antolini L, Nicolini G, Bua M, Ferlito D, Carrabba G, Giussani CG, Lavitrano M, Bentivegna A. Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPase May Take Part in the Drug Resistance Phenotype of Glioma Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2743. [PMID: 38473989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) is a transmembrane multi-protein complex fundamental in maintaining a normal intracellular pH. In the tumoral contest, its role is crucial since the metabolism underlying carcinogenesis is mainly based on anaerobic glycolytic reactions. Moreover, neoplastic cells use the V-ATPase to extrude chemotherapy drugs into the extra-cellular compartment as a drug resistance mechanism. In glioblastoma (GBM), the most malignant and incurable primary brain tumor, the expression of this pump is upregulated, making it a new possible therapeutic target. In this work, the bafilomycin A1-induced inhibition of V-ATPase in patient-derived glioma stem cell (GSC) lines was evaluated together with temozolomide, the first-line therapy against GBM. In contrast with previous published data, the proposed treatment did not overcome resistance to the standard therapy. In addition, our data showed that nanomolar dosages of bafilomycin A1 led to the blockage of the autophagy process and cellular necrosis, making the drug unusable in models which are more complex. Nevertheless, the increased expression of V-ATPase following bafilomycin A1 suggests a critical role of the proton pump in GBM stem components, encouraging the search for novel strategies to limit its activity in order to circumvent resistance to conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Giambra
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- GBM-BI-TRACE (GlioBlastoMa-BIcocca-TRAnslational-CEnter), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Cristofori
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- GBM-BI-TRACE (GlioBlastoMa-BIcocca-TRAnslational-CEnter), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Francesca Raimondo
- GBM-BI-TRACE (GlioBlastoMa-BIcocca-TRAnslational-CEnter), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Roberta Rigolio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Donatella Conconi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Gaia Chiarello
- GBM-BI-TRACE (GlioBlastoMa-BIcocca-TRAnslational-CEnter), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Maria Tabano
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, IRCCS Ca' Granda, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Antolini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Gabriella Nicolini
- GBM-BI-TRACE (GlioBlastoMa-BIcocca-TRAnslational-CEnter), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Miriam Bua
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Davide Ferlito
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Giorgio Carrabba
- GBM-BI-TRACE (GlioBlastoMa-BIcocca-TRAnslational-CEnter), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Carlo Giorgio Giussani
- GBM-BI-TRACE (GlioBlastoMa-BIcocca-TRAnslational-CEnter), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Lavitrano
- GBM-BI-TRACE (GlioBlastoMa-BIcocca-TRAnslational-CEnter), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Angela Bentivegna
- GBM-BI-TRACE (GlioBlastoMa-BIcocca-TRAnslational-CEnter), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
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Bhutada I, Khambati F, Cheng SY, Tiek DM, Duckett D, Lawrence H, Vogelbaum MA, Mo Q, Chellappan SP, Padmanabhan J. CDK7 and CDK9 inhibition interferes with transcription, translation, and stemness, and induces cytotoxicity in GBM irrespective of temozolomide sensitivity. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:70-84. [PMID: 37551745 PMCID: PMC10768977 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is refractory to current treatment modalities while side effects of treatments result in neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment. Here we test the hypothesis that inhibiting CDK7 or CDK9 would effectively combat GBM with reduced neurotoxicity. METHODS We examined the effect of a CDK7 inhibitor, THZ1, and multiple CDK9 inhibitors (SNS032, AZD4573, NVP2, and JSH150) on GBM cell lines, patient-derived temozolomide (TMZ)-resistant and responsive primary tumor cells and glioma stem cells (GSCs). Biochemical changes were assessed by western blotting, immunofluorescence, multispectral imaging, and RT-PCR. In vivo, efficacy was assessed in orthotopic and subcutaneous xenograft models. RESULTS CDK7 and CDK9 inhibitors suppressed the viability of TMZ-responsive and resistant GBM cells and GSCs at low nanomolar concentrations, with limited cytotoxic effects in vivo. The inhibitors abrogated RNA Pol II and p70S6K phosphorylation and nascent protein synthesis. Furthermore, the self-renewal of GSCs was significantly reduced with a corresponding reduction in Sox2 and Sox9 levels. Analysis of TCGA data showed increased expression of CDK7, CDK9, SOX2, SOX9, and RPS6KB1 in GBM; supporting this, multispectral imaging of a TMA revealed increased levels of CDK9, Sox2, Sox9, phospho-S6, and phospho-p70S6K in GBM compared to normal brains. RNA-Seq results suggested that inhibitors suppressed tumor-promoting genes while inducing tumor-suppressive genes. Furthermore, the studies conducted on subcutaneous and orthotopic GBM tumor xenograft models showed that administration of CDK9 inhibitors markedly suppressed tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that CDK7 and CDK9 targeted therapies may be effective against TMZ-sensitive and resistant GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Bhutada
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Fatema Khambati
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- The Ken and Ruth Devee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute Northwestern Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deanna M Tiek
- The Ken and Ruth Devee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute Northwestern Medicine, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Derek Duckett
- Department of Drug Discovery, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Harshani Lawrence
- Department of Drug Discovery, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael A Vogelbaum
- Department of Neuro-Oncology and Neuro-Oncology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Srikumar P Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jaya Padmanabhan
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Ramar V, Guo S, Hudson B, Liu M. Progress in Glioma Stem Cell Research. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:102. [PMID: 38201528 PMCID: PMC10778204 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents a diverse spectrum of primary tumors notorious for their resistance to established therapeutic modalities. Despite aggressive interventions like surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, these tumors, due to factors such as the blood-brain barrier, tumor heterogeneity, glioma stem cells (GSCs), drug efflux pumps, and DNA damage repair mechanisms, persist beyond complete isolation, resulting in dismal outcomes for glioma patients. Presently, the standard initial approach comprises surgical excision followed by concurrent chemotherapy, where temozolomide (TMZ) serves as the foremost option in managing GBM patients. Subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy follows this regimen. Emerging therapeutic approaches encompass immunotherapy, including checkpoint inhibitors, and targeted treatments, such as bevacizumab, aiming to exploit vulnerabilities within GBM cells. Nevertheless, there exists a pressing imperative to devise innovative strategies for both diagnosing and treating GBM. This review emphasizes the current knowledge of GSC biology, molecular mechanisms, and associations with various signals and/or pathways, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, HGFR/c-MET, NF-κB, Wnt, Notch, and STAT3 pathways. Metabolic reprogramming in GSCs has also been reported with the prominent activation of the glycolytic pathway, comprising aldehyde dehydrogenase family genes. We also discuss potential therapeutic approaches to GSC targets and currently used inhibitors, as well as their mode of action on GSC targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanajothi Ramar
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (V.R.); (B.H.)
| | - Shanchun Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University, 1 Drexel Dr., New Orleans, LA 70125, USA;
| | - BreAnna Hudson
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (V.R.); (B.H.)
| | - Mingli Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (V.R.); (B.H.)
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Du Y, Pollok KE, Shen J. Unlocking Glioblastoma Secrets: Natural Killer Cell Therapy against Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5836. [PMID: 38136381 PMCID: PMC10741423 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) represents a paramount challenge as the most formidable primary brain tumor characterized by its rapid growth, aggressive invasiveness, and remarkable heterogeneity, collectively impeding effective therapeutic interventions. The cancer stem cells within GBM, GBM stem cells (GSCs), hold pivotal significance in fueling tumor advancement, therapeutic refractoriness, and relapse. Given their unique attributes encompassing self-renewal, multipotent differentiation potential, and intricate interplay with the tumor microenvironment, targeting GSCs emerges as a critical strategy for innovative GBM treatments. Natural killer (NK) cells, innate immune effectors recognized for their capacity to selectively detect and eliminate malignancies without the need for prior sensitization, offer substantial therapeutic potential. Harnessing the inherent capabilities of NK cells can not only directly engage tumor cells but also augment broader immune responses. Encouraging outcomes from clinical investigations underscore NK cells as a potentially effective modality for cancer therapy. Consequently, NK cell-based approaches hold promise for effectively targeting GSCs, thereby presenting an avenue to enhance treatment outcomes for GBM patients. This review outlines GBM's intricate landscape, therapeutic challenges, GSC-related dynamics, and elucidates the potential of NK cell as an immunotherapeutic strategy directed towards GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanning Du
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA;
| | - Karen E. Pollok
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jia Shen
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA;
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Liu Z, Wang S, Yu K, Chen K, Zhao L, Zhang J, Dai K, Zhao P. The promoting effect and mechanism of MAD2L2 on stemness maintenance and malignant progression in glioma. J Transl Med 2023; 21:863. [PMID: 38017538 PMCID: PMC10685699 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma, the most common primary malignant tumor of the brain, is associated with poor prognosis. Glioblastoma cells exhibit high proliferative and invasive properties, and glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) have been shown to play a crucial role in the malignant behavior of glioblastoma cells. This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in GSCs maintenance and malignant progression. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis was performed based on data from public databases to explore the expression profile of Mitotic arrest deficient 2 like 2 (MAD2L2) and its potential function in glioma. The impact of MAD2L2 on glioblastoma cell behaviors was assessed through cell viability assays (CCK8), colony formation assays, 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU) incorporation assays, scratch assays, and transwell migration/invasion assays. The findings from in vitro experiments were further validated in vivo using xenograft tumor model. GSCs were isolated from the U87 and LN229 cell lines through flow cytometry and the stemness characteristics were verified by immunofluorescence staining. The sphere-forming ability of GSCs was examined using the stem cell sphere formation assay. Bioinformatics methods were conducted to identified the potential downstream target genes of MAD2L2, followed by in vitro experimental validation. Furthermore, potential upstream transcription factors that regulate MAD2L2 expression were confirmed through chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS The MAD2L2 exhibited high expression in glioblastoma samples and showed significant correlation with patient prognosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that silencing of MAD2L2 led to decreased proliferation, invasion, and migration capabilities of glioblastoma cells, while decreasing stemness characteristics of glioblastoma stem cells. Conversely, overexpression of MAD2L2 enhanced these malignant behaviors. Further investigation revealed that MYC proto-oncogene (c-MYC) mediated the functional role of MAD2L2 in glioblastoma, which was further validated through a rescue experiment. Moreover, using dual-luciferase reporter gene assays and ChIP assays determined that the upstream transcription factor E2F-1 regulated the expression of MAD2L2. CONCLUSION Our study elucidated the role of MAD2L2 in maintaining glioblastoma stemness and promoting malignant behaviors through the regulation of c-MYC, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Songtao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
- Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200060, China
| | - Kuo Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Kaile Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Jiayue Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Kexiang Dai
- Department of Neurosugery, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing, 100028, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, China.
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Wang C, Zhang M, Liu Y, Cui D, Gao L, Jiang Y. CircRNF10 triggers a positive feedback loop to facilitate progression of glioblastoma via redeploying the ferroptosis defense in GSCs. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:242. [PMID: 37723588 PMCID: PMC10507871 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma exhibit heterogeneous susceptibility for targeted ferroptosis. How circRNAs alterations in glioma promote iron metabolism and ferroptosis defense remains unclarified. METHODS The highly enriched circRNAs in glioblastoma (GBM) were obtained through analysis of sequencing datasets. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to determine the expression of circRNF10 in glioma and normal brain tissue. Both gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies were used to assess the effects of circRNF10 on ferroptosis using in vitro and in vivo assays. The hypothesis that ZBTB48 promotes ferroptosis defense was established using bioinformatics analysis and functional assays. RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were performed to examine the interaction between circRNF10 and target proteins including ZBTB48, MKRN3 and IGF2BP3. The posttranslational modification mechanism of ZBTB48 was verified using coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) and ubiquitination assays. The transcription activation of HSPB1 and IGF2BP3 by ZBTB48 was confirmed through luciferase reporter gene and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. The stabilizing effect of IGF2BP3 on circRNF10 was explored by actinomycin D assay. Finally, a series of in vivo experiments were performed to explore the influences of circRNF10 on the glioma progression. RESULTS A novel circular RNA, hsa_circ_0028912 (named circRNF10), which is significantly upregulated in glioblastoma tissues and correlated with patients' poor prognosis. Through integrated analysis of the circRNA-proteins interaction datasets and sequencing results, we reveal ZBTB48 as a transcriptional factor binding with circRNF10, notably promoting upregulation of HSPB1 and IGF2BP3 expression to remodel iron metabolism and facilitates the launch of a circRNF10/ZBTB48/IGF2BP3 positive feedback loop in GSCs. Additionally, circRNF10 can competitively bind to MKRN3 and block E3 ubiquitin ligase activity to enhance ZBTB48 expression. Consequently, circRNF10-overexpressed glioma stem cells (GSCs) display lower Fe2+ accumulation, selectively priming tumors for ferroptosis evading. CONCLUSION Our research presents abnormal circRNAs expression causing a molecular and metabolic change of glioma, which we leverage to discover a therapeutically exploitable vulnerability to target ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Minjie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yingliang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Daming Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Wang S, Wei W, Yuan Y, Sun B, Yang D, Liu N, Zhao X. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting cell surface GRP78 efficiently kill glioblastoma and cancer stem cells. J Transl Med 2023; 21:493. [PMID: 37481592 PMCID: PMC10362566 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is recognized as among the most aggressive forms of brain tumor. Patients typically present with a five-year survival rate of less than 6% with traditional surgery and chemoradiotherapy, which calls for novel immunotherapies like chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells therapy. In response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in multiple tumor cells including GBM, the glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) expression increases and the protein is partially translocated to the cell surface, while it is restricted to the cytoplasm and the nucleus in normal cells. METHODS In this study, to target the cell surface GRP78 (csGRP78), CAR-T cells based on its binding peptide were generated. In vitro two GBM cell lines and glioma stem cells (GSCs) were used to confirm the localization of csGRP78 and the cytotoxicity of the CAR-T cells. In vivo a GBM xenograft model was used to assess the killing activity and the safety of the CAR-T cells. RESULTS We confirmed the localization of csGRP78 at the cell surface of two GBM cell lines (U-251MG and U-87MG) and in GSCs. Co-culture experiments revealed that the CAR-T cells could specifically kill the GBM tumor cells and GSCs with specific IFN-γ release. Furthermore, in the tumor xenograft model, the CAR-T cells could decrease the number of GSCs and significantly suppress tumor cell growth. Importantly, we found no obvious off-target effects or T cell infiltration in major organs following systemic administration of these cells. CONCLUSIONS The csGRP78 targeted CAR-T cells efficiently kill GBM tumor cells and GSCs both in vitro and in vivo, and ultimately suppress the xenograft tumors growth without obvious tissue injuries. Therefore, our study demonstrates that csGRP78 represents a valuable target and the csGRP78-targeted CAR-T cells strategy is an effective immunotherapy against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wang
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenwen Wei
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuncang Yuan
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology and Laboratory of Animal Tumor Models, Cancer Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Li L, Yin Y, Zhang J, Wu X, Liu J, Chai J, Yang Y, Li M, Jia Q, Liu Y. USP18 regulates the malignant phenotypes of glioblastoma stem cells. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 247:154572. [PMID: 37257245 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumor. The 5-year survival rate of the patients is poor, and they are prone to relapse and the treatment is limited. Therefore, the search for biological targets is one of the key measures for the treatment and prognosis of GBM. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18) plays a regulatory role in tumorigenesis. In this study, we found that USP18 was up-regulated in GBM, promoted the growth and proliferation of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), affected the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and was associated with poor clinical prognosis of patients. Finally, our findings reveal a critical role for USP18 in GBM malignancy, targeting USP18 may open new avenues for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Department of Urology, No.971 Hospital of the PLA Navy, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Department of Urology, No.971 Hospital of the PLA Navy, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wu
- Department of Comprehensive Therapy, Qingdao Special Service Sanatorium of PLA Navy, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Qingge Jia
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yixiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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10
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Zhu X, Fang Y, Chen Y, Chen Y, Hong W, Wei W, Tu J. Interaction of tumor-associated microglia/macrophages and cancer stem cells in glioma. Life Sci 2023; 320:121558. [PMID: 36889666 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common tumor of the primary central nervous system, and its malignant phenotype has been shown to be closely related to glioma stem cells (GSCs). Although temozolomide has significantly improved the therapeutic outcome of glioma with a high penetration rate of the blood-brain barrier, resistance is often present in patients. Moreover, evidence has shown that the crosstalk between GSCs and tumor-associated microglia/macrophages (TAMs) affect the clinical occurrence, growth, and multi-tolerance of chemoradiotherapy in gliomas. Here, we highlight its vital roles in the maintenance of the stemness of GSCs and the ability of GSCs to recruit TAMs to the tumor microenvironment and promote their polarization into tumor-promoting macrophages, hence providing groundwork for future research into new treatment strategies of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yilong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yizhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenming Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Jiajie Tu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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11
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Kumar N, Mondal M, Arathi BP, Sundaresan NR, Somasundaram K. Histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) acetylates hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha (HIF2A) to execute hypoxia response. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech 2023; 1866:194900. [PMID: 36410688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2022.194900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic response to low oxygen levels is characteristic of most solid cancers. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) regulate cellular metabolism, survival, proliferation, and cancer stem cell growth during hypoxia. The genome-wide analysis identified HAT1, a type B histone acetyltransferase, as an upregulated and essential gene in glioblastoma (GBM). GSEA analysis of differentially regulated genes in HAT1 silenced cells identified significant depletion of "hypoxia" gene sets. Hypoxia conditions induced HIF2A, not HIF1A protein levels in glioma cells in a HAT1-dependent manner. HAT1 and HIF2A interacted with each other and occupied the promoter of VEGFA, a bonafide HIF1A/HIF2A target. Acetylation of K512 and K596 residues by HAT1 is essential for HIF2A stabilization under normoxia and hypoxia as HIF2A carrying acetylation mimic mutations at either of these residues (H512Q or K596Q) showed stable expression in HAT1 silenced cells under normoxia and hypoxia conditions. Finally, we demonstrate that the HAT1-HIF2A axis is essential for hypoxia-promoted cancer stem cell maintenance and reprogramming. Thus, our study identifies that the HAT1-dependent acetylation of HIF2A is vital to executing the hypoxia-induced cell survival and cancer stem cell growth, therefore proposing the HAT1-HIF2A axis as a potential therapeutic target.
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12
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Hong X, Zhang J, Zou J, Ouyang J, Xiao B, Wang P, Peng X. Role of COL6A2 in malignant progression and temozolomide resistance of glioma. Cell Signal 2023; 102:110560. [PMID: 36521657 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gliomas are one of the most common primary malignant tumors of the central nervous system, and have an unfavorable prognosis. Even combining precise surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the survival rate is still unsatisfactory. Chemotherapy resistance is one of main reasons for its adverse prognosis. As shown by several studies, glioma stem cells (GSCs) were correlated with radiotherapy/chemotherapy resistance and high relapse rate. This study aimed to find a new biomarker related to GSCs and chemotherapy resistance. METHODS TCGA, CGGA, GSE16011, GSE23806 and GDSC datasets were used to screen the genes related to GSCs, Temozolomide (TMZ) resistance, and survival. In the TCGA, GTEx, GSE16011 and CGGA datasets, mRNA level, prognostic value, and correlation with immune infiltration in the selected genes were analyzed through methods including Kaplan-Meier analysis, Cox analysis, the ESTIMATE algorithm, and the CIBERSORT algorithm. The expression of COL6A2 mRNA and protein in different groups was detected by RT-qPCR and western blot. A MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to measure the effect of COL6A2 on proliferation and apoptosis of glioma cells. RESULTS COL6A2 was positively correlated with glioma stemness and TMZ resistance. Its expression was up-regulated in GBM, and high expression was correlated with adverse prognosis. As shown by Cox analysis, COL6A2 was an independent prognostic factor for glioma. COL6A2 mRNA was increased with the glioma grade. It was over-expressed in MGMT non-methylation and IDH wild-type specimens. The results of in vitro experiments showed that COL6A2 promots proliferation of glioma cells and inhibits their apoptosis. Meanwhile, the expression of COL6A2 in TMZ-resistant glioma cells was significantly higher than that in ordinary glioma cells. As shown by GO and KEGG pathway analysis, COL6A2 was correlated with glioma proliferation, migration, invasion, and immunity. In particular, it was significantly positively correlated with PD-1, PD-L2, PD-L1, B7-H3, CTLA-4, IDO1 and TIM-3 expression, further verifying that it may play an important role in immune response. In addition, COL6A2 might influence immune cell infiltration in the glioma microenvironment. CONCLUSION COL6A2 high-expression is an indicator for adverse glioma prognosis, and is correlated with TMZ-resistant and immune response. Meanwhile, it may be a prospective biomarker for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hong
- Medical School of Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510900, China
| | - Jianmin Zou
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan 528244, China
| | - Jiecai Ouyang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510900, China
| | - Boan Xiao
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510900, China
| | - Peng Wang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510900, China.
| | - Xiaobin Peng
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510900, China.
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Wang Y, Wang B, Zhou F, Lv K, Xu X, Cao W. CircNDC80 promotes glioblastoma multiforme tumorigenesis via the miR-139-5p/ECE1 pathway. J Transl Med 2023; 21:22. [PMID: 36635757 PMCID: PMC9837923 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to be essential for the emergence and growth of different cancers. However, further research is required to validate the function of circRNA in glioblastoma (GBM). METHODS CircNDC80 expression in both normal brain tissues (NBTs) and glioma tissues was determined using real-time PCR. The impact of circNDC80 on GBM cell proliferation, migration, and invasion was then confirmed by CCK-8, colony formation, EdU incorporation, Transwell, and wound healing assays. To determine how circNDC80 affects the capacity of glioma stem cells (GSCs) to maintain their stemness and self-renewal, a CellTiter-Glo assay, clonogenic assay and extreme limiting dilution assay were utilized. To ascertain the impact of circNDC80 in vivo, intracranial xenograft models were established. RESULTS When compared to NBT, glioblastoma tissue had a higher level of circNDC80 expression. In functional assays, circNDC80 promoted glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while sustaining the stemness and fostering the self-renewal of glioma stem cells. In addition, a dual luciferase reporter assay and circRIP were used to verify that circNDC80 simultaneously affects the expression of ECE1 mRNA by sponging miR-139-5p, and a rescue experiment was used to verify the above results further. CONCLUSIONS According to our research, circNDC80 is an oncogenic factor that promotes glioblastoma through the miR-139-5p/ECE1 pathway. This implies that circNDC80 may be employed as a novel therapeutic target and a possible predictive biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Wang
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000 Jiangsu China
| | - Binbin Wang
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000 Jiangsu China
| | - Fengqi Zhou
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000 Jiangsu China
| | - Kun Lv
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiupeng Xu
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000 Jiangsu China
| | - Wenping Cao
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000 Jiangsu China
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14
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Jiang Y, Zhao J, Li R, Liu Y, Zhou L, Wang C, Lv C, Gao L, Cui D. CircLRFN5 inhibits the progression of glioblastoma via PRRX2/GCH1 mediated ferroptosis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:307. [PMID: 36266731 PMCID: PMC9583503 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferroptosis is a novel form of iron-dependent cell death and participates in the malignant progression of glioblastoma (GBM). Although circular RNAs (circRNAs) are found to play key roles in ferroptosis via several mechanisms, including regulating iron metabolism, glutathione metabolism, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial-related proteins, there are many novel circRNAs regulating ferroptosis need to be found, and they may become a new molecular treatment target in GBM. METHODS The expression levels of circLRFN5, PRRX2 and GCH1 were detected by qPCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Lentiviral-based infections were used to overexpress or knockdown these molecules in glioma stem cells (GSCs). The biological functions of these molecules on GSCs were detected by MTS (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H tetrazolium), the 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay, transwell, neurosphere formation assays, Extreme Limiting Dilution Analysis (ELDA) and xenograft experiments. The content of ferroptosis levels in GSCs was detected by BODIPY 581/591 C11 assay, glutathione (GSH) assay and malondialdehyde (MDA) assay. The regulating mechanisms among these molecules were studied by RNA immunoprecipitation assay, RNA pull-down assay, ubiquitination assay, dual-luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS We found a novel circRNA circLRFN5 is downregulated in GBM and associated with GBM patients' poor prognosis. CircLRFN5 overexpression inhibits the cell viabilities, proliferation, neurospheres formation, stemness and tumorigenesis of GSCs via inducing ferroptosis. Mechanistically, circLRFN5 binds to PRRX2 protein and promotes its degradation via a ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal pathway. PRRX2 can transcriptionally upregulate GCH1 expression in GSCs, which is a ferroptosis suppressor via generating the antioxidant tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). CONCLUSIONS Our study found circLRFN5 as a tumor-suppressive circRNA and identified its role in the progression of ferroptosis and GBM. CircLRFN5 can be used as a potential GBM biomarker and become a target for molecular therapies or ferroptosis-dependent therapy in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Junshuang Zhao
- grid.443573.20000 0004 1799 2448Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000 China
| | - Rongqing Li
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Yingliang Liu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Lin Zhou
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Chengbin Wang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Caihong Lv
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Liang Gao
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Daming Cui
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
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Rocha JD, Uribe D, Delgado J, Niechi I, Alarcón S, Erices JI, Melo R, Fernández-Gajardo R, Salazar-Onfray F, San Martín R, Quezada Monrás C. A 2B Adenosine Receptor Enhances Chemoresistance of Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells under Hypoxia: New Insights into MRP3 Transporter Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169022. [PMID: 36012307 PMCID: PMC9409164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, characterized by its high chemoresistance and the presence of a cell subpopulation that persists under hypoxic niches, called glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs). The chemoresistance of GSCs is mediated in part by adenosine signaling and ABC transporters, which extrude drugs outside the cell, such as the multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) subfamily. Adenosine promotes MRP1-dependent chemoresistance under normoxia. However, adenosine/MRPs-dependent chemoresistance under hypoxia has not been studied until now. Transcript and protein levels were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. MRP extrusion capacity was determined by intracellular 5 (6)-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) accumulation. Cell viability was measured by MTS assays. Cell cycle and apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. Here, we show for the first time that MRP3 expression is induced under hypoxia through the A2B adenosine receptor. Hypoxia enhances MRP-dependent extrusion capacity and the chemoresistance of GSCs. Meanwhile, MRP3 knockdown decreases GSC viability under hypoxia. Downregulation of the A2B receptor decreases MRP3 expression and chemosensibilizes GSCs treated with teniposide under hypoxia. These data suggest that hypoxia-dependent activation of A2B adenosine receptor promotes survival of GSCs through MRP3 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Dellis Rocha
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Daniel Uribe
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Javiera Delgado
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Ignacio Niechi
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Sebastián Alarcón
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - José Ignacio Erices
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Rómulo Melo
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Instituto de Neurocirugía Dr. Asenjo, Santiago 7500691, Chile
| | | | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7500691, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7500691, Chile
| | - Rody San Martín
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Claudia Quezada Monrás
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-63-2221332
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16
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Marei HE, Althani A, Afifi N, Hasan A, Caceci T, Cifola I, Caratelli S, Sconocchia G, D'Agnano I, Cenciarelli C. Glioma extracellular vesicles for precision medicine: prognostic and theragnostic application. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:49. [PMID: 35716231 PMCID: PMC9206693 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
EV produced by tumour cells carry a diverse population of proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA molecules throughout the body and appear to play an important role in the overall development of the disease state, according to growing data. Gliomas account for a sizable fraction of all primary brain tumours and the vast majority of brain malignancies. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a kind of grade IV glioma that has a very dismal prognosis despite advancements in diagnostic methods and therapeutic options. The authors discuss advances in understanding the function of extracellular vesicles (EVs), in overall glioma growth, as well as how recent research is uncovering the utility of EVs in glioma diagnostics, prognostic and therapeutics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany E Marei
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35116, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa Althani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Thomas Caceci
- Biomedical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ingrid Cifola
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB)-CNR, Segrate, Italy
| | - Sara Caratelli
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT)-CNR, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Igea D'Agnano
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB)-CNR, Segrate, Italy
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Aretz P, Maciaczyk D, Yusuf S, Sorg RV, Hänggi D, Liu H, Liu H, Dakal TC, Sharma A, Bethanabatla R, Neumann S, Maciaczyk J. Crosstalk between β-Catenin and CCL2 Drives Migration of Monocytes towards Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4562. [PMID: 35562953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype glioblastoma (GBM) is a fast growing and highly heterogeneous tumor, often characterized by the presence of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). The plasticity of GSCs results in therapy resistance and impairs anti-tumor immune response by influencing immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Previously, β-catenin was associated with stemness in GBM as well as with immune escape mechanisms. Here, we investigated the effect of β-catenin on attracting monocytes towards GBM cells. In addition, we evaluated whether CCL2 is involved in β-catenin crosstalk between monocytes and tumor cells. Our analysis revealed that shRNA targeting β-catenin in GBMs reduces monocytes attraction and impacts CCL2 secretion. The addition of recombinant CCL2 restores peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) migration towards medium (TCM) conditioned by shβ-catenin GBM cells. CCL2 knockdown in GBM cells shows similar effects and reduces monocyte migration to a similar extent as β-catenin knockdown. When investigating the effect of CCL2 on β-catenin activity, we found that CCL2 modulates components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and alters the clonogenicity of GBM cells. In addition, the pharmacological β-catenin inhibitor MSAB reduces active β-catenin, downregulates the expression of associated genes and alters CCL2 secretion. Taken together, we showed that β-catenin plays an important role in attracting monocytes towards GBM cells in vitro. We hypothesize that the interactions between β-catenin and CCL2 contribute to maintenance of GSCs via modulating immune cell interaction and promoting GBM growth and recurrence.
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Bhaskar PK, Southard S, Baxter K, Van Doren M. Germline sex determination regulates sex-specific signaling between germline stem cells and their niche. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110620. [PMID: 35385723 PMCID: PMC10462394 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing germ cell sexual identity is critical for development of male and female germline stem cells (GSCs) and production of sperm or eggs. Germ cells depend on signals from the somatic gonad to determine sex, but in organisms such as flies, mice, and humans, the sex chromosome genotype of the germ cells is also important for germline sexual development. How somatic signals and germ-cell-intrinsic cues combine to regulate germline sex determination is thus a key question. We find that JAK/STAT signaling in the GSC niche promotes male identity in germ cells, in part by activating the chromatin reader Phf7. Further, we find that JAK/STAT signaling is blocked in XX (female) germ cells through the action of the sex determination gene Sex lethal to preserve female identity. Thus, an important function of germline sexual identity is to control how GSCs respond to signals in their niche environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Bhaskar
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sheryl Southard
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kelly Baxter
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Mark Van Doren
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive type of adult gliomas. Despite intensive therapy including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, invariable tumor recurrence occurs, which suggests that glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) render these tumors persistent. Recently, the induction of GSC differentiation has emerged as an alternative method to treat GBM, and most of the current studies aim to convert GSCs to neurons by a combination of transcriptional factors. As the tumor microenvironment is typically acidic due to increased glycolysis and consequently leads to an increased production of lactic acid in tumor cells, in the present study, the role of acid‑sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a), an acid sensor, was explored as a tumor suppressor in gliomagenesis and stemness. The bioinformatics data from The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that ASIC1 expression levels in GBM tumor tissues were lower than those in normal brain, and glioma patients with high ASIC1 expression had longer survival than those with low ASIC1 expression. Our immunohistochemistry data from tissue microarray revealed that ASIC1a expression was negatively associated with glioma grading. Functional studies revealed that the downregulation of ASIC1a promoted glioma cell proliferation and invasion, while upregulation of ASIC1a inhibited their proliferation and invasion. Furthermore, ASIC1a suppressed growth and proliferation of glioma cells through G1/S arrest and apoptosis induction. Mechanistically, ASIC1a negatively modulated glioma stemness via inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway and GSC markers CD133 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1. ASIC1a is a tumor suppressor in gliomagenesis and stemness and may serve as a promising prognostic biomarker and target for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pendelton King
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Jingwei Wan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Alyssa Aihui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine Greenville, University of South Carolina, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
| | - Shanchun Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Yugang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Mingli Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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20
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Robinson-Thiewes S, Dufour B, Martel PO, Lechasseur X, Brou AAD, Roy V, Chen Y, Kimble J, Narbonne P. Non-autonomous regulation of germline stem cell proliferation by somatic MPK-1/MAPK activity in C. elegans. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109162. [PMID: 34038716 PMCID: PMC8182673 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a major positive regulator of cell proliferation, which is often upregulated in cancer. However, few studies have addressed ERK/MAPK regulation of proliferation within a complete organism. The Caenorhabditis elegans ERK/MAPK ortholog MPK-1 is best known for its control of somatic organogenesis and germline differentiation, but it also stimulates germline stem cell proliferation. Here, we show that the germline-specific MPK-1B isoform promotes germline differentiation but has no apparent role in germline stem cell proliferation. By contrast, the soma-specific MPK-1A isoform promotes germline stem cell proliferation non-autonomously. Indeed, MPK-1A functions in the intestine or somatic gonad to promote germline proliferation independent of its other known roles. We propose that a non-autonomous role of ERK/MAPK in stem cell proliferation may be conserved across species and various tissue types, with major clinical implications for cancer and other diseases. The prevailing paradigm is that ERK/MAPK functions autonomously to promote cell proliferation upon mitogen stimulation. Robinson-Thiewes et al. now demonstrate that C. elegans ERK/MAPK acts within somatic tissues to non-autonomously promote the proliferation of germline stem cells. Germline ERK/MAPK is thus dispensable for germline stem cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Dufour
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Pier-Olivier Martel
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Xavier Lechasseur
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Amani Ange Danielle Brou
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Vincent Roy
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; Département de Biologie Moléculaire, de Biochimie Médicale et de pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Yunqing Chen
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Judith Kimble
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1580, USA
| | - Patrick Narbonne
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; Département de Biologie Moléculaire, de Biochimie Médicale et de pathologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, QC G1R 3S3, Canada.
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21
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Nie Z, Cheng D, Pan C, Wei Z, Wang C, Wang C. SH3BGRL3, transcribed by STAT3, facilitates glioblastoma tumorigenesis by activating STAT3 signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 556:114-20. [PMID: 33839406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive tumors of the central nervous system. Here, we report that SH3 binding glutamic acid-rich protein like 3 (SH3BGRL3) was extremely highly expressed in GBM and glioma stem cells. SH3BGRL3 high expression associates with worse survival of GBM patients. Functionally, Targeting SH3BGRL3 obviously impairs GSCs self-renewal in vitro. Most importantly, we first report that SH3BGRL3 is a direct transcriptional target gene of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and thereby activating STAT3 signaling in turn. Additionally, forced expression of the constitutively activated STAT3 (STAT3-C) rescued GSCs self-renewal inhibited by SH3BGRL3 silencing. Collectively, we first identified a critical positive feedback loop between SH3BGRL3 and STAT3, which facilitates the tumorigenic potential of GBM.
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22
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Nie Z, Cai S, Wei Z, Li Y, Bian L, Wang C, Wang C. SH3BGRL2 functions as a crucial tumor suppressor in glioblastoma tumorigenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 547:148-154. [PMID: 33610914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and severe primary intrinsic tumor of the central nervous system. Glioblastoma harbors glioma stem cells (GSCs) as it not only possesses self-renewal and differentiation properties but also accounts for significant chemotherapy resistance and recurrence. Thus, targeting GSCs may be essential in overcoming the resistance and recurrence thereby improving GBM treatment. However, the underlying mechanism to sustain GSCs remains largely unknown. Here, we report that SH3 domain binding glutamate-rich protein like 2 (SH3BGRL2) is weakly expressed in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and isocitrate dehydrogenase1 (IDH1) wildtype GBM and correlated with glioma patients' poor prognosis. Moreover, ectopic expression of SH3BGRL2 significantly inhibited GBM cell growth, migration, and GSCs self-renewal in vitro as well as tumor growth in vivo. Additionally, we found that SH3BGRL2 suppressed SOX2 and CD133 expression, which are key regulators involved in GSCs self-renewal. Collectively, our findings shed additional light on SH3BGRL2 has potential to serve as a biomarker and a potent therapeutic target for patients with glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Nie
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Shan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhimin Wei
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yanxi Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Bian
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China.
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Yin J, Ge X, Shi Z, Yu C, Lu C, Wei Y, Zeng A, Wang X, Yan W, Zhang J, You Y. Extracellular vesicles derived from hypoxic glioma stem-like cells confer temozolomide resistance on glioblastoma by delivering miR-30b-3p. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1763-1779. [PMID: 33408780 PMCID: PMC7778586 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) contribute to temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in gliomas, although the mechanisms have not been delineated. Methods: In vitro functional experiments (colony formation assay, flow cytometric analysis, TUNEL assay) were used to assess the ability of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from hypoxic GSCs to promote TMZ resistance in glioblastoma (GBM) cells. RNA sequencing and quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR were employed to identify the functional miRNA in hypoxic EVs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to analyze the transcriptional regulation of miRNAs by HIF1α and STAT3. RIP and RNA pull-down assays were used to validate the hnRNPA2B1-mediated packaging of miRNA into EVs. The function of EV miR-30b-3p from hypoxic GSCs was verified by in vivo experiments and analysis of clinical samples. Results: Hypoxic GSC-derived EVs exerted a greater effect on GBM chemoresistance than those from normoxic GSCs. The miRNA profiling revealed that miR-30b-3p was significantly upregulated in the EVs from hypoxic GSCs. Further, HIF1α and STAT3 transcriptionally induced miR-30b-3p expression. RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA-pull down assays revealed that binding of miR-30b-3p with hnRNPA2B1 facilitated its transfer into EVs. EV-packaged miR-30b-3p (EV-miR-30b-3p) directly targeted RHOB, resulting in decreased apoptosis and increased proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Our results provided evidence that miR-30b-3p in CSF could be a potential biomarker predicting resistance to TMZ. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that targeting EV-miR-30b-3p could provide a potential treatment strategy for GBM.
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24
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Cao Z, Mao X, Luo L. Germline Stem Cells Drive Ovary Regeneration in Zebrafish. Cell Rep 2019; 26:1709-1717.e3. [PMID: 30759383 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline stem cells (GSCs) sustain gametogenesis during the organismal life cycle. Although evidence suggests that GSCs are consistently present in the zebrafish ovary and support oogenesis, whether GSCs are involved in zebrafish ovary regeneration is poorly understood. Here, we found that nanos2, a conserved vertebrate GSC marker, is required for maintaining GSCs in zebrafish. We applied genetic ablation and tissue resection techniques to delineate the function of GSCs in zebrafish ovary regeneration. After GSC ablation, ovaries fail to regenerate and are converted to sterile testes. Amputated ovarian tissues completely regenerate as a result of the proliferation of residual GSCs, but nanos2 mutant ovaries fail to regenerate after amputation due to a lack of GSCs. The repression of Wnt signaling leads to reduced numbers of GSCs and delayed ovary regeneration. Our results provide insight into the key role of GSCs in driving ovary regeneration.
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25
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Affinito A, Quintavalle C, Esposito CL, Roscigno G, Giordano C, Nuzzo S, Ricci-Vitiani L, Scognamiglio I, Minic Z, Pallini R, Berezovski MV, de Francisis V, Condorelli G. Targeting Ephrin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase A2 with a Selective Aptamer for Glioblastoma Stem Cells. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2020; 20:176-185. [PMID: 32169805 PMCID: PMC7068199 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the benefits associated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy for glioblastoma (GBM) treatment, most patients experience a relapse following initial therapy. Recurrent or progressive GBM usually does not respond anymore to standard therapy, and this is associated with poor patient outcome. GBM stem cells (GSCs) are a subset of cells resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy and play a role in tumor recurrence. The targeting of GSCs and the identification of novel markers are crucial issues in the development of innovative strategies for GBM eradication. By differential cell SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment), we have recently described two RNA aptamers, that is, the 40L sequence and its truncated form A40s, able to bind the cell surface of human GSCs. Both aptamers were selective for stem-like growing GBM cells and are rapidly internalized into target cells. In this study, we demonstrate that their binding to cells is mediated by direct recognition of the ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2). Functionally, the two aptamers were able to inhibit cell growth, stemness, and migration of GSCs. Furthermore, A40s was able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and was stable in serum in in vitro experiments. These results suggest that 40L and A40s represent innovative potential therapeutic tools for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Affinito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Tommaso de Amicis 95, 80131 Naples, Italy; Percuros B.V., Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Quintavalle
- Percuros B.V., Enschede, the Netherlands; IEOS, CNR, Via Tommaso de Amicis 95, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Giuseppina Roscigno
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Tommaso de Amicis 95, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Catello Giordano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Tommaso de Amicis 95, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Ricci-Vitiani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Iolanda Scognamiglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Tommaso de Amicis 95, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Zoran Minic
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Roberto Pallini
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maxim V Berezovski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | - Gerolama Condorelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Tommaso de Amicis 95, 80131 Naples, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed-Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Pozzilli, Italy.
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26
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Hsu HJ, Bahader M, Lai CM. Molecular control of the female germline stem cell niche size in Drosophila. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4309-4317. [PMID: 31300869 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells have a unique capacity to renew themselves and generate differentiated cells that are needed in the body. These cells are recruited and maintained by the surrounding microenvironment, known as the stem cell niche, during organ development. Thus, the stem cell niche is required for proper tissue homeostasis, and its dysregulation is associated with tumorigenesis and tissue degeneration. The identification of niche components and the mechanisms that regulate niche establishment and maintenance, however, are just beginning to be uncovered. Germline stem cells (GSCs) of the Drosophila ovary provide an excellent model for studying the stem cell niche in vivo because of their well-characterized cell biology and the availability of genetic tools. In this review, we introduce the ovarian GSC niche, and the key signaling pathways for niche precursor segregation, niche specification, and niche extracellular environment establishment and niche maintenance that are involved in regulating niche size during development and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwei-Jan Hsu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Majid Bahader
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Lai
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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27
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Feng F, Zhang M, Yang C, Heng X, Wu X. The dual roles of autophagy in gliomagenesis and clinical therapy strategies based on autophagic regulation mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109441. [PMID: 31541887 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a self-digestion intracellular catabolic process, plays a crucial role in cellular homeostasis under conditions of starvation, oxidative stress and genotoxic stress. The capability of maintaining homeostasis contributes to preventing malignant behavior in normal cells. Many studies have provided compelling evidence that autophagy is involved in brain tumor recurrence and chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. Gliomas, as the primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors, are characterized by rapid, aggressive growth and recurrence and have a poor prognosis and bleak outlook even with modern multimodality strategies involving maximal surgical resection, radiotherapy and alkylating agent-based chemotherapy. Autophagy-associated signaling pathways, such as the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway, class I phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway, act as tumor suppressors or protect tumor cells against chemotherapy/radiotherapy-induced cytotoxicity in gliomagenesis. Through these pathways, both lethal autophagy and protective autophagy play crucial roles in tumor initiation, chemoresistance and glioma stem cell differentiation. Moreover, lethal autophagy and protective autophagy have been identified as novel therapeutic targets in glioma according to the mechanisms described above. Here, we discuss the multiple impacts of the autophagic response on distinct phases of gliomagenesis and the advanced progress of therapies based on this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Feng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine College, Qingdao University, # 38, Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Moxuan Zhang
- Weifang Medical University, 261042, # 7166, Baotong Western Road, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanchao Yang
- Weifang Medical University, 261042, # 7166, Baotong Western Road, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xueyuan Heng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi People's Hospital, # 27, Jiefang Eastern Road, Linyi 276000, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiujie Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi People's Hospital, # 27, Jiefang Eastern Road, Linyi 276000, Shandong, China.
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Chen J, Chen T, Zhu Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li X, Xie X, Wang J, Huang M, Sun X, Ke Y. circPTN sponges miR-145-5p/miR-330-5p to promote proliferation and stemness in glioma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:398. [PMID: 31511040 PMCID: PMC6737709 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Growing evidences indicate that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play an important role in the regulation of biological behavior of tumor. We aim to explore the role of circRNA in glioma and elucidate how circRNA acts. Methods Real-time PCR was used to examine the expression of circPTN in glioma tissues and normal brain tissues (NBT). Assays of dual- luciferase reporter system, biotin label RNA pull-down and FISH were used to determine that circPTN could sponge miR-145-5p and miR-330-5p. Tumor sphere formation assay was performed to determine self- renewal of glioma stem cell (GSCs). Cell counting Kit-8 (CCK8), EdU assay and flow cytometry were used to investigate proliferation and cell cycle. Intracranial xenograft was established to determine how circPTN impacts in vivo. Tumor sphere formation assay was performed to determine self- renewal of glioma stem cell (GSCs). Results We demonstrated circPTN was significantly higher expression in glioma tissues and glioma cell lines, compared with NBT and HEB (human astrocyte). In gain- and loss-of-function experiments, circPTN significantly promoted glioma growth in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we performed dual-luciferase reporter assays and RNA pull-down assays to verify that circPTN acts through sponging miR-145-5p and miR-330-5p. Increasing expression of circPTN rescued the inhibition of proliferation and downregulation of SOX9/ITGA5 in glioma cells by miR-145-5p/miR-330-5p. In addition, we found that circPTN promoted self-renewal and increased the expression of stemness markers (Nestin, CD133, SOX9, and SOX2) via sponging miR-145-5p. Moreover, this regulation was disappeared when circPTN binding sites in miR-145-5p were mutated. Conclusions Our results suggest that circPTN is an oncogenic factor that acts by sponging miR-145-5p/miR-330-5p in glioma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1376-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Chen
- The National Key Clinical Specialty; Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Industrial Road No.253, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou Shi, China
| | - Taoliang Chen
- The National Key Clinical Specialty; Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Industrial Road No.253, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Yubo Zhu
- The National Key Clinical Specialty; Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Industrial Road No.253, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Li
- The National Key Clinical Specialty; Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Industrial Road No.253, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty; Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Industrial Road No.253, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Wang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty; Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Industrial Road No.253, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Li
- The National Key Clinical Specialty; Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Industrial Road No.253, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomi Xie
- The National Key Clinical Specialty; Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Industrial Road No.253, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Jihui Wang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty; Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Industrial Road No.253, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Huang
- The National Key Clinical Specialty; Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Industrial Road No.253, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xinlin Sun
- The National Key Clinical Specialty; Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Industrial Road No.253, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiquan Ke
- The National Key Clinical Specialty; Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Industrial Road No.253, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
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Lucena-Cacace A, Umeda M, Navas LE, Carnero A. NAMPT as a Dedifferentiation-Inducer Gene: NAD + as Core Axis for Glioma Cancer Stem-Like Cells Maintenance. Front Oncol 2019; 9:292. [PMID: 31119097 PMCID: PMC6507617 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma Cancer Stem-Like Cells (GSCs) are a small subset of CD133+ cells with self-renewal properties and capable of initiating new tumors contributing to Glioma progression, maintenance, hierarchy, and complexity. GSCs are highly resistant to chemo and radiotherapy. These cells are believed to be responsible for tumor relapses and patients' fatal outcome after developing a recurrent Glioblastoma (GBM) or High Grade Glioma (HGG). GSCs are cells under replicative stress with high demands on NAD+ supply to repair DNA, maintain self-renewal capacity and to induce tumor plasticity. NAD+ feeds Poly-ADP polymerases (PARP) and NAD+-dependent deacetylases (SIRTUINS) contributing to GSC phenotype. This energetic core axis is mainly controlled by the rate-limiting enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), an important oncogene contributing to tumor dedifferentiation. Targeting GSCs depicts a new frontier in Glioma therapy; hence NAMPT could represent a key regulator for GSCs maintenance. Its inhibition may attenuate GSCs properties by decreasing NAD+ supply, consequently contributing to a better outcome together with current therapies for Glioma control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lucena-Cacace
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Umeda
- Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lola E Navas
- CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío (HUVR), CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío (HUVR), CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Yu Y, Chen C, Huo G, Deng J, Zhao H, Xu R, Jiang L, Chen S, Wang S. ATP1A1 Integrates AKT and ERK Signaling via Potential Interaction With Src to Promote Growth and Survival in Glioma Stem Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:320. [PMID: 31114755 PMCID: PMC6503087 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) have been considered to be responsible for treatment failure due to their self-renewal and limitless proliferative property. Recently, the Na+/K+-ATPase a1 (ATP1A1) subunit was described as a novel therapeutic target for gliomas. Interestingly, our previous proteomics study revealed that ATP1A1 is remarkably overexpressed in GSCs. In the current study, we investigated the role of ATP1A1 in regulating growth, survival, and tumorigenicity of primary human GSCs and the underlying molecular mechanism. We tested RNA and protein expression of ATP1A1 in glioma tissues and GSCs. In addition, we knocked down ATP1A1 in GSCs and assessed the effects thereof on growth, survival, and apoptosis. The role of ATP1A1 in signaling pathways was investigated in vitro. We found that the ATP1A1 expression level was associated with the grade of glioma. Knockdown of ATP1A1 in GSCs in vitro inhibited cell proliferation and survival, increased apoptosis, and halted cell-cycle progression at the G1 phase. Cell proliferation and survival were resumed upon rescue of ATP1A1 expression in ATP1A1-knockdown GSCs. The ERK1/2 and AKT pathways were inhibited through suppression of Src phosphorylation by ATP1A1 knockdown. Collectively, our findings suggest that ATP1A1 overexpression promotes GSC growth and proliferation by affecting Src phosphorylation to activate the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinmu Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shali Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Yu J, Luan X, Yan Y, Qiao C, Liu Y, Zhao D, Xie B, Zheng Q, Wang M, Chen W, Shen C, He Z, Hu X, Huang X, Li H, Chen B, Zheng B, Chen X, Fang J. Small ribonucleoprotein particle protein SmD3 governs the homeostasis of germline stem cells and the crosstalk between the spliceosome and ribosome signals in Drosophila. FASEB J 2019; 33:8125-8137. [PMID: 30921522 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802536rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ribonucleoprotein (RNP) spliceosome machinery triggers the precursor RNA splicing process in eukaryotes. Major spliceosome defects are implicated in male infertility; however, the underlying mechanistic links between the spliceosome and the ribosome in Drosophila testes remains largely unresolved. Small ribonucleoprotein particle protein SmD3 (SmD3) is a novel germline stem cell (GSC) regulatory gene identified in our previous screen of Drosophila testes. In the present study, using genetic manipulation in a Drosophila model, we demonstrated that SmD3 is required for the GSC niche and controls the self-renewal and differentiation of GSCs in the testis. Using in vitro assays in Schneider 2 cells, we showed that SmD3 also regulates the homeostasis of proliferation and apoptosis in Drosophila. Furthermore, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods, SmD3 was identified as binding with ribosomal protein (Rp)L18, which is a key regulator of the large subunit in the ribosome. Moreover, SmD3 was observed to regulate spliceosome and ribosome subunit expression levels and controlled spliceosome and ribosome function via RpL18. Significantly, our findings revealed the genetic causes and molecular mechanisms underlying the stem cell niche and the crosstalk between the spliceosome and the ribosome.-Yu, J., Luan, X., Yan, Y., Qiao, C., Liu, Y., Zhao, D., Xie, B., Zheng, Q., Wang, M., Chen, W., Shen, C., He, Z., Hu, X., Huang, X., Li, H., Chen, B., Zheng, B., Chen, X., Fang, J. Small ribonucleoprotein particle protein SmD3 governs the homeostasis of germline stem cells and the crosstalk between the spliceosome and ribosome signals in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University-Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaojin Luan
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University-Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yidan Yan
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University-Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen Qiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University-Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital-The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Center for Reproduction, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University-The Fourth People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University-The Fourth People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qianwen Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University-Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University-Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wanyin Chen
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University-Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Cong Shen
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital-The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zeyu He
- Department of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xing Hu
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University-Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital-The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Binghai Chen
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University
| | - Bo Zheng
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital-The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University-Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Fang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University-Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Bazzoni R, Bentivegna A. Role of Notch Signaling Pathway in Glioblastoma Pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030292. [PMID: 30832246 PMCID: PMC6468848 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates important biological processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, self-renewal, and differentiation. In mammals, Notch signaling is composed of four receptors (Notch1–4) and five ligands (Dll1-3–4, Jagged1–2) that mainly contribute to the development and maintenance of the central nervous system (CNS). Neural stem cells (NSCs) are the starting point for neurogenesis and other neurological functions, representing an essential aspect for the homeostasis of the CNS. Therefore, genetic and functional alterations to NSCs can lead to the development of brain tumors, including glioblastoma. Glioblastoma remains an incurable disease, and the reason for the failure of current therapies and tumor relapse is the presence of a small subpopulation of tumor cells known as glioma stem cells (GSCs), characterized by their stem cell-like properties and aggressive phenotype. Growing evidence reveals that Notch signaling is highly active in GSCs, where it suppresses differentiation and maintains stem-like properties, contributing to Glioblastoma tumorigenesis and conventional-treatment resistance. In this review, we try to give a comprehensive view of the contribution of Notch signaling to Glioblastoma and its possible implication as a target for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Bazzoni
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Pz.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Angela Bentivegna
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy.
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.
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Visvanathan A, Patil V, Abdulla S, Hoheisel JD, Somasundaram K. N⁶-Methyladenosine Landscape of Glioma Stem-Like Cells: METTL3 Is Essential for the Expression of Actively Transcribed Genes and Sustenance of the Oncogenic Signaling. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E141. [PMID: 30781903 PMCID: PMC6410051 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) biology, the regulation of crucial RNA processing steps by the RNA methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) in glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) remains obscure. An integrated analysis of m⁶A-RIP (RNA immunoprecipitation) and total RNA-Seq of METTL3-silenced GSCs identified that m⁶A modification in GSCs is principally carried out by METTL3. The m⁶A-modified transcripts showed higher abundance compared to non-modified transcripts. Further, we showed that the METTL3 is essential for the expression of GSC-specific actively transcribed genes. Silencing METTL3 resulted in the elevation of several aberrant alternative splicing events. We also found that putative m⁶A reader proteins play a key role in the RNA stabilization function of METTL3. METTL3 altered A-to-I and C-to-U RNA editing events by differentially regulating RNA editing enzymes ADAR and APOBEC3A. Similar to protein-coding genes, lincRNAs (long intergenic non-coding RNAs) with m⁶A marks showed METTL3-dependent high expression. m⁶A modification of 3'UTRs appeared to result in a conformation-dependent hindrance to miRNA binding to their targets. The integrated analysis of the m⁶A regulome in METTL3-silenced GSCs showed global disruption in tumorigenic pathways that are indispensable for GSC maintenance and glioma progression. We conclude that METTL3 plays a vital role in many steps of RNA processing and orchestrates successful execution of oncogenic pathways in GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirami Visvanathan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Vikas Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Shibla Abdulla
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Jörg D Hoheisel
- Functional Genome Analysis, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Kumaravel Somasundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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Yang XW, Dai Z, Wang B, Liu YP, Zhao XD, Luo XD. Antitumor Triterpenoid Saponin from the Fruits of Avicennia marina. Nat Prod Bioprospect 2018; 8:347-353. [PMID: 29802619 PMCID: PMC6109444 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-018-0167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fruits of Avicennia marina are widely used for both medicine and food in Guangxi of China. As a part of our continuous effort to search for bioactive molecules from the plant, the fruits of A. marina were investigated, which has led to one new triterpenoid saponin (1) and 29 known compounds been isolated and their structures were established by using spectroscopic methods and comparing with literature data. The new triterpenoid saponin showed cytotoxicity against GSC-3# and GSC-18# with the IC50 values were 12.21 and 5.53 μg/mL respectively, and most of the known compounds had significant antioxidant capacity with the IC50 values ranging from 0.36 to 13.07 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong-Wu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
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35
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Lv P, Wang W, Cao Z, Zhao D, Zhao G, Li D, Qi L, Xu J. Fsk and IBMX inhibit proliferation and proapoptotic of glioma stem cells via activation of cAMP signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:321-331. [PMID: 30171713 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to find out the underlying mechanism of forskolin (Fsk) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) on glioma stem cells (GSCs). METHODS The expression of cAMP-related protein CREB and pCREB as well as apoptosis-related proteins were detected through Western blot analysis. The level of proliferation and growth rate of human GSCs was measured through thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay and stem cells forming sphere assay. The apoptosis-related gene expression was measured through reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS cAMP signaling pathway was activated in GSCs with Fsk-IBMX administration. Fsk-IBMX could inhibit the proliferation as well as invasion and promote the apoptosis of U87 cells. Besides, U0126 could inhibit MAPK signaling pathway to increase the sensitivity of GSCs to cAMP signaling pathway. As a result, Fsk-IBMX combined with U0126 had more negative effect on GSCs. CONCLUSIONS The relationship of cAMP and MAPK signaling pathway in GSCs may provide a potential therapeutic strategy in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lv
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Weiyao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiyou Cao
- 465 Hospital, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Donghai Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Guifang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Dailin Li
- Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China
| | - Ling Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
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36
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Yan D, Hao C, Xiao-Feng L, Yu-Chen L, Yu-Bin F, Lei Z. Molecular mechanism of Notch signaling with special emphasis on microRNAs: Implications for glioma. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:158-170. [PMID: 30076599 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is the most aggressive primary brain tumor and is notorious for resistance to chemoradiotherapy. Although its associated mechanisms are still not completely understood, Notch signaling, an evolutionarily conserved pathway, appears to be the key processes involved. Nevertheless, its mechanisms are sophisticated, due to a variety of targets and signal pathways, especially microRNA. MicroRNAs, which are small noncoding regulatory RNA molecules, have been proposed as one of the key mechanisms in glioma pathogenesis. Among the known glioma associated microRNA, microRNA-129, microRNA-34 family, and microRNA-326 have been shown to influence the progress of glioma through Notch signaling. Evidence also indicates that recurrence is due to development or persistence of the glioma stem-like cells and active angiogenesis, which are tightly regulated by a variety of factors, including Notch signaling. In this review, we summarize the recent progress regarding the functional roles of Notch signaling in glioma, including Notch ligand, microRNA, intracellular crosstalk, glioma stem-like cells and active angiogenesis and explore their clinical implications as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and molecular therapeutic targets for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Yan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Hao
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China
| | - Li Xiao-Feng
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Yu-Chen
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Yu-Bin
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China
| | - Zhang Lei
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Hefei, China.,Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China
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37
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Carbonell A, Pérez-Montero S, Climent-Cantó P, Reina O, Azorín F. The Germline Linker Histone dBigH1 and the Translational Regulator Bam Form a Repressor Loop Essential for Male Germ Stem Cell Differentiation. Cell Rep 2017; 21:3178-89. [PMID: 29241545 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila spermatogenesis constitutes a paradigmatic system to study maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation of adult stem cell lineages. Each Drosophila testis contains 6-12 germ stem cells (GSCs) that divide asymmetrically to produce gonialblast cells that undergo four transit-amplifying (TA) spermatogonial divisions before entering spermatocyte differentiation. Mechanisms governing these crucial transitions are not fully understood. Here, we report the essential role of the germline linker histone dBigH1 during early spermatogenesis. Our results suggest that dBigH1 is a general silencing factor that represses Bam, a key regulator of spermatogonia proliferation that is silenced in spermatocytes. Reciprocally, Bam represses dBigH1 during TA divisions. This double-repressor mechanism switches dBigH1/Bam expression from off/on in spermatogonia to on/off in spermatocytes, regulating progression into spermatocyte differentiation. dBigH1 is also required for GSC maintenance and differentiation. These results show the critical importance of germline H1s for male GSC lineage differentiation, unveiling a regulatory interaction that couples transcriptional and translational repression.
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38
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Zhang J, Liu L, Xue Y, Ma Y, Liu X, Li Z, Li Z, Liu Y. Endothelial Monocyte-Activating Polypeptide-II Induces BNIP3-Mediated Mitophagy to Enhance Temozolomide Cytotoxicity of Glioma Stem Cells via Down-Regulating MiR-24-3p. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:92. [PMID: 29632473 PMCID: PMC5879952 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preliminary studies have shown that endothelial-monocyte-activating polypeptide-II (EMAP-II) and temozolomide (TMZ) alone can exert cytotoxic effects on glioma cells. This study explored whether EMAP-II can enhance the cytotoxic effects of TMZ on glioma stem cells (GSCs) and the possible mechanisms associated with Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3)-mediated mitophagy facilitated by miR-24-3p regulation. The combination of TMZ and EMAP-II significantly inhibited GSCs viability, migration, and invasion, resulting in upregulation of the autophagy biomarker microtubule-associated protein one light chain 3 (LC3)-II/I but down-regulation of the proteins P62, TOMM 20 and CYPD, changes indicative of the occurrence of mitophagy. BNIP3 expression increased significantly in GSCs after treatment with the combination of TMZ and EMAP-II. BNIP3 overexpression strengthened the cytotoxic effects of EMAP-II and TMZ by inducing mitophagy. The combination of EMAP-II and TMZ decreased the expression of miR-24-3p, whose target gene was BNIP3. MiR-24-3p inhibited mitophagy and promoted proliferation, migration and invasion by down-regulating BNIP3 in GSCs. Furthermore, nude mice subjected to miR-24-3p silencing combined with EMAP-II and TMZ treatment displayed the smallest tumors and the longest survival rate. According to the above results, we concluded that EMAP-II enhanced the cytotoxic effects of TMZ on GSCs' proliferation, migration and invasion both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Shenyang, China
| | - Yawen Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China
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Sun X, Ma X, Wang J, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Bihl JC, Chen Y, Jiang C. Glioma stem cells-derived exosomes promote the angiogenic ability of endothelial cells through miR-21/VEGF signal. Oncotarget 2018; 8:36137-36148. [PMID: 28410224 PMCID: PMC5482644 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) play an important role in glioblastoma prognosis. Exosomes (EXs) mediate cell communication by delivering microRNAs (miRs). Glioblastoma has a high level of miR-21 which could upregulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. We hypothesized GSC-EXs can promote the angiogenic ability of endothelial cells (ECs) through miR-21/VEGF signal. GSCs were isolated from U-251 cells with stem cell marker CD133. GSCs transfected without or with scramble or miR-21 mimics were used to produce GSC-EXscon, GSC-EXssc and GSC-EXsmiR-21. Human brain ECs were co-cultured with vehicle, GSC-EXscon, GSC-EXssc or GSC-EXsmiR-21 plus VEGF siRNAs (siRNAVEGF). After 24 hours, the angiogenic abilities of ECs were evaluated. The levels of miR-21, VEGF and p-Flk1/VEGFR2 were determined. Results showed: 1) Over 90% of purified GSCs expressed CD133; 2) The levels of miR-21 and VEGF in GSCs and GSC-EXs were up-regulated by miR-21 mimic transfection; 3) Compared to GSC-EXscon or GSC-EXssc, GSC-EXsmiR-21 were more effective in elevating the levels of miR-21 and VEGF, and the ratio of p-Flk1/VEGFR2 in ECs; 4) GSC-EXsmiR-21 were more effective in promoting the angiogenic ability of ECs than GSC-EXscon or GSC-EXssc, which were remarkably reduced by siRNAVEGF pretreatment. In conclusion, GSC-EXs can promote the angiogenic ability of ECs by stimulating miR-21/VEGF/VEGFR2 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xiaotang Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Jinju Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Ji C Bihl
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Chuanlu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
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Wu F, Hu P, Li D, Hu Y, Qi Y, Yin B, Jiang T, Yuan J, Han W, Peng X. RhoGDIα suppresses self-renewal and tumorigenesis of glioma stem cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:61619-61629. [PMID: 27557508 PMCID: PMC5308677 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are a subset of tumor cells that drive glioma initiation and progression. The molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of GSCs are still poorly understood. Here we investigated the role of Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor α (RhoGDIα) in GSCs. RhoGDIα was down-regulated in glioma stem cells. Over-expression of RhoGDIα suppressed the self-renewal and tumorigenesis of GSCs. Further data showed that RhoGDIα inhibited the transcription activity of stem cell marker Oct4. Moreover, inactivation of ROCK1, a downstream effector of RhoGDIα, also decreased the self-renewal and Oct4 transcription activity, and rescued the effects caused by RhoGDIα knockdown. Our results indicate that RhoGDIα is involved in the maintenance of GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Peishan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Dengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yingjiao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiangang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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41
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Klumpp L, Sezgin EC, Skardelly M, Eckert F, Huber SM. KCa3.1 Channels and Glioblastoma: In Vitro Studies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:627-635. [PMID: 28786347 PMCID: PMC5997865 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170808115821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several tumor entities including brain tumors aberrantly overexpress intermediate conductance Ca2+ activated KCa3.1 K+ channels. These channels contribute significantly to the transformed phenotype of the tumor cells. METHOD PubMed was searched in order to summarize our current knowledge on the molecular signaling upstream and downstream and the effector functions of KCa3.1 channel activity in tumor cells in general and in glioblastoma cells in particular. In addition, KCa3.1 expression and function for repair of DNA double strand breaks was determined experimentally in primary glioblastoma cultures in dependence on the abundance of proneural and mesenchymal stem cell markers. RESULTS By modulating membrane potential, cell volume, Ca2+ signals and the respiratory chain, KCa3.1 channels in both, plasma and inner mitochondrial membrane, have been demonstrated to regulate many cellular processes such as migration and tissue invasion, metastasis, cell cycle progression, oxygen consumption and metabolism, DNA damage response and cell death of cancer cells. Moreover, KCa3.1 channels have been shown to crucially contribute to resistance against radiotherapy. Futhermore, the original in vitro data on KCa3.1 channel expression in subtypes of glioblastoma stem(-like) cells propose KCa3.1 as marker for the mesenchymal subgroup of cancer stem cells and suggest that KCa3.1 contributes to the therapy resistance of mesenchymal glioblastoma stem cells. CONCLUSION The data suggest KCa3.1 channel targeting in combination with radiotherapy as promising new tool to eradicate therapy-resistant mesenchymal glioblastoma stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stephan M. Huber
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Tel: +49-(0)7071-29-82183; E-mail:
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42
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Marisetty AL, Singh SK, Nguyen TN, Coarfa C, Liu B, Majumder S. REST represses miR-124 and miR-203 to regulate distinct oncogenic properties of glioblastoma stem cells. Neuro Oncol 2017; 19:514-523. [PMID: 28040710 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most common, aggressive, and invasive human brain tumors. There are few reliable mechanism-based therapeutic approaches for GBM patients. The transcriptional repressor RE1 silencing transcriptional factor (REST) regulates the oncogenic properties of a class of GBM stem-like cells (high-REST [HR]-GSCs) in humans. However, it has been unclear whether REST represses specific targets to regulate specific oncogenic functions or represses all targets with overlapping functions in GSCs. Methods We used genome-wide, biochemical, and mouse intracranial tumorigenic assays to identify and determine functions of microRNA (miR) targets of REST in 2 independent HR-GSC lines. Results Here we show that REST represses 2 major miR gene targets in HR-GSCs: miR-203, a new target, and miR-124, a known target. Gain of function of miR-124 or miR-203 in HR-GSCs increased survival in tumor-bearing mice. Importantly, the increased survival of tumor-bearing mice caused by knockdown of REST in HR-GSCs was reversed by double knockdown of REST and either miR-203 or miR-124, indicating that these 2 miRs are critical tumor suppressors that are repressed in REST-mediated tumorigenesis. We further show that while miR-124 and the REST-miR-124 pathways regulate self-renewal, apoptosis and invasion, miR-203 and the REST-miR-203 pathways regulate only invasion. We further identify and validate potential mRNA targets of miR-203 and miR-124 in REST-mediated HR-GSC tumor invasion. Conclusions These findings indicate that REST regulates its miR gene targets with overlapping functions and suggest how REST maintains oncogenic competence in GSCs. These mechanisms could potentially be utilized to block REST-mediated GBM tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantha L Marisetty
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sanjay K Singh
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tran N Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sadhan Majumder
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA.,Neuro-Oncology, The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
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43
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Zhou W, Liu L, Xue Y, Zheng J, Liu X, Ma J, Li Z, Liu Y. Combination of Endothelial-Monocyte-Activating Polypeptide-II with Temozolomide Suppress Malignant Biological Behaviors of Human Glioblastoma Stem Cells via miR-590-3p/MACC1 Inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signal Pathway. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:68. [PMID: 28348518 PMCID: PMC5346543 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of Endothelial-Monocyte-Activating Polypeptide-II (EMAP-II) combined with temozolomide (TMZ) upon glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) and its possible molecular mechanisms. In this study, combination of EMAP-II with TMZ inhibited cell viability, migration and invasion in GSCs, and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyl adenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ) partly reverse the anti-proliferative effect of the combination treatment. Autophagic vacuoles were formed in GSCs after the combination therapy, accompanied with the up-regulation of LC3-II and Beclin-1 as well as the down-regulation of p62/SQSTM1. Further, miR-590-3p was up-regulated and Metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) was down-regulated by the combination treatment in GSCs; MiR-590-3p overexpression and MACC1 knockdown up-regulated LC3-II and Beclin-1 as well as down-regulated p62/SQSTM1 in GSCs; MACC1 was identified as a direct target of miR-590-3p, mediating the effects of miR-590-3p in the combination treatment. Furthermore, the combination treatment and MACC1 knockdown decreased p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-S6 and p-4EBP in GSCs; PI3K/Akt agonist insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) partly blocked the effect of the combination treatment. Moreover, in vivo xenograft models, the mice given stable overexpressed miR-590-3p cells and treated with EMAP-II and TMZ had the smallest tumor sizes, besides, miR-590-3p + EMAP-II + TMZ up-regulated the expression level of miR-590-3p, LC3-II and Beclin-1 as well as down-regulated p62/SQSTM1. In conclusion, these results elucidated anovel molecular mechanism of EMAP-II in combination with TMZ suppressed malignant biological behaviors of GSCs via miR-590-3p/MACC1 inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and might provide potential therapeutic approaches for human GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System DiseaseShenyang, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System DiseaseShenyang, China
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System DiseaseShenyang, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System DiseaseShenyang, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Liaoning Research Center for Translational Medicine in Nervous System DiseaseShenyang, China
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Stangeland B, Mughal AA, Grieg Z, Sandberg CJ, Joel M, Nygård S, Meling T, Murrell W, Vik Mo EO, Langmoen IA. Combined expressional analysis, bioinformatics and targeted proteomics identify new potential therapeutic targets in glioblastoma stem cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26192-215. [PMID: 26295306 PMCID: PMC4694895 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is both the most common and the most lethal primary brain tumor. It is thought that GBM stem cells (GSCs) are critically important in resistance to therapy. Therefore, there is a strong rationale to target these cells in order to develop new molecular therapies. To identify molecular targets in GSCs, we compared gene expression in GSCs to that in neural stem cells (NSCs) from the adult human brain, using microarrays. Bioinformatic filtering identified 20 genes (PBK/TOPK, CENPA, KIF15, DEPDC1, CDC6, DLG7/DLGAP5/HURP, KIF18A, EZH2, HMMR/RHAMM/CD168, NOL4, MPP6, MDM1, RAPGEF4, RHBDD1, FNDC3B, FILIP1L, MCC, ATXN7L4/ATXN7L1, P2RY5/LPAR6 and FAM118A) that were consistently expressed in GSC cultures and consistently not expressed in NSC cultures. The expression of these genes was confirmed in clinical samples (TCGA and REMBRANDT). The first nine genes were highly co-expressed in all GBM subtypes and were part of the same protein-protein interaction network. Furthermore, their combined up-regulation correlated negatively with patient survival in the mesenchymal GBM subtype. Using targeted proteomics and the COGNOSCENTE database we linked these genes to GBM signalling pathways. Nine genes: PBK, CENPA, KIF15, DEPDC1, CDC6, DLG7, KIF18A, EZH2 and HMMR should be further explored as targets for treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Stangeland
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,SFI-CAST Biomedical Innovation Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Awais A Mughal
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zanina Grieg
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cecilie Jonsgar Sandberg
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mrinal Joel
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Laboratory of Neural Development and Optical Recording (NDEVOR), Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ståle Nygård
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Institute for Medical Informatics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torstein Meling
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wayne Murrell
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar O Vik Mo
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iver A Langmoen
- Vilhelm Magnus Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Institute for Surgical Research and Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,SFI-CAST Biomedical Innovation Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Kao S, Tseng C, Wan C, Su Y, Hsieh C, Pi H, Hsu H. Aging and insulin signaling differentially control normal and tumorous germline stem cells. Aging Cell 2015; 14:25-34. [PMID: 25470527 PMCID: PMC4326914 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging influences stem cells, but the processes involved remain unclear. Insulin signaling, which controls cellular nutrient sensing and organismal aging, regulates the G2 phase of Drosophila female germ line stem cell (GSC) division cycle in response to diet; furthermore, this signaling pathway is attenuated with age. The role of insulin signaling in GSCs as organisms age, however, is also unclear. Here, we report that aging results in the accumulation of tumorous GSCs, accompanied by a decline in GSC number and proliferation rate. Intriguingly, GSC loss with age is hastened by either accelerating (through eliminating expression of Myt1, a cell cycle inhibitory regulator) or delaying (through mutation of insulin receptor (dinR) GSC division, implying that disrupted cell cycle progression and insulin signaling contribute to age-dependent GSC loss. As flies age, DNA damage accumulates in GSCs, and the S phase of the GSC cell cycle is prolonged. In addition, GSC tumors (which escape the normal stem cell regulatory microenvironment, known as the niche) still respond to aging in a similar manner to normal GSCs, suggesting that niche signals are not required for GSCs to sense or respond to aging. Finally, we show that GSCs from mated and unmated females behave similarly, indicating that female GSC–male communication does not affect GSCs with age. Our results indicate the differential effects of aging and diet mediated by insulin signaling on the stem cell division cycle, highlight the complexity of the regulation of stem cell aging, and describe a link between ovarian cancer and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih‐Han Kao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chen‐Yuan Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences National Defense Medical Center Taipei 11490 Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Ling Wan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Han Su
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Chang‐Che Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Science College of Medicine Chang Gung University Tao‐Yuan 333 Taiwan
| | - Haiwei Pi
- Department of Biomedical Science College of Medicine Chang Gung University Tao‐Yuan 333 Taiwan
| | - Hwei‐Jan Hsu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences National Defense Medical Center Taipei 11490 Taiwan
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