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Marumure J, Simbanegavi TT, Makuvara Z, Karidzagundi R, Alufasi R, Goredema M, Gufe C, Chaukura N, Halabowski D, Gwenzi W. Emerging organic contaminants in drinking water systems: Human intake, emerging health risks, and future research directions. Chemosphere 2024; 356:141699. [PMID: 38554874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Few earlier reviews on emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in drinking water systems (DWS) focused on their detection, behaviour, removal and fate. Reviews on multiple exposure pathways, human intake estimates, and health risks including toxicokinetics, and toxicodynamics of EOCs in DWS are scarce. This review presents recent advances in human intake and health risks of EOCs in DWS. First, an overview of the evidence showing that DWS harbours a wide range of EOCs is presented. Multiple human exposure to EOCs occurs via ingestion of drinking water and beverages, inhalation and dermal pathways are discussed. A potential novel exposure may occur via the intravenous route in dialysis fluids. Analysis of global data on pharmaceutical pollution in rivers showed that the cumulative concentrations (μg L-1) of pharmaceuticals (mean ± standard error of the mean) were statistically more than two times significantly higher (p = 0.011) in South America (11.68 ± 5.29), Asia (9.97 ± 3.33), Africa (9.48 ± 2.81) and East Europe (8.09 ± 4.35) than in high-income regions (2.58 ± 0.48). Maximum cumulative concentrations of pharmaceuticals (μg L-1) decreased in the order; Asia (70.7) had the highest value followed by South America (68.8), Africa (51.3), East Europe (32.0) and high-income regions (17.1) had the least concentration. The corresponding human intake via ingestion of untreated river water was also significantly higher in low- and middle-income regions than in their high-income counterparts. For each region, the daily intake of pharmaceuticals was highest in infants, followed by children and then adults. A critique of the human health hazards, including toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of EOCs is presented. Emerging health hazards of EOCs in DWS include; (1) long-term latent and intergenerational effects, (2) the interactive health effects of EOC mixtures, (3) the challenges of multifinality and equifinality, and (4) the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis. Finally, research needs on human health hazards of EOCs in DWS are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Rangarirayi Karidzagundi
- Materials Development Unit, Zimbabwe Open University, P.O. Box MP1119 Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Richwell Alufasi
- Biological Sciences Department, Bindura University of Science Education, 741 Chimurenga Road, Off Trojan Road, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Marvelous Goredema
- Biological Sciences Department, Bindura University of Science Education, 741 Chimurenga Road, Off Trojan Road, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Claudious Gufe
- Department of Veterinary Technical Services, Central Veterinary Laboratories, Box CY55, 18A Borrowdale Road, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, 8301, South Africa
| | - Dariusz Halabowski
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Currently: Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, 380, New Adylin, Westgate, Harare, Zimbabwe; Formerly: Alexander von Humboldt Fellow & Guest/Visiting Professor, Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universität Kassel, Steinstraße 19, D-37213, Witzenhausen, Germany; Formerly: Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and Guest Professor, Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
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Zhu J, Dong X, Zhao N, Jiang S, Jin H. Microplastics in polystyrene-made food containers from China: abundance, shape, size, and human intake. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:40084-40093. [PMID: 36607577 PMCID: PMC9821365 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-25093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene-made food containers (PMFCs) have been widely used as takeout containers in China. However, the pollution of microplastics (MPs) in PMFCs used in Chinese restaurants remains not well known. For the first time, this study analyzed MPs in PMFC samples (n = 354) collected from different restaurants in 28 Chinese cities. MPs were detected in all PMFC samples, with an abundance of 5-173 items/container. PMFC samples from Taiyuan (mean of 86 items/container) contained the highest mean abundance of MPs. A relatively lower abundance of MPs was found in PMFCs from Urumqi (mean of 19 items/container) and Fuzhou (18 items/container). Fiber was the predominant shape of MPs in most of the PMFC samples. The abundance of MPs in PMFCs was positively correlated with the proportion of fiber. The major polymer composition of MPs was polystyrene, accounting for a mean of 45-90% of total polymers for MPs in PMFCs from different cities. The abundance of MPs in PMFC samples was negatively correlated with the proportion of polystyrene. The mean estimated oral exposure of MPs for the general population in different Chinese cities was 0.24-1.4 items/kg bw/day. Such data is important for human MP exposure risk assessment and also for elucidating the sources of human exposure to MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Dong
- Jinhua Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321000, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengtao Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China.
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Gündoğdu S, Köşker AR. Microplastic contamination in canned fish sold in Türkiye. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14627. [PMID: 36691479 PMCID: PMC9864125 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of microplastics (MPs) in processed seafood is a growing concern. In this study, 33 different canned fish brands belonging to seven producers were purchased from the Turkish market and investigated. MPs composition, possible sources, and potential intake were assessed. Light microscopy was used to quantify potential MPs, and micro-Raman microscopy was used to identify the polymer types. The results showed that all the samples had at least one MPs particle, and fragments were the most abundant (57.3%) shape of MPs. Polyolefin (21.88%) was the most common polymer type. The results showed that packaging and the production processes are the main possible sources of MPs. Human intake estimation risk is relatively lower since canned fish consumption is relatively low. The findings suggest that the risk related to MPs in canned fish should be considered one of the components of food safety management systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Gündoğdu
- Faculty of Fisheries/Department of Basic Science, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Ali Riza Köşker
- Faculty of Fisheries/Department of Fisheries and Seafood Processing Technology, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
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Zhang Q, Du F, Liang W, Chen Q, Meng J, Shi H. Microfiber fallout during dining and potential human intake. J Hazard Mater 2022; 430:128477. [PMID: 35183826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The pervasiveness of microfibers, including fibrous microplastics indoors and outdoors, has drawn attention. However, some places such as the dining environment that are closely related to human diet and health have been neglected. Here, we characterized short-term microfiber fallout in different dining spots and conducted long-term monitoring in a college cafeteria. The results showed that the microfiber abundance of restaurants during the peak hour of dinnertime (75 ± 19 MFs/plate/meal) was approximately two times that of households (36 ± 23 MFs/plate/meal). The high microfiber abundance was positively correlated with strong human activities (i.e., sitting rate of people) in restaurants, which was verified by the kinetics data of the cafeteria (R2 =0.871, p = 0.000). Cotton (63%), polyester (17%), and rayon (14%) were the top three detected microfibers via μ-FTIR, and cloth friction can aggravate fiber shedding significantly. Moreover, high hairiness and short staple yarn style were likely to increase the formation of microfibers. Additionally, room structure can obviously influence microfiber abundance that households without separate dining rooms showed three times higher microfiber abundance (66 MFs/plate/meal) than those (21 MFs/plate/meal) with separate dining rooms, because partition walls were verified to effectively reduce fiber transport. Collectively, microfiber fallout during dining deserves our great attention, which may induce human intake of 63-232 MFs/person/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Fangni Du
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weiwenhui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Jian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 202162, China
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Bai CL, Liu LY, Hu YB, Zeng EY, Guo Y. Response to Letter to the Editor "Calculations on human intake of microplastics from food". Sci Total Environ 2022; 819:152705. [PMID: 34968607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Lan Bai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yi-Bin Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Lu HC, Ziajahromi S, Neale PA, Leusch FDL. Letter to the Editor regarding "Microplastics: A review of analytical methods, occurrence and characteristics in food, and potential toxicities to biota" by Bai et al. (2022). Sci Total Environ 2022; 819:152706. [PMID: 35007593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Cheng Lu
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.
| | - Shima Ziajahromi
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
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Lee HJ, Song NS, Kim JS, Kim SK. Variation and Uncertainty of Microplastics in Commercial Table Salts: Critical Review and Validation. J Hazard Mater 2021; 402:123743. [PMID: 33254769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concern of human exposure to microplastics (MPs) necessitates an assessment of the quality of MP data relevant to human exposure. In this literature review for table salt, we addressed the variability and uncertainty of MP data caused by different analytical methods among studies. Additionally, validation experiment was conducted to identify and correct uncertainties related to MP size. When combined without validation, salt data in literature (n = 150) showed a wide range of 0-39800 (1386 ± 5477) MPs kg-1. All procedures, including sample treatment, MP identification, and quality assurance were related to this variability. Most serious variability originated from the MP identification methods associated with minimum cut-off size of targeted/measured MPs and the selection of particles identified. When not corrected by size, MP content differed by 10-600 times among MP identification methods, with greatest value from visual observation, followed by FTIR and Raman methods. Meanwhile, there was a significant correlation-regardless of identification method-between logarithmic mean abundances and minimum cut-off sizes. The size-corrected values showed that adults intake up to 19000 MPs ≥10 μm annually via table salt, compared with 5100 MPs that was estimated from uncorrected mean abundance. Our validation experiment also showed the possibility of serious errors being caused by arbitrary selection of "MP-like particles" in spectroscopic analysis, specifically for smaller-sized particles. A combination of unverified data originated from different methods might have failed to adequately produce reliable human health-relevant results, thereby undermining the ability to quantify human risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jee Lee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Academy-ro 119, Yeounsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan-Seon Song
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Academy-ro 119, Yeounsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Academy-ro 119, Yeounsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyu Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Academy-ro 119, Yeounsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Academy-ro 119, Yeounsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea.
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Akhbarizadeh R, Dobaradaran S, Nabipour I, Tajbakhsh S, Darabi AH, Spitz J. Abundance, composition, and potential intake of microplastics in canned fish. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 160:111633. [PMID: 33181921 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The existence of microplastics (MPs) in canned fish (tuna and mackerel) samples was investigated and their composition, possible sources and potential intake were assessed. Light and fluorescence microscopy were used for the quantification of potential MPs. Furthermore, micro-Raman microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray were used to identify the polymer types and composition of MPs. The results showed that 80% of samples had at least one plastic particle and fibers were the most abundant shapes of MPs. Moreover, polyethylene terephthalate (32.8%) was the most common polymer type in canned fish samples. The fish, food additives, and contact materials during the cleaning and canning process are possible sources of MPs. Human intake estimation of MPs showed the possibility of plastics absorption by humans who consume canned fish several times/week. Hence, the results of this study showed the importance of MPs' guidelines for food safety and hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razegheh Akhbarizadeh
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Saeed Tajbakhsh
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Darabi
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Jörg Spitz
- Akademie für Menschliche Medizin GmbH, Krauskopfallee 27, 65388 Schlangenbad, Germany
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Gracia-Lor E, Zuccato E, Hernández F, Castiglioni S. Wastewater-based epidemiology for tracking human exposure to mycotoxins. J Hazard Mater 2020; 382:121108. [PMID: 31491667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are among the compounds of most concern for human health because of their common presence in food and their proven toxicity for human health. Human biomonitoring (HBM) studies, foodstuff analysis and dietary surveys are usually used to assess human exposure, but they are costly and time-consuming. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can complement the established exposure monitoring tools. The aim of this study was to develop a new WBE application for assessing human exposure to mycotoxins by measuring specific biomarkers in raw wastewater. Eleven substances were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in wastewater from four cities in Italy and Spain. Only deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisines were found, DON being the most abundant, in accordance with HBM studies. DON intake, back-calculated by WBE, was lower than the established Health-Based Guidance values, indicating moderate exposure in the population, with no risks for human health. WBE intake estimates were very close to those reported in HBM studies, validating WBE for estimating DON intake in the population. This study describes a promising WBE approach to complement HBM studies and assess the human intake of specific classes of mycotoxins, thus helping to identify risks for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gracia-Lor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellon, Spain
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
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Abdel Malak I, Cariou R, Guiffard I, Vénisseau A, Dervilly-Pinel G, Jaber F, Le Bizec B. Assessment of Dechlorane Plus and related compounds in foodstuffs and estimates of daily intake from Lebanese population. Chemosphere 2019; 235:492-497. [PMID: 31276863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Related Compounds (DRCs), including Dechlorane Plus (syn/anti-DP or syn/anti-DDC-CO) and related compounds (Dec-601 or DDC-ID, Dec-602 or DDC-DBF, Dec-603 or DDC-Ant and Chlordene Plus or DDC-PDD), are a group of polychlorinated flame retardants of concern since they were first reported in various environmental and biota matrices about one decade ago. In this work, we investigated the dietary intake of the Lebanese population to these lipophilic environmental contaminants upon the evaluation of selected foodstuff contamination. Collected food samples (n = 58) were selected to be representative of the lipid fraction of the whole diet of the Beiruti population. The samples were analysed using pressurized liquid extraction, silica multilayer column followed by gel permeation chromatography for purification and GC-EI-HRMS for separation and detection. Detection frequency of at least one compound among Dechlorane Plus (syn-DP and anti-DP), Dechlorane 602, 603 and Chlordene Plus) was 91%. The mean concentrations of ∑6DRCs, by food group, ranged from 4.7 to 29.5 pg g-1 wet weight in lowerbound (LB) and from 6.7 to 76.9 pg g-1 wet weight in upperbound (UB). Based on food habits, the dietary intake of Beiruti adults was estimated to be between 3.71 (LB) and 5.61 (UB) ng day-1. Dechlorane Plus and Dechlorane 602 were the dominant compounds, contributing to 70 and 24% of the total intake (LB value), respectively. This study reports for the first time the occurrence of Dechloranes in Lebanese foods and proposes corresponding deterministic dietary exposure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas Abdel Malak
- LABERCA, Oniris, INRA, F-44307, Nantes, France; Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences I, Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds (LACO), 508 Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | | | | | - Farouk Jaber
- Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences I, Laboratory of Analysis of Organic Compounds (LACO), 508 Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
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Demirtepe H, Melymuk L, Diamond ML, Bajard L, Vojta Š, Prokeš R, Sáňka O, Klánová J, Palkovičová Murínová Ľ, Richterová D, Rašplová V, Trnovec T. Linking past uses of legacy SVOCs with today's indoor levels and human exposure. Environ Int 2019; 127:653-663. [PMID: 30991221 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted from consumer products, building materials, and indoor and outdoor activities can be highly persistent in indoor environments. Human exposure to and environmental contamination with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was previously reported in a region near a former PCB production facility in Slovakia. However, we found that the indoor residential PCB levels did not correlate with the distance from the facility. Rather, indoor levels in this region and those reported in the literature were related to the historic PCB use on a national scale and the inferred presence of primary sources of PCBs in the homes. Other SVOCs had levels linked with either the activities in the home, e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with wood heating; or outdoor activities, e.g., organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) with agricultural land use and building age. We propose a classification framework to prioritize SVOCs for monitoring in indoor environments and to evaluate risks from indoor SVOC exposures. Application of this framework to 88 measured SVOCs identified several PCB congeners (CB-11, -28, -52), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), benzo(a)pyrene, and γ-HCH as priority compounds based on high exposure and toxicity assessed by means of toxicity reference values (TRVs). Application of the framework to many emerging compounds such as novel flame retardants was not possible because of either no or outdated TRVs. Concurrent identification of seven SVOC groups in indoor environments provided information on their comparative levels and distributions, their sources, and informed our assessment of associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hale Demirtepe
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lola Bajard
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šimon Vojta
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubica Palkovičová Murínová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Denisa Richterová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Rašplová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Trnovec
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
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12
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Rousis NI, Gracia-Lor E, Zuccato E, Bade R, Baz-Lomba JA, Castrignanò E, Causanilles A, Covaci A, de Voogt P, Hernàndez F, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Kinyua J, McCall AK, Plósz BG, Ramin P, Ryu Y, Thomas KV, van Nuijs A, Yang Z, Castiglioni S. Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess pan-European pesticide exposure. Water Res 2017; 121:270-279. [PMID: 28554112 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring, i.e. the determination of chemicals and/or their metabolites in human specimens, is the most common and potent tool for assessing human exposure to pesticides, but it suffers from limitations such as high costs and biases in sampling. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is an innovative approach based on the chemical analysis of specific human metabolic excretion products (biomarkers) in wastewater, and provides objective and real-time information on xenobiotics directly or indirectly ingested by a population. This study applied the WBE approach for the first time to evaluate human exposure to pesticides in eight cities across Europe. 24 h-composite wastewater samples were collected from the main wastewater treatment plants and analyzed for urinary metabolites of three classes of pesticides, namely triazines, organophosphates and pyrethroids, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The mass loads (mg/day/1000 inhabitants) were highest for organophosphates and lowest for triazines. Different patterns were observed among the cities and for the various classes of pesticides. Population weighted loads of specific biomarkers indicated higher exposure in Castellon, Milan, Copenhagen and Bristol for pyrethroids, and in Castellon, Bristol and Zurich for organophosphates. The lowest mass loads (mg/day/1000 inhabitants) were found in Utrecht and Oslo. These results were in agreement with several national statistics related to pesticides exposure such as pesticides sales. The daily intake of pyrethroids was estimated in each city and it was found to exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) only in one city (Castellon, Spain). This was the first large-scale application of WBE to monitor population exposure to pesticides. The results indicated that WBE can give new information about the "average exposure" of the population to pesticides, and is a useful complementary biomonitoring tool to study population-wide exposure to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos I Rousis
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy; Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Bade
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | | | - Erika Castrignanò
- University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Causanilles
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; IBED-University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Félix Hernàndez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Juliet Kinyua
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann-Kathrin McCall
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Benedek Gy Plósz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800M, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, DK-2800M, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yeonsuk Ryu
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Alexander van Nuijs
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zhugen Yang
- University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Rousis NI, Zuccato E, Castiglioni S. Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess human exposure to pyrethroid pesticides. Environ Int 2017; 99:213-220. [PMID: 27908456 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are active substances with potentially adverse effects on human health, and therefore great effort is addressed to study the relation between their widespread use and the effects on humans. To track human exposure to pesticides, novel approaches are needed to give additional information on exposure at population level. In this study, a novel application of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) was developed to measure the intake of pyrethroid pesticides in a population. Three human urinary metabolites of pyrethroids were selected and validated as biomarkers of exposure by evaluating their sources and stability in wastewater. They were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in raw urban wastewater collected from the wastewater treatment plants of six Italian cities. Their concentrations were used as biomarkers to back-calculate the intake of pyrethroid pesticides in the population. WBE results were in line with the urinary biomarker levels of biomonitoring studies considering dilution in wastewater. Significant differences in the metabolites levels were observed among different cities. Seasonal variations in human intake of pyrethroids were also seen, as expected, with higher intakes during spring/summer. Intakes in the six cities were compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and it was concluded that some of the populations examined might face significant health risks. Results confirm that this method can provide supplementary information to biomonitoring studies and can be a valuable tool for obtaining objective, direct information on the real levels of exposure to pyrethroids of different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos I Rousis
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Environmental Biomarkers Unit, Laboratory of Food Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy.
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Environmental Biomarkers Unit, Laboratory of Food Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Environmental Biomarkers Unit, Laboratory of Food Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy.
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Linhares DPS, Garcia PV, Almada A, Ferreira T, Queiroz G, Cruz JV, Rodrigues ADS. Iodine environmental availability and human intake in oceanic islands: Azores as a case-study. Sci Total Environ 2015; 538:531-538. [PMID: 26318689 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of preventable mental impairment. Although several studies have established an association between ocean proximity and iodine environmental availability, recent studies revealed an inadequate iodine intake in the Azorean islands. In this study, we aim to understand the underlying causes of iodine environmental availability in oceanic islands and its association with iodine intake in schoolchildren, using the Azores as case-study. Iodine concentration in soil and grass pasture was measured by INAA and in drinking water by spectrophotometry. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in schoolchildren was assessed by ICP-MS in a randomized cross-sectional survey with 315 participants from S. Miguel (study group) and Sta. Maria islands (reference group). A validated diet questionnaire assessing sources of iodine was recorded. The iodine concentration in soils of the reference group was significantly higher than in the study group (58.1ppm vs. 14.5ppm, respectively; p=0.001). The prevalence of schoolchildren with inadequate UIC was significantly higher in the study group than in the reference one (63.0% vs. 37.8%, respectively; p<0.001). Chronic exposure to low iodine environmental availability was significantly associated with the exacerbation in iodine deficiency, with a risk 4.94 times higher in the study group. The differences observed in the studied islands are related with each island geomorphology (soil properties and orography) and climate, which can promote or inhibit iodine environmental availability, contributing distinctively to iodine bioavailability and human intake. These findings draw attention to an urgent need for a full investigation of Azores iodine status to apply evidence-based recommendations for iodine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Paula Silva Linhares
- Department of Biology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal; CVARG, Center for Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Ventura Garcia
- Department of Biology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal; CE3C, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra Almada
- Department of Biology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Department of Geosciences, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal; CVARG, Center for Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Gabriela Queiroz
- Department of Geosciences, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal; CVARG, Center for Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal.
| | - José Virgílio Cruz
- Department of Geosciences, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal; CVARG, Center for Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Armindo dos Santos Rodrigues
- Department of Biology, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal; CVARG, Center for Volcanology and Geological Risks Assessment, University of the Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal.
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15
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L'Homme B, Calaprice C, Calvano CD, Zambonin C, Leardi R, Focant JF. Ultra-trace measurement of Dechloranes to investigate food as a route of human exposure. Chemosphere 2015; 139:525-533. [PMID: 26313934 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dechloranes, including Dechlorane Plus (syn- and anti-isomers), Dechlorane 602, Dechlorane 603, Dechlorane 604, Chlordene Plus, and Mirex are used as flame-retardants and were recently found in human serum of the European population. In order to investigate if food consumption would possibly be a significant route of exposure, we developed a method for the measurement of Dechloranes in food and feed. We showed that it was possible to extend the scope of the regular polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin like (DL-), and non-dioxin like (NDL-) regulated PCBs clean-up and fractionation procedure to Dechloranes and that no compound degradation occurred during the strong acidic treatments used for lipid digestion. Dechloranes were measured by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QQQMS/MS). We optimized injection parameters by face centered experimental design (FCD). The electron ionization fragmentation was investigated to set appropriate multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions. Instrumental and method limits of quantitation (iLOQs and mLOQs) were determined following EU guidelines for dioxin analyses in food. A total of 88 samples were analyzed to assess the prevalence of this route of exposure to humans. Average levels of the sum of Dechloranes ranged from 10 to 31pg/g fat, with the exception of fish, feed additives, and corn that were reported in pg/g wet weight at average levels of 9, 12, and 2pg/g ww. Based on Belgian food habits, a dietary intake was estimated to be 136pg/day. The relatively low reported levels indicate that other routes of human exposure should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L'Homme
- CART, Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie 3, B6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Chiara Calaprice
- CART, Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie 3, B6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosima Damiana Calvano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Zambonin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca S.M.A.R.T., Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Leardi
- Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmaceutical and Food Chemistry and Technology, Via Brigata Salerno (ponte), University of Genoa, I-16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Jean-François Focant
- CART, Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department, University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie 3, B6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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