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Harnie J, Al Arab R, Mari S, Yassine S, Eddaoui O, Jéhannin P, Audet J, Lecomte C, Iorio-Morin C, Prilutsky BI, Rybak IA, Frigon A. Forelimb movements contribute to hindlimb cutaneous reflexes during locomotion in cats. J Neurophysiol 2024. [PMID: 38691528 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00104.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
During quadrupedal locomotion, interactions between spinal and supraspinal circuits and somatosensory feedback coordinate forelimb and hindlimb movements. How this is achieved is not clear. To determine if forelimb movements modulate hindlimb cutaneous reflexes involved in responding to an external perturbation, we stimulated the superficial peroneal nerve in six intact cats during quadrupedal locomotion and during hindlimb-only locomotion (with forelimbs standing on stationary platform) and in two cats with a low spinal transection (T12-T13) during hindlimb-only locomotion. We compared cutaneous reflexes evoked in six ipsilateral and four contralateral hindlimb muscles. Results showed similar occurrence and phase-dependent modulation of short-latency inhibitory and excitatory responses during quadrupedal and hindlimb-only locomotion in intact cats. However, the depth of modulation was reduced in the ipsilateral semitendinosus during hindlimb-only locomotion. Additionally, longer-latency responses occurred less frequently in extensor muscles bilaterally during hindlimb-only locomotion while short-latency inhibitory and longer-latency excitatory responses occurred more frequently in the ipsilateral and contralateral sartorius anterior, respectively. After spinal transection, short-latency inhibitory and excitatory responses were similar to both intact conditions, while mid- or longer-excitatory responses were reduced or abolished. Our results in intact cats and the comparison with spinal-transected cats suggest that the absence of forelimb movements suppresses inputs from supraspinal structures and/or cervical cord that normally contribute to longer-latency reflex responses in hindlimb extensor muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Harnie
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Rasha Al Arab
- Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Stephen Mari
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Johannie Audet
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Charly Lecomte
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Boris I Prilutsky
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ilya A Rybak
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Skiadopoulos A, Knikou M. Tapping into the human spinal locomotor centres with transspinal stimulation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5990. [PMID: 38472313 PMCID: PMC10933285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Human locomotion is controlled by spinal neuronal networks of similar properties, function, and organization to those described in animals. Transspinal stimulation affects the spinal locomotor networks and is used to improve standing and walking ability in paralyzed people. However, the function of locomotor centers during transspinal stimulation at different frequencies and intensities is not known. Here, we document the 3D joint kinematics and spatiotemporal gait characteristics during transspinal stimulation at 15, 30, and 50 Hz at sub-threshold and supra-threshold stimulation intensities. We document the temporal structure of gait patterns, dynamic stability of joint movements over stride-to-stride fluctuations, and limb coordination during walking at a self-selected speed in healthy subjects. We found that transspinal stimulation (1) affects the kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle joints, (2) promotes a more stable coordination at the left ankle, (3) affects interlimb coordination of the thighs, and (4) intralimb coordination between thigh and foot, (5) promotes greater dynamic stability of the hips, (6) increases the persistence of fluctuations in step length variability, and lastly (7) affects mechanical walking stability. These results support that transspinal stimulation is an important neuromodulatory strategy that directly affects gait symmetry and dynamic stability. The conservation of main effects at different frequencies and intensities calls for systematic investigation of stimulation protocols for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Skiadopoulos
- Klab4Recovery Research Program, The City University of New York, New York, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Maria Knikou
- Klab4Recovery Research Program, The City University of New York, New York, USA.
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA.
- PhD Program in Biology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, Graduate Center of The City University of New York and College of Staten Island, New York, USA.
- Klab4Recovery Research Program, Neurosciences/Graduate Center of CUNY, DPT Department/College of Staten Island, 2800 Victory Blvd, 5N-207, New York, 10314, USA.
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Lee H, Lee TL, Kang N. Effects of visual feedback and force level on bilateral ankle-dorsiflexion force control. Neurosci Lett 2024; 824:137671. [PMID: 38346532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential effects of visual feedback and force level on bilateral force control capabilities in the lower limbs. Thirty-nine healthy young adults performed bilateral ankle-dorsiflexion isometric force control tasks for different visual feedback conditions, including continuous visual feedback (CVF) and withdrawal of visual feedback (WVF), indicating the removal of visual feedback on force outputs during the task and force level conditions (i.e., 10 % and 40 % of the maximum voluntary contraction). Bilateral force control capabilities were estimated using force accuracy, variability, regularity, and absolute power in 0-4 Hz and interlimb coordination by cross-correlation with time lag and uncontrolled manifold (UCM) variables. Correlation analyses determined the relationship between changes in bilateral force control capabilities and interlimb coordination from the CVF to WVF conditions. The findings revealed better bilateral force control capabilities in the CVF condition as indicated by less force error, variability, regularity, absolute power in 0-4 Hz, and advanced interlimb force coordination. From CVF to WVF conditions, increased bad variability correlated with greater force control deficits. These findings suggest that visuomotor processing is an important resource for successful fine motor control in the lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajun Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
| | - Tae Lee Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
| | - Nyeonju Kang
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea; Division of Sport Science, Sport Science Institute & Health Promotion Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
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Zhang L, Xu C, Chen L, Liu Y, Xiao N, Wu X, Chen Y, Hou W. Abnormal interlimb coordination of motor developmental delay during infant crawling based on kinematic synergy analysis. Biomed Eng Online 2024; 23:16. [PMID: 38326806 PMCID: PMC10851483 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-024-01207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that abnormal interlimb coordination is a typical characteristic of motor developmental delay (MDD) during human movement, which can be visually manifested as abnormal motor postures. Clinically, the scale assessments are usually used to evaluate interlimb coordination, but they rely heavily on the subjective judgements of therapists and lack quantitative analysis. In addition, although abnormal interlimb coordination of MDD have been studied, it is still unclear how this abnormality is manifested in physiology-related kinematic features. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate how abnormal interlimb coordination of MDD during infant crawling was manifested in the stability of joints and limbs, activation levels of synergies and intrasubject consistency from the kinematic synergies of tangential velocities of joints perspective. METHODS Tangential velocities of bilateral shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee and ankle over time were computed from recorded three-dimensional joint trajectories in 40 infants with MDD [16 infants at risk of developmental delay, 11 infants at high risk of developmental delay, 13 infants with confirmed developmental delay (CDD group)] and 20 typically developing infants during hands-and-knees crawling. Kinematic synergies and corresponding activation coefficients were derived from those joint velocities using the non-negative matrix factorization algorithm. The variability accounted for yielded by those synergies and activation coefficients, and the synergy weightings in those synergies were used to measure the stability of joints and limbs. To quantify the activation levels of those synergies, the full width at half maximum and center of activity of activation coefficients were calculated. In addition, the intrasubject consistency was measured by the cosine similarity of those synergies and activation coefficients. RESULTS Interlimb coordination patterns during infant crawling were the combinations of four types of single-limb movements, which represent the dominance of each of the four limbs. MDD mainly reduced the stability of joints and limbs, and induced the abnormal activation levels of those synergies. Meanwhile, MDD generally reduced the intrasubject consistency, especially in CDD group. CONCLUSIONS These features have the potential for quantitatively evaluating abnormal interlimb coordination in assisting the clinical diagnosis and motor rehabilitation of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics Technology, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Chong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics Technology, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics Technology, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Center, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Nong Xiao
- Department of Rehabilitation Center, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics Technology, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Yuxia Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Center, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Wensheng Hou
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics Technology, Chongqing, 400044, China
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Danner SM, Shepard CT, Hainline C, Shevtsova NA, Rybak IA, Magnuson DSK. Spinal control of locomotion before and after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2023; 368:114496. [PMID: 37499972 PMCID: PMC10529867 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Thoracic spinal cord injury affects long propriospinal neurons that interconnect the cervical and lumbar enlargements. These neurons are crucial for coordinating forelimb and hindlimb locomotor movements in a speed-dependent manner. However, recovery from spinal cord injury is usually studied over a very limited range of speeds that may not fully expose circuitry dysfunction. To overcome this limitation, we investigated overground locomotion in rats trained to move over an extended distance with a wide range of speeds both pre-injury and after recovery from thoracic hemisection or contusion injuries. In this experimental context, intact rats expressed a speed-dependent continuum of alternating (walk and trot) and non-alternating (canter, gallop, half-bound gallop, and bound) gaits. After a lateral hemisection injury, rats recovered the ability to locomote over a wide range of speeds but lost the ability to use the highest-speed gaits (half-bound gallop and bound) and predominantly used the limb contralateral to the injury as lead during canter and gallop. A moderate contusion injury caused a greater reduction in maximal speed, loss of all non-alternating gaits, and emergence of novel alternating gaits. These changes resulted from weak fore-hind coupling together with appropriate control of left-right alternation. After hemisection, animals expressed a subset of intact gaits with appropriate interlimb coordination even on the side of the injury, where the long propriospinal connections were severed. These observations highlight how investigating locomotion over the full range of speeds can reveal otherwise hidden aspects of spinal locomotor control and post-injury recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Danner
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Courtney T Shepard
- Interdisciplinary Program in Translational Neuroscience, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Health Sciences Campus, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Casey Hainline
- Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Health Sciences Campus, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Natalia A Shevtsova
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ilya A Rybak
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David S K Magnuson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Health Sciences Campus, Louisville, KY, USA; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Health Sciences Campus, Louisville, KY, USA
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Audet J, Yassine S, Lecomte CG, Mari S, Soucy F, Morency C, Merlet AN, Harnie J, Beaulieu C, Gendron L, Rybak IA, Prilutsky BI, Frigon A. Spinal sensorimotor circuits play a prominent role in hindlimb locomotor recovery after staggered thoracic lateral hemisections but cannot restore posture and interlimb coordination during quadrupedal locomotion in adult cats. eNeuro 2023:ENEURO.0191-23.2023. [PMID: 37328297 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0191-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal sensorimotor circuits interact with supraspinal and peripheral inputs to generate quadrupedal locomotion. Ascending and descending spinal pathways ensure coordination between the fore- and hindlimbs. Spinal cord injury disrupts these pathways. To investigate control of interlimb coordination and hindlimb locomotor recovery, we performed two lateral thoracic hemisections on opposite sides of the cord (right T5-T6 and left T10-T11) at an interval of approximately two months in eight adult cats. In three cats, the spinal cord was transected at T12-T13. We collected electromyography and kinematic data during quadrupedal and hindlimb-only locomotion before and after spinal lesions. We show that 1) cats spontaneously recover quadrupedal locomotion following staggered hemisections but require balance assistance after the second one, 2) coordination between the fore- and hindlimbs displays 2:1 patterns (two cycles of one forelimb within one hindlimb cycle) and becomes weaker and more variable after both hemisections, 3) left-right asymmetries in hindlimb stance and swing durations appear after the first hemisection and reverse after the second, and 4) support periods reorganize after staggered hemisections to favor support involving both forelimbs and diagonal limbs. Cats expressed hindlimb locomotion the day following spinal transection, indicating that lumbar sensorimotor circuits play a prominent role in hindlimb locomotor recovery after staggered hemisections. These results reflect a series of changes in spinal sensorimotor circuits that allow cats to maintain and recover some level of quadrupedal locomotor functionality with diminished motor commands from the brain and cervical cord, although the control of posture and interlimb coordination remains impaired.Significance StatementCoordinating the limbs during locomotion depends on pathways in the spinal cord. We used a spinal cord injury model that disrupts communication between the brain and spinal cord by sectioning half of the spinal cord on one side and then about two months later, half the spinal cord on the other side at different levels of the thoracic cord in cats. We show that despite a strong contribution from neural circuits located below the second spinal cord injury in the recovery of hindlimb locomotion, the coordination between the forelimbs and hindlimbs weakens and postural control is impaired. We can use our model to test approaches to restore the control of interlimb coordination and posture during locomotion after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannie Audet
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Sirine Yassine
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Charly G Lecomte
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Stephen Mari
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Félix Soucy
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Caroline Morency
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Angèle N Merlet
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jonathan Harnie
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Claudie Beaulieu
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Louis Gendron
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Ilya A Rybak
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
| | - Boris I Prilutsky
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Alain Frigon
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Matuszewska A, Syczewska M. Analysis of the movements of the upper extremities during gait: Their role for the dynamic balance. Gait Posture 2023; 100:82-90. [PMID: 36502665 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The movement of the upper extremities is important for balance control in human walking. However, it is still unknown which mode of arm swing ensures the most stable gait due to the lack of appropriate measures which can quantify the movement of the upper extremities. In this study, we formulate a new parameter to numerically describe the arm swing. We investigated the effect of walking speed, sports activities and the subject's BMI on the movement of the upper limbs. METHODS Data of healthy 50 subjects from an external database was used. We used a human gait database for this analysis. All experimental trials were performed in Centre National de Rééducation Fonctionnelle et de Réadaptation - Rehazenter in Laboratoire d'Analyse du Mouvement et de la Posture in Luxembourg. Participants were asked to walk on a straight level walkway at 5 different speeds: 0-0.4 m/s, 0.4-0.8 m/s, 0.8-1.2 m/s, self-selected spontaneous and fast speeds. The human motion was recorded by using a 10-camera optoelectronic system. FINDINGS The amplitude of arm swing was greater in gait with self-selected fast speed then in slow walking. Higher walking speeds entailed also the more structured and repetitive movement of the upper extremities. For self-selected fast speed, the mean value of Pearson's correlation coefficient between arm swing amplitude of the left and right side was 0.935 ± 0.102, 0.943 ± 0.073 and 0.973 ± 0.020 for the young, middle aged and elderly group respectively, while in slow walking it was in the range 0.393-0.633 (for the representatives of the three groups). Our results could suggest other factors which influence arm swing, such as obesity and doing asymmetric sports. INTERPRETATIONS Our results suggest that choosing the lowest possible walking speed is not the best strategy as the most symmetric arm swing occurs during gait with self-selected speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Matuszewska
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Syczewska
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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Kellaher GK, Baudendistel ST, Roemmich RT, Terza MJ, Hass CJ. Persons with Parkinson's disease show impaired interlimb coordination during backward walking. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 94:25-29. [PMID: 34871827 PMCID: PMC9284669 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although there is growing literature supporting the implementation of backward walking as a potential rehabilitation tool, moving backwards may precipitate falls for persons with Parkinson's disease. We sought to better understand interlimb coordination during backward walking in comparison to forward walking in persons with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls. METHODS We assessed coordination using point estimate of relative phase at each participant's preferred walking speed. RESULTS Persons with Parkinson's disease demonstrated impaired interlimb coordination between the more affected arm and each leg compared to controls, which worsened during backward walking. CONCLUSION For those with Parkinson's disease, inability to output smooth coordinated movement of the more affected shoulder may impair coordination during forward and, especially, backward walking. Our findings provide new information about backward walking that can allow clinicians to make safer, more effective therapeutic recommendations for persons with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace K. Kellaher
- Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, STAR Campus, 540 S College Ave, Newark, Delaware, 19713,Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, 1864 Stadium Road, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| | - Sidney T. Baudendistel
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, 1864 Stadium Road, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| | - Ryan T. Roemmich
- Center for Movement Studies, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287
| | - Matthew J. Terza
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, 1864 Stadium Road, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| | - Chris J. Hass
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, 1864 Stadium Road, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
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Scarpina F, Bruno V, Rabuffetti M, Priano L, Tagini S, Gindri P, Mauro A, Garbarini F. Drawing lines and circles in Parkinson's Disease: The lateralized symptoms interfere with the movements of the unaffected hand. Neuropsychologia 2020; 151:107718. [PMID: 33309678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence about altered bimanual coordination has been reported in Parkinson's Disease. However, no previous study has explored such an alteration quantifying the interference effect that the trajectory of each hand might impose on the other one. Thus, in the present research, we applied the traditional Circles-Lines Coupling Task, which allowed assessing the motor coordination of the two hands, in the context of Parkinson's Disease. METHODS Thirty-six individuals affected by Parkinson's Disease were consecutively recruited and assigned to two groups according to their symptoms' lateralization. Moreover, eighteen age-matched healthy controls participated in the study. We capitalized on the Circles-Lines Coupling Task, in which the performance during incongruent movements (drawing lines with one hand and circles with the other hand) was compared with the performance during congruent movements (drawing lines with both hands). A bimanual coupling index was computed to compare the interference effect of each hand on the other one. RESULTS In healthy controls, the bimanual coupling index did not differ between the two hands. Crucially, in both groups of individuals affected by Parkinson's Disease, the less affected hand showed a significantly higher bimanual coupling index, due to the abnormal interference exerted by the most affected one, than vice versa. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlighted an altered spatial bimanual coupling in Parkinson's disease, depending on the symptoms' lateralization. We offered different explanations of our results according to the theoretical frameworks about the mechanisms subserving bimanual coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scarpina
- "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Italy; Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, U.O. di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Piancavallo, VCO, Italy.
| | - Valentina Bruno
- MANIBUS Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Priano
- "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Italy; Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, U.O. di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Piancavallo, VCO, Italy
| | - Sofia Tagini
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, U.O. di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Piancavallo, VCO, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Mauro
- "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, Italy; Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, U.O. di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Piancavallo, VCO, Italy
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Klarner T, Pearcey GEP, Sun Y, Barss TS, Zehr EP. Changing coupling between the arms and legs with slow walking speeds alters regulation of somatosensory feedback. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:1335-1349. [PMID: 32333034 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arm swing movement is coordinated with movement of the legs during walking, where the frequency of coordination depends on walking speed. At typical speeds, arm and leg movements, respectively, are frequency locked in a 1:1 ratio but at slow speeds this changes to a 2:1 ratio. It is unknown if the changes in interlimb ratio that accompany slow walking speeds alters regulation of somatosensory feedback. To probe the neural interactions between the arms and legs, somatosensory linkages in the form of interlimb cutaneous reflexes were examined. It was hypothesized that different interlimb frequencies and walking speeds would result in changes in the modulation of cutaneous reflexes between the arms and legs. To test this hypothesis, participants walked in four combinations of walking speed (typical, slow) and interlimb coordination (1:1, and 2:1), while cutaneous reflexes and background muscle activity were evaluated with stimulation applied to the superficial peroneal nerve at the ankle and superficial radial nerve at the wrist. Results show main effects of interlimb coordination and walking speed on cutaneous reflex modulation, effects are largest in the swing phase, and a directional coupling was observed, where changes in the frequency of arm movements had a greater effect on muscle activity in the legs compared to the reverse. Task-dependent modulation was also revealed from stimulation at local and remote sources. Understanding the underlying neural mechanisms for the organization of rhythmic arm movement, and its coordination with the legs in healthy participants, can give insight into pathological walking, and will facilitate the development of effective strategies for the rehabilitation of walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Klarner
- School of Kinesiology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada.,Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P1, Canada.,Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gregory E P Pearcey
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P1, Canada.,Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Yao Sun
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P1, Canada.,Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Trevor S Barss
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P1, Canada.,Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - E Paul Zehr
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P1, Canada. .,Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. .,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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11
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Zheng Y, Kanosue K, Muraoka T. Stability of bimanual finger tapping coordination is constrained by salient phases. Neurosci Res 2021; 163:1-9. [PMID: 32088328 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In bimanual cyclical continuous movements, the relative timing of the most salient movement phase in each movement is a predominant constraint. This is the case for coordination when both movements have a single most salient phase (the relative-salience hypothesis). We tested whether the relative-salience hypothesis could explain results obtained for repetitive discrete movements, utilizing finger tapping. In experiment 1, participants performed unimanual alternate two-finger tapping with the metronome beat (i.e., one finger taps on the beat and the other finger taps off the beat). The stability of the tapping timing relative to the beat, which reflects the extent of salience, was higher in the index finger than the middle finger, and was lower in the ring finger than the middle finger. In experiment 2, participants performed four conditions of repetitive bimanual four-finger tapping (i.e., alternate two-finger tapping in each hand) without external pacing signals. Under all four conditions, a more stable pattern occurred when the timing of the more salient tapping in each hand was simultaneous rather than alternate, regardless of relative direction in the external space or movement coupling of the homologous fingers. The results indicated that bimanual four-finger tapping could be explained by the relative-salience hypothesis.
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12
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Thibaudier Y, Tan AQ, Peters DM, Trumbower RD. Differential deficits in spatial and temporal interlimb coordination during walking in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury. Gait Posture 2020; 75:121-128. [PMID: 31675554 PMCID: PMC6883355 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Returning to community walking remains a major challenge for persons with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) due, in part, to impaired interlimb coordination. Here, we examined spatial and temporal features of interlimb coordination during walking and their associations to gait deficits in persons with chronic iSCI. RESEARCH QUESTION Do deficits in spatial and temporal interlimb coordination correspond differentially to clinical indicators of walking performance in persons with iSCI? METHODS Sixteen persons with chronic iSCI and eleven able-bodied individuals participated in this study. Participants walked at self-selected gait speeds along an instrumented walkway that recorded left and right step lengths and times. We quantified interlimb coordination in terms of normalized differences between left and right step lengths (spatial asymmetry index) and step times (temporal asymmetry index), as well as, gap and phase coordination indices. We then assessed the extent to which these indices independently associated with clinical measures of walking performance. RESULTS Participants with iSCI demonstrated greater spatial and temporal asymmetry, as well as, reduced gap and phase interlimb coordination as compared to age-matched controls (p < 0.001). We found no linear relationships between spatial and temporal asymmetry indices (p > 0.05) or between gap and phase coordination indices (p > 0.05). Spatial and temporal asymmetry indices weakly correlated with SCI-FAI composite scores (r2 = 0.26; p = 0.04). However, only spatial asymmetry indices strongly correlated with slower walking speed (r2 = 0.51; p < 0.002). We also found participants who used a hand-held assistive device (walker) demonstrated great spatial asymmetry as compared to those who did not (p < 0.03). SIGNIFICANCE Differential impairments in spatial and temporal interlimb coordination correspond to overground walking deficits in persons with chronic iSCI. Spatial asymmetry associated with decreased walking speed and increased reliance on hand-held assistive devices. Gait training methods that target well-defined space and time domains of interlimb coordination may enhance overground gait training in persons with iSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denise M. Peters
- Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, University of Vermont
| | - Randy D. Trumbower
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital
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13
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Alayrangues J, Torrecillos F, Jahani A, Malfait N. Error-related modulations of the sensorimotor post-movement and foreperiod beta-band activities arise from distinct neural substrates and do not reflect efferent signal processing. Neuroimage 2018; 184:10-24. [PMID: 30201465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While beta activity has been extensively studied in relation to voluntary movement, its role in sensorimotor adaptation remains largely uncertain. Recently, it has been shown that the post-movement beta rebound as well as beta activity during movement-preparation are modulated by movement errors. However, there are critical functional differences between pre- and post-movement beta activities. Here, we addressed two related open questions. Do the pre- and post-movement error-related modulations arise from distinct neural substrates? Do these modulations relate to efferent signals shaping muscle-activation patterns or do they reflect integration of sensory information, intervening upstream of the motor output? For this purpose, first we exploited independent component analysis (ICA) which revealed a double dissociation suggesting that distinct neural substrates are recruited in error-related beta-power modulations observed before and after movement. Second, we compared error-related beta oscillation responses observed in two bimanual reaching tasks involving similar movements but different interlimb coordination, and in which the same mechanical perturbations induced different behavioral adaptive responses. While the task difference was not reflected in the post-movement beta rebound, the pre-movement beta activity was differently modulated according to the interlimb coordination. Critically, we show an uncoupling between the behavioral and the electrophysiological responses during the movement preparation phase, which demonstrates that the error-related modulation of the foreperiod beta activity does not reflect changes in the motor output from primary motor cortex. It seems instead to relate to higher level processing of sensory afferents, essential for sensorimotor adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Alayrangues
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix-Marseille Université/CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Flavie Torrecillos
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amirhossein Jahani
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix-Marseille Université/CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Nicole Malfait
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix-Marseille Université/CNRS, Marseille, France.
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14
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Gervasio S, Finocchietti S, Stevenson AJT, Mrachacz-Kersting N. Delayed muscle onset soreness in the gastrocnemius muscle attenuates the spinal contribution to interlimb communication. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2393-2402. [PMID: 30132112 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) has been shown to induce changes in muscle activity during walking. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether DOMS also affects interlimb communication during walking by investigating its effect on short-latency crossed responses (SLCRs). METHODS SLCRs were elicited in two recording sessions by electrically stimulating the tibial nerve of the ipsilateral leg, and quantified in the contralateral gastrocnemius muscle. The second recording session occurred 24-36 h after the participants (n = 11) performed eccentric exercises with the ipsilateral calf. RESULTS DOMS caused a decreased magnitude of the spinally mediated component of the SLCR in the contralateral gastrocnemius medialis. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study provide insight on the relationship between pain and motor control. Muscle pain affects the spinal pathway mediating interlimb communication, which might result in a reduced ability to maintain dynamical stability during walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabata Gervasio
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 D-3, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Sara Finocchietti
- U-VIP: Unit for Visually Impaired People, Center for Human Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Andrew J T Stevenson
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 D-3, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7 D-3, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
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15
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Shirota C, Jansa J, Diaz J, Balasubramanian S, Mazzoleni S, Borghese NA, Melendez-Calderon A. On the assessment of coordination between upper extremities: towards a common language between rehabilitation engineers, clinicians and neuroscientists. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2016; 13:80. [PMID: 27608923 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-016-0186-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-developed coordination of the upper extremities is critical for function in everyday life. Interlimb coordination is an intuitive, yet subjective concept that refers to spatio-temporal relationships between kinematic, kinetic and physiological variables of two or more limbs executing a motor task with a common goal. While both the clinical and neuroscience communities agree on the relevance of assessing and quantifying interlimb coordination, rehabilitation engineers struggle to translate the knowledge and needs of clinicians and neuroscientists into technological devices for the impaired. The use of ambiguous definitions in the scientific literature, and lack of common agreement on what should be measured, present large barriers to advancements in this area. Here, we present the different definitions and approaches to assess and quantify interlimb coordination in the clinic, in motor control studies, and by state-of-the-art robotic devices. We then propose a taxonomy of interlimb activities and give recommendations for future neuroscience-based robotic- and sensor-based assessments of upper limb function that are applicable to the everyday clinical practice. We believe this is the first step towards our long-term goal of unifying different fields and help the generation of more consistent and effective tools for neurorehabilitation.
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16
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Suzuki S, Nakajima T, Futatsubashi G, Mezzarane RA, Ohtsuka H, Ohki Y, Zehr EP, Komiyama T. Soleus Hoffmann reflex amplitudes are specifically modulated by cutaneous inputs from the arms and opposite leg during walking but not standing. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:2293-304. [PMID: 27030502 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of cutaneous nerves innervating heteronymous limbs (the arms or contralateral leg) modifies the excitability of soleus Hoffmann (H-) reflexes. The differences in the sensitivities of the H-reflex pathway to cutaneous afferents from different limbs and their modulation during the performance of motor tasks (i.e., standing and walking) are not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated changes in soleus H-reflex amplitudes induced by electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves. Selected targets for conditioning stimulation included the superficial peroneal nerve, which innervates the foot dorsum in the contralateral ankle (cSP), and the superficial radial nerve, which innervates the dorsum of the hand in the ipsilateral (iSR) or contralateral wrist (cSR). Stimulation and subsequent reflex assessment took place during the standing and early-stance phase of treadmill walking in ten healthy subjects. Cutaneous stimulation produced long-latency inhibition (conditioning-test interval of ~100 ms) of the H-reflex during the early-stance phase of walking, and the inhibition was stronger following cSP stimulation compared with iSR or cSR stimulation. In contrast, although similar conditioning stimulation significantly facilitated the H-reflex during standing, this effect remained constant irrespective of the different conditioning sites. These findings suggest that cutaneous inputs from the arms and contralateral leg had reversible effects on the H-reflex amplitudes, including inhibitions with different sensitivities during the early-stance phase of walking and facilitation during standing. Furthermore, the differential sensitivities of the H-reflex modulations were expressed only during walking when the locations of the afferent inputs were functionally relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Suzuki
- Division of Health and Sports Education, The United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Genki Futatsubashi
- Division of Health and Sports Education, The United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Business and Information Sciences, Jobu University, Isesaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Rinaldo A Mezzarane
- Laboratory of Signal Processing and Motor Control, College of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, EPUSP, PTC, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Education, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohtsuka
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yukari Ohki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - E Paul Zehr
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tomoyoshi Komiyama
- Division of Health and Sports Education, The United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Education, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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17
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Swann HE, Kempe RB, Van Orden AM, Brumley MR. Serotonergic activation of locomotor behavior and posture in one-day old rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 302:104-14. [PMID: 26795091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine what dose of quipazine, a serotonergic agonist, facilitates air-stepping and induces postural control and patterns of locomotion in newborn rats. Subjects in both experiments were 1-day-old rat pups. In Experiment 1, pups were restrained and tested for air-stepping in a 35-min test session. Immediately following a 5-min baseline, pups were treated with quipazine (1.0, 3.0, or 10.0 mg/kg) or saline (vehicle control), administered intraperitoneally in a 50 μL injection. Bilateral alternating stepping occurred most frequently following treatment with 10.0 mg/kg quipazine, however the percentage of alternating steps, interlimb phase, and step period were very similar between the 3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg doses. For interlimb phase, the forelimbs and hindlimbs maintained a near perfect anti-phase pattern of coordination, with step period averaging about 1s. In Experiment 2, pups were treated with 3.0 or 10.0 mg/kg quipazine or saline, and then were placed on a surface (open field, unrestrained). Both doses of quipazine resulted in developmentally advanced postural control and locomotor patterns, including head elevation, postural stances, pivoting, crawling, and a few instances of quadrupedal walking. The 3.0 mg/kg dose of quipazine was the most effective at evoking sustained locomotion. Between the 2 experiments, behavior exhibited by the rat pup varied based on testing environment, emphasizing the role that environment and sensory cues exert over motor behavior. Overall, quipazine administered at a dose of 3.0 mg/kg was highly effective at promoting alternating limb coordination and inducing locomotor activity in both testing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary E Swann
- Idaho State University, Department of Psychology, Pocatello, ID, United States
| | - R Blaine Kempe
- Idaho State University, Department of Psychology, Pocatello, ID, United States
| | - Ashley M Van Orden
- Idaho State University, Department of Psychology, Pocatello, ID, United States
| | - Michele R Brumley
- Idaho State University, Department of Psychology, Pocatello, ID, United States.
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18
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Suzuki S, Nakajima T, Futatsubashi G, Mezzarane RA, Ohtsuka H, Ohki Y, Komiyama T. Phase-dependent reversal of the crossed conditioning effect on the soleus Hoffmann reflex from cutaneous afferents during walking in humans. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:617-26. [PMID: 26573576 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that non-noxious electrical stimulation of the cutaneous nerve innervating the contralateral foot modified the excitability of the Hoffmann (H-) reflex in the soleus muscle (SOL) in a task-dependent manner during standing and walking in humans. To date, however, it remains unclear how the crossed conditioning effect on the SOL H-reflex from the contralateral foot is modified during the various phases of walking. We sought to answer this question in the present study. The SOL H-reflex was evoked in healthy volunteers by an electrical test stimulation (TS) of the right (ipsilateral) posterior tibial nerve at five different phases during treadmill walking (4 km/h). A non-noxious electrical stimulation was delivered to the superficial peroneal nerve of the left (contralateral) ankle ~100 ms before the TS as a conditioning stimulation (CS). This CS significantly suppressed the H-reflex amplitude during the early stance phase, whereas the same CS significantly facilitated the H-reflex amplitude during the late stance phase. The CS alone did not produce detectable changes in the full-wave rectified electromyogram of the SOL. This result indicates that presynaptic mechanisms driven by the activation of low-threshold cutaneous afferents in the contralateral foot play a role in regulating the transmission between the Ia terminal and motoneurons in a phase-dependent manner. The modulation pattern of the crossed conditioning effect on the SOL H-reflex may be functionally relevant for the left-right coordination of leg movements during bipedal walking.
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19
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Seiterle S, Susko T, Artemiadis PK, Riener R, Igo Krebs H. Interlimb coordination in body-weight supported locomotion: A pilot study. J Biomech 2015; 48:2837-43. [PMID: 25990210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Locomotion involves complex neural networks responsible for automatic and volitional actions. During locomotion, motor strategies can rapidly compensate for any obstruction or perturbation that could interfere with forward progression. In this pilot study, we examined the contribution of interlimb pathways for evoking muscle activation patterns in the contralateral limb when a unilateral perturbation was applied and in the case where body weight was externally supported. In particular, the latency of neuromuscular responses was measured, while the stimulus to afferent feedback was limited. The pilot experiment was conducted with six healthy young subjects. It employed the MIT-Skywalker (beta-prototype), a novel device intended for gait therapy. Subjects were asked to walk on the split-belt treadmill, while a fast unilateral perturbation was applied mid-stance by unexpectedly lowering one side of the split-treadmill walking surfaces. Subject's weight was externally supported via the body-weight support system consisting of an underneath bicycle seat and the torso was stabilized via a loosely fitted chest harness. Both the weight support and the chest harness limited the afferent feedback. The unilateral perturbations evoked changes in the electromyographic activity of the non-perturbed contralateral leg. The latency of all muscle responses exceeded 100ms, which precludes the conjecture that spinal cord alone is responsible for the perturbation response. It suggests the role of supraspinal or midbrain level pathways at the inter-leg coordination during gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Seiterle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, 3-137 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tyler Susko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, 3-137 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Robert Riener
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hermano Igo Krebs
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, 3-137 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department Neurology and Division Rehabilitative Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Fujita Health University, Japan; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle, UK.
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20
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Mori N, Horino H, Matsugi A, Kamata N, Hiraoka K. Tonic suppression of the soleus H-reflex during rhythmic movement of the contralateral ankle. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:1287-90. [PMID: 26157202 PMCID: PMC4483380 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] We investigated the effect of rhythmic ankle movement on the contralateral
soleus H-reflex. The H-reflex was evoked from the right soleus muscle. [Subjects and
Methods] Healthy humans rhythmically moved the left ankle (movement condition) or held the
left ankle stationary (stationary condition) at one of three positions corresponding to
the ankle positions at which the H-reflex was evoked in the movement condition. The
background electromyographic amplitude in the right soleus muscle was maintained at 10% of
the maximum voluntary contraction level, and that in the right tibialis anterior muscle
was matched between the stationary and movement conditions. [Results] The soleus H-reflex
was suppressed throughout all phases of contralateral rhythmic ankle movement.
[Conclusion] Rhythmic movement of the contralateral joint suppresses the H-reflex in the
muscle that is the prime mover of the joint homologous to the rhythmically moving joint.
This inhibitory mechanism may be activated during unilateral rhythmic movement to isolate
the motor control of the moving ankle from that of the contralateral stationary ankle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Mori
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Horino
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Matsugi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kamata
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
| | - Koichi Hiraoka
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
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21
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Bellinger SA, Lucas D, Kleven GA. An ecologically relevant guinea pig model of fetal behavior. Behav Brain Res 2015; 283:175-83. [PMID: 25655512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory guinea pig, Cavia porcellus, shares with humans many similarities during pregnancy and prenatal development, including precocial offspring and social dependence. These similarities suggest the guinea pig as a promising model of fetal behavioral development as well. Using innovative methods of behavioral acclimation, fetal offspring of female IAF hairless guinea pigs time mated to NIH multicolored Hartley males were observed longitudinally without restraint using noninvasive ultrasound at weekly intervals across the 10 week gestation. To ensure that the ultrasound procedure did not cause significant stress, salivary cortisol was collected both before and after each observation. Measures of fetal spontaneous movement and behavioral state were quantified from video recordings from week 3 through the last week before birth. Results from prenatal quantification of Interlimb Movement Synchrony and state organization reveal guinea pig fetal development to be strikingly similar to that previously reported for other rodents and preterm human infants. Salivary cortisol readings taken before and after sonography did not differ at any observation time point. These results suggest this model holds translational promise for studying the prenatal mechanisms of neurobehavioral development, including those that may result from adverse events. Because the guinea pig is a highly social mammal with a wide range of socially oriented vocalizations, this model may also have utility for studying the prenatal origins and trajectories of developmental disabilities with social-emotional components, such as autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Bellinger
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States; Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - D Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States; Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - G A Kleven
- Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States.
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de Campos AC, Cerra LCV, Silva FPDS, Rocha NACF. Bimanual coordination in typical and atypical infants: movement initiation, object touching and grasping. Res Dev Disabil 2014; 35:2416-2422. [PMID: 24973549 PMCID: PMC4111982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of bimanual actions reflects perceptual, motor and cognitive processes, as well as the functional connectivity between brain hemispheres. We investigated the development of uni- and bimanual actions in typically-developing (TD) infants and infants with Down syndrome (DS) while they reached for objects with varying sizes. Eight TD infants and seven infants with DS (ages 4-8 months) were tested at several stages of reaching experience. Movement strategies at movement initiation, object touching and grasping were recorded. With reaching experience, typical infants increased ability to anticipate reaching strategies, and independent use of the hands according to task demands. Strategies used by infants with DS were mostly compensatory rather than anticipatory, and showed a weaker tendency for interlimb coupling at early ages. These differences may underlie functional limitations, and should be subject to early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina de Campos
- Department of Physical Therapy, Neuropediatrics Sector, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Carvalho Vanzo Cerra
- Department of Physical Therapy, Neuropediatrics Sector, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Pereira Dos Santos Silva
- Department of Physical Therapy, Neuropediatrics Sector, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nelci Adriana Cicuto Ferreira Rocha
- Department of Physical Therapy, Neuropediatrics Sector, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Vinueza Veloz MF, Zhou K, Bosman LWJ, Potters JW, Negrello M, Seepers RM, Strydis C, Koekkoek SKE, De Zeeuw CI. Cerebellar control of gait and interlimb coordination. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:3513-36. [PMID: 25139623 PMCID: PMC4575700 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic and intrinsic processing in Purkinje cells, interneurons and granule cells of the cerebellar cortex have been shown to underlie various relatively simple, single-joint, reflex types of motor learning, including eyeblink conditioning and adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. However, to what extent these processes contribute to more complex, multi-joint motor behaviors, such as locomotion performance and adaptation during obstacle crossing, is not well understood. Here, we investigated these functions using the Erasmus Ladder in cell-specific mouse mutant lines that suffer from impaired Purkinje cell output (Pcd), Purkinje cell potentiation (L7-Pp2b), molecular layer interneuron output (L7-Δγ2), and granule cell output (α6-Cacna1a). We found that locomotion performance was severely impaired with small steps and long step times in Pcd and L7-Pp2b mice, whereas it was mildly altered in L7-Δγ2 and not significantly affected in α6-Cacna1a mice. Locomotion adaptation triggered by pairing obstacle appearances with preceding tones at fixed time intervals was impaired in all four mouse lines, in that they all showed inaccurate and inconsistent adaptive walking patterns. Furthermore, all mutants exhibited altered front–hind and left–right interlimb coordination during both performance and adaptation, and inconsistent walking stepping patterns while crossing obstacles. Instead, motivation and avoidance behavior were not compromised in any of the mutants during the Erasmus Ladder task. Our findings indicate that cell type-specific abnormalities in cerebellar microcircuitry can translate into pronounced impairments in locomotion performance and adaptation as well as interlimb coordination, highlighting the general role of the cerebellar cortex in spatiotemporal control of complex multi-joint movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuikui Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens W J Bosman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem Potters
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Negrello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M Seepers
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christos Strydis
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Cole WG, Gill SV, Vereijken B, Adolph KE. Coping with asymmetry: how infants and adults walk with one elongated leg. Infant Behav Dev 2014; 37:305-14. [PMID: 24857934 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The stability of a system affects how it will handle a perturbation: The system may compensate for the perturbation or not. This study examined how 14-month-old infants-notoriously unstable walkers-and adults cope with a perturbation to walking. We attached a platform to one of participants' shoes, forcing them to walk with one elongated leg. At first, the platform shoe caused both age groups to slow down and limp, and caused infants to misstep and fall. But after a few trials, infants altered their gait to compensate for the platform shoe whereas adults did not; infants recovered symmetrical gait whereas adults continued to limp. Apparently, adult walking was stable enough to cope with the perturbation, but infants risked falling if they did not compensate. Compensation depends on the interplay of multiple factors: The availability of a compensatory response, the cost of compensation, and the stability of the system being perturbed.
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de Castro Ferracioli M, Hiraga CY, Pellegrini AM. Emergence and stability of interlimb coordination patterns in children with developmental coordination disorder. Res Dev Disabil 2014; 35:348-356. [PMID: 24333805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the emergence and stability of coordination patterns in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) when performing a rhythmic interlimb coordination task on rigid (floor) and elastic (mini-trampoline) surfaces. Twelve typically developing (TD) children and 12 children with DCD were required to clap while jumping under different conditions: in a chosen pattern - Free; when the feet touched the surface - Clapping-surface; when the body reached the maximum jumping height - Clapping-jump; and when the feet touched the surface and the body reached the maximum jumping height - Clapping-both. The results showed that the coordination pattern of children with DCD was more variable in the Free, Clapping-surface, and Clapping-jumping conditions and more variable on the mini-trampoline than on the floor under the Free condition when compared with the TD children. Clapping-jumping was more difficult to perform than Clapping-surface for both groups. These findings suggest that the children with DCD were less capable of rhythmically coordinating the jumping-clapping task because they used a type of exploratory strategy regarding the physical properties of the surfaces, whereas the TD children used a type of adaptive strategy displaying behavior that was more consistent across the tasks/environmental demands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia Yukiko Hiraga
- Department of Physical Education, Bioscience Institute, Sao Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Pellegrini
- Department of Physical Education, Bioscience Institute, Sao Paulo State University, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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26
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Abstract
Humans walk bipedally, and thus, it is unclear why they swing their arms. In this paper, we will review the mechanisms and functions of arm swinging in human gait. First, we discuss the potential advantages of having swinging arms. Second, we go into the detail on the debate whether arm swing is arising actively or passively, where we will conclude that while a large part of arm swinging is mechanically passive, there is an active contribution of muscles (i.e. an activity that is not merely caused by stretch reflexes). Third, we describe the possible function of the active muscular contribution to arm swinging in normal gait, and discuss the possibility that a Central Pattern Generator (CPG) generates this activity. Fourth, we discuss examples from pathological cases, in which arm swinging is affected. Moreover, using the ideas presented, we suggest ways in which arm swing may be used as a therapeutic aid. We conclude that (1) arm swing should be seen as an integral part of human bipedal gait, arising mostly from passive movements, which are stabilized by active muscle control, which mostly originates from locomotor circuits in the central nervous system (2) arm swinging during normal bipedal gait most likely serves to reduce energy expenditure and (3) arm swinging may be of therapeutic value.
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