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Walsh E, Moreira C, Longo MR. Opposite size illusions for inverted faces and letters. Cognition 2024; 245:105733. [PMID: 38281395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Words are the primary means by which we communicate meaning and ideas, while faces provide important social cues. Studying visual illusions involving faces and words can elucidate the hierarchical processing of information as different regions of the brain are specialised for face recognition and word processing. A size illusion has previously been demonstrated for faces, whereby an inverted face is perceived as larger than the same stimulus upright. Here, two experiments replicate the face size illusion, and investigate whether the illusion is also present for individual letters (Experiment 1), and visual words and pseudowords (Experiment 2). Results confirm a robust size Illusion for faces. Letters, words and pseudowords and unfamiliar letters all show a reverse size illusion, as we previously demonstrated for human bodies. Overall, results indicate the illusion occurs in early perceptual stages upstream of semantic processing. Results are consistent with the idea of a general-purpose mechanism that encodes curvilinear shapes found in both scripts and our environment. Word and face perception rely on specialised, independent cognitive processes. The underestimation of the size of upright stimuli is specific to faces. Opposite size illusions may reflect differences in how size information is encoded and represented in stimulus-specialised neural networks, resulting in contrasting perceptual effects. Though words and faces differ visually, there is both symmetry and asymmetry in how the brain 'reads' them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Walsh
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Cultural and Social Neuroscience Research Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
| | - Carolina Moreira
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, UK
| | - Matthew R Longo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, UK
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2
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Diel A, Sato W, Hsu CT, Minato T. Asynchrony enhances uncanniness in human, android, and virtual dynamic facial expressions. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:368. [PMID: 38082445 PMCID: PMC10714471 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06648-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uncanniness plays a vital role in interactions with humans and artificial agents. Previous studies have shown that uncanniness is caused by a higher sensitivity to deviation or atypicality in specialized categories, such as faces or facial expressions, marked by configural processing. We hypothesized that asynchrony, understood as a temporal deviation in facial expression, could cause uncanniness in the facial expression. We also hypothesized that the effect of asynchrony could be disrupted through inversion. RESULTS Sixty-four participants rated the uncanniness of synchronous or asynchronous dynamic face emotion expressions of human, android, or computer-generated (CG) actors, presented either upright or inverted. Asynchrony vs. synchrony expressions increased uncanniness for all upright expressions except for CG angry expressions. Inverted compared with upright presentations produced less evident asynchrony effects for human angry and android happy expressions. These results suggest that asynchrony can cause dynamic expressions to appear uncanny, which is related to configural processing but different across agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Diel
- Cardiff University School of Psychology, Cardiff, UK.
- RIKEN Institute, Kyoto, Japan.
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LVR University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
- Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg- Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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3
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Kobayashi Y, Morikawa K. Vertical anisotropy in lightness perception not caused by lighting assumption. Vision Res 2023; 206:108193. [PMID: 36871428 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2023.108193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Our recent study found an illusory effect whereby an image of an upward-facing gray panel appears darker than its 180-degree rotated image. We attributed this inversion effect to the observer's implicit assumption that light from above is more intense than light from below. This paper aims to explore the possibility that low-level visual anisotropy also contributes to the effect. In Experiment 1, we investigated whether the effect could be observed even when the position, the contrast polarity, and the existence of the edge were manipulated. In Experiments 2 and 3, the effect was further examined using stimuli that contained no depth cues. Experiment 4 confirmed the effect using stimuli of even simpler configuration. The results of all the experiments demonstrated that brighter edges on the upper side of the target make it appear lighter, indicating that low-level anisotropy contributes to the inversion effect, even without depth orientation information. However, darker edges on the upper side of the target produced ambiguous results. We speculate that the perceived lightness of the target might be affected by two kinds of vertical anisotropy, one of which is dependent on contrast polarity while the other is independent of it. Moreover, the results also replicated the previous finding that the lighting assumption contributes to perceived lightness. Overall, the present study demonstrates that both low-level vertical anisotropy and mid-level lighting assumption influence lightness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Ritsumeikan University, Japan; Osaka University, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan.
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4
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Bilalić M, Grottenthaler T, Nägele T, Lindig T. Spotting lesions in thorax X-rays at a glance: holistic processing in radiology. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:99. [PMID: 36417030 PMCID: PMC9684389 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiologists often need only a glance to grasp the essence of complex medical images. Here, we use paradigms and manipulations from perceptual learning and expertise fields to elicit mechanisms and limits of holistic processing in radiological expertise. In the first experiment, radiologists were significantly better at categorizing thorax X-rays when they were presented for 200 ms in an upright orientation than when they were presented upside-down. Medical students, in contrast, were guessing in both situations. When the presentation time was increased to 500 ms, allowing for a couple more glances, the radiologists improved their performance on the upright stimuli, but remained at the same level on the inverted presentation. The second experiment circumvented the holistic processing by immediately cueing a tissue within the X-rays, which may or may not contain a nodule. Radiologists were again better than medical students at recognizing whether the cued tissue was a nodule, but this time neither the inverted presentation nor additional time affected their performance. Our study demonstrates that holistic processing is most likely a continuous recurring process which is just as susceptible to the inversion effect as in other expertise domains. More importantly, our study also indicates that holistic-like processing readily occurs in complex stimuli (e.g., whole thorax X-rays) but is more difficult to find in uniform single parts of such stimuli (e.g., nodules).
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Affiliation(s)
- Merim Bilalić
- grid.42629.3b0000000121965555Department of Psychology, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK ,grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Department of Neuroradiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Grottenthaler
- grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Department of Neuroradiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Nägele
- grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Department of Neuroradiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Lindig
- grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Department of Neuroradiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Stajduhar A, Ganel T, Avidan G, Rosenbaum RS, Freud E. Face masks disrupt holistic processing and face perception in school-age children. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:9. [PMID: 35128574 PMCID: PMC8818366 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Face perception is considered a remarkable visual ability in humans that is subject to a prolonged developmental trajectory. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, mask-wearing has become mandatory for adults and children alike. Recent research shows that mask-wearing hinders face recognition abilities in adults, but it is unknown if the same holds true in school-age children in whom face perception is not fully developed. Here we tested children (n = 72, ages 6-14 years old) on the Cambridge Face Memory Test - Kids (CFMT-K), a validated measure of face perception performance. Faces were presented with or without masks and across two orientations (upright/inverted). The inclusion of face masks led to a profound deficit in face perception abilities. This decrement was more pronounced in children compared to adults, but only when task difficulty was adjusted across the two age groups. Additionally, children exhibited reliable correlations between age and the CFMT-K score for upright faces for both the mask and no-mask conditions. Finally, as previously observed in adults, children also showed qualitative differences in the processing of masked versus non-masked faces. Specifically, holistic processing, a hallmark of face perception, was disrupted for masked faces as suggested by a reduced face-inversion effect. Together, these findings provide evidence for substantial quantitative and qualitative alterations in the processing of masked faces in school-age children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Stajduhar
- Department of Psychology and the Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tzvi Ganel
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Galia Avidan
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - R Shayna Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychology and the Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada
| | - Erez Freud
- Department of Psychology and the Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada.
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Kobayashi M, Kanazawa S, Yamaguchi MK, O'Toole AJ. Cortical processing of dynamic bodies in the superior occipito-temporal regions of the infants' brain: Difference from dynamic faces and inversion effect. Neuroimage 2021; 244:118598. [PMID: 34587515 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous functional neuroimaging studies imply a crucial role of the superior temporal regions (e.g., superior temporal sulcus: STS) for processing of dynamic faces and bodies. However, little is known about the cortical processing of moving faces and bodies in infancy. The current study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to directly compare cortical hemodynamic responses to dynamic faces (videos of approaching people with blurred bodies) and dynamic bodies (videos of approaching people with blurred faces) in infants' brain. We also examined the body-inversion effect in 5- to 8-month-old infants using hemodynamic responses as a measure. We found significant brain activity for the dynamic faces and bodies in the superior area of bilateral temporal cortices in both 5- to 6-month-old and 7- to 8-month-old infants. The hemodynamic responses to dynamic faces occurred across a broader area of cortex in 7- to 8-month-olds than in 5- to 6-month-olds, but we did not find a developmental change for dynamic bodies. There was no significant activation when the stimuli were presented upside down, indicating that these activation patterns did not result from the low-level visual properties of dynamic faces and bodies. Additionally, we found that the superior temporal regions showed a body inversion effect in infants aged over 5 months: the upright dynamic body stimuli induced stronger activation compared to the inverted stimuli. The most important contribution of the present study is that we identified cortical areas responsive to dynamic bodies and faces in two groups of infants (5-6-months and 7-8-months of age) and we found different developmental trends for the processing of bodies and faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kobayashi
- Department of Functioning and Disability, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Japan.
| | - So Kanazawa
- Department of Psychology, Japan Women's University, Japan
| | | | - Alice J O'Toole
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, USA
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Piepers DW, Stevens CJ, Burke D, Robbins RA. Amplified inversion effects for moving biological stimuli remain largest for faces and bodies. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 74:2046-2056. [PMID: 33966517 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211019673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Turning an object upside-down disrupts our ability to perceive it accurately, and this inversion effect is disproportionately larger for faces and whole bodies than most other objects. This disproportionate inversion effect is taken as an indicator of holistic processing for these stimuli. Large inversion effects are also found when viewing motion-only information from faces and bodies; however, these have not been compared to other moving objects in an identity task so it is unclear whether inversion effects remain disproportionately larger for faces and bodies when they are engaged in motion. The current study investigated the effect of inversion on static and moving unfamiliar faces, human bodies, and German Shepherd dogs in an old-new recognition memory task. Sensitivity and baseline corrected reaction time (RT) results revealed that inversion effects for faces and whole-bodies remained disproportionately larger than those for German Shepherd dogs, regardless of presentation type, suggesting that both static and moving faces and bodies are processed holistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Piepers
- The School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine J Stevens
- The School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Darren Burke
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel A Robbins
- The School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Feng M, Sun D, Zhang Y. Recognizing Chinese Characters in Peripheral Vision: Different Levels of Processing of Character. J Psycholinguist Res 2021; 50:275-291. [PMID: 33044740 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-020-09738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It hasn't been clear how holistic and analytic processing contribute to character recognition yet. The current study focused on two issues: (1) whether configural processing is sufficient to support the performance of identifying characters in absence of analytic processing; (2) whether configural processing involves multiple levels of character recognition. We examined the inversion effect in different levels of character processing from foveal to peripheral vision. Participants were asked to identify the stimulus from nine alternatives after a stimulus (character, radical, and stroke) is presented either in upright or inverted orientation. The results showed that the identification of characters and radicals had robust peripheral inversion effects at the locations of 6.2° and 12.2°, but the identification accuracies of inverted stimulus (parts only) remained above chance. These findings suggested that the configural processing of characters could not be isolated from analytical processing in the periphery in the current study. Furthermore, the greater inversion effect shown for characters than radicals at 6.2° might indicate that holistic processing of characters involves two levels of configurations: character structure and radical processing. The peripheral inversion effect for stroke was also observed and the role of stroke-based analytic in character recognition was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni Feng
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Zhang
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Peng Y, Lee H, Shu T, Lu H. Exploring biological motion perception in two-stream convolutional neural networks. Vision Res 2020; 178:28-40. [PMID: 33091763 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Visual recognition of biological motion recruits form and motion processes supported by both dorsal and ventral pathways. This neural architecture inspired the two-stream convolutional neural network (CNN) model, which includes a spatial CNN to process appearance information in a sequence of image frames, a temporal CNN to process optical flow information, and a fusion network to integrate the features extracted by the two CNNs and make final decisions about action recognition. In five simulations, we compared the CNN model's performance with classical findings in biological motion perception. The CNNs trained with raw RGB action videos showed weak performance in recognizing point-light actions. Additional transfer training with actions shown in other display formats (e.g., skeletal) was necessary for CNNs to recognize point-light actions. The CNN models exhibited largely viewpoint-dependent recognition of actions, with a limited ability to generalize to viewpoints close to the training views. The CNNs predicted the inversion effect in the presence of global body configuration, but failed to predict the inversion effect driven solely by local motion signals. The CNNs provided a qualitative account of some behavioral results observed in human biological motion perception for fine discrimination tasks with noisy inputs, such as point-light actions with disrupted local motion signals, and walking actions with temporally misaligned motion cues. However, these successes are limited by the CNNs' lack of adaptive integration for form and motion processes, and failure to incorporate specialized mechanisms (e.g., a life detector) as well as top-down influences on biological motion perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Peng
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
| | - Hannah Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
| | - Tianmin Shu
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States.
| | - Hongjing Lu
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
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10
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Abstract
In studies of visual object recognition, strong inversion effects accompany the acquisition of expertise and imply the involvement of configural processing. Chinese literacy results in sensitivity to the orthography of Chinese characters. While there is some evidence that this orthographic sensitivity results in an inversion effect, and thus involves configural processing, that processing might depend on exact orthographic properties. Chinese character recognition is believed to involve a hierarchical process, involving at least two lower levels of representation: strokes and radicals. Radicals are grouped into characters according to certain types of structure, i.e. left-right structure, top-bottom structure, or simple characters with only one radical by itself. These types of radical structures vary in both familiarity, and in hierarchical level (compound versus simple characters). In this study, we investigate whether the hierarchical-level or familiarity of radical-structure has an impact on the magnitude of the inversion effect. Participants were asked to do a matching task on pairs of either upright or inverted characters with all the types of structure. Inversion effects were measured based on both reaction time and response sensitivity. While an inversion effect was observed in all 3 conditions, the magnitude of the inversion effect varied with radical structure, being significantly larger for the most familiar type of structure: characters consisting of 2 radicals organized from left to right. These findings indicate that character recognition involves extraction of configural structure as well as radical processing which play different roles in the processing of compound characters and simple characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canhuang Luo
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Rd, Cangqian, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ye Zhang
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Rd, Cangqian, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Jiang C, Yue GH, Chen T, Ding J. Disappearance of the inversion effect during memory-guided tracking of scrambled biological motion. Psychon Bull Rev 2016; 23:1170-80. [PMID: 26926834 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-015-0994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The human visual system is highly sensitive to biological motion. Even when a point-light walker is temporarily occluded from view by other objects, our eyes are still able to maintain tracking continuity. To investigate how the visual system establishes a correspondence between the biological-motion stimuli visible before and after the disruption, we used the occlusion paradigm with biological-motion stimuli that were intact or scrambled. The results showed that during visually guided tracking, both the observers' predicted times and predictive smooth pursuit were more accurate for upright biological motion (intact and scrambled) than for inverted biological motion. During memory-guided tracking, however, the processing advantage for upright as compared with inverted biological motion was not found in the scrambled condition, but in the intact condition only. This suggests that spatial location information alone is not sufficient to build and maintain the representational continuity of the biological motion across the occlusion, and that the object identity may act as an important information source in visual tracking. The inversion effect disappeared when the scrambled biological motion was occluded, which indicates that when biological motion is temporarily occluded and there is a complete absence of visual feedback signals, an oculomotor prediction is executed to maintain the tracking continuity, which is established not only by updating the target's spatial location, but also by the retrieval of identity information stored in long-term memory.
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Abstract
A hallmark of adults' expertise for faces is that they are better at recognizing, discriminating, and processing upright faces compared to inverted faces. We investigate the developmental origins of "the face inversion effect" by reviewing research on infants' perception of upright and inverted faces during the first year of life. We review the effects of inversion on infants' face preference, recognition, processing (holistic and second-order configural), and scanning as well as face-related neural responses. Particular attention is paid to the developmental patterns that emerge within and across these areas of face perception. We conclude that the developmental origins of the inversion effect begin in the first few months of life and grow stronger over the first year, culminating in effects that are commonly thought to indicate adult-like expertise. We posit that by the end of the first year, infants' face-processing system has become specialized to upright faces and a foundation for adults' upright-face expertise has been established. Developmental mechanisms that may facilitate the emergence of this upright-face specialization are discussed, including the roles that physical and social development may play in upright faces' becoming more meaningful to infants during the first year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara H Cashon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Holt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Bregier-Jarzebowska R. Stability and Solution Structure of Binary and Ternary Cu(II) Complexes with l-Glutamic Acid and Diamines as Well as Adducts in Metal-Free Systems in Aqueous Solution. J SOLUTION CHEM 2014; 43:2144-2162. [PMID: 25484474 PMCID: PMC4255084 DOI: 10.1007/s10953-014-0269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Binary and ternary complexes of copper(II) with l-glutamic acid (Glu) and diamines 1,3-diaminopropane and 1,4-diaminobutane, putrescine (tn, Put), as well as adducts formed in the metal-free systems, have been investigated in aqueous solutions. The types of complexes formed and their overall stability constants were established on the basis of computer analysis of potentiometric results. The reaction centers and the modes of interaction were identified on the basis of spectroscopic studies (NMR, Vis and EPR). In the ligands studied the interaction centers are the oxygen atoms from carboxyl groups, nitrogen atom from the amine group of glutamic acid and the nitrogen atoms from amine groups of the diamines. The centers of noncovalent interaction in the adducts that formed in the metal-free systems are also potential sites of metal ion coordination, which is important in biological systems. In the Glu–diamine systems, molecular complexes of the (Glu)Hx(diamine) type are formed. In the (Glu)H2(tn) adduct, in contrast to the corresponding complex with Put, an inversion effect was observed in which the first deprotonated amine group of tn became a negative reaction center and interacted with the protonated amine groups from Glu. Depending on the pH, the amine groups from the diamine can be either a positive or a negative center of interaction. In the Cu(Glu)2 species the first molecule of Glu takes part in metallation through all functional groups, whereas the second molecule makes a “glycine-like” coordination with the Cu(II) ions that is only through two functional groups. According to the results, introduction of Cu(II) ions into metal-free systems (Glu–diamine) changes the character of interactions between the bioligands in the complexes that form in Cu(II)–Glu–diamine systems and no ML…L′ type complexes are formed. However, in the ternary systems only the heteroligand complexes Cu(Glu)(diamine) and Cu(Glu)(diamine)(OH) are observed.
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Croydon A, Pimperton H, Ewing L, Duchaine BC, Pellicano E. The Cambridge Face Memory Test for Children (CFMT-C): a new tool for measuring face recognition skills in childhood. Neuropsychologia 2014; 62:60-7. [PMID: 25054837 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Face recognition ability follows a lengthy developmental course, not reaching maturity until well into adulthood. Valid and reliable assessments of face recognition memory ability are necessary to examine patterns of ability and disability in face processing, yet there is a dearth of such assessments for children. We modified a well-known test of face memory in adults, the Cambridge Face Memory Test (Duchaine & Nakayama, 2006, Neuropsychologia, 44, 576-585), to make it developmentally appropriate for children. To establish its utility, we administered either the upright or inverted versions of the computerised Cambridge Face Memory Test - Children (CFMT-C) to 401 children aged between 5 and 12 years. Our results show that the CFMT-C is sufficiently sensitive to demonstrate age-related gains in the recognition of unfamiliar upright and inverted faces, does not suffer from ceiling or floor effects, generates robust inversion effects, and is capable of detecting difficulties in face memory in children diagnosed with autism. Together, these findings indicate that the CFMT-C constitutes a new valid assessment tool for children's face recognition skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Croydon
- Centre for Research in Autism and Education (CRAE), Institute of Education, University of London, London, UK
| | - Hannah Pimperton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Ewing
- Department of Psychological Science, Birkbeck, London, UK; School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Brad C Duchaine
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pellicano
- Centre for Research in Autism and Education (CRAE), Institute of Education, University of London, London, UK; School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Tsuruhara A, Inui K, Kakigi R. Steady-state visual-evoked response to upright and inverted geometrical faces: a magnetoencephalography study. Neurosci Lett 2014; 562:19-23. [PMID: 24412129 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The face is one of the most important visual stimuli in human life, and inverted faces are known to elicit different brain responses than upright faces. This study analyzed steady-state visual-evoked magnetic fields (SSVEFs) in eleven healthy participants when they viewed upright and inverted geometrical faces presented at 6Hz. Steady-state visual-evoked responses are useful measurements and have the advantages of robustness and a high signal-to-noise ratio. Spectrum analysis revealed clear responses to both upright and inverted faces at the fundamental stimulation frequency (6 Hz) and harmonics, i.e. SSVEFs. No significant difference was observed in the SSVEF amplitude at 6 Hz between upright and inverted faces, which was different from the transient visual-evoked response, N170. On the other hand, SSVEFs were delayed with the inverted face in the right temporal area, which was similar to N170 and the results of previous steady-state visual-evoked potentials studies. These results suggest that different mechanisms underlie the larger amplitude and delayed latency observed with face inversion, though further studies are needed to fully elucidate these mechanisms. Our study revealed that SSVEFs, which have practical advantages for measurements, could provide novel findings in human face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Tsuruhara
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Koji Inui
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan.
| | - Ryusuke Kakigi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan.
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Caharel S, Leleu A, Bernard C, Viggiano MP, Lalonde R, Rebaï M. Early holistic face-like processing of Arcimboldo paintings in the right occipito-temporal cortex: evidence from the N170 ERP component. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:157-64. [PMID: 23816562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The properties of the face-sensitive N170 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP) were explored through an orientation discrimination task using natural faces, objects, and Arcimboldo paintings presented upright or inverted. Because Arcimboldo paintings are composed of non-face objects but have a global face configuration, they provide great control to disentangle high-level face-like or object-like visual processes at the level of the N170, and may help to examine the implication of each hemisphere in the global/holistic processing of face formats. For upright position, N170 amplitudes in the right occipito-temporal region did not differ between natural faces and Arcimboldo paintings but were larger for both of these categories than for objects, supporting the view that as early as the N170 time-window, the right hemisphere is involved in holistic perceptual processing of face-like configurations irrespective of their features. Conversely, in the left hemisphere, N170 amplitudes differed between Arcimboldo portraits and natural faces, suggesting that this hemisphere processes local facial features. For upside-down orientation in both hemispheres, N170 amplitudes did not differ between Arcimboldo paintings and objects, but were reduced for both categories compared to natural faces, indicating that the disruption of holistic processing with inversion leads to an object-like processing of Arcimboldo paintings due to the lack of local facial features. Overall, these results provide evidence that global/holistic perceptual processing of faces and face-like formats involves the right hemisphere as early as the N170 time-window, and that the local processing of face features is rather implemented in the left hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Caharel
- Laboratoire de Psychologie de l'interaction et des relations intersubjectives (InterPsy-EA4432), Université de Lorraine, France
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