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Ergenc I, Capar E, Erturk SB, Bahramzade G, Atalah F, Kocakaya D, Karakurt S, Haklar G, Odabasi Z. Diagnostic performance of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes levels for the severity of COVID-19. J Med Biochem 2023; 42:16-26. [PMID: 36819140 PMCID: PMC9920992 DOI: 10.5937/jomb0-37234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels predict coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. We investigated LDH isoenzyme levels to identify the tissue responsible for serum LDH elevation in patients with COVID-19. Methods Hospitalised COVID-19 patients with serum LDH levels exceeding the upper reference limit included. LDH isoenzymes were detected quantitatively on agarose gels. The radiological severity of lung involvement on computed tomography was scored as 0-5 for each lobe (total possible score, 0-25). Disease severity was determined using the World Health Organization (WHO) clinical progression scale. Results In total, 111 patients (mean age, 59.96 ± 16.14), including 43 females (38.7%), were enrolled. The serum levels of total LDH and all five LDH isoenzymes were significantly higher in the severe group. The levels of all LDH isoenzymes excluding LDH5 positively correlated with the WHO score. LDH3 levels correlated with chest computed tomography findings (r2 = 0.267, p = 0.005). On multivariate analysis, LDH3 was an independent risk factor for the deterioration of COVID-19. Conclusions LDH3 appears to be an independent risk factor for deterioration in patients with COVID-19. LDH elevation in patients with COVID-19 predominantly resulted from lung, liver and muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Ergenc
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emre Capar
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sengel Buket Erturk
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunel Bahramzade
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Atalah
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Kocakaya
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sait Karakurt
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goncagul Haklar
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zekaver Odabasi
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Serrano-Lorenzo P, Rabasa M, Esteban J, Hidalgo Mayoral I, Domínguez-González C, Blanco-Echevarría A, Garrido-Moraga R, Lucia A, Blázquez A, Rubio JC, Palma-Milla C, Arenas J, Martín MA. Clinical, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization of Two Families with Novel Mutations in the LDHA Gene (GSD XI). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101835. [PMID: 36292720 PMCID: PMC9601687 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the reversible conversion of L-lactate to pyruvate. LDH-A deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder (glycogenosis type XI, OMIM#612933) caused by mutations in the LDHA gene. We present two young adult female patients presenting with intolerance to anaerobic exercise, episodes of rhabdomyolysis, and, in one of the patients, psoriasis-like dermatitis. We identified in the LDHA gene a homozygous c.410C>A substitution that predicts a p.Ser137Ter nonsense mutation in Patient One and a compound heterozygous c.410C>A (p.Ser137Ter) and c.750G>A (p.Trp250Ter) nonsense mutation in Patient Two. The pathogenicity of the variants was demonstrated by electrophoretic separation of LDH isoenzymes. Moreover, a flat lactate curve on the forearm exercise test, along with the clinical combination of myopathy and psoriatic-like dermatitis, can also lead to the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Serrano-Lorenzo
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Rabasa
- Neurology Department, Hospital de Fuenlabrada, 28942 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Esteban
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Hidalgo Mayoral
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Domínguez-González
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Garrido-Moraga
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Blázquez
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Rubio
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Palma-Milla
- Department of Genetics, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Arenas
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Martín
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Maeda M, Ko M, Mane MM, Cohen IJ, Shindo M, Vemuri K, Serganova I, Blasberg R. Genetic and Drug Inhibition of LDH-A: Effects on Murine Gliomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2306. [PMID: 35565435 PMCID: PMC9105502 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of the LDH-A depletion via shRNA knockdown on three murine glioma cell lines and corresponding intracranial (i.c.) tumors were studied and compared to pharmacologic (GNE-R-140) inhibition of the LDH enzyme complex, and to shRNA scrambled control (NC) cell lines. The effects of genetic-shRNA LDH-A knockdown and LDH drug-targeted inhibition (GNE-R-140) on tumor-cell metabolism, tumor growth, and animal survival were similar. LDH-A KD and GNE-R-140 unexpectedly increased the aggressiveness of GL261 intracranial gliomas, but not CT2A and ALTS1C1 i.c. gliomas. Furthermore, the bioenergetic profiles (ECAR and OCR) of GL261 NC and LDH-A KD cells under different nutrient limitations showed that (a) exogenous pyruvate is not a major carbon source for metabolism through the TCA cycle of native GL261 cells; and (b) the unique upregulation of LDH-B that occurs in GL261 LDH-A KD cells results in these cells being better able to: (i) metabolize lactate as a primary carbon source through the TCA cycle, (ii) be a net consumer of lactate, and (iii) showed a significant increase in the proliferation rate following the addition of 10 mM lactate to the glucose-free media (only seen in GL261 KD cells). Our study suggests that inhibition of LDH-A/glycolysis may not be a general strategy to inhibit the i.c. growth of all gliomas, since the level of LDH-A expression and its interplay with LDH-B can lead to complex metabolic interactions between tumor cells and their environment. Metabolic-inhibition treatment strategies need to be carefully assessed, since the inhibition of glycolysis (e.g., inhibition of LDH-A) may lead to the unexpected development and activation of alternative metabolic pathways (e.g., upregulation of lipid metabolism and fatty-acid oxidation pathways), resulting in enhanced tumor-cell survival in a nutrient-limited environment and leading to increased tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatomo Maeda
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.M.); (M.K.); (M.M.M.); (M.S.); (K.V.); (I.S.)
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nozaki Tokushukai Hospital, Osaka 5740074, Japan
| | - Myat Ko
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.M.); (M.K.); (M.M.M.); (M.S.); (K.V.); (I.S.)
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mayuresh M. Mane
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.M.); (M.K.); (M.M.M.); (M.S.); (K.V.); (I.S.)
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ivan J. Cohen
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Masahiro Shindo
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.M.); (M.K.); (M.M.M.); (M.S.); (K.V.); (I.S.)
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nozaki Tokushukai Hospital, Osaka 5740074, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yukioka Hospital, Osaka 5740074, Japan
| | - Kiranmayi Vemuri
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.M.); (M.K.); (M.M.M.); (M.S.); (K.V.); (I.S.)
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Inna Serganova
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.M.); (M.K.); (M.M.M.); (M.S.); (K.V.); (I.S.)
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ronald Blasberg
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.M.); (M.K.); (M.M.M.); (M.S.); (K.V.); (I.S.)
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Sobiech P, Żarczyńska K. The influence of selenium deficiency on chosen biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in muscles of goat kids. Pol J Vet Sci 2021; 23:267-279. [PMID: 32627985 DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2020.133642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The research was conducted on 40 young alpine goats (kids) divided into two groups. First group consisted of 20 kids demonstrating clinical signs of muscular dystrophy. Second group was a control and consisted of 20 animals that received intramuscular injection (2ml per animal) of vitamin E and selenium preparation containing in 1ml 50 mg of tocopherol acetate, 0.5mg of sodium selenite and solvent on 2nd day of life. The kids were clinically examined and blood for laboratory analyses was sampled three times from day 5 of their life in 10 day intervals. In addition, six 24 days old kids demonstrating clinical signs of muscular dystrophy and six control kids were subjected to biceps femoris biopsy. Serum total protein, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol as well as AST, CK and LDH were determined in all the animals. In addition, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was determined in whole blood and serum concentrations of selenium and vitamin E were deter-mined in 6 kids from each group. Total lactate dehydrogenase activity and its separation into isoenzymatic fractions were determined in the collected biopsy material. The muscle samples collected were additionally subjected to histopathological examination consisting of HE staining and HBFP staining to detect necrotic muscle fibers. Symptoms of muscular dystrophy began to appear in the first group between 17 and 23 days of age and included tremors of the limbs, poor posture, stilt gait and increased time of laying. The control animals did not show any symptoms of the disease during the experiment. Hypo-proteinemia, hypoglycemia, cholesterol reduction and elevated triglycerides level associated with lipolysis of adipose tissue have been found in the sick kids. A significant decrease in selenium, vitamin E and activity of glutathione peroxidase levels was observed in the kids with symptoms of muscular dystrophy. The activity of AST, CK and LDH was significantly higher in the animals with symptoms of the disease as well. Five isoenzymes were obtained in the electrophoretic separation of lactate dehydrogenase into isoenzymatic fractions in the muscle tissue. LDH4and LDH5 isoenzymes were dominating, and a significant increase in LDH5 fraction of the sick animals was also observed. Histopathological examination of muscle samples from sick animals revealed changes characteristic for the presence of Zenker necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sobiech
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - K Żarczyńska
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
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Serrano-Lorenzo P, Coya ON, López-Jimenez A, Blázquez A, Delmiro A, Lucia A, Arenas J, Martín MA; COVID-19 ’12 Octubre’ Hospital Clinical Biochemistry Study Group. Plasma LDH: A specific biomarker for lung affectation in COVID-19? Pract Lab Med 2021; 25:e00226. [PMID: 33898686 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2021.e00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to determine whether the plasma profile of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes is altered in patients with COVID-19, and whether this is attributable to a specific release of LDH-3, the main LDH isoenzyme expressed in lungs. Design We collected fresh plasma aliquots from 17 patients (LDH range, 281–822 U/L) and seven controls (LDH < 230 U/L). In-gel relative activity of the different LDH isoenzymes was determined by electrophoresis and densitometric analysis. Results Despite the expected higher total LDH activity levels in patients (p < 0.001), the in-gel relative activities of LDH isoenzymes did not differ between patients and controls (all p > 0.05). We found no correlation between total plasma LDH activity and the in-gel relative activities of the different LDH isoenzymes, including LDH-3. Likewise, there was no correlation between LDH-3 and various routine haematological and serum parameters that have been previously reported to be altered in COVID-19 (such as lymphocyte count, albumin, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, C-reactive protein, or ferritin). Conclusions Our findings suggest that elevation of plasma LDH activity in patients with COVID-19 is not associated to a specific release of LDH-3 into the bloodstream, and do not support the use of LDH as a specific biomarker for lung affectation in patients with COVID-19. Plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme profile is not altered in COVID-19. The main lung LDH isoenzyme, LDH3, is not increased in COVID-19. There is no association between plasma LDH-3 and COVID-19 biomarkers.
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Skopas V, Papadopoulos D, Trakas N, Papaefstathiou E, Koufopoulos C, Makris D, Daniil Z, Gourgoulianis K. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An exploratory cross-sectional study. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 283:103562. [PMID: 33038523 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate differences in serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes between patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) and other lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Based on self-reported COPD diagnosis, 71 participants were divided into AECOPD (n = 38, 29 males, mean age 70.5 years) and LRTI (n = 33, 12 males, mean age 70.4 years) groups. Information on demographics, comorbidities, and COPD severity markers, as well as arterial blood gases and laboratory data were collected, while serum LDH electrophoresis was performed to examine the LDH isoenzymes. Adjusting for sex, age, comorbidities, degree of hypoxemia, inflammation markers, muscle and myocardial enzymes, and total serum LDH, the mean differences (95 % confidence intervals) in the ratios of serum LDH isoenzymes to total serum LDH between groups (LDHxAECOPD - LDHxLRTI) were statistically significant for LDH1 [4.9 (1.4 to 8.3)], LDH2 [3.0 (0.1 to 5.8)], LDH3 [-4.3 (-6.3 to -2.3)], and LDH4 [-3.2 (-4.9 to -1.5)]. A sum of LDH3 and LDH4 ratios below 29 % had the highest discriminative ability to classify a subject in the AECOPD group (AUC 0.841, sensitivity 76 %, specificity 87 %). Aerobic metabolic adaptive mechanisms in respiratory muscles during AECOPD could explain the above differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasios Skopas
- 2nd Pulmonary Department, "Sismanogleion" General Hospital of Attica, Marousi, Greece; Respiratory Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.
| | | | - Nikolaos Trakas
- Clinical Chemistry Department, "Sismanogleion" General Hospital of Attica, Marousi, Greece
| | - Eleni Papaefstathiou
- Clinical Chemistry Department, "Sismanogleion" General Hospital of Attica, Marousi, Greece
| | | | - Demosthenes Makris
- Critical Care Department, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Zoe Daniil
- Respiratory Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Gourgoulianis
- Respiratory Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
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Akila P, Asaikumar L, Vennila L. Chlorogenic acid ameliorates isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats by stabilizing mitochondrial and lysosomal enzymes. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:582-91. [PMID: 27908708 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was deliberated to aspire the effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) against myocardial infarction (MI) induced by Isoproterenol (ISO), in a rat model. In the pathology of MI, enzymes released due to the mitochondrial and lysosomal lipid peroxidation play an integral role. Induction of rats with ISO (85mg/kg BW) for 2 consecutive days resulted in a significant decrease in the activities of heart mitochondrial enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH). The activities of lysosomal enzymes (β- glucosidase, β-glucuronidase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, cathepsin-B and cathepsin-D) were increased significantly in the heart tissue. A prominent expression of LDH 1 and LDH 2 isoenzymes in the serum were observed and changes in the Electrocardiographic (ECG) patterns were also recorded in the ISO-induced rats. The prior administrations of CGA (40mg/kg BW) for 19days markedly ameliorated ISO induced alterations in ECG and significantly restored the activities of all the above enzymes in the heart of ISO-induced rats, which substantiates the stress stabilizing action of CGA. Oral administration of CGA (40mg/kg BW) to normal rats did not show any significant changes. These biochemical functional alterations were supported by the histology of heart (Massion's trichrome and Picrosirius red staining for collagen formation). Thereupon, this study shows that 40mg/kg BW of CGA gives protection against ISO-induced MI and demonstrates that CGA has a significant effect in the protection of heart.
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Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) among many biochemical parameters represents a very valuable enzyme in patients with cancer with possibility for easy routine measurement in many clinical laboratories. Previous studies where mostly based on investigated LDH in serum of patients with cancer with aims to estimate their clinical significance. The new directions in investigation of LDH where based on the principle that tumor cells release intracellular enzymes trough damaged cell membrane, that is mostly consequence in intracellular mitochondrial machinery alteration, and apoptosis deregulation. This consideration can be used not only in-vitro assays, but also in respect to clinical characteristics of tumor patients. Based on new techniques of molecular biology it is shown that intracellular characteristics of LDH enzyme are very sensitive indicators of the cellular metabolic state, aerobic or anaerobic direction of glycolysis, activation status and malignant transformation. Using different molecular analyses it is very useful to analyzed intracellular LDH activity in different cell line and tumor tissues obtained from patients, not only to understanding complexity in cancer biochemistry but also in early clinical diagnosis. Based on understandings of the LDH altered metabolism, new therapy option is created with aims to blocking certain metabolic pathways and stop tumors growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Jurisic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | | | - Gordana Konjevic
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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