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Wang S, Bi J, Li C, Li B. Latrophilin, an adhesion GPCR with galactose-binding lectin domain involved in the innate immune response of Tribolium castaneum. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126707. [PMID: 37673160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Latrophilin is a member of adhesion GPCRs involved in various physiological pro1cesses. The extracellular fragment of Tribolium castaneum Latrophilin (TcLph) contains a galactose-binding lectin (GBL) domain. However, the biological function of GBL domain remains mysterious. Here, we initially studied the role of TcLph in recognizing pathogens through its GBL domain and then triggering immune defense in invertebrates. Results showed that GBL domain was highly conserved, and its predicted 3D structure was similar to rhamnose-binding lectin domain of mouse Latrophilin-1 with a unique α/β fold and two long loops. Molecular docking and ELISA results revealed the GBL domain can bind to D-galactose, L-rhamnose, lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. The recombinant extracellular segment of TcLph and the recombinant GBL exhibited strong agglutinating and binding activities to all tested bacteria in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Moreover, TcLph was markedly induced after infection by Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus, while its silencing exacerbated bacterial loads and larvae mortality. TcLph-deficient larvae significantly decreased the transcription levels of antimicrobial peptides and prophenoloxidase activating system-related genes, leading to a significant reduction in phenoloxidase activity. It indicated that TcLph functioned as a pattern recognition receptor in pathogen recognition and activated immune responses to eliminate invasive microbes, suggesting a potential target for insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suisui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products of the Ministry of Agriculture (Jinan), Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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2
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Thane M, Paisios E, Stöter T, Krüger AR, Gläß S, Dahse AK, Scholz N, Gerber B, Lehmann DJ, Schleyer M. High-resolution analysis of individual Drosophila melanogaster larvae uncovers individual variability in locomotion and its neurogenetic modulation. Open Biol 2023; 13:220308. [PMID: 37072034 PMCID: PMC10113034 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronally orchestrated muscular movement and locomotion are defining faculties of multicellular animals. Due to its simple brain and genetic accessibility, the larva of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster allows one to study these processes at tractable levels of complexity. However, although the faculty of locomotion clearly pertains to the individual, most studies of locomotion in larvae use measurements aggregated across animals, or animals tested one by one, an extravagance for larger-scale analyses. This prevents grasping the inter- and intra-individual variability in locomotion and its neurogenetic determinants. Here, we present the IMBA (individual maggot behaviour analyser) for analysing the behaviour of individual larvae within groups, reliably resolving individual identity across collisions. We use the IMBA to systematically describe the inter- and intra-individual variability in locomotion of wild-type animals, and how the variability is reduced by associative learning. We then report a novel locomotion phenotype of an adhesion GPCR mutant. We further investigated the modulation of locomotion across repeated activations of dopamine neurons in individual animals, and the transient backward locomotion induced by brief optogenetic activation of the brain-descending 'mooncrawler' neurons. In summary, the IMBA is an easy-to-use toolbox allowing an unprecedentedly rich view of the behaviour and its variability of individual larvae, with utility in multiple biomedical research contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thane
- Department Genetics of Learning and Memory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Simulation and Graphics, Otto von Guerike University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Paisios
- Department Genetics of Learning and Memory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Stöter
- Combinatorial NeuroImaging Core Facility, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Rosa Krüger
- Department Genetics of Learning and Memory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gläß
- Department Genetics of Learning and Memory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Kristin Dahse
- Division of General Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Division of General Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bertram Gerber
- Department Genetics of Learning and Memory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk J. Lehmann
- Department of Simulation and Graphics, Otto von Guerike University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department for Information Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, Ostfalia University of Applied Science, Brunswick-Wolfenbuettel, Germany
| | - Michael Schleyer
- Department Genetics of Learning and Memory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
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Osaka J, Yasuda H, Watanuki Y, Kato Y, Nitta Y, Sugie A, Sato M, Suzuki T. Identification of genes regulating stimulus-dependent synaptic assembly in Drosophila using an automated synapse quantification system. Genes Genet Syst 2023; 97:297-309. [PMID: 36878557 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.22-00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is an important physiological phenomenon underlying environmental adaptation, memory and learning. However, its molecular basis, especially in presynaptic neurons, is not well understood. Previous studies have shown that the number of presynaptic active zones in the Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptor R8 is reversibly changed in an activity-dependent manner. During reversible synaptic changes, both synaptic disassembly and assembly processes were observed. Although we have established a paradigm for screening molecules involved in synaptic stability and several genes have been identified, genes involved in stimulus-dependent synaptic assembly are still elusive. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify genes regulating stimulus-dependent synaptic assembly in Drosophila using an automated synapse quantification system. To this end, we performed RNAi screening against 300 memory-defective, synapse-related or transmembrane molecules in photoreceptor R8 neurons. Candidate genes were narrowed down to 27 genes in the first screen using presynaptic protein aggregation as a sign of synaptic disassembly. In the second screen, we directly quantified the decreasing synapse number using a GFP-tagged presynaptic protein marker. We utilized custom-made image analysis software, which automatically locates synapses and counts their number along individual R8 axons, and identified cirl as a candidate gene responsible for synaptic assembly. Finally, we present a new model of stimulus-dependent synaptic assembly through the interaction of cirl and its possible ligand, ten-a. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using the automated synapse quantification system to explore activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in Drosophila R8 photoreceptors in order to identify molecules involved in stimulus-dependent synaptic assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Osaka
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Haruka Yasuda
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Yusuke Watanuki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Yuya Kato
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Yohei Nitta
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University
| | | | - Makoto Sato
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University.,Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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4
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Matúš D, Post WB, Horn S, Schöneberg T, Prömel S. Latrophilin-1 drives neuron morphogenesis and shapes chemo- and mechanosensation-dependent behavior in C. elegans via a trans function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 589:152-158. [PMID: 34922196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Latrophilins are highly conserved Adhesion GPCRs playing essential roles in the mammalian nervous system and are associated with severe neurological disorders. Recently, it has been shown that murine Latrophilins mediate classical G-protein signals to drive synaptogenesis. However, there is evidence that Latrophilins in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can also function independently of their seven-transmembrane domain and C terminus (trans function). Here, we show that Latrophilin-1 acts in trans to mediate morphogenesis of sensory structures in the C. elegans nervous system. This trans function is physiologically relevant in copulation behavior. Detailed expression and RNA-Seq analyses revealed specific LAT-1-positive neurons and first insights into the genetic network that is modulated by the receptor function. We conclude that 7TM-independent functions of Latrophilins are essential for neuronal physiology, possibly complementing canonical functions via G protein-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Matúš
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Willem Berend Post
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Horn
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Prömel
- Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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5
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Araújo CAC, Pacheco JPF, Waniek PJ, Geraldo RB, Sibajev A, Dos Santos AL, Evangelho VGO, Dyson PJ, Azambuja P, Ratcliffe NA, Castro HC, Mello CB. A rhamnose-binding lectin from Rhodnius prolixus and the impact of its silencing on gut bacterial microbiota and Trypanosoma cruzi. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 114:103823. [PMID: 32800901 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are ubiquitous proteins involved in the immune defenses of different organisms and mainly responsible for non-self-recognition and agglutination reactions. This work describes molecular and biological characterization of a rhamnose-binding lectin (RBL) from Rhodnius prolixus, which possesses a 21 amino acid signal peptide and a mature protein of 34.6 kDa. The in-silico analysis of the primary and secondary structures of RpLec revealed a lectin domain fully conserved among previous insects studied. The three-dimensional homology model of RpLec was similar to other RBL-lectins. Docking predictions with the monosaccharides showed rhamnose and galactose-binding sites comparable to Latrophilin-1 and N-Acetylgalactosamine-binding in a different site. The effects of RpLec gene silencing on levels of infecting Trypanosoma cruzi Dm 28c and intestinal bacterial populations in the R. prolixus midgut were studied by injecting RpLec dsRNA into the R. prolixus hemocoel. Whereas T. cruzi numbers remained unchanged compared with the controls, numbers of bacteria increased significantly. The silencing also induced the up regulation of the R. prolixus defC (defensin) expression gene. These results with RpLec reveal the potential importance of this little studied molecule in the insect vector immune response and homeostasis of the gut bacterial microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A C Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Gragoatá, Bloco M, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 24201-201, Brazil
| | - J P F Pacheco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Gragoatá, Bloco M, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 24201-201, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Gragoatá, Bloco M, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 24201-201, Brazil
| | - P J Waniek
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Gragoatá, Bloco M, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 24201-201, Brazil
| | - R B Geraldo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Gragoatá, Bloco M, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 24201-201, Brazil
| | - A Sibajev
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Av. Cap. Enê Garcez 2413, Boa Vista, RR, CEP 69400-000, Brazil
| | - A L Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Gragoatá, Bloco M, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 24201-201, Brazil
| | - V G O Evangelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Gragoatá, Bloco M, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 24201-201, Brazil
| | - P J Dyson
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - P Azambuja
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Gragoatá, Bloco M, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 24201-201, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação, Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21045-900, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - N A Ratcliffe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Gragoatá, Bloco M, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 24201-201, Brazil; Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA28PP, UK
| | - H C Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Gragoatá, Bloco M, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 24201-201, Brazil.
| | - C B Mello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Gragoatá, Bloco M, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 24201-201, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Do Gragoatá, Bloco M, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 24201-201, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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6
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Abstract
During development, two coordinated events shape the morphology of the mammalian cerebral cortex, leading to the cortex's columnar and layered structure: the proliferation of neuronal progenitors and cortical migration. Pyramidal neurons originating from germinal zones migrate along radial glial fibers to their final position in the cortical plate by both radial migration and tangential dispersion. These processes rely on the delicate balance of intercellular adhesive and repulsive signaling that takes place between neurons interacting with different substrates and guidance cues. Here, we focus on the function of the cell adhesion molecules fibronectin leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins (FLRTs) in regulating both the radial migration of neurons, as well as their tangential spread, and the impact these processes have on cortex morphogenesis. In combining structural and functional analysis, recent studies have begun to reveal how FLRT-mediated responses are precisely tuned - from forming different protein complexes to modulate either cell adhesion or repulsion in neurons. These approaches provide a deeper understanding of the context-dependent interactions of FLRTs with multiple receptors involved in axon guidance and synapse formation that contribute to finely regulated neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Peregrina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Del Toro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Del Toro D, Carrasquero-Ordaz MA, Chu A, Ruff T, Shahin M, Jackson VA, Chavent M, Berbeira-Santana M, Seyit-Bremer G, Brignani S, Kaufmann R, Lowe E, Klein R, Seiradake E. Structural Basis of Teneurin- Latrophilin Interaction in Repulsive Guidance of Migrating Neurons. Cell 2020; 180:323-339.e19. [PMID: 31928845 PMCID: PMC6978801 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Teneurins are ancient metazoan cell adhesion receptors that control brain development and neuronal wiring in higher animals. The extracellular C terminus binds the adhesion GPCR Latrophilin, forming a trans-cellular complex with synaptogenic functions. However, Teneurins, Latrophilins, and FLRT proteins are also expressed during murine cortical cell migration at earlier developmental stages. Here, we present crystal structures of Teneurin-Latrophilin complexes that reveal how the lectin and olfactomedin domains of Latrophilin bind across a spiraling beta-barrel domain of Teneurin, the YD shell. We couple structure-based protein engineering to biophysical analysis, cell migration assays, and in utero electroporation experiments to probe the importance of the interaction in cortical neuron migration. We show that binding of Latrophilins to Teneurins and FLRTs directs the migration of neurons using a contact repulsion-dependent mechanism. The effect is observed with cell bodies and small neurites rather than their processes. The results exemplify how a structure-encoded synaptogenic protein complex is also used for repulsive cell guidance. Crystal structures reveal binding site for Latrophilin on the Teneurin YD shell A ternary Latrophilin-Teneurin-FLRT complex forms in vitro and in vivo Latrophilin controls cortical migration by binding to Teneurins and FLRTs Latrophilin elicits repulsion of cortical cell bodies/small neurites but not axons
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Del Toro
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany; Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Amy Chu
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Tobias Ruff
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Meriam Shahin
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Verity A Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | | | - Goenuel Seyit-Bremer
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Sara Brignani
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Rainer Kaufmann
- Center for Structural Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 22607, Germany; Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20355, Germany
| | - Edward Lowe
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried 82152, Germany.
| | - Elena Seiradake
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Xiong W, Gao S, Lu Y, Wei L, Mao J, Xie J, Cao Q, Liu J, Bi J, Song X, Li B. Latrophilin participates in insecticide susceptibility through positively regulating CSP10 and partially compensated by OBPC01 in Tribolium castaneum. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2019; 159:107-117. [PMID: 31400772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Latrophilin (LPH) is an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR) that participates in multiple essential physiological processes. Our previous studies have shown that lph is not only indispensable for the development and reproduction of red flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum), but also for their resistance against dichlorvos or carbofuran insecticides. However, the regulatory mechanism of lph-mediated insecticide susceptibility remains unclear. Here, we revealed that knockdown of lph in beetles resulted in opposing changes in two chemoreception genes, chemosensory protein 10 (CSP10) and odorant-binding protein C01 (OBPC01), in which the expression of TcCSP10 was downregulated, whereas the expression of TcOBPC01 was upregulated. TcCSP10 and TcOBPC01 were expressed at the highest levels in early pupal and late larval stages, respectively. High levels of expression of both these genes were observed in the heads (without antennae) of adults. TcCSP10 and TcOBPC01 were significantly induced by dichlorvos or carbofuran between 12 and 72 h (hrs) after exposure, suggesting that they are likely associated with increasing the binding affinity of insecticides, leading to a decrease in sensitivity to the insecticides. Moreover, once these two genes were knocked down, the susceptibility of the beetles to dichlorvos or carbofuran was enhanced. Additionally, RNA interference (RNAi) targeting of lph followed by exposure to dichlorvos or carbofuran also caused the opposing expression levels of TcCSP10 and TcOBPC01 compared to the expression levels of wild-type larvae treated with insecticides alone. All these results indicate that lph is involved in insecticide susceptibility through positively regulating TcCSP10; and the susceptibility could also further partially compensated for through the negative regulation of TcOBPC01 when lph was knockdown in the red flour beetle. Our studies shed new light on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of lph related to insecticide susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Shanghai Rui-Jin Hospital, Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yaoyao Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Luting Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinjuan Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Quanquan Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation, University of Montpellier, France.
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaowen Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Wei L, Gao S, Xiong W, Liu J, Mao J, Lu Y, Song X, Li B. Latrophilin mediates insecticides susceptibility and fecundity through two carboxylesterases, esterase4 and esterase6, in Tribolium castaneum. Bull Entomol Res 2019; 109:534-543. [PMID: 30789108 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Latrophilin (LPH) is known as an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor which involved in multiple physiological processes in organisms. Previous studies showed that lph not only involved the susceptibility to anticholinesterase insecticides but also affected fecundity in Tribolium castaneum. However, its regulatory mechanisms in these biological processes are still not clear. Here, we identified two potential downstream carboxylesterase (cce) genes of Tclph, esterase4 and esterase6, and further characterized their interactions with Tclph. After treatment of T. castaneum larvae with carbofuran or dichlorvos insecticides, the transcript levels of Tcest4 and Tcest6 were significantly induced from 12 to 72 h. RNAi against Tcest4 or Tcest6 led to the higher mortality compared with the controls after the insecticides treatment, suggesting that these two genes play a vital role in detoxification of insecticides in T. castaneum. Furthermore, with insecticides exposure to Tclph knockdown beetles, the expression of Tcest4 was upregulated but Tcest6 was downregulated, indicating that beetles existed a compensatory response against the insecticides. Additionally, RNAi of Tcest6 resulted in 43% reductions in female egg laying and completely inhibited egg hatching, which showed the similar phenotype as that of Tclph knockdown. These results indicated that Tclph affected fecundity by positively regulating Tcest6 expression. Our findings will provide a new insight into the molecular mechanisms of Tclph involved in physiological functions in T. castaneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China‡
| | - S Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China‡
| | - W Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China‡
| | - J Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China‡
| | - J Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China‡
| | - Y Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China‡
| | - X Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China‡
| | - B Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China‡
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10
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Cruz-Ortega JS, Boucard AA. Actin cytoskeleton remodeling defines a distinct cellular function for adhesion G protein-coupled receptors ADGRL/ latrophilins 1, 2 and 3. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.039826. [PMID: 30926595 PMCID: PMC6503996 DOI: 10.1242/bio.039826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Latrophilins represent a subgroup of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor family, which bind to actin-associated scaffolding proteins. They are expressed in various tissues, suggesting that they might participate in biological processes that are ubiquitous. Here we focus on actin cytoskeleton dynamics to explore the role of latrophilins in mammalian cells. Individual overexpression of each latrophilin isoform comparably increased cell volume while modifying the net profile of F-actin-dependent cell extensions, as evaluated by confocal microscopy analysis. Latrophilin deletion mutants evidenced that direct coupling to the intracellular machinery was a requirement for modulating cell extensions. The association between latrophilins and the actin cytoskeleton was detected by co-immunoprecipitation assays and corroborated with immunocytochemistry analysis. Consistent with the destabilization of F-actin structures, latrophilin isoforms constitutively induced a prominent increase in the activity of actin-depolymerizing factor, cofilin. Intercellular adhesion events stabilized by heterophilic Teneurin-4 trans-interactions disrupted latrophilin colocalization with F-actin and led to an isoform-specific rescue of cell extensions. Thus, we find that the actin cytoskeleton machinery constitutes an important component of constitutive as well as ligand-induced signaling for latrophilins. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Synapses involve the adhesion function of latrophilins within existing neuronal extensions. We show that latrophilins engage the actin cytoskeleton, both constitutively and upon ligand stimulation, to dictate cell extension patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Cruz-Ortega
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), México City 07360, México
| | - Antony A Boucard
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), México City 07360, México
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11
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Abstract
The entire evolutionary history of the animal gene family, Teneurin, can be summed up in three key steps, plus three salient footnotes. In a shared ancestor of all bilaterians, the first step began with gene fusions that created a protein with an amino-terminal intracellular domain bridged via a single transmembrane helix to extracellular EGF-like domains. This first step was completed with a further gene fusion: an additional carboxy-terminal stretch of about 2000 amino acids (aa) was adopted, as-a-whole, from bacteria. The 2000 aa structure in Teneurin was recently solved in three dimensions. The 2000 aa region appears in a number of bacteria, yet was co-opted solely into Teneurin, and into no other eukaryotic proteins. Outside of bilaterian animals, no Teneurins exist, with a “Monosiga brevicollis caveat” brought below, as ‘the third footnote.” Subsequent to the “urTeneurin’s” genesis-by-fusions, all bilaterians bore a single Teneurin gene, always encoding an extraordinarily conserved Type II transmembrane protein with invariant domain content and order. The second key step was a duplication that led to an exception to singleton Teneurin genomes. A pair of Teneurin paralogs, Ten-a and Ten-m, are found in representatives of all four Arthropod sub-phyla, in: insects, crustaceans, myriapods, and chelicerates. In contrast, in every other protostome species’ genome, including those of all non-Arthropod ecdysozoan phyla, only a single Teneurin gene occurs. The closest, sister, phylum of arthropods, the Onychophorans (velvet worms), bear a singleton Teneurin. Ten-a and Ten-m therefore arose from a duplication in an urArthropod only after Arthropods split from Onychophorans, but before the splits that led to the four Arthropod sub-phyla. The third key step was a quadruplication of Teneurins at the root of vertebrate radiation. Four Teneurin paralogs (Teneurins 1 through 4) arose first by a duplication of a single chordate gene likely leading to one 1/4–type gene, and one 2/3-type gene: the two copies found in extant jawless vertebrates. Relatively soon thereafter, a second duplication round yielded the -1, -2, -3, and -4 paralog types now found in all jawed vertebrates, from sharks to humans. It is possible to assert that these duplication events correlate well to the Ohno hypothesized 2R (two round) vertebrate whole genome duplication (WGD), as refined in more recent treatments. The quadruplication can therefore be placed at approximately 400 Myr ago. Echinoderms, hemichordates, cephalochordates, and urochordates have only a single copy of Teneurin in their genomes. These deuterostomes and non-vertebrate chordates provide the anchor showing that the quadruplication happened at the root of vertebrates. A first footnote must be brought concerning some of the ‘invertebrate’ relatives of vertebrates, among Deuterostomes. A family of genes that encode 7000 aa proteins was derived from, but is distinct from, the Teneurin family. This distinct family arose early in deuterostomes, yet persists today only in hemichordate and cephalochordate genomes. They are named here TRIPs (Teneurin-related immense proteins). As a second of three ‘footnotes’: a limited number of species exist with additional Teneurin gene copies. However, these further duplications of Teneurins occur for paralog types (a, m, or 1–4) only in specific lineages within Arthropods or Vertebrates. All examples are paralog duplications that evidently arose in association with lineage specific WGDs. The increased Teneurin paralog numbers correlate with WGDs known and published in bony fish, Xenopus, plus select Chelicerates lineages and Crustaceans. The third footnote, alluded to above, is that a Teneurin occurs in one unicellular species: Monosiga brevicollis. Teneurins are solely a metazoan, bilaterian-specific family, to the exclusion of the Kingdoms of prokaryotes, plants, fungi, and protists. The single exception occurs among the unicellular, opisthokont, closest relatives of metazoans, the choanoflagellates. There is a Teneurin in Monosiga brevicollis, one species of the two fully sequenced choanoflagellate species. In contrast, outside of triploblast-bilaterians, there are no Teneurins in any diploblast genomes, including even sponges – those metazoans closest to choanoflagellates. Perhaps the ‘birth’ of the original Teneurin occurred in a shared ancestor of M. brevicollis and metazoans, then was lost in M. brevicollis’ sister species, and was serially and repeatedly lost in all diploblast metazoans. Alternatively, and as favored above, it first arose in the ‘urBilaterian,’ then was subsequently acquired from some bilaterian via horizontal transfer by a single choanoflagellate clade. The functional partnership of Teneurins and Latrophilins was discovered in rodents through the LPH1-TENM2 interaction. Recent work extends this to further members of each family. Surveying when the interacting domains of Teneurins and Latrophilins co-exist within different organisms can give an indication of how widespread their functional cooperation might be, across bilaterians. Paralog number for the two families is relatively correlated among bilaterians, and paralog numbers underwent co-increase in the WGDs mentioned above. With co-increasing paralog numbers, the possible combinatorial pairs grow factorially. This should have a significant impact for increasing nervous system complexity. The 3 key events in the ‘natural history’ of the Teneurins and their Latrophilin partners coincide with the ascendance of particularly successful metazoan clades: bilaterians; arthropods; and vertebrates. Perhaps we can attribute some of this success to the unique Teneurin family, and to its partnership with Latrophilins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Wides
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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12
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Mortimer N, Ganster T, O'Leary A, Popp S, Freudenberg F, Reif A, Soler Artigas M, Ribasés M, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Lesch KP, Rivero O. Dissociation of impulsivity and aggression in mice deficient for the ADHD risk gene Adgrl3: Evidence for dopamine transporter dysregulation. Neuropharmacology 2019; 156:107557. [PMID: 30849401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor L3 (ADGRL3, LPHN3) has putative roles in neuronal migration and synapse function. Various polymorphisms in ADGRL3 have been linked with an increased risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we examined the characteristics of Adgrl3-deficient mice in multiple behavioural domains related to ADHD: locomotive activity, impulsivity, gait, visuospatial and recognition memory, sociability, anxiety-like behaviour and aggression. Additionally, we investigated the effect of Adgrl3-depletion at the transcriptomic level by RNA-sequencing three ADHD-relevant brain regions: prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and striatum. Adgrl3-/- mice show increased locomotive activity across all tests and subtle gait abnormalities. These mice also show impairments across spatial memory and learning domains, alongside increased levels of impulsivity and sociability with decreased aggression. However, these alterations were absent in Adgrl3+/- mice. Across all brain regions tested, the numbers of genes found to exhibit differential expression was relatively small, indicating a specific pathway of action, rather than a broad neurobiological perturbation. Gene-set analysis of differential expression in the PFC detected a number of ADHD-relevant pathways including dopaminergic synapses as well as cocaine and amphetamine addiction. The Slc6a3 gene coding for the dopamine transporter was the most dysregulated gene in the PFC. Unexpectedly, several neurohormone/peptides which are typically only expressed in the hypothamalus were found to be dysregulated in the striatum. Our study further validates Adgrl3 constitutive knockout mice as an experimental model of ADHD while providing neuroanatomical targets for future studies involving ADGRL3 modified models. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Current status of the neurobiology of aggression and impulsivity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall Mortimer
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Germany; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tatjana Ganster
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Aet O'Leary
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Psychoneuropharmacology, Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sandy Popp
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Freudenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - María Soler Artigas
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Germany; Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Olga Rivero
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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13
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Scholz N, Guan C, Nieberler M, Grotemeyer A, Maiellaro I, Gao S, Beck S, Pawlak M, Sauer M, Asan E, Rothemund S, Winkler J, Prömel S, Nagel G, Langenhan T, Kittel RJ. Mechano-dependent signaling by Latrophilin/CIRL quenches cAMP in proprioceptive neurons. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28784204 PMCID: PMC5548486 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion-type G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs), a large molecule family with over 30 members in humans, operate in organ development, brain function and govern immunological responses. Correspondingly, this receptor family is linked to a multitude of diverse human diseases. aGPCRs have been suggested to possess mechanosensory properties, though their mechanism of action is fully unknown. Here we show that the Drosophila aGPCR Latrophilin/dCIRL acts in mechanosensory neurons by modulating ionotropic receptor currents, the initiating step of cellular mechanosensation. This process depends on the length of the extended ectodomain and the tethered agonist of the receptor, but not on its autoproteolysis, a characteristic biochemical feature of the aGPCR family. Intracellularly, dCIRL quenches cAMP levels upon mechanical activation thereby specifically increasing the mechanosensitivity of neurons. These results provide direct evidence that the aGPCR dCIRL acts as a molecular sensor and signal transducer that detects and converts mechanical stimuli into a metabotropic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Scholz
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chonglin Guan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Nieberler
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Grotemeyer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabella Maiellaro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center, DFG-Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beck
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Pawlak
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Esther Asan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Rothemund
- Core Unit Peptide Technologies, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Winkler
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Prömel
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Langenhan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert J Kittel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Martinez AF, Abe Y, Hong S, Molyneux K, Yarnell D, Löhr H, Driever W, Acosta MT, Arcos-Burgos M, Muenke M. An Ultraconserved Brain-Specific Enhancer Within ADGRL3 (LPHN3) Underpins Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Susceptibility. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:943-954. [PMID: 27692237 PMCID: PMC5108697 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors predispose individuals to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies have reported linkage and association to ADHD of gene variants within ADGRL3. In this study, we functionally analyzed noncoding variants in this gene as likely pathological contributors. METHODS In silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches were used to identify and characterize evolutionary conserved elements within the ADGRL3 linkage region (~207 Kb). Family-based genetic analyses of 838 individuals (372 affected and 466 unaffected patients) identified ADHD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms harbored in some of these conserved elements. Luciferase assays and zebrafish green fluorescent protein transgenesis tested conserved elements for transcriptional enhancer activity. Electromobility shift assays were used to verify transcription factor-binding disruption by ADHD risk alleles. RESULTS An ultraconserved element was discovered (evolutionary conserved region 47) that functions as a transcriptional enhancer. A three-variant ADHD risk haplotype in evolutionary conserved region 47, formed by rs17226398, rs56038622, and rs2271338, reduced enhancer activity by 40% in neuroblastoma and astrocytoma cells (pBonferroni < .0001). This enhancer also drove green fluorescent protein expression in the zebrafish brain in a tissue-specific manner, sharing aspects of endogenous ADGRL3 expression. The rs2271338 risk allele disrupts binding of YY1 transcription factor, an important factor in the development and function of the central nervous system. Expression quantitative trait loci analysis of postmortem human brain tissues revealed an association between rs2271338 and reduced ADGRL3 expression in the thalamus. CONCLUSIONS These results uncover the first functional evidence of common noncoding variants with potential implications for the pathology of ADHD.
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Abstract
Unlike conventional G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) have large extracellular regions that are autoproteolytically cleaved from their membrane-embedded seven-pass transmembrane helices. Autoproteolysis occurs within the conserved GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain that is juxtaposed to the transmembrane domain and cleaves the last beta strand of the GAIN domain. The other domains of the extracellular region are variable and specific to each aGPCR and are likely involved in adhering to various ligands. Emerging evidence suggest that extracellular regions may modulate receptor function and that ligand binding to the extracellular regions may induce receptor activation via multiple mechanisms. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the structural understanding for the extracellular regions of aGPCRs and discuss their possible functional roles that emerge from the available structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, GCIS W210, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Norbert Sträter
- Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Elena Seiradake
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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