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Lee E, Kim S, Lee SY, Jeong J, Bang J, Oh J, Shin SD, Kim NJ, Choe PG, Oh MD. Risk Factors for the Prescription of Ineffective Antiviral Candidates for COVID-19 During the Early Pandemic Period in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e280. [PMID: 37698205 PMCID: PMC10497349 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the evidence of treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) changed rapidly, little is known about the patterns of potential pharmacological treatment during the early period of the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea and the risk factors for ineffective prescription. METHODS Using claims data from the Korean National Health Insurance System, this retrospective cohort study included admission episodes for COVID-19 from February to December 2020. Ineffective antiviral prescriptions for COVID-19 were defined as lopinavir/ritonavir (LPN/r) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) prescribed after July 2020, according to the revised National Institute of Health COVID-19 treatment guidelines. Factors associated with ineffective prescriptions, including patient and hospital factors, were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 15,723 COVID-19 admission episodes from February to June 2020, 4,183 (26.6%) included prescriptions of LPN/r, and 3,312 (21.1%) included prescriptions of HCQ. Of the 48,843 admission episodes from July to December 2020, after the guidelines were revised, 2,258 (4.6%) and 182 (0.4%) included prescriptions of ineffective LPN/r and HCQ, respectively. Patient factors independently associated with ineffective antiviral prescription were older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] per 10-year increase, 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.20) and severe condition with an oxygen requirement (aOR, 2.49; 95% CI, 2.24-2.77). The prescription of ineffective antiviral drugs was highly prevalent in primary and nursing hospitals (aOR, 40.58; 95% CI, 31.97-51.50), public sector hospitals (aOR, 15.61; 95% CI, 12.76-19.09), and regions in which these drugs were highly prescribed before July 2020 (aOR, 10.65; 95% CI, 8.26-13.74). CONCLUSION Ineffective antiviral agents were prescribed to a substantial number of patients during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea. Treatment with these ineffective drugs tended to be prolonged in severely ill patients and in primary and public hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungyeon Kim
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine and Advanced Technology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sun Young Lee
- Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Jeong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihwan Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juhwan Oh
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Do Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pyoeng Gyun Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Myoung-Don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tzeng IS. A Practical Approach in Refining Binary Outcome for Treatment Effect of COVID-19 According to Geographical Diversity. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8020083. [PMID: 36828499 PMCID: PMC9964378 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8020083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has drawn attention to health and economics worldwide. Initially, diseases only ravage local populations, while a pandemic could aggravate global economic burdens. Lopinavir/Ritonavir is an anti-HIV drug that was used on small scale patients during SARS, but its effectiveness for COVID-19 treatment is still unclear. Previous studies or meta-analysis have retrieved clinical data of subgroup analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Lopinavir/Ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 in a few affected regions. However, geographical diversity and small number of studies bias correction were not achieved in such subgroup analysis of published meta-analysis. The present study demonstrates a practical approach in refining the binary outcome for COVID-19 treatment of Lopinavir/Ritonavir according to geographical location diversity and small number of studies (less than or equal to five) for subgroup analysis. After performing practical approach, the risk of adverse event with LPV/RTV for treatment of COVID-19 becomes nonsignificant compared to previous meta-analysis. Furthermore, we also notice heterogeneity of random effect of meta-analysis may be declined after proposed adjustment. In conclusion, proposed practical approach is recommend for performing a subgroup analysis to avoid concentration in a single geographical location and small number of studies bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Shiang Tzeng
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
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Chhetri B, Bhagat VM, Vamsi DKK, Ananth VS, Prakash B, Muthusamy S, Deshmukh P, Sanjeevi CB. Optimal Drug Regimen and Combined Drug Therapy and Its Efficacy in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Within-Host Modeling Study. Acta Biotheor 2022; 70:16. [PMID: 35588019 PMCID: PMC9118007 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-022-09440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in more than 524 million cases and 6 million deaths worldwide. Various drug interventions targeting multiple stages of COVID-19 pathogenesis can significantly reduce infection-related mortality. The current within-host mathematical modeling study addresses the optimal drug regimen and efficacy of combination therapies in the treatment of COVID-19. The drugs/interventions considered include Arbidol, Remdesivir, Interferon (INF) and Lopinavir/Ritonavir. It is concluded that these drugs, when administered singly or in combination, reduce the number of infected cells and viral load. Four scenarios dealing with the administration of a single drug, two drugs, three drugs and all four are discussed. In all these scenarios, the optimal drug regimen is proposed based on two methods. In the first method, these medical interventions are modeled as control interventions and a corresponding objective function and optimal control problem are formulated. In this framework, the optimal drug regimen is derived. Later, using the comparative effectiveness method, the optimal drug regimen is derived based on the basic reproduction number and viral load. The average number of infected cells and viral load decreased the most when all four drugs were used together. On the other hand, the average number of susceptible cells decreased the most when Arbidol was administered alone. The basic reproduction number and viral load decreased the most when all four interventions were used together, confirming the previously obtained finding of the optimal control problem. The results of this study can help physicians make decisions about the treatment of the life-threatening COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Chhetri
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning - SSSIHL, Anantapur, India
| | - Vijay M. Bhagat
- Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute - CLTRI, Chennai, India
| | - D. K. K. Vamsi
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning - SSSIHL, Anantapur, India
| | - V. S. Ananth
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning - SSSIHL, Anantapur, India
| | - Bhanu Prakash
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning - SSSIHL, Anantapur, India
| | - Swapna Muthusamy
- Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute - CLTRI, Chennai, India
| | - Pradeep Deshmukh
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences - AIIMS, Nagpur, India
| | - Carani B. Sanjeevi
- Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning - SSSIHL, Anantapur, India
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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García-Lledó A, Gómez-Pavón J, González Del Castillo J, Hernández-Sampelayo T, Martín-Delgado MC, Martín Sánchez FJ, Martínez-Sellés M, Molero García JM, Moreno Guillén S, Rodríguez-Artalejo FJ, Ruiz-Galiana J, Cantón R, De Lucas Ramos P, García-Botella A, Bouza E. Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper. Rev Esp Quimioter 2022; 35:115-130. [PMID: 34894208 PMCID: PMC8972693 DOI: 10.37201/req/158.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - E Bouza
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas del Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense. CIBERES. Ciber de Enfermedades Respiratorias. Madrid, Spain.
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Qu J, Li GH, Wang JJ, He GF, Huang JJ, Chen Y, Qu Q, Chen XY, Lu Q. Comparative effectiveness of Lopinavir/Ritonavir-based regimens in COVID-19. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 48:203-210. [PMID: 33090501 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an epidemic disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and spreading throughout the world rapidly. Here we evaluated the efficacy of the Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/r) and its combination with other drugs in the treatment of COVID-19. We included 170 confirmed COVID-19 patients who had been cured and discharged. Their antiviral therapies were LPV/r alone or combinations with interferon (IFN), Novaferon and Arbidol. We evaluated the medication efficacy by comparing the time of the negative nucleic acid conversion and the length of hospitalization mainly. The LPV/r + Novaferon [6.00 (4.00-8.00) and 7.50 (5.00-10.00) days] had shorter time of the negative nucleic acid conversion (P = .0036) and shorter time of hospitalization (P < .001) compared with LPV/r alone [9.00 (5.00-12.00) and 12.00 (11.00-15.00) days] and LPV/r + IFN [9.00 (7.25-11.00) and 12.00 (10.00-13.50) days]. On the contrary, LPV/r + IFN [9.00 (7.25-11.00) and 12.00 (10.00-13.50) days] had shorter time of the negative nucleic acid conversion (P = .031) and shorter time of hospitalization (P < .001) compared with LPV/r + IFN +Novaferon [10.00 (8.00-11.25) and 13.50 (11.50-17.00) days] and LPV/r + IFN +Arbidol [14.00 (9.75-19.00) and 19.50 (13.25-24.00) days]. In conclusion, the combination of LPV/r and Novaferon may have better efficacy against COVID-19. However, adding IFN based on LPV/r + Novaferon or adding Arbidol based on LPV/r + IFN may not improve the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guo-Hua Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ge-Fei He
- The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | | | - Ying Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Zheng F, Zhou Y, Zhou Z, Ye F, Huang B, Huang Y, Ma J, Zuo Q, Tan X, Xie J, Niu P, Wang W, Xu Y, Peng F, Zhou N, Cai C, Tang W, Xiao X, Li Y, Zhou Z, Jiang Y, Xie Y, Tan W, Gong G. SARS-CoV-2 clearance in COVID-19 patients with Novaferon treatment: A randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 99:84-91. [PMID: 32758689 PMCID: PMC7397938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antiviral effects of Novaferon, a potent antiviral protein drug, on COVID-19 was evaluated in the laboratory, and in a randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial. METHODS In the laboratory, Novaferon's inhibition of viral replication in cells infected with SARS-CoV-2, and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 entry into healthy cells was determined. Antiviral effects of Novaferon in COVID-19 patients with treatment of Novaferon, Novaferon plus Lopinavir/Ritonavir, or Lopinavir/Ritonavir were evaluated. The primary endpoint was the SARS-CoV-2 clearance rates on day six of treatment, and the secondary endpoint was the time to SARS-CoV-2 clearance. RESULTS Novaferon inhibited viral replication (EC50=1.02ng/ml), and prevented viral infection (EC50=0.10ng/ml). Results from the 89 enrolled COVID-19 patients showed that both Novaferon and Novaferon plus Lopinavir/Ritonavir groups had significantly higher viral clearance rates on day six than Lopinavir/Ritonavir group (50.0% vs. 24.1%, p=0.0400, and 60.0% vs. 24.1%, p=0.0053). The median time to viral clearance was six days, six days, and nine days for three groups, respectively, a 3-day reduction in both the Novaferon and Novaferon plus Lopinavir/Ritonavir groups compared with the Lopinavir/Ritonavir group. CONCLUSIONS Novaferon exhibited anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects in vitro and in COVID-19 patients. These data justify further evaluation of Novaferon. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Number ChiCTR2000029496 at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Yanwen Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Ye
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxiong Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Zuo
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Peihua Niu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunlin Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Xinqiang Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongfang Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Corresponding authors at: Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yuanlin Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China,Corresponding authors at: Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,Corresponding authors at: Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Guozhong Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Corresponding authors at: Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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Giovane RA, Rezai S, Cleland E, Henderson CE. Current pharmacological modalities for management of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the rationale for their utilization: A review. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:e2136. [PMID: 32644275 PMCID: PMC7361252 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2 has caused a pandemic which is putting strain on the health‐care system and global economy. There is much pressure to develop both preventative and curative therapies for SARS‐CoV‐2 as there is no evidence to support therapies to improve outcomes in patients with SARS‐CoV‐2. Medications that inhibit certain steps of virus life cycle that are currently used to treat other illnesses such as Malaria, Ebola, HIV and Hepatitis C are being studied for use against SARS‐CoV‐2. To date, data is limited for medications that facilitate clinical improvement of COVID‐19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Giovane
- Department of Family Medicine, Regional Medical Center of Central Alabama, Greenville, Alabama, USA
| | - Shadi Rezai
- Department of OB/GYN, Valley Community Healthcare, North Hollywood, California, USA
| | - Ellen Cleland
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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