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Layton C, Vermont H, Beggs H, Brassington GB, Burke AD, Hepburn L, Holbrook N, Marshall‐Grey W, Mesaglio T, Parvizi E, Rankin J, Pilo GS, Velásquez M. Giant kelp rafts wash ashore 450 km from the nearest populations and against the dominant ocean current. Ecology 2022; 103:e3795. [PMID: 35718754 PMCID: PMC9787862 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cayne Layton
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- Centre for Marine SocioecologyUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | | | - Helen Beggs
- Australian Bureau of MeteorologyMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | | | | | | | - Neil Holbrook
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - William Marshall‐Grey
- Merimbula AquariumMerimbulaNew South WalesAustralia
- Dive EdenEdenNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Thomas Mesaglio
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, and Ecology and Evolution Research CentreSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Elahe Parvizi
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | | | - Gabriela Semolini Pilo
- Integrated Marine Observing SystemHobartTasmaniaAustralia
- CSIRO Oceans and AtmosphereHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Marcel Velásquez
- Universidade de São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
- Université LavalQuebec CityQuébecCanada
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2
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Yorke CE, Page HM, Miller RJ. Sea urchins mediate the availability of kelp detritus to benthic consumers. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190846. [PMID: 31288702 PMCID: PMC6650708 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Detritus can fundamentally shape and sustain food webs, and shredders can facilitate its availability. Most of the biomass of the highly productive giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, becomes detritus that is exported or falls to the seafloor as litter. We hypothesized that sea urchins process kelp litter through shredding, sloppy feeding and egestion, making kelp litter more available to benthic consumers. To test this, we conducted a mesocosm experiment in which an array of kelp forest benthic consumers were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labelled Macrocystis with or without the presence of sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Our results showed that several detritivore species consumed significant amounts of kelp, but only when urchins were present. Although they are typically portrayed as antagonistic grazers in kelp forests, sea urchins can have a positive trophic role, capturing kelp litter before it is exported and making it available to a suite of benthic detritivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie E. Yorke
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
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3
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Weigel BL, Pfister CA. Successional Dynamics and Seascape-Level Patterns of Microbial Communities on the Canopy-Forming Kelps Nereocystis luetkeana and Macrocystis pyrifera. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:346. [PMID: 30863387 PMCID: PMC6399156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Canopy-forming kelps create underwater forests that are among the most productive marine ecosystems. On the Pacific coast of North America, two canopy-forming kelps with contrasting life histories co-occur; Macrocystis pyrifera, a perennial species, and Nereocystis luetkeana, an annual species. Kelp blade-associated microbes were sampled from 12 locations across a spatial gradient in Washington, United States, from the outer Pacific Coast to Puget Sound. Microbial communities were characterized using next-generation Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. At higher taxonomic levels (bacterial phylum and class), canopy-forming kelps hosted remarkably similar microbial communities, but at the amplicon sequence variant level, microbial communities on M. pyrifera and N. luetkeana were host-specific and distinct from free-living bacteria in the surrounding seawater. Microbial communities associated with blades of each kelp species displayed significant geographic variation. The microbiome of N. luetkeana changed along the spatial gradient and was significantly correlated to salinity, with outer Pacific coast sites enriched in Bacteroidetes (family Saprospiraceae) and Gammaproteobacteria (Granulosicoccus sp.), and southern Puget Sound sites enriched in Alphaproteobacteria (family Hyphomonadaceae). We also examined microbial community development and succession on meristematic and apical N. luetkeana blade tissues throughout the summer growing season on Tatoosh Island, WA. Across all dates, microbial communities were less diverse on younger, meristematic blade tissue compared to the older, apical tissues. In addition, phylogenetic relatedness among microbial taxa increased from meristematic to apical blade tissues, suggesting that the addition of microbial taxa to the community was a non-random process that selected for certain phylogenetic groups of microbes. Microbial communities on older, apical tissues displayed significant temporal variation throughout the summer and microbial taxa that were differentially abundant over time displayed clear patterns of community succession. Overall, we report that host species identity, geographic location, and blade tissue age shape the microbial communities on canopy-forming kelps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Weigel
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Catherine A Pfister
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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4
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Lin JD, Lemay MA, Parfrey LW. Diverse Bacteria Utilize Alginate Within the Microbiome of the Giant Kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1914. [PMID: 30177919 PMCID: PMC6110156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are integral to marine carbon cycling. They transfer organic carbon to higher trophic levels and remineralise it into inorganic forms. Kelp forests are among the most productive ecosystems within the global oceans, yet the diversity and metabolic capacity of bacteria that transform kelp carbon is poorly understood. Here, we use 16S amplicon and metagenomic shotgun sequencing to survey bacterial communities associated with the surfaces of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and assess the capacity of these bacteria for carbohydrate metabolism. We find that Macrocystis-associated communities are distinct from the water column, and that they become more diverse and shift in composition with blade depth, which is a proxy for tissue age. These patterns are also observed in metagenomic functional profiles, though the broader functional groups—carbohydrate active enzyme families—are largely consistent across samples and depths. Additionally, we assayed more than 250 isolates cultured from Macrocystis blades and the surrounding water column for the ability to utilize alginate, the primary polysaccharide in Macrocystis tissue. The majority of cultured bacteria (66%) demonstrated this capacity; we find that alginate utilization is patchily distributed across diverse genera in the Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, yet can also vary between isolates with identical 16S rRNA sequences. The genes encoding enzymes involved in alginate metabolism were detected in metagenomic data across taxonomically diverse bacterial communities, further indicating this capacity is likely widespread amongst bacteria in kelp forests. Overall, the M. pyrifera epibiota shifts across a depth gradient, demonstrating a connection between bacterial assemblage and host tissue state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Lin
- Department of Botany, Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew A Lemay
- Department of Botany, Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada
| | - Laura W Parfrey
- Department of Botany, Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Hadley S, Wild-Allen K, Johnson C, Macleod C. Investigation of broad scale implementation of integrated multitrophic aquaculture using a 3D model of an estuary. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 133:448-459. [PMID: 30041336 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 3D ecosystem model was used to quantify changes in water quality brought about by salmon aquaculture in the D'Entrecasteaux Channel and Huon Estuary in southeast Tasmania. Macroalgae-based integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) was simulated and showed that IMTA is capable of reducing the increased chlorophyll concentration attributable to fish farming by up to 10-15% in large areas of the region, during the season of highest production. Kelp farms (Macrocystis pyrifera) recovered between 6 and 11% of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) input by salmon aquaculture over a nine month period, with DIN remediation increasing linearly with farm size. Under a ten-fold increase in aquaculture to very high loads, a much lower remediation effect was found for both chlorophyll and DIN. Model results indicate that IMTA could have an important impact on reducing negative effects of finfish aquaculture on water quality providing that stocking rates are not too high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Hadley
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | - Karen Wild-Allen
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, GPO Box1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Craig Johnson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Catriona Macleod
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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6
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Varela DA, Hernríquez LA, Fernández PA, Leal P, Hernández-González MC, Figueroa FL, Buschmann AH. Photosynthesis and nitrogen uptake of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Ochrophyta) grown close to salmon farms. Mar Environ Res 2018; 135:93-102. [PMID: 29428528 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Finfish aquaculture is an activity that has experienced an explosive global development, but presents several environmental risks, such as high nitrogen outputs with potential eutrophication consequences. Therefore, the integration of seaweed aquaculture with the aim of decreasing nitrogen emissions associated with intensive salmon farming has been proposed as a bioremediation solution. Ecophysiological knowledge about seaweeds cultured close to farming cages is, however, still rudimentary. We experimentally studied the growth and physiological responses of Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh in a suspended culture system near a commercial salmon farm at three culture depths in order to understand its productivity performance. The results showed maximum growth responses at intermediate depths (3 m) as opposed to near the surface (1 m) or at a deeper culture level (6 m). At 6 m depth, light limitations were detected, whereas the sporophytes growing at 1 m depth responded to high irradiances, especially in late spring and summer, where they were more intensely exposed to decay of photosynthesis than individuals from other depths. Accordingly, photosynthetic pigment concentrations (chlorophyll a and c, and fucoxonthin) were higher during low-light seasons (winter and early spring) but decreased during the summer. On the other hand, although both nitrogen uptake and Nitrate Reductase (NR) activity varied seasonally, increasing significantly in spring and summer, these variables were not affected by culture depth. Therefore, the optimal culture depth of M. pyrifera near salmon farms appears to be a physiological integration between nitrogen supply and demand, which is modulated by plant acclimation to the seasonal change in light and temperature. The results allow to discuss about the environmental constrains of M. pyrifera in an ecophysiological context to improve the understanding of its aquaculture, and to contribute relevant information on the use of this species in bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Varela
- Centro i∼mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | - Pamela A Fernández
- Centro i∼mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Pablo Leal
- Instituto Fomento Pesquero, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | - Félix L Figueroa
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Alejandro H Buschmann
- Centro i∼mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile.
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7
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Tymon TM, Miller EP, Gonzales JL, Raab A, Küpper FC, Carrano CJ. Some aspects of the iodine metabolism of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (phaeophyceae). J Inorg Biochem 2017; 177:82-88. [PMID: 28926758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite its paramount role in the functioning of coastal ecosystems, relatively little is known about halogen metabolism in giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera). This is an important shortcoming given the potential implications for marine and atmospheric chemical processes in the wide distribution range of Macrocystis. The work presented here constitutes the first in depth investigation of the uptake, efflux, and of the physiological function of iodide in this important kelp species. Iodide uptake and efflux rates were measured in adult sporophytes of Macrocystis under normal and stressed (exogenous hydrogen peroxide and an elicitor-triggered oxidative burst) conditions. Kelp tissue took up iodide according to Michaelis-Menten type kinetics when incubated in seawater enriched with various concentrations of iodide. Upon the addition of exogenous hydrogen peroxide, simulating oxidative stress, a marked efflux of iodide occurred. In situ generation of hydrogen peroxide was elicited in Macrocystis upon the addition of oligomeric degradation products of alginate as well as arachidonic acid and methyl jasmonate constituting a defensive oxidative burst that could be linked to iodine accumulation. H2O2 was detected at the single cell level using dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate, a fluorogenic probe capable of detecting intracellular H2O2. When assayed for vanadium haloperoxidase activity, several bromoperoxidase isoforms were detected as well as a single iodoperoxidase. Altogether, the results of this study show that Macrocystis has an elaborate iodine metabolism, which is likely significant for impacting iodine speciation in seawater around kelp beds and for volatile halogen emissions into the coastal atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Tymon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA
| | - Eric P Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA
| | - Jennifer L Gonzales
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA
| | - Andrea Raab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | | | - Carl J Carrano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA.
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8
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Foster MC, Byrnes JE, Reed DC. Effects of five southern California macroalgal diets on consumption, growth, and gonad weight, in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. PeerJ 2015; 3:e719. [PMID: 25653904 PMCID: PMC4304870 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer growth and reproductive capacity are direct functions of diet. Strongylocentrotid sea urchins, the dominant herbivores in California kelp forests, strongly prefer giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera), but are highly catholic in their ability to consume other species. The biomass of Macrocystis fluctuates greatly in space and time, and the extent to which urchins can use alternate species of algae or a mixed diet of multiple algal species to maintain fitness when giant kelp is unavailable is unknown. We experimentally examined the effects of single and mixed species diets on consumption, growth and gonad weight in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Urchins were fed single species diets consisting of one of four common species of macroalgae (the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera and Pterygophora californica, and the red algae Chondracanthus corymbiferus and Rhodymenia californica (hereafter referred to by genus)) or a mixed diet containing all four species ad libitum over a 13-week period in a controlled laboratory setting. Urchins fed Chondracanthus, Macrocystis and a mixed diet showed the highest growth (in terms of test diameter, wet weight and jaw length) and gonad weight, while urchins fed Pterygophora and Rhodymenia showed the lowest. Urchins consumed their preferred food, Macrocystis, at the highest rate when offered a mixture, but consumed Chondracanthus or Macrocystis at similar rates when the two algae were offered alone. The differences in urchin feeding behavior and growth observed between these diet types suggest the relative availability of the algae tested here could affect urchin populations and their interactions with the algal assemblage. The fact that the performance of urchins fed Chondracanthus was similar or higher than those fed the preferred Macrocystis suggests that the availability of the former could could sustain growth and reproduction of purple sea urchins during times of low Macrocystis abundance as is common following large wave events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Foster
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jarrett E.K. Byrnes
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel C. Reed
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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9
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VanMeter K, Edwards MS. The effects of mysid grazing on kelp zoospore survival and settlement. J Phycol 2013; 49:896-901. [PMID: 27007314 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that long-distance dispersal by kelp zoospores may play an important role in the colonization of newly exposed rocky habitats and in the recovery of recently disturbed kelp forests. This may be facilitated by the vertical transport of zoospores into the shallower portions of the water column where they are exposed to greater alongshore currents that increase their dispersal potential. However, this vertical transport can also expose them to elevated irradiances and enhanced grazing by zooplankton, both of which negatively impact zoospore survival and settlement. In this study, we used plankton tows to show that zooplankton (mysids) were at least seven times more abundant in the surface waters than near the benthos along the edge of a large kelp forest at the time of our spring sampling. We then used feeding experiments and epifluorescence microscopy to verify that these mysids grazed on kelp zoospores. Finally, we conducted laboratory experiments to show that grazing by these mysids over a 12 h period reduced kelp zoospore settlement by at least 50% relative to treatments without grazing. Together with previous studies that have revealed the impacts of high irradiance on zoospore survival and settlement, our study indicates that the vertical transport of kelp zoospores into the shallower portions of the water can also expose them to significantly increased mortality from mysid grazing. Thus, if these patterns are consistent over broader temporal and geographic scales, vertical transport may not be a viable method for sustained long-distance zoospore dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle VanMeter
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182, USA
| | - Matthew S Edwards
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, 92182, USA
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Rothäusler E, Gómez I, Hinojosa IA, Karsten U, Tala F, Thiel M. PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF FLOATING GIANT KELP MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYCEAE): LATITUDINAL VARIABILITY IN THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND GRAZING(1). J Phycol 2011; 47:269-281. [PMID: 27021859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.00971.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rafts of Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh can act as an important dispersal vehicle for a multitude of organisms, but this mechanism requires prolonged persistence of floating kelps at the sea surface. When detached, kelps become transferred into higher temperature and irradiance regimes at the sea surface, which may negatively affect kelp physiology and thus their ability to persist for long periods after detachment. To examine the effect of water temperature and herbivory on the photosynthetic performance, pigment composition, carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity, and the nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) content of floating M. pyrifera, experiments were conducted at three sites (20° S, 30° S, 40° S) along the Chilean Pacific coast. Sporophytes of M. pyrifera were maintained at three different temperatures (ambient, ambient - 4°C, ambient + 4°C) and in presence or absence of the amphipod Peramphithoe femorata for 14 d. CA activity decreased at 20° S and 30° S, where water temperatures and irradiances were highest. At both sites, pigment contents were substantially lower in the experimental algae than in the initial algae, an effect that was enhanced by grazers. Floating kelps at 20° S could not withstand water temperatures >24°C and sank at day 5 of experimentation. Maximal quantum yield decreased at 20° S and 30° S but remained high at 40° S. It is concluded that environmental stress is low for kelps floating under moderate temperature and irradiance conditions (i.e., at 40° S), ensuring their physiological integrity at the sea surface and, consequently, a high dispersal potential for associated biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rothäusler
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyInstituto de Biología Marina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileInstitute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centre of Research and Technological Development in Applied Phycology (CIDTA), Coquimbo, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Iván Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyInstituto de Biología Marina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileInstitute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centre of Research and Technological Development in Applied Phycology (CIDTA), Coquimbo, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Iván A Hinojosa
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyInstituto de Biología Marina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileInstitute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centre of Research and Technological Development in Applied Phycology (CIDTA), Coquimbo, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyInstituto de Biología Marina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileInstitute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centre of Research and Technological Development in Applied Phycology (CIDTA), Coquimbo, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Fadia Tala
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyInstituto de Biología Marina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileInstitute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centre of Research and Technological Development in Applied Phycology (CIDTA), Coquimbo, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Martin Thiel
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyInstituto de Biología Marina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileInstitute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centre of Research and Technological Development in Applied Phycology (CIDTA), Coquimbo, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo, Chile
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11
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Demes KW, Graham MH, Suskiewicz TS. PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY RECONCILES INCONGRUOUS MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL TAXONOMIES: THE GIANT KELP, MACROCYSTIS (LAMINARIALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE), IS A MONOSPECIFIC GENUS(1). J Phycol 2009; 45:1266-1269. [PMID: 27032582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The giant kelp genus Macrocystis C. Agardh (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) is one of the world's most ecologically and economically important seaweed taxa, yet its taxonomy remains uncertain. Although the genus currently contains four accepted species based on variable holdfast and blade morphology [M. pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh, M. integrifolia Bory, M. angustifolia Bory, and M. laevis C. H. Hay], numerous recent studies on Macrocystis interfertility, genetic relatedness, and morphological plasticity all suggest that the genus is monospecific. We reviewed this evidence and present an explanation for the extreme phenotypic plasticity that results in morphological variability within Macrocystis, driven by the effects of environmental factors on early development of macroscopic sporophytes. We propose that the genus be collapsed back to a single species, with nomenclatural priority given to M. pyrifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Demes
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA
| | - Michael H Graham
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA
| | - Thew S Suskiewicz
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, California 95039, USA
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12
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Rothäusler E, Gómez I, Hinojosa IA, Karsten U, Tala F, Thiel M. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND GRAZING ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF FLOATING MACROCYSTIS SPP. (PHAEOPHYCEAE) ALONG A LATITUDINAL GRADIENT(1). J Phycol 2009; 45:547-59. [PMID: 27034031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgal rafts frequently occur floating in coastal waters of temperate regions of the world's oceans. These rafts are considered important dispersal vehicles for associated organisms with direct development. However, environmental factors may limit the floating potential of kelp and thereby the dispersal of associated organisms. To examine the effect of water temperature and grazing on growth, reproductive output, and survival of floating Macrocystis spp., experiments were conducted in outdoor tanks during austral summer 2006/2007 at three sites along the Chilean Pacific coast (20° S, 30° S, 40° S). At each site, Macrocystis spp. was maintained individually at three different water temperatures (ambient, ambient - 4°C, ambient + 4°C) and in the presence or absence of the amphipod grazer Peramphithoe femorata for 14 d. High water temperatures (>20°C) provoked rapid degradation of Macrocystis spp. rafts. At moderate temperatures (15°C-20°C), algal survival depended on the presence of associated grazers. In the absence of grazers, algal rafts gained in biomass while grazing caused considerable losses of algal biomass. Algal survival was the highest under cooler conditions (<15°C), where raft degradation was slow and grazer-induced biomass losses were compensated by continuing algal growth. Our results indicate that floating kelp rafts can survive for long time periods at the sea surface, but survival depends on the interaction between temperature and grazing. We suggest that these processes limiting the survival of kelp rafts in warmer temperatures may act as a dispersal barrier for kelp and its associated passengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rothäusler
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyInstituto de Biología Marina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileInstitute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Iván Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyInstituto de Biología Marina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileInstitute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Iván A Hinojosa
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyInstituto de Biología Marina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileInstitute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Ulf Karsten
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyInstituto de Biología Marina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileInstitute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Fadia Tala
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyInstituto de Biología Marina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileInstitute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Martin Thiel
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyInstituto de Biología Marina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, ChileFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileInstitute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18051 Rostock, GermanyFacultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo, Chile
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13
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Abstract
Elevated irradiance has a profound effect on the successful dispersal and establishment of kelp zoospores, affecting their physiology and viability. The research to date, however, has been on zoospores localized near the benthos, with little attention on the importance of vertical transportation and subsequent exposure to increased irradiance. Therefore, we wanted to investigate the effects of exposure to high irradiance on the reproductive planktonic life-history stages of kelps Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh and Pterygophora californica Rupr. Zoospores of both species were exposed to different irradiances (75, 275, 575, 1,025 μmol photons · m(-2) · s(-1) ) over varying durations (1, 2, 4, 8, 12 h) and subsequently monitored for settlement competency, gametophyte development, and reproductive viability. Settlement success for M. pyrifera was uniform throughout all irradiance × time treatments, while settlement for P. californica decreased with increasing exposure time but not irradiance, although settlement was generally reduced at the highest irradiance level. Following zoospore settlement, germ tube development was visible in the gametophytes of both species within 1 week, although a significant decline of germ tube density in P. californica was observed with increasing irradiance. Similarly, a decrease in germ tube development with increasing exposure was observed across all irradiance levels for M. pyrifera, but irradiance itself was not significant. Further development into embryonic sporophytes was remarkably similar to gametophyte development, suggesting that the effect of exposure of kelp zoospores to high irradiance on subsequent sporophyte production is mediated through gametophyte development as well as zoospore survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien K Cie
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA
| | - Matthew S Edwards
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA
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