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Serin Canpolat S, Bayrak S. Evaluation of radiographic visibility of root pulp in mandibular second molars using cone beam computed tomography images for age estimation. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024; 20:8-13. [PMID: 36853501 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to estimate chronological age and determine whether individuals were aged under or over 18 years using root pulp visibility (RPV) in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. The study included CBCT images of 699 individuals aged between 15 and 75 years. One thousand twenty-three mandibular second molar (2M) teeth were evaluated using Olze's RPV method in four stages. Descriptive statistics of the stages and the relationship between the stages and the chronological age were assessed. The distribution of the stages was analyzed according to the 18-year age threshold. There was a positive correlation between RPV stages and chronological ages in both sexes. For females and males, the mean ages of stage 0, stage 1, and stage 2, for females and males, were found as 27.21, 28.93, and 33.68 years, and 37.69, 40.9, and 44.88 years, respectively. Stage 0 and stage 1 were found both in individuals aged under and over 18 years, and stage 2 and stage 3 were not observed in individuals aged under 18 years. The presence of stage 2 and stage 3 may be an indication that an individual is aged over 18 years according to Olze's RPV age estimation method. For more reliable results, 2M teeth should be examined bilaterally in forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Serin Canpolat
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Golkoy, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - S Bayrak
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Golkoy, Bolu, Turkey
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Aydın H, Harorlı H. Predictor factors of 1-rooted mandibular second molars on complicated root and canal anatomies of other mandibular teeth. Restor Dent Endod 2024; 49:e2. [PMID: 38449499 PMCID: PMC10912550 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2024.49.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to determine the effects of 1-rooted mandibular second molar (MnSM) teeth on root canal anatomy complexities of the mandibular central incisor (MnCI), mandibular lateral incisor (MnLI), mandibular canine (MnCn), mandibular first premolar (MnFP), mandibular second premolar (MnSP), and mandibular first molar (MnFM) teeth. Materials and Methods Cone-beam computed tomography images of 600 patients with full lower dentition were examined. Individuals with 1-rooted MnSMs were determined, and the complexity of root canal anatomy of other teeth was compared with individuals without 1-rooted MnSMs (Group-1; subjects with at least one 1-rooted MnSM, Group-2; subjects with more than a single root in both MnSMs). A second canal in MnCIs, MnLIs, MnCns, MnFPs, and MnSPs indicated a complicated root canal. The presence of a third root in MnFMs was recorded as complicated. Results The prevalence of 1-rooted MnSMs was 12.2%, with the C-shaped root type being the most prevalent (9%). There were fewer complicated root canals in MnCIs (p = 0.02), MnLIs (p < 0.001), and MnFPs (p < 0.001) in Group 1. The other teeth showed no difference between the groups (p > 0.05). According to logistic regression analysis, 1-rooted right MnSMs had a negative effect on having complex canal systems of MnLIs and MnFPs. Left MnSMs were explanatory variables on left MnLIs and both MnFPs. Conclusions In individuals with single-rooted MnSMs, a less complicated root canal system was observed in all teeth except the MnFMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Aydın
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Hatice Harorlı
- Departent of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
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Wu W, Song L, Liu J, Du L, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Tang Z, Shen M. Finite element analysis of the angle range in trans-inferior alveolar nerve implantation at the mandibular second molar. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:928. [PMID: 38007495 PMCID: PMC10676576 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trans- inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) implantation technique was wildly used while the potential appropriate angle range in which the residual alveolar bone can bear the stress without absorption are currently unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the stress distribution pattern of the interface between bone and implant by finite element analysis (FEA) to determine the appropriate range of the implant tilt angle. METHODS Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 120 patients with missing mandibular second molars and vertical bone height < 9 mm in the edentulous area were selected. The distances from the mandibular nerve canal to the buccal cortex, the lingual cortex and the alveolar ridge crest were measured by using a combination of software. The angular ranges of the buccal-lingual inclination of simulated trans-IAN implants were measured and three-dimensional finite element models were constructed in the mandibular second molar area according to the differences of the inclination angles. A vertical load (200N) was then applied to analyze the biomechanical conditions of the implant-bone interface during median occlusion. RESULTS The distance at the second molar from the nerve canal to the buccal cortex, lingual cortex and alveolar crest were 6.861 ± 1.194 mm, 2.843 ± 0.933 mm and 7.944 ± 0.77 mm. Trans-IAN implantation was feasible in 73.33% of patients. The minimum angle and maximum angles of the buccal-lingual inclination of the simulated implant were 19.135 ± 6.721° and 39.282 ± 6.581°. When a vertical static load of 200N was applied, the tensile stress in cortical bone gradually increased with the increase of the implant tilt angle. When the inclination angle reached 30°, the tensile stress (105.9 MPa) exceeded the yield strength (104 MPa) of cortical bone. Compared with the conventional implants, the stress peak value of the vertical ultra-short implant in cortical bone was greater than the stress peak value of the conventional implants at 10°(79.81 MPa) and 20°(82.83 MPa) and was smaller than the stress of the implant at 30°(105.9 MPa) and 40°(107.8 MPa). Therefore, when the bone mass allows, conventional-length implants should be selected whenever possible, and an operative range of the trans-IAN implantation in the mandibular second molar could be retained with an inclination angle of < 30°. CONCLUSIONS The mandibular nerve canal at the mandibular second molar was obviously biased to the lingual side, which ensured sufficient bone mass at the buccal side. In most patients with severe mandibular atrophy, it was possible to maintain a safe distance from the nerve canal with conventional-length implants via the trans-IAN implantation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Liangyue Song
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lingyi Du
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zichun Tang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Stomatological Hospital, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - Ming Shen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
- Department of General Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Wang B, Sun R, Li T, Sun Y, Zheng L, Zhao J. Does the "Root Removal First" strategy prevent postoperative complications in the surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars in the Pell and Gregory class C and horizontal position? - a randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:391. [PMID: 37316782 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical outcomes of the "Root Removal First" strategy in the surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar (IMTM) in the class C and horizontal position. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 274 cases were finally included in the statistics. The positions of IMTM in the horizontal position were confirmed by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Cases were randomly divided into two groups: the "Root Removal First" strategy was applied in the new method (NM) group, and the conventional "Crown Removal First" strategy was executed in the traditional method (TM) group. The clinical information and relevant data upon follow-up were recorded. RESULTS The duration of the surgical removal and the incidence rates of lower lip paresthesia in the NM group were significantly lower than those in the TM group. The degree of mobility of the adjacent mandibular second molar (M2) in the NM group was significantly lower than that in the TM group at 30 days and 3 months post-operation. The distal and buccal probing depth of the M2, as well as the exposed root length of M2 in the NM group, were significantly lower than those in the TM group 3 months post-operation. CONCLUSIONS The "Root Removal First" strategy can reduce the incidence rate of inferior alveolar nerve injury and periodontal complications of the M2 in the surgical removal of IMTM in class C and horizontal position with high efficiency. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR2000040063.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Rui Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Department of Oral Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yuqi Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Linwei Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jihong Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China.
- Department of Oral Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Saber SM, Seoud MAE, Sadat SMAE, Nawar NN. Root and canal morphology of mandibular second molars in an Egyptian subpopulation: a cone-beam computed tomography study. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:217. [PMID: 37061674 PMCID: PMC10105946 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was using Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to examine the anatomical variations in mandibular second molars in an Egyptian sub-population. METHODS A total of 350 CBCT images (215 females and 135 males, aged 15-65 years) of mandibular second molars were evaluated. Samples were evaluated in terms of: number of roots, number of root canals, roots' cross section as well as prevalence and configurations of C-shaped canals. Statistical analysis was done to highlight differences between different categories and their prevalence among genders (significance level was set at p < 0.05). Data were presented as frequency and percentage values and were analyzed using chi square test followed by pairwise comparisons utilizing multiple Fisher's exact tests with Bonferroni correction. The significance level was set at p < 0.05 within all tests. RESULTS Of the 350 mandibular second molars evaluated, 87.2% were non-C-shaped while 12.8% were C-shaped with no gender-based statistically significant differences (χ2 = 0.19, p = 0.656). Most samples had three root canals (80%) followed by two (16%), then one (3.2%), and finally four (0.8%) root canals. Among the non-C-shaped molars, presence of two roots was most common (83.4%) followed by presence of a single root (16.2%), and only one sample (0.2%) had three roots, and this had no correlation with gender (χ2 = 1.86, p = 0.431). In the mesial roots Type IV Vertucci was the most common configuration found (68.8%), while Type I was the most prevalent in the distal roots (91.8%). The long oval configuration was the most commonly found cross section in mesial roots while "oval" was the most prevalent in distal roots. CONCLUSION Egyptian sub-population shows highly variable morphological features in mandibular second molars, hence, CBCT is highly recommended on case-to-case conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehabeldin Mohamed Saber
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt
- Center for Innovative Dental Sciences (CIDS), Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt (BUE), Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Abou El Seoud
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Nawar Naguib Nawar
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt.
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Almansour MI, Al-Zubaidi SM, Enizy AS, Madfa AA. Comprehensive evaluation of root and root canal morphology of mandibular second molars in a Saudi subpopulation evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:267. [PMID: 35778729 PMCID: PMC9250273 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study's goal was to use Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) to assess the root and root canal anatomy of mandibular second molars with C-shaped root canal configurations in residents of the Hail district. The impact of gender and side on the frequency of root canal morphology was considered. METHODS The sample size for this study was 304 untreated mandibular second molars with completely developed roots on the right and left sides. Using CBCT on the teeth, the root form and canal morphology for each root are based on Vertucci's classification. The occurrence of canals in the shape of a C. The prevalence and resemblance of the left and right sides or men and females were investigated. The Chi-square test was performed to evaluate the findings. RESULTS Of the 304 mandibular second molars studied, 286 teeth had two roots (94.1%), whilst 13 (4.3%) were C-shaped root canal systems. 77 molars (25.3%) had two canal orifices, 219 (72.0%) had three canal orifices, and six (2.0%) and one (0.3%) had four and five root canal orifices, respectively. Type IV was the most common for mesial root, accounting for 57.7% of the sample (n = 176). For distal root, the most common occurrence was type I, which occurred 282 times (96.60%). The most prevalent root canal morphology was the presence of two canals in the mesial root and one canal in the distal root of teeth with two distinct roots (variant 3). (69.4%). The overall prevalence of C-shaped root canal systems is (4.3%) (n = 13). CONCLUSIONS The patient's race is an undeniable factor that influences root canal anatomy. The root canal morphology of mandibular second molars revealed significant differences between Saudi subpopulations. The majority of mandibular second molars had two roots and three root canals. When treating these molars, the presence of a C-shaped root canal system must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moazzy I Almansour
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Collage of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saad M Al-Zubaidi
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Collage of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmjeed S Enizy
- Department of Dentistry, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Madfa
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Collage of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Shigefuji R, Serikawa M, Usami A. Observation of mandibular second molar roots and root canal morphology using dental cone-beam computed tomography. Anat Cell Biol 2022; 55:155-160. [PMID: 35773218 PMCID: PMC9256481 DOI: 10.5115/acb.22.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mandibular second molars show various morphological features in the roots and root canal, and a gutter-shaped root (GSR) caused by fusion of the mesial and distal roots is frequently encountered. In this study the number of the roots associated with mandibular second molars were observed using dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). For those with a GSR, determination of root morphology and root canal classification were performed. CBCT image data from 173 Japanese mandibular second molars were obtained. Using sliced images, the number of the roots and root morphology were determined. In cases with a GSR, the ratio for the fused roots was determined and root canal morphology features were classified. A GSR was found in 61 (35.3%), with greater prevalence in females. In addition, the overall ratio of the fused part to root thickness in those with a GSR was 48.7%, with no significant difference related to sex. Furthermore, a C-shaped root canal morphology was commonly observed in both males and females with a GSR. In the present cohort examined in Japanese, most of the mandibular second molar were found to have two roots, with a GSR noted in 35.5%. While a GSR was more often observed in females, a C-shaped root canal was the most common root canal morphology in both sexs. It is considered that assessment using CBCT findings is helpful for precise determination of root canal morphology and presence of a GSR in mandibular second molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Shigefuji
- Department of Morphological Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Serikawa
- Department of Morphological Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Akinobu Usami
- Department of Morphological Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Japan
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Xu LJ, Zhang JY, Huang ZH, Wang XZ. Successful individualized endodontic treatment of severely curved root canals in a mandibular second molar: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:4632-4639. [PMID: 35663087 PMCID: PMC9125298 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i14.4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence rate of severely curved root canals in mandibular molars is low, and the root canal treatment of mandibular molars with this aberrant canal anatomy may be technically challenging. CASE SUMMARY A 26-year-old Chinese female patient presented with intermittent and occlusal pain in the left mandibular second molar. The patient had undergone filling restoration for caries before endodontic consultation. With the aid of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), a large periapical radiolucency was observed, and curved root canals in a mandibular second molar were confirmed, depicting a severe and curved distolingual root. Nonsurgical treatments, including novel individualized preparation skills and techniques and the use of bioceramic materials as an apical barrier, were performed, and complete healing of the periapical lesion and a satisfactory effect were achieved. CONCLUSION A case of severely curved root canals in a mandibular second molar was successfully treated and are reported herein. The complex anatomy of the tooth and the postoperative effect were also evaluated via the three-dimensional reconstruction of CBCT images, which accurately identified the aberrant canal morphology. New devices and biomaterial applications combined with novel synthesis techniques can increase the success rate of intractable endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Jun Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health; Academician Workstation for Oral-maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine and Xiangya Stomatological Hospital; Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health; Academician Workstation for Oral-maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine and Xiangya Stomatological Hospital; Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zi-Hua Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health; Academician Workstation for Oral-maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine and Xiangya Stomatological Hospital; Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiang-Zhu Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research; Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care; Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health; Academician Workstation for Oral-maxilofacial and Regenerative Medicine and Xiangya Stomatological Hospital; Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China
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Grine FE, Gonzalvo E, Rossouw L, Holt S, Black W, Braga J. Variation in Middle Stone Age mandibular molar enamel-dentine junction topography at Klasies River Main Site assessed by diffeomorphic surface matching. J Hum Evol 2021; 161:103079. [PMID: 34739985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The morphology and variability of the Middle Stone Age (MSA) hominin fossils from Klasies River Main Site have been the focus of investigation for more than four decades. The mandibular remains have figured prominently in discussions relating to robusticity, size dimorphism, and symphyseal morphology. Variation in corpus size between the robust SAM-AP 6223 and the diminutive SAM-AP 6225 mandibles is particularly impressive, and the difference between the buccolingual diameters of their M2s significantly exceeds recent human sample variation. SAM-AP 6223 and SAM-AP 6225 are the only Klasies specimens with homologous teeth (M2 and M3) that permit comparisons of crown morphology. While the differences in dental trait expression at the outer enamel surfaces of these molars are slight, diffeomorphic surface analyses of their underlying enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) topographies reveal differences that are well beyond the means of pairwise differences among comparative samples of Later Stone Age (LSA) Khoesan and recent African homologues. The EDJs of both SAM-AP 6225 molars and the SAM-AP 6223 M3 fall outside the envelopes that define the morphospace of these two samples. Although the radiocarbon dated LSA individuals examined here differ by a maximum of some 7000 years, and the two Klasies jaws may differ by perhaps as much as 18,000 years, it is difficult to ascribe their differences to time alone. With reference to the morphoscopic traits by which the SAM-AP 6223 and SAM-AP 6225 EDJs differ, the most striking is the expression of the protoconid cingulum. This is very weakly developed on the SAM-AP 6223 molars and distinct in SAM-AP 6225. As such, this diminutive fossil exhibits a more pronounced manifestation of what is likely a plesiomorphic feature, thus adding to the morphological mosaicism that is evident in the Klasies hominin assemblage. Several possible explanations for the variation and mosaicism in this MSA sample are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick E Grine
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA.
| | - Elsa Gonzalvo
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, France
| | - Lloyd Rossouw
- Florisbad Quaternary Research Department, The National Museum, 36 Aliwal Street, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Sharon Holt
- Florisbad Quaternary Research Department, The National Museum, 36 Aliwal Street, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Wendy Black
- Archaeology Unit, Research and Exhibitions Department, Iziko Museums of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - José Braga
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, Toulouse, France; Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
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Gomez F, Brea G, Gomez-Sosa JF. Root canal morphology and variations in mandibular second molars: an in vivo cone-beam computed tomography analysis. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:424. [PMID: 34470619 PMCID: PMC8411505 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomical variations of the root canal system of mandibular second molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS 190 mandibular second molars cone-beam computed tomography images were reviewed. The evaluation was performed by a radiologist with endodontic experience and two endodontists trained with CBCT technology. Tooth position, number of root and root canals, C-shaped root canal system configuration, presence of extra root (radix), and radicular grooves were assessed. Data was statistically analyzed using The Chi-square test (α = 0,05) to determine any significant difference between gender and the total number of root and root canals, and any significant difference between gender and root canal anatomical variation. RESULTS Overall, 85.5% showed two separated roots, 12.1% a single root, 2.6% three roots or radix. 87.7% showed three root canals, 12.1% two root canals, 2.6% four root canals, and 1.6% a single root canal. 10% showed a single foramen, 75.3% two foramina, 13.6% three foramina and 1% showed four foramina.19.5% showed C-shaped anatomical variation, 51.4% in male patients, 48.6% in female patients. According to Fan classification: C1 13.6% in cervical third, C2 10% in the middle third, C3 17.3% in middle third, 15.5% in apical third, and C4 12.7% in the apical third. Root canals number in these samples were 5.4% a single canal, 21.6% two canals, 70.3% three canals, and 2.7% four canals. The root showed 46% with one foramen, 46% two foramina, and 8% three foramina. Radicular grooves 83.3% were found in the lingual area and 16.2% towards the buccal area. CONCLUSIONS The most prevalent anatomic presentation of the evaluated sample was a mandibular second molars with two roots, three root canals, and two apical foramina. Their variation was C-shaped root canals and Radix Paramolaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gomez
- Postgraduate Department of Endodontics, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Gisbeli Brea
- Postgraduate Department of Endodontics, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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Sönmez Kaplan S, Kaplan T, Sezgin GP. Evaluation of C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars of a selected patient group using cone beam computed tomography: prevalence, configuration and radicular groove types. Odontology 2021; 109:949-55. [PMID: 34081247 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00616-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence, symmetry and configurations of C-shaped canals and radicular groove types in mandibular second molars according to age and sex in a Turkish sub-population using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). In total, 674 CBCT images (368 females and 306 males, aged 18-76 years) of 1348 mandibular second molars were evaluated. The symmetry, configuration of C-shaped root canals, radicular groove types with age and sex were noted. One sample chi-square test and chi-square test were used to determine statistically significant differences. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05. Of the 1348 mandibular second molars evaluated, 10.7% had C-shaped root canals. C-shaped root canals appeared to be significantly more common in females than in males (p < 0.05). C1 (44.4%) was the most frequent configuration in the coronal third, and C2 (44.4%), and C4 (31.9%) were the most frequent configurations in middle and apical thirds, respectively. Type 2 (45.1%) was the most common radicular groove type (p < 0.05). The frequency of C-shaped root canals in mandibular second molars in a Turkish sub-population was considerably high (10.7%). CBCT can aid the detection of C-shaped canals and their configurations. Dentists should consider the possibility of C-shaped canals in root canal treatment of mandibular second molars, as these configurations have implications for biomechanical preparation and filling methods.
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Funakoshi T, Shibata T, Inamoto K, Shibata N, Ariji Y, Fukuda M, Nakata K, Ariji E. Cone-beam computed tomography classification of the mandibular second molar root morphology and its relationship to panoramic radiographic appearance. Oral Radiol 2021; 37:494-501. [PMID: 33048311 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-020-00486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the panoramic radiographic appearance and the longitudinal cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) classification of root configurations of the mandibular second molar. METHODS Panoramic radiographs of 1058 mandibular second molars were classified into five types according to the number and configuration of the roots. These molars were also examined with CBCT at four levels between the pulp chamber and the root apex, and axial images perpendicular to the root axis were categorized into three patterns: single (fused root with small grooves on both buccal and lingual sides or a round root with one canal); double (two separate roots with a trabecular appearance between them); and C-shaped (root with a deep groove opening only on the lingual or buccal side relative to the opposite side). Based on these patterns and their scan levels, the CBCT root morphology appearance in each tooth unit was classified into seven groups. Relationships were investigated between these seven CBCT groups and the five panoramic root types. RESULTS In panoramic types 1 and 2 (with separate roots), 85% had roots with a double pattern (groups II and III) on the CBCT images. In panoramic types 3 and 4 (with fused roots), 85% had C-shaped CBCT patterns at the lower scan levels. CONCLUSIONS When panoramic images show fused root types, CBCT examinations should be planned to clarify the root canal configuration.
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Ren HY, Zhao YS, Yoo YJ, Zhang XW, Fang H, Wang F, Perinpanayagam H, Kum KY, Gu Y. Mandibular molar C-shaped root canals in 5th millennium BC China. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 117:104773. [PMID: 32512259 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence and variations in C-shaped canals in ancient Chinese teeth and compare the differences of these features between ancient and age-matched modern populations. DESIGN Approximately 5000-year-old craniofacial bone remains were collected from the fossils of 38 individuals (total: 68 mandibular second molars) excavated from the Jiaojia site. The control group comprised of an equal number of randomly selected modern samples. We used cone-beam computed tomography to scan the mandible along the apex-crown axis and analyzed the canal morphology, based on Fan's categorization criterion, at 2 mm, 5 mm, and 8 mm to the apical level. Grooves on the lingual and buccal sides were also recorded. RESULTS The proportion of C-shaped roots among ancient samples on the left and right sides were 48.57 % (17/35 teeth) and 54.55 % (18/33 teeth), respectively, and 51.47 % (35/68 teeth) in the total sample. Conversely, in the control group, 44.12 % (15/34) and 38.24 % (13/34) occurred on the left and right sides, respectively, and 41.18 % (28/68) in the total sample. Among the C-shaped canals from the Jiaojia site samples, the classification type changed between two adjacent levels in 84.31 % of samples. Approximately 35 (51.5 %) teeth had a fused root, 20 (29.41 %) had one shallow buccal and one deep lingual groove. The occurrence of C-shape variation was not significantly correlated with time (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study identified a high rate of C-shaped root canals among individuals of Jiaojia who lived approximately 5000 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ying Ren
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- Institute of Cultural and Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yeon-Jee Yoo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, National Dental Care Center for Persons with Special Needs, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiao Wen Zhang
- School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Hui Fang
- School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Fen Wang
- School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Hiran Perinpanayagam
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Kee-Yeon Kum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, National Dental Care Center for Persons with Special Needs, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Province, PR China.
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Chen Y, Zheng J, Li D, Huang Z, Huang Z, Wang X, Zhang X, Hu X. Three-dimensional position of mandibular third molars and its association with distal caries in mandibular second molars: a cone beam computed tomographic study. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:3265-3273. [PMID: 31938961 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03203-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of distal caries in mandibular second molars (M2Ms) and its correlation with the three-dimensional position of mandibular third molars (M3Ms) by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS CBCT scans involving 421 M3Ms were assessed. The presence of distal caries of M2Ms, patient age and gender, impaction depths and mesial angulation of M3Ms, the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) distances and contact point localization, and the horizontal positions of M3Ms were assessed. Risk factors were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The overall prevalence of distal caries in M2Ms was 31.6%. Mesial angulation (16°-75°) of M3Ms, contact point localization at or below the CEJ of M2Ms, and a buccal or lingual position of M3Ms relative to the molar line were identified as risk factors for the prevalence of distal caries in M2Ms (p < 0.05). Distal caries was more severe when the mesial angulation of M3Ms was 16°-75° (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Buccal or lingual position of M3Ms may represent a new risk factor for the distal caries in M2Ms. Mesial angulation (16°-75°) of M3Ms is a predictive parameter for both the presence and severity of distal caries in M2Ms. CLINICAL RELEVANCE As the presence of distal caries in M2Ms is significantly associated with the three-dimensional position of M3Ms, watchful monitoring or prophylactic removal of M3Ms should be deliberated when M3Ms are mesially angulated (16°-75°), buccally or lingually positioned, and with the contact point localization at or below the CEJ of M2Ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianmao Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Danna Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuwei Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zijing Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, Guangdong, China.
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Kim HS, Jung D, Lee H, Han YS, Oh S, Sim HY. C-shaped root canals of mandibular second molars in a Korean population: a CBCT analysis. Restor Dent Endod 2018; 43:e42. [PMID: 30483466 PMCID: PMC6237723 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2018.43.e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the C-shaped root canal anatomy of mandibular second molars in a Korean population. Materials and Methods A total of 542 teeth were evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The canal shapes were classified according to a modified version of Melton's method at the level where the pulp chamber floor became discernible. Results Of the 542 mandibular second molars, 215 (39.8%) had C-shaped canals, 330 (53%) had 3 canals, 17 (3.3%) had 2 canals, 12 (2.2%) had 4 canals, and 8 (1.7%) had 1 canal. The prevalence of C-shaped canals was 47.8% in females and 28.4% in males. Seventy-seven percent of the C-shaped canals showed a bilateral appearance. The prevalence of C-shaped canals showed no difference according to age or tooth position. Most teeth with a C-shaped canal system presented Melton's type II (45.6%) and type III (32.1%) configurations. Conclusions There was a high prevalence of C-shaped canals in the mandibular second molars of the Korean population studied. CBCT is expected to be useful for endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning of mandibular second molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sun Kim
- Department of Dentistry, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), Seoul, Korea
| | - Daun Jung
- Department of Dentistry, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Department of Dentistry, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Sic Han
- Department of Dentistry, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), Seoul, Korea
| | - Sohee Oh
- Department of Biostatics, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Young Sim
- Department of Dentistry, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center (SMG-SNU BMC), Seoul, Korea
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Wolf TG, Paqué F, Betz P, Willershausen B, Briseño-Marroquín B. Micro-CT assessment of internal morphology and root canal configuration of non C-shaped mandibular second molars. Swiss Dent J 2017; 127:513-519. [PMID: 29307169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The root canal system morphology of the mandibular second molar was investigated by means of micro-computed tomography (μCT). The root canal configuration (RCC), foramina and accessory canals frequency of 93 mandibular second molars of an Egyptian sample were investigated by μCT scans. The RCC and main foramina number (MFN) are described by means of a four-digit system from coronal to apical. The most frequently observed RCCs in the mesial root were 2-2-1/1 (32.3%), 2-2-2/2 (28.0%), 1-1-1/1 (6.5%) and 2-1-1/1 (6.5%); an additional twelve different RCCs were also found here. In the distal root, the RCC 1-1-1/1 was observed in 81.7%; another ten different RCCs with a frequency of less than 5% were also observed in this root. Anastomoses be-tween the mesiobuccal and mesiolingual canals in the mesial root were witnessed in the coronal (20.5%), middle (19.4%) and apical (10.8%) thirds. Accessory canals were found in the coronal (mesiobuccal 15.0%, mesiolingual 12.9%, distobuccal 1.1%), middle (mesiobuccal 7.5%, mesiolingual 10.8%, distolingual 3.3%) and apical (mesiobuccal 19.3%, mesiolingual 16.2%, distolingual 10.8%, distobuccal 2.2%) thirds. The RCC of mandibular second molars showed a great variety. When compared with the first mandibular molar in a historical control from the same sample, the mandibular second molar presented less morphological diversifications. Yet, the mesial root canalsystem of the mandibular second molar showed more RCC variations, connecting and accessory canals than the distal root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Wolf
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Frank Paqué
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology, and Cariology, University of Zurich, Center of Dental Medicine Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Betz
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Brita Willershausen
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
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Ahn HR, Moon YM, Hong SO, Seo MS. Healing outcomes of root canal treatment for C-shaped mandibular second molars: a retrospective analysis. Restor Dent Endod 2016; 41:262-270. [PMID: 27847747 PMCID: PMC5107427 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2016.41.4.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the healing rate of non-surgical endodontic treatment between C-shaped and non-C-shaped mandibular second molars. Materials and Methods Clinical records and radiological images of patients who had undergone endodontic treatment on mandibular second molars between 2007 and 2014 were screened. The periapical index scoring system was applied to compare healing outcomes. Information about preoperative and postoperative factors as well as the demographic data of the patients was acquired and evaluated using chi-square and multinomial logistic regression tests. Results The total healing rate was 68.4%. Healing rates for the mandibular second molar were 70.9% in C-shaped canals (n = 79) and 66.6% in non-C-shaped ones (n = 117). The difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions The presence of a C-shaped canal in the mandibular second molar did not have a significantly negative effect on healing after treatment. Instead, proper pulpal diagnosis and final restoration were indicated as having significantly greater influence on the healing outcomes of C-shaped and non-C-shaped canals, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ra Ahn
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonkwang University Daejeon Dental Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young-Mi Moon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonkwang University Daejeon Dental Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung-Ok Hong
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonkwang University Sanbon Dental Hospital, Gunpo, Korea
| | - Min-Seock Seo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonkwang University Daejeon Dental Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between cervical vertebrae maturation and mandibular second molar calcification stages. STUDY DESIGN The study was designed as a retrospective, descriptive and crosssectional research project. Pre-treatment lateral cephalograms and panoramic radiographs of 99 males and 110 females in the age range of 7 to 18 years 7 months were evaluated with Demirjian Index (DI) and cervical vertebrae maturation indicators (CVMI) of Hassel and Farman. A null hypothesis was proposed that there is no relation between CVMI and DI. RESULTS A highly significant association (Pearson's contingency coefficient 0.713 for males and 0.863 for females) was found between DI and CVMI. In males, the DI stage E corresponded to stage 2 of CVMI (pre-peak of pubertal growth spurt) and DI stages F and G corresponded to stages 3 and 4 of CVMI (peak of pubertal growth spurt). DI stage H was associated with stages 5 and 6 of CVMI (end of pubertal growth spurt). In females, the DI stages C, D corresponded to CVMI stages 1, 2; DI stages E, F with CVMI stages 3, 4; DI stages G, H with CVMI stages 5, 6. CONCLUSION Mandibular second molar calcification stages can be used as indicators for assessment of skeletal maturity.
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Idris M, Sakkir N, KJ N, Kini A. Endodontic Retreatment of a Mandibular Second Molar with four Separate Roots: A Case Report. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:280-2. [PMID: 24783160 PMCID: PMC4003669 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/8441.4187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aberrations in the root canal anatomy are a commonly occurring phenomenon. Although the mandibular second molar is commonly a bi-rooted tooth with an uncomplicated endodontic anatomy, variations have to be considered every time endodontic therapy is performed. This case report describes the non-surgical endodontic retreatment performed on a mandibular second molar with four seperate roots and canals. ProTaper Universal rotary nickel-titanium instruments (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) for treatment and retreatment were used to remove the old gutta percha and to clean and shape all root canals, followed by the complete obturation of root canal system. Post-operative CBCT scan was taken to confirm the quality of the performed treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Idris
- Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital,Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Nasil Sakkir
- Endodontist, Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences,Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Nandakishore KJ
- Reader,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital,Karnataka, India
| | - Annapurna Kini
- Reader,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital,Karnataka, India
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Roy A, Velmurugan N, Suresh N. Mandibular second molar with a single root and a single canal: case series. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 7:2637-8. [PMID: 24392427 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/6172.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The variability of root canal system morphology of multirooted teeth represents a continuous challenge to endodontic diagnosis and therapeutics. This report extends the range of known possible anatomical variations to include teeth with lesser number of root and root canals. Variations of root canal systems need not always be in the form of extra canals. Clinicians should be aware that there is a possibility of existence of fewer number of roots and root canals than the normal root canal anatomy. Thus the aim of this article is to present three cases of endodontically managed mandibular second molars with a single root and root canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roy
- Senior Lecturer, Deparment of Endodontics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospitals , Chennai, India
| | | | - Nandhini Suresh
- Reader, Deparment of Endodontics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospitals , Chennai, India
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