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Ion-pair vortex assisted liquid phase micro-extraction coupled with UV-visible spectrophotometry for the determination of mesalazine in pharmaceutical formulations. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2024; 82:483-492. [PMID: 37923008 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates an effective, simple, and selective method for monitoring mesalazine in pharmaceutical formulations using liquid phase micro-extraction (LPME) and spectrophotometry. Combining LPME with spectrophotometry is an efficient method for analysing various compounds in different matrices. This method is based on extracting the ion-pair formed between the blue indophenol produced by the oxidative reaction of mesalazine and syringic acid in an alkaline medium and a quaternary ammonium salt into a micro-volume of organic solvent. The experimental parameters influencing LPME performance, such as the type and concentration of the quaternary ammonium ion salt and the type and volume of the extractant solvent, were optimised for optimal detection. The linear range and the limit of detection for measuring red species in pharmaceutical formulations were determined to be 0.005-0.080 μg/mL-1 and 0.003 μg/mL-1, respectively, with a relative standard deviation of 4-6%. The method had a preconcentration factor of 50 at 520nm, making it highly efficient and reliable for monitoring mesalazine in pharmaceutical formulations.
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Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for the stabilization of biopharmaceuticals: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108316. [PMID: 38199490 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals have allowed the control of previously untreatable diseases. However, their low solubility and stability still hinder their application, transport, and storage. Hence, researchers have applied different compounds to preserve and enhance the delivery of biopharmaceuticals, such as ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Although the biopharmaceutical industry can employ various substances for enhancing formulations, their effect will change depending on the properties of the target biomolecule and environmental conditions. Hence, this review organized the current state-of-the-art on the application of ILs and DESs to stabilize biopharmaceuticals, considering the properties of the biomolecules, ILs, and DESs classes, concentration range, types of stability, and effect. We also provided a critical discussion regarding the potential utilization of ILs and DESs in pharmaceutical formulations, considering the restrictions in this field, as well as the advantages and drawbacks of these substances for medical applications. Overall, the most applied IL and DES classes for stabilizing biopharmaceuticals were cholinium-, imidazolium-, and ammonium-based, with cholinium ILs also employed to improve their delivery. Interestingly, dilute and concentrated ILs and DESs solutions presented similar results regarding the stabilization of biopharmaceuticals. With additional investigation, ILs and DESs have the potential to overcome current challenges in biopharmaceutical formulation.
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Paper-based analytical device for sensitive colorimetric determination of sulfonamides in pharmaceutical samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123336. [PMID: 37683435 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Sulfa drugs are frequently used to treat infections, particularly in antibiotic resistant people. There are several techniques available to determine sulfa drugs, however, they are laborious operation, reagent consumption, expensive, and need specialized types of equipment. Here, a new, very simple and inexpensive paper-based analytical device described for the determination of five sulfa drugs: sulfacetamide, sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfathiazole in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is a one-step reaction, based on the colorimetric reaction between acid-hydrolyzed sulfa drugs and 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. Using a smartphone, the RGB value of color intensity was used as an analytical signal. The paper-based device displayed linear ranges of 0.10-5.00 µg mL-1, linear correlations ranging from 0.9903 to 0.9972, limits of detection 0.0030 to 0.0082 µg mL-1, and RSD of ≤0.258 under optimal conditions. The suggested approach was applied for determining five sulfa drugs in pharmaceutical formulations. This approach is appropriate for pharmaceutical applications since it is inexpensive, simple to utilize, sensitive, and selective.
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Response surface methodology combined Box-Behnken design optimized green kinetic spectrophotometric and HPLC methods to quantify angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan in pharmaceutical formulations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 298:122805. [PMID: 37156177 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and kinetic spectrophotometric methods were established to compute valsartan (VAL) in pharmaceutical formulations. The spectrophotometric procedures adopted initial rate, fixed time, and equilibrium strategies to assess VAL. The method was based on the carboxylic acid group of the oxidized VAL with a mixture of potassium iodate (KIO3) and potassium iodide (KI) at room temperature, producing a stable, yellow-coloured absorb at 352 nm. The critical parameters were optimized using green process optimization methodology such as Box-Behnken design (BBD) which belongs to response surface methodology (RSM). After the screening, experiments identified them as significant, and then three crucial factors were optimised: KI volume, KIO3 volume, and reaction time against response as absorbance. The HPLC procedure was also optimized based on the desirability function on RSM-BBD. The parameters such as pH, methanol (%), and flow rate (ml/min) were optimized with the best responses: peak area, symmetry, and theoretical plates. The linearity of spectrophotometric and HPLC methods was within the range of 2-24 and 0.25-11.25 µg/ml, respectively. The developed procedures produced excellent accuracy and precision. The design of the experiment (DoE) setting explained and discussed the individual steps and the importance of independent and dependent variables used to develop the model and optimization. The method was validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Furthermore, Youden's robustness study was applied with factorial combinations of the preferred analytical parameters and explored their influence with alternative conditions. The analytical Eco-Scale score was calculated and was found a better option as green methods to quantify VAL. The results were reproducible with the analysis completed with biological fluid and wastewater samples.
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Mixed-mode chromatography of mixed functionalized analytes as the homologues of benzalkonium chloride. Application to pharmaceutical formulations. Talanta 2023; 255:124228. [PMID: 36587429 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a retention behavior based on mixed-mode reversed-phase (RP)/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) was observed for benzalkonium chloride (BAK) using a core-shell column functionalized with biphenyl groups. Although in the literature, the U-shaped retention was reported for polar compounds in mixed functionalized phases, in the present work, the behavior was dependent upon the chemical structure of the analyte with mixed functionality (ammonium group, a benzyl group and an alkyl chain) and on the high selectivity of the chromatographic column. The bimodal retention was observed for the four BAK homologues using a content of acetonitrile from 65 to 95% in the mobile phase. The data were adjusted to polynomial equations which allow for modeling and predicting the U-shaped retention. The salt concentration (50 and 100 mM), anion (formate and acetate) and cation (ammonium and triethylammonium) of the salt, pH (4 and 5) in the mobile phase were studied in order to understand their influence on the two retention modes. Significant electrostatic interactions were involved in the two retention modes, especially with a content of acetonitrile higher that 90%. Linear relationships between the retention factors of the four homologues were found in a wide range of %acetonitrile when the salt and triethylamine concentration, pH and nature of salt were changed. The differences found on the retention of the homologues, when increasing the alkyl chain length, were more significant in the RP mode due to predominant hydrophobic interactions. A pH decrease and a salt concentration increase caused a retention decrease for both modes. A decrease on of the retention was observed when acetate anion was replaced by formate anion. The different order of the polynomial equations according to the used mobile phase confirmed its relevant role in the interactions with the analytes and stationary phase. A mobile phase was selected (85% acetonitrile, pH 4 and 100 mM ammonium formate) for the BAK determination in cutaneous, otic and ophthalmic formulations with different active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients. Low sample volume (500 μL) and short analysis time (<5 min) were some of the advantages of the proposed method. In addition, good analytical performance (R2 > 0.999, % RSD <4.5% for intra-day precision and <5.8% for inter-day precision, and recoveries in the 92-105% range) was obtained.
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Self-assembly of bile salts and their mixed aggregates as building blocks for smart aggregates. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 312:102846. [PMID: 36736167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present communication offers a comprehensive overview of the self-assembly of bile salts emphasizing their mixed smart aggregates with a variety of amphiphiles. Using an updated literature survey, we have explored the dissimilar interactions of bile salts with different types of surfactants, phospholipids, ionic liquids, drugs, and a variety of natural and synthetic polymers. While assembling this review, special attention was also provided to the potency of bile salts to alter the size/shape of aggregates formed by several amphiphiles to use these aggregates for solubility improvement of medicinally important compounds, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and also to develop their smart delivery vehicles. A fundamental understanding of bile salt mixed aggregates will enable the development of new strategies for improving the bioavailability of drugs solubilized in newly developed potential hosts and to formulate smart aggregates of desired morphology for specific targeted applications. It enriches our existing knowledge of the distinct interactions exerted in mixed systems of bile salts with variety of amphiphiles. By virtue of this, researchers can get innovative ideas to construct novel nanoaggregates from bile salts by incorporating various amphiphiles that serve as a building block for smart aggregates for their numerous industrial applications.
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19F fast MAS (60-111 kHz) dipolar and scalar based correlation spectroscopy of organic molecules and pharmaceutical formulations. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2022; 122:101831. [PMID: 36182713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2022.101831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
19F magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for characterization of fluorinated solids. The recent development of 19F MAS NMR probes, operating at spinning frequencies of 60-111 kHz, enabled analysis of systems spanning from organic molecules to pharmaceutical formulations to biological assemblies, with unprecedented resolution. Herein, we systematically evaluate the benefits of high MAS frequencies (60-111 kHz) for 1D and 2D 19F-detected experiments in two pharmaceuticals, the antimalarial drug mefloquine and a formulation of the cholesterol-lowering drug atorvastatin calcium. We demonstrate that 1H decoupling is essential and that scalar-based, heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) correlation experiments become feasible and efficient at the MAS frequency of 100 kHz. This study opens doors for the applications of high frequency 19F MAS NMR to a wide range of problems in chemistry and biology.
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Determination of lansoprazole in pharmaceuticals using flow injection with rhodamine 6G-diperiodatoargentate (III)-chemiluminescence detection. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1126-1134. [PMID: 35470954 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A chemiluminescence (CL) method based on rhodamine 6G (R6G)-diperiodatoargentate (III) (silver (III) complex) reaction in acid solution is reported for the determination of lansoprazole (LNP) combined with flow injection (FI) technique. The most likely mechanism for CL reaction was elucidated considering reported data, spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric studies. The weak CL reaction between R6G and silver (III) complex could be magnanimously increased in the presence of LNP with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.002 mg L-1 (S/N = 3), the linear range of 0.01-10 mg L-1 (R2 = 0.9997, n = 7), relative standard deviations (RSD) of 1.2-3.2% (n = 4) and injection throughput of 140 h-1 . No interference activity of commonly found excipients in LNP was detected. After LNP extraction from pharmaceutical samples, the recovery rate ranged from 93-110% (RSD, 1.4-3.3%, n = 4) was calculated. The results of proposed flow CL method were assessed with a spectrophotometric approach applying paired Student's t-test and the calculated value (0.178) was lower than the distributed value (2.20) at a 95% confidence limit.
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Optimized Box-Behnken experimental design based response surface methodology and Youden's robustness test to develop and validate methods to determine nateglinide using kinetic spectrophotometry. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 268:120712. [PMID: 34896681 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Selective and straightforward kinetic spectrophotometric methods were developed to quantify nateglinide (NTG) in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Fixed time (ΔA) and the equilibrium methods utilized the reaction of NTG with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with heating at 80 °C for 25 min to form a stable yellow-coloured Meisenheimer complex, which absorbs maximally at 421 nm. The optimization was achieved by utilizing the Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM). In which three significant factors were studied, namely, CDNB volume (A), heating temperature (B) and heating time (C) against the absorbance as a response. Method validation presented the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) parameters such as specificity, selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), robustness and solution stability. The LOD and LOQ values were 0.48, 1.46, and 0.21, 0.62 µg/ml, respectively, for a fixed time (ΔA) and equilibrium methods with the linear dynamic range of 1-15 µg/ml. Furthermore, Youden's robustness test using factorial combinations of the selected analytical parameters was performed and investigated its influence with alternative conditions. All results were reproducible and quickly adopted for routine analysis of NTG in pharmaceutical formulations and laboratory preparations.
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Breaking the barriers for the delivery of amikacin: Challenges, strategies, and opportunities. Life Sci 2021; 284:119883. [PMID: 34390724 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypodermic delivery of amikacin is a widely adopted treatment modality for severe infections, including bacterial septicemia, meningitis, intra-abdominal infections, burns, postoperative complications, and urinary tract infections in both paediatric and adult populations. In most instances, the course of treatment requires repeated bolus doses of amikacin, prolonged hospitalization, and the presence of a skilled healthcare worker for administration and continuous therapeutic monitoring to manage the severe adverse effects. Amikacin is hydrophilic and exhibits a short half-life, which further challenges the delivery of sufficient systemic concentrations when administered by the oral or transdermal route. In this purview, the exploitation of novel controlled and sustained release drug delivery platforms is warranted. Furthermore, it has been shown that novel delivery systems are capable of increasing the antibacterial activity of amikacin at lower doses when compared to the conventional formulations and also aid in overcoming the development of drug-resistance, which currently is a significant threat to the healthcare system worldwide. The current review presents a comprehensive overview of the developmental history of amikacin, the mechanism of action in virulent strains as well as the occurrence of resistance, and various emerging drug delivery solutions developed both by the academia and the industry. The examples outlined within the review provides significant pieces of evidence on novel amikacin formulations in the field of antimicrobial research paving the path for future therapeutic interventions that will result in improved clinical outcome.
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Potential of microchip electrophoresis in pharmaceutical analysis: Development of a universal method for frequently prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462453. [PMID: 34392125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel microchip electrophoresis method with conductivity detection for the determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in several pharmaceutical formulations was developed. The three frequently used NSAIDs - acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac and ibuprofen were baseline separated on a poly(methyl methacrylate) microchip with coupled separation channels. Elimination of matrix components such as excipients, was realized through online combination of isotachophoresis (ITP) with zone electrophoresis (ZE). ITP-ZE hyphenation can also facilitate preconcentration of target analytes. ITP was carried out in the first separation channel at pH 6.5, while the second channel of the microchip was used for ZE separation and detection of the analytes at pH 7.0. The developed ITP-ZE method was demonstrated to be applicable for direct and reliable determination of NSAIDs in eleven pharmaceutical formulations. The noticeable advantage of this approach is that only simple sample pretreatment (filtration and dilution) is necessary. The method performance parameters, such as linearity (20-250% of nominal concentration of studied NSAIDs in the test samples), accuracy (98-102%) and precision (less than 2% RSD) were obtained. This universal approach is suitable for the determination of frequently used NSAIDs in a single analysis in less than 15 min. In addition to simple sample pretreatment, low running costs and minimal environmental impact could make this method attractive for the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations.
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Batch injection analysis with amperometric detection for fluoroquinolone determination in urine, pharmaceutical formulations, and milk samples using a reduced graphene oxide-modified glassy carbon electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:5309-5318. [PMID: 33890118 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the batch injection analysis system with amperometric detection using reduced graphene oxide as a modifier of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was investigated for the simple, fast, and sensitive monitoring of levofloxacin (LEVO) and ciprofloxacin (CIPRO) in samples of pharmaceutical formulations, synthetic urine, and milk (low- and high-fat content). LEVO and CIPRO were quantified in seven samples using amperometric measurements at +1.10 V vs Ag/AgCl, KCl(sat). The developed methods showed excellent analytical performance with limits of detection of 0.30 and 0.16 μmol L-1, linear range from 3.0 to 50 μmol L-1 and 1.0 to 50 μmol L-1, relative standard deviation below 9.7 and 3.1%, and recovery ranges ranging from 80 to 107% and from 78 to 109% for LEVO and CIPRO, respectively. In addition, the minimum sample preparation (simple dilution) combined with a high analytical frequency (130 to 180 analyses per hour) can be highlighted. Thus, the methods are promising for implementation in routine analysis and quality control to different samples.
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Determination of three antiepileptic drugs in pharmaceutical formulations using microfluidic chips coupled with light-emitting diode induced fluorescence detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 246:119021. [PMID: 33045480 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a facile, sensitive, and precise lab-on-a-chip electrophoretic method coupled with light-emitting diode induced fluorescence (LED-IF) detection was developed to assay three antiepileptic drugs, namely, vigabatrin, pregabalin, and gabapentin, in pharmaceutical formulations. The analytes were derivatised offline for the first time with fluorescine-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) to yield highly fluorescent derivatives with λex/em of 490/520nm. The FITC-labelled analytes were injected, separated, and quantitated by a microfluidic electrophoresis device using fluorescence detection. The labelled analytes were monitored using a blue LED-IF system. The separation conditions were significantly optimised adding specific concentrations of heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HDM-β-CD) and methylcellulose to the buffer solution (40mM borate buffer). HDM-β-CD acted as a selective host for the studied antiepileptic drugs, rendering a high separation efficiency. Methylcellulose was used as an efficient dynamic coating polymer to prevent the labelled drugs from being adsorbed on the inner surfaces of the poly (methylmethacrylate) microchannels. A laboratory-prepared ternary mixture of the three antiepileptic drugs was separated within 100s with acceptable resolution between all the three analytes (Rs>3) and a high number of theoretical plates (N) for each analyte (N≈106 plates/m). The sensitivity of the method was enhanced approximately 80-fold by stacking to yield a detection limit below 0.6ngmL-1 in the concentration range of 2.0-200.0ngmL-1. The method was successfully validated for analysing the studied drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations.
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Application of Aquasolv Lignin in ibuprofen-loaded pharmaceutical formulations obtained via direct compression and wet granulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 174:229-239. [PMID: 33454332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AS (Aquasolv) Lignin produced via Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis has shown potential as an active pharmaceutical ingredient and/or excipient in solid dosage forms. Moreover, lignin is safe to consume and presents antioxidant and antidiabetic capacity, properties that can add to solid dosage forms in pharmaceuticals. This work aimed to evaluate the performance of tablets produced via direct compression and wet granulation when lignin is used in combination with commercial excipients. In order to find optimal tablet performance, different lignin formulations were assessed, and the concentrations were given by extreme vertices mixture design (13 formulations). The blends were composed of AS Lignin, Microcrystalline Cellulose, and Lactose monohydrate and the optimized blend was found to be 14.53 w/w% of disintegrant, 26.57 w/w% of binder and 58.9 w/w% of AS lignin. This proportion was further used to evaluate the performance of lignin-based tablets in drug release, using Ibuprofen as a drug model (50 w/w% and 70 w/w%) and for comparison of direct compression with wet granulation. Direct compressed tablets resulted in higher drug dissolution rates when compared with wet granulation, nevertheless; both tableting techniques showed promising results for lignin. More than 5 formulations tested in this work are compliant with International Pharmacopoeia regulations for solid dosage pharmaceutical forms, thus AS Lignin shows potential to be used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations. INDUSTRIAL RELEVANCE: Industrially, AS Lignin appears as promising excipient in the pharmaceutical technologies as well as boost in the biorefining technologies in the following years. Lignin produced is free of sulfur, can be labelled as clean and environmentally-friendly and in this study, was proven this non-cytotoxic AS lignin can be used for excipients and drug carriers. The findings in this paper showed the use of product formulation for life science purposes, thus stressing one of possibilities for lignin valorization in biorefineries.
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Modification of the Microtox® Basic Solid Phase Test: A new application for the ecotoxicological studies on poorly soluble antihypertensive drugs. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 399:122839. [PMID: 32526424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing consumption of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs: valsartan, losartan potassium, telmisartan) is inevitably associated with their appearance in the environment and impact on aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Since the pharmaceuticals do not occur as pure substances in the environment, but as complex mixtures with other active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients used in pharmaceutical formulations, we compared the ecotoxicity of ARBs in various forms: as pure APIs, in pharmaceutical formulations and in mixtures with hydrochlorothiazide (HCT). Because the studied APIs are poorly water-soluble, the Microtox® Basic Solid Phase Test, utilizing bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri, has been modified by using a neutral matrix. Thus, this test, which is correlated with other tests for higher aquatic organisms, may be applied for the ecotoxicological evaluation of poorly soluble APIs. This is the first study reflecting the real situation in the environment, where non-target species are exposed to the pharmaceuticals, which can be dissolved/suspended in the liquid medium or adsorbed on the solid matrix. The results obtained indicate that the excipients are not inert substances and their presence in the environment may cause an increased risk to non-target organisms. Moreover, antagonistic effects were observed for two-component drug-drug (ARBs-HCT) mixtures.
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Spectrofluorimetric approach for determination of citicoline in the presence of co-formulated piracetam through fluorescence quenching of eosin Y. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 236:118337. [PMID: 32320917 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and precise spectrofluorimetric method has been developed and validated for quantitation of citicoline in its pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method based on quantitative quenching effect of citicoline on the native fluorescence of Eosin Y via developing of a binary complex reaction between the cited drug and Eosin Y in acidic medium using acetate buffer pH = 3.6. The quenching of the fluorescence of eosin was measured at 540 nm after excitation at 518 nm. Calibration graph was achieved in the range of 300-3000 ng/mL with 0.9996 as correlation coefficient and 291.0 and 93.86 ng/mL as quantitation and detection limits, respectively. The developed method considered as the first developed spectrofluorimetric one for quantitation of citicoline with high sensitivity and validated according to ICH guidelines. The selectivity of the proposed method was investigated by studying the interference of piracetam as co-formulated drug with CIT in pharmaceutical formulation, therefore the developed method could be used for routine quality control of citicoline in its pharmaceutical formulations either alone or in combination with piracetam.
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Gram-positive bacteriocins: usage as antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine. Vet Res Commun 2020; 44:89-100. [PMID: 32656740 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-020-09776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide spread phenomenon that affects both human and veterinary medicine. This issue has led to a "One Health" approach in order to coordinate efforts and set back the development of drug-resistant microbes. In the search for alternatives therapies, bacteriocins or antimicrobial peptides have proven to be effective both in vitro and in vivo for multiples pathogens, even those resistant to many classic antibiotics. Gram-positive bacteriocins have been the most studied to the present. The use of bacteriocins as therapeutically active molecules is limited mainly due to difficulties in production, purification, delivery systems and regulatory approvals. To overcome some of these limitations, biotechnological and nanotechnological approaches are evaluated. Bacteriocins proved to be a good complement for conventional antibiotics therapy. Antimicrobial peptides are nowadays included in the veterinary products such as udder disinfectant for dairy cattle and dermatological medicated wipe for topical use on dogs, cats, and horses. But there are other potential uses to explore in the veterinary field for both companion and production animals.
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Surfactant enhanced flow injection chemiluminescence method for vitamin D 3 determination in pharmaceutical formulations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 208:150-156. [PMID: 30312841 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A flow injection based chemiluminescence process has been reported for vitamin D3 determination without using especial chemiluminescence reagent. Vitamin D3 shows enhancement on the CL intensity of diperiodatocuprate(III) with surfactant (Triton X-100) solution. The calibration curve was found to be linear over the concentration range 0.01-40 mg/L (R2 = 0.9997, n = 8) tested. A limit of detection (S/N = 3), limit of quantification (S/N = 10) and sample injection throughput of 2.5 × 10-3, 8.3 × 10-3 mg/L and 150 h-1 respectively were obtained. Various experimental variables were tested to get most suitable response, e.g., the concentrations of reagents, and their flow rates, sample injection volume and photomultiplier tube voltage. The effect of potential interferences was also examined. Vitamin D3 determination was successfully carried out in pharmaceutical formulations. The recoveries from the formulations were obtained in the range of 96 ± 4-108 ± 2%. The reaction mechanism discussion for diperiodatocuprate(III) complex-Triton X-100-vitamin D3 was also included.
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19
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NADES-mediated folk plant extracts as novel antifungal agents against Candida albicans. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 167:15-20. [PMID: 30738239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast commonly found in mouth, gastrointestinal tract and vagina. Under certain conditions, it causes skin, mucosal and systemic infections. With growing concern over the emergence of resistant strains to conventional antifungals, the development of novel antifungal agents for the management of this pathogen is an urgent need. In the present work, novel bioextracts from folk medicinal plants were directly used as active ingredient in a topical formulation for dermal candidiasis. With the aim to replace hazardous traditional reagents, a natural solvent composed by lactic acid: glucose: water (LGH) was used as vehicle for bioactive compound extraction. Furthermore, phenolic and alkaloid composition were determined by HPLC and their individual antifungal effect was evaluated. LGH extracts of Larrea spices demonstrate a significant antimicrobial activity against C. albicans being higher than their individual bioactive constituents. Notably, the mixture of Larrea cuneifolia and L divaricata extracts in topical formulations reveal a synergistic antifungal effect highlighting their potential for candidiasis treatment.
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Simultaneous quantitation of two direct acting hepatitis C antivirals (sofosbuvir and daclatasvir) by an HPLC-UV method designated for their pharmacokinetic study in rabbits. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 158:88-93. [PMID: 29864695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sofosbuvir (SOF) and daclatasvir (DCS) are novel, recently developed direct acting antiviral agents characterized by potent anti-hepatitis C virus action. A fast and efficient HPLC-UV method was developed, validated and applied for simultaneous determination of SOF and DCS in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids based on coupling liquid-liquid extraction with ultrasound and dual wavelength detection at λmax; 260 and 313 nm for SOF and DCS, respectively. This approach provided simple, sensitive, specific and cost-effective determination of the SOF-DCS mixture with good recoveries of the analytes from plasma. Analytes were separated within 7 min on C18 analytical column with acetonitrile-10 mM acetate buffer of pH 5.0 at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. The linear ranges were 1-20 μg mL-1 for SOF and 0.6-6 μg mL-1 for DCS with correlation coefficients ≥0.9995. The detection limits in spiked rabbit plasma were 0.20 and 0.19 μg mL-1 for SOF and DCS, respectively. The method was validated according to ICH and US-FDA guidelines. Finally, the method was successfully applied for simultaneous pharmacokinetic studies of SOF and DCS in rabbits using rofecoxib as internal standard.
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21
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Efficient HPTLC-dual wavelength spectrodensitometric method for simultaneous determination of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir: Biological and pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 156:358-365. [PMID: 29753282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sofosbuvir (SOF) and daclatasvir (DCS) are newly discovered anti-hepatitis C drugs that have direct antiviral activity. A novel and simple high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was designed for simultaneous determination of SOF and DCS in miscellaneous matrices. The method adopts coupling HPTLC with dual wavelength spectrodensitometry. Consequently, this enabled sensitive, specific and cost-effective determination of the SOF-DCS mixture. The developed HPTLC procedure is based on a simple liquid-liquid extraction, enrichment of the analytes and subsequent chromatographic separation with UV detection. Separations were performed on HPTLC silica gel 60 F254 aluminum plates with a mobile phase consisting of ethyl acetate-isopropanol (85:15, v/v). Dual wavelength scanning was carried out in the absorbance mode at 265 and 311 nm for SOF and DCS, respectively. The linear ranges were 40-640 and 20-320 ng band-1 for SOF and DCS, respectively with correlation coefficients of ≥0.9997. The detection limits were 11.3 and 6.5 ng band-1 for SOF and DCS, respectively indicating high sensitivity of the proposed method. Consequently, this permits in vitro and in vivo application of the proposed method in human plasma with good percentage recovery (94.1-103.5%). Validation parameters were assessed according to ICH guidelines and US-FDA guidelines. Furthermore, the application was extended to analysis of SOF and DCS in their pharmaceutical formulations.
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22
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Ultrasensitive spectrofluorimetric method for rapid determination of daclatasvir and ledipasvir in human plasma and pharmaceutical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 152:155-164. [PMID: 29414007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) represent a revolution in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C which have emerged at an extremely rapid pace over the past few years. DAAs act directly on the hepatitis C virus at various points in the viral life cycle to inhibit viral production. Among these novel DAAs, are daclatasvir (DCS) and ledipasvir (LDS). Herein, a novel, fast, simple, ultrasensitive and cost-effective spectrofluorimetric method was designed for determination of DCS and LDS in miscellaneous matrices. The method is based on investigation of the native fluorescence of the cited drugs. The relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) was measured at λex/λem equal to 315/381 nm for DCS and 332/387 nm for LDS. Under the optimum conditions, the linear ranges of calibration curves were 0.2-30 and 6-120 ng mL-1 for DCS and LDS, respectively with correlation coefficients ≥0.9998. The detection limits were 0.047 and 1.939 ng mL-1 for DCS and LDS, respectively indicating ultrasensitivity of the proposed method. Consequently, this permits in vitro and in vivo application of the proposed method in spiked and real human plasma with good percentage recovery (96.6-103.6%). The method was validated in compliance with ICH guidelines and US-FDA guidelines. Furthermore, the application was extended to analysis of DCS and LDS in its pharmaceutical formulations (either alone or in presence of other co-formulated drugs) and in synthetic mixture with sofosbuvir or ribavirin.
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Electrochemical determination of an anti-hyperlipidimic drug pitavastatin at electrochemical sensor based on electrochemically pre-treated polymer film modified GCE. J Pharm Anal 2017; 7:258-264. [PMID: 29404047 PMCID: PMC5790704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An electrochemically pretreated silver macroporous (Ag MP) multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode (PAN-Ag MP-MWCNT-GCE) was fabricated for the selective determination of an anti-hyperlipidimic drug, pitavastatin (PST). The fabricated electrochemical sensor was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The fabricated electrode was employed in quantifying and determining PST through differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV) and CV. The electrode fabrication proceeded with remarkable sensitivity to the determination of PST. The effect of various optimized parameters such as pH, scan rate (ν), accumulation time (tacc), accumulation potential (Uacc) and loading volumes of Ag MP-MWCNT suspension were investigated to evaluate the performance of synthesized electrochemical sensor and to propose a simple, accurate, rapid and economical procedure for the quantification of PST in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids. A linear response of PST concentration in the range 2.0×10−7–1.6×10−6 M with low detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits of 9.66±0.04 nM and 32.25±0.07 nM, respectively, were obtained under these optimized conditions.
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Validated spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of apixaban and tirofiban hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 174:326-330. [PMID: 27984753 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Apixaban and Tirofiban Hydrochloride are low molecular weight anticoagulants. The two drugs exhibit native fluorescence that allow the development of simple and valid spectrofluorimetric methods for the determination of Apixaban at λ ex/λ em=284/450nm and tirofiban HCl at λ ex/λ em=227/300nm in aqueous media. Different experimental parameters affecting fluorescence intensities were carefully studied and optimized. The fluorescence intensity-concentration plots were linear over the ranges of 0.2-6μgml-1 for apixaban and 0.2-5μgml-1 for tirofiban HCl. The limits of detection were 0.017 and 0.019μgml-1 and quantification limits were 0.057 and 0.066μgml-1 for apixaban and tirofiban HCl, respectively. The fluorescence quantum yield of apixaban and tirofiban were calculated with values of 0.43 and 0.49. Method validation was evaluated for linearity, specificity, accuracy, precision and robustness as per ICH guidelines. The proposed spectrofluorimetric methods were successfully applied for the determination of apixaban in Eliquis tablets and tirofiban HCl in Aggrastat intravenous infusion. Tolerance ratio was tested to study the effect of foreign interferences from dosage forms excipients. Using Student's t and F tests, revealed no statistically difference between the developed spectrofluorimetric methods and the comparison methods regarding the accuracy and precision, so can be contributed to the analysis of apixaban and tirofiban HCl in QC laboratories as an alternative method.
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Unexpected solvent impact in the crystallinity of praziquantel/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) formulations. A solubility, DSC and solid-state NMR study. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:983-93. [PMID: 27506511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The saturation solubility of PVP:PZQ physical mixtures (PMs) and solid dispersions (SDs) prepared from ethanol (E/E) or ethanol/water (E/W) by the solvent evaporation method at 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 ratio (w/w) was determined. The presence of PVP improves the solubility of PZQ (0.31±0.01mg/mL). A maximum of 1.29±0.03mg/mL of PZQ in solution was achieved for the 3:1 SD (E/E). The amount of PZQ in solution depends on the amount of polymer and on the preparation method. Solid-state NMR (ssNMR) and DSC were used to understand this behavior. Results show that PMs are a mixture of crystalline PZQ with the polymer, while SDs show different degrees of drug amorphization depending on the solvent used. For E/W SDs, PZQ exists in amorphous and crystalline states, with no clear correlation between the amount of crystalline PZQ and the amount of PVP. For E/E SDs, formulations with a higher percentage of PZQ are amorphous with the components miscible in domains larger than 3nm ((1)H ssNMR relaxation measurements). Albeit its higher saturation solubility, the 3:1 E/E PVP:PZQ sample has a significant crystalline content, probably due to the water introduced by the polymer. High PVP content and small crystal size account for this result.
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Comprehensive quantification of tablets with multiple active pharmaceutical ingredients using transmission Raman spectroscopy--a proof of concept study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:277-82. [PMID: 26263055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transmission Raman spectroscopy is a potent new tool for content uniformity testing in pharmaceutical manufacturing enabling rapid bulk sampling of a material by non-destructive means. In this proof-of-concept study, we present, for the first time, comprehensive quantification of all the constituents in a set of tablets consisting of 5 components (3 APIs and 2 excipients) by this method. The nominal concentration of individual components ranged from 1 to 85% (w/w). Two multivariate partial least-squares approaches have been used to calibrate concentration models consisting of 40 handmade tablets covering 20 sample points. These models successfully predicted all the components in a set of 10 validation tablets covering 5 different sample points. A single model for all components (PLS2) and 5 individual models each optimised for one component (PLS1) performed similarity and have been used to demonstrate that specificity of prediction has been achieved through using a multifactor orthogonal DoE for sample preparation. The ability to determine multiple analyte concentrations in one single measurement further establishes this procedure and its benefits for assay and content uniformity testing.
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27
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Highly sensitive colorimetric determination of amoxicillin in pharmaceutical formulations based on induced aggregation of gold nanoparticles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 143:223-229. [PMID: 25733249 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel, simple and highly sensitive colorimetric method is developed for determination of Amoxicillin (AMX). The system is based on aggregation of citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNP) in acetate buffer (pH=4.5) in the presence of the degradation product of Amoxicillin (DPAMX). It was found that the color of gold nanoparticles changed from red to purple and the intensity of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of AuNPs decreased. A new absorption band was appeared in the wavelength range of 600-700nm upon addition of DPAMX. The absorbance ratio at the wavelength of 660 and 525nm (A660/A525) was chosen as the analytical signal indirectly related to AMX concentration. The linearity of the calibration graph was found over the concentration range of 0.3-4.5μM AMX with a correlation coefficient of 0.9967. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the detection limit was found to be 0.15μM. The applicability of the method was successfully demonstrated by analysis of AMX in pharmaceutical formulations including capsules and oral suspensions.
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