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Morgan G, Williams N, Schmidt V, Cookson D, Symington C, Pinchbeck G. A Dog's Dinner: Factors affecting food choice and feeding practices for UK dog owners feeding raw meat-based or conventional cooked diets. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105741. [PMID: 35994979 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food selection is an area of dog ownership where owners have direct control over their pet's wellbeing. While commercial cooked complete foods remain the majority component of many dog diets, there is increasing interest in alternative options including natural and raw ingredients. This study aimed to provide further data regarding feeding practices and diet choice for UK dog owners with a focus on raw meat diets. METHODS An online survey available to all UK dog owners and advertised through sources including social media and at Crufts was conducted from February to March 2020. Feeding practices and diet choice were assessed, and owners were categorised as either feeding a raw meat diet (RMD) or non-raw diet (NRMD) based on their responses. Descriptive, univariable and multivariable data analyses were undertaken to determine dog and owner factors associated with feeding RMD, and thematic analysis was undertaken on free-text responses. RESULTS A total of 1831 owners completed the survey (915 RMD, 916 NRMD) detailing information for 3212 dogs (1754 RMD, 1458 NRMD). Dog breed (German Shepherd), Border Collie, Crossbreed (p < 0.001), entire neuter status (p < 0.001) and younger age (p 0.022) were associated with RMD feeding. RMD-feeding owners were likely to own > 1 dog (p < 0.001). RMD-feeding owners were more likely to cite a 'more natural' diet as a reason for their diet choice, and less likely to cite 'advice from a veterinary professional' compared to those who fed NRMD (p < 0.001). They were more likely to seek dietary advice from social media, friends/family and breeders rather than a veterinary surgeon/nurse (p < 0.001). RMD-feeding owners perceived their diet choice to provide a wide range of health benefits, including for coat health, oral hygiene, general digestive system health, anal sac clearance, mobility, performance and behaviour, and perceived NRMD as a health risk for most of these health factors (p < 0.001). NRMD-feeding owners perceived RMD to be a risk for bone splinters and foreign bodies (p < 0.001). RMD-feeding owners did not perceive diet to be a risk to their dog, themselves or in-contact dogs or people. In contrast, NRMD-feeding owners perceived the opposite (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Factors affecting dog food selection are multifactorial and complex, with owners who feed RMD and those who feed NRMD having differing views. Further research regarding benefits and risks of different diets is required, however it remains vital that communication regarding the public health risks of RMD is seen as credible to owners and disseminated in a way that reaches the desired audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genever Morgan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy Cookson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Symington
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool Leahurst Campus, Leahurst Main Building, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
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Hanifah A, Firmanto H, Putri SP, Fukusaki E. Unique metabolite profiles of Indonesian cocoa beans from different origins and their correlation with temperature. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 134:125-132. [PMID: 35654674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chocolate flavors vary depending on the origin of the cocoa beans used. Differences in soil, microorganisms, and environmental factors contribute to the formation of flavor precursors in cocoa beans. During cocoa bean fermentation, environmental temperature has been shown to alter metabolite concentrations. However, the correlation between the metabolite profile of cocoa beans and the temperature of their region of origin has not been fully defined. In this study, the metabolite profiles of Indonesian cocoa beans of various origins were evaluated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-based analysis, and were found to differ depending on the origin of the bean. Subsequently, the correlation between metabolite profile and environmental temperature of the origin was assessed using orthogonal projection to latent structure regression (OPLS-R) analysis. The analysis revealed that seven metabolites were associated with temperature: γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), ethanolamine, glycerol, isocitric acid + citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and saccharic acid. The findings of this study will be valuable to chocolate industries for the production of single-origin chocolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Hanifah
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hendy Firmanto
- Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jl. PB. Sudirman 90, Jember, Jawa Timur 68118, Indonesia
| | - Sastia Prama Putri
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Osaka University-Shimadzu Omics Innovation Research Laboratories, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Empert-Gallegos A, Hill S, Yam PS. Insights into dog owner perspectives on risks, benefits, and nutritional value of raw diets compared to commercial cooked diets. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10383. [PMID: 33354417 PMCID: PMC7731655 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The practice of feeding a raw meat-based diet (RMBD) to dogs is a topic of increasing interest to owners and veterinary professionals alike. Despite the research around the practice, particularly about the risk of nutritional imbalances and microbial contamination, an increasing number of dog owners are adopting a raw diet for their dogs. This study expands the research into owner motivations for feeding RMBDs and cooked diets and asks them their opinions about risk and nutritional value. Methods An anonymized, online, internationally accessible questionnaire was developed to ascertain owner perspectives on the risks, benefits, and nutritional value of commercially prepared and homemade RMBDs as compared with commercially prepared cooked diets (CCDs). Results The questionnaire was completed by 419 dog owners of diverse backgrounds across the world. Of the participants, 25.3% fed RMBDs. Just over 70.0% of all participants had spoken to their veterinarian about their dog’s nutrition. Owners who fed RMBDs ranked their veterinarian’s knowledge lower and their own knowledge of canine nutrition higher than owners who fed CCDs. They rated commercial and homemade RMBDs as highly nutritious 83.5% and 73.6% of the time, respectively, while only 12.5% rated CCDs as highly nutritious. Owners who fed CCDs ranked RMBDs as highly nutritious less often, but also only ranked CCDs as highly nutritious 52.7% of the time. All participants agreed that CCDs were low risk to human health. Owners who fed RMBDs ranked raw diets as highly risky to human or dog health under 20.0% of the time but deemed CCDs risky to animal health over 65.0% of the time. When asked about benefits of raw diets, the most repeated words offered by owners were “health”, “better”, “coat” and “teeth”. The most repeated risks presented were “bacteria”, “nutrition”, “risk” and “Salmonella”. Owners who fed RMBDs tended to use vague terminology like “health” and “better” when asked why they fed a raw diet. Owners who did not feed RMBDs used more specific terminology like “expensive”, “time” and “risk” when asked why they did not feed a raw diet. Overall, the two groups differed in their perceptions around RMBD and CCD feeding, which highlights the need for a better line of communication and education between veterinarians and owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia Empert-Gallegos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences (MVLS), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sally Hill
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences (MVLS), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Philippa S Yam
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences (MVLS), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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4
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Rui M, Bu S, Chew LY, Wang Q, Yu F. The membrane protein Raw regulates dendrite pruning via the secretory pathway. Development 2020; 147:dev.191155. [PMID: 32928906 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal pruning is essential for proper wiring of the nervous systems in invertebrates and vertebrates. Drosophila ddaC sensory neurons selectively prune their larval dendrites to sculpt the nervous system during early metamorphosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ddaC dendrite pruning remain elusive. Here, we identify an important and cell-autonomous role of the membrane protein Raw in dendrite pruning of ddaC neurons. Raw appears to regulate dendrite pruning via a novel mechanism, which is independent of JNK signaling. Importantly, we show that Raw promotes endocytosis and downregulation of the conserved L1-type cell-adhesion molecule Neuroglian (Nrg) prior to dendrite pruning. Moreover, Raw is required to modulate the secretory pathway by regulating the integrity of secretory organelles and efficient protein secretion. Mechanistically, Raw facilitates Nrg downregulation and dendrite pruning in part through regulation of the secretory pathway. Thus, this study reveals a JNK-independent role of Raw in regulating the secretory pathway and thereby promoting dendrite pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Rui
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604
| | - Shufeng Bu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Liang Yuh Chew
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Qiwei Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Fengwei Yu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604 .,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore 117456
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Dobler L, Ferraz HC, Araujo de Castilho LV, Sangenito LS, Pasqualino IP, Souza Dos Santos AL, Neves BC, Oliveira RR, Guimarães Freire DM, Almeida RV. Environmentally friendly rhamnolipid production for petroleum remediation. Chemosphere 2020; 252:126349. [PMID: 32443257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biosurfactants have potential applications in the remediation of petroleum-contaminated sites. Several strategies can be used to reduce the production costs of these surfactants and make the process more environmentally friendly. In this study, we combined some of these strategies to produce the rhamnolipid-type biosurfactant, including the use of the genetically modified strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa-estA, an industrial coproduct as a carbon source, a simple and low-cost medium, and a simple downstream process. The process resulted in a high yield (17.6 g L-1), even using crude glycerin as the carbon source, with substrate in product conversion factor (YRML/s) of 0.444. The cell-free supernatant (CFS) was not toxic to Artemia salina and selected mammalian cell lineages, suggesting that it can be used directly in the environment without further purification steps. Qualitative analysis showed that CFS has excellent dispersion in the oil-displacement test, emulsifying (IE24 = 65.5%), and tensoactive properties. When salinity, temperature and pressure were set to seawater conditions, the values for interfacial tension between crude oil and water were below 1.0 mN m-1. Taken together, these results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain a nontoxic crude rhamnolipid product, with high productivity, to replace petroleum-based surfactants in oil spill cleanups and other environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Dobler
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Helen Conceição Ferraz
- Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós Graduação e Pesquisa, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Livia Vieira Araujo de Castilho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós Graduação e Pesquisa, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro Stefano Sangenito
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ilson Paranhos Pasqualino
- Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós Graduação e Pesquisa, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Cruz Neves
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Oliveira I, Malheiro R, Meyer AS, Pereira JA, Gonçalves B. Application of chemometric tools for the comparison of volatile profile from raw and roasted regional and foreign almond cultivars ( Prunus dulcis). J Food Sci Technol 2019; 56:3764-3776. [PMID: 31413403 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-03847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In almonds, volatile compounds are major contributors to flavour, being scarce the current knowledge about their volatile profile. Hence, this work intended to characterize the volatile profile, using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, in raw and roasted almond cultivars (regional cvs. Amendoão, Bonita, Casanova, Molar and Pegarinhos and foreign cvs. Ferragnès and Glorieta). Overall, 35 compounds were identified, with major chemical classes being alcohols and aldehydes. In raw fruits, benzaldehyde and 3-methyl-1-butanol were key compounds, with roasting changing volatile profiles, increasing release of compounds, with predominance of hexanal and benzaldehyde. Cultivars Glorieta and Molar didn't show significant increase in aldehyde content after roasting, which may indicate higher resistance to heat-caused oxidation. The use of linear discriminant analysis and principal components analysis permitted the recognition of patterns in the volatile profiles, that can be useful for cultivars identification. This work allowed the characterization and monitoring changes caused by roasting of volatile components of less studied almond cultivars, identifying some that can withstand roasting procedures with reduced formation of compounds associated with off-flavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Oliveira
- 1Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences - CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Malheiro
- 2Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), ESA, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Anne S Meyer
- 3DTU Bioengineering, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Building 221, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - José Alberto Pereira
- 2Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), ESA, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Berta Gonçalves
- 1Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences - CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Morelli G, Bastianello S, Catellani P, Ricci R. Raw meat-based diets for dogs: survey of owners' motivations, attitudes and practices. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:74. [PMID: 30832667 PMCID: PMC6399943 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The popularity of raw meat-based diets (RMBDs) for pets has been increasing in recent years even if the reputed health benefits are mainly anecdotal. A web-based survey was developed to better understand the motivations and habits of owners who decided to feed their dogs RMBDs. RESULTS The questionnaire was completed by 218 dog owners, 62 of whom were living with people whose immune system was impaired or weakened. Internet was the preferred source of information for more than half of the respondents, and feeding dogs a more natural and healthier diet was the main reason behind owners' interest in RMBDs. About 80% of the participants completely abandoned commercial pet food and showed marked distrust especially towards the lack of clarity on the ingredients used (n = 169). The vast majority of owners interviewed (94%) believed RMBDs to be absolutely safe for dogs, and shinier coat, muscle mass gain, and cleaner teeth were the principal improvements seen on their pets. Controlling the composition and quality of the ingredients provided to their animals was the main advantage of RMBDs for 57% of the owners, while the main disadvantages were related to the purchase of some components (38%) and the time required (22%) for the preparation of the diet. Only 8% of the respondents relied on veterinarians for RMBD formulation, and a wide variety of feeding regimens and combinations of ingredients was observed. CONCLUSIONS As revealed by this study, most owners are unaware of the risks posed by the feeding of RMBDs for both animal and human health, and they often rely on questionable sources for advice on pet nutrition. Owners see RMBDs as a more natural and healthier alternative to commercial pet food even if the actual benefits remain unproven. Consulting veterinarians for proper information and board-certified nutritionists for the formulation of complete and balanced RMBDs should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Morelli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Sofia Bastianello
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Paolo Catellani
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Rebecca Ricci
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Xiong Y, Chen L, Man J, Hu Y, Cui X. Chemical and bioactive comparison of Panax notoginseng root and rhizome in raw and steamed forms. J Ginseng Res 2017; 43:385-393. [PMID: 31308810 PMCID: PMC6606817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The root and rhizome are historically and officially utilized medicinal parts of Panax notoginseng (PN) (Burk.) F. H. Chen, which in raw and steamed forms are used differently in practice. Methods To investigate the differences in chemical composition and bioactivities of PN root and rhizome between raw and steamed forms, high-performance liquid chromatography analyses and pharmacologic effects evaluated by tests of anticoagulation, antioxidation, hemostasis, antiinflammation, and hematopoiesis were combined. Results With the duration of steaming time, the contents of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rd, and notoginsenoside R1 in PN were decreased, while those of ginsenosides Rh1, 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, Rh4, and Rk3 were increased gradually. Raw PN samples steamed for 6 h at 120°C with stable levels of most constituents were used for the subsequent study of bioeffects. Raw PN showed better hemostasis, anticoagulation, and antiinflammation effects, while steamed PN exhibited stronger antioxidation and hematopoiesis activities. For different parts of PN, contents of saponins in PN rhizome were generally higher than those in the root, which could be related to the stronger bioactivities of rhizome compared with the same form of PN root. Conclusion This study provides basic information about the chemical and bioactive comparison of PN root and rhizome in both raw and steamed forms, indicating that the change of saponins may have a key role in different properties of raw and steamed PN. Saponin types and levels are significantly different in raw and steamed Panax notoginseng (PN). Levels of saponins are generally higher in PN rhizome than in the root. PN rhizome shows stronger activities of various tests than the same form of root. Raw PN is preferable in treating hemorrhages, blood stasis, swelling, and pain. Steamed PN is preferable in antioxidation and hematopoiesis effects.
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Key Words
- BT, bleeding time
- Bioeffects
- CT, coagulation time
- DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
- FEJ, Fufang E'jiao Jiang
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- Hb, hemoglobin
- MeCN, acetonitrile
- MeOH, methyl alcohol
- PN, Panax notoginseng
- PPP, platelet-poor plasma
- PT, prothrombin time
- Panax notoginseng
- RBC, red blood cell
- Raw
- Saponins
- Steamed
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- WBC, white blood cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xiong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, China.,Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, China.,Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jinhui Man
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yupiao Hu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, China.,Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, China.,Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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Noonan RJ, Fairclough SJ, Knowles ZR, Boddy LM. Context matters! sources of variability in weekend physical activity among families: a repeated measures study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:330. [PMID: 28420363 PMCID: PMC5395809 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Family involvement is an essential component of effective physical activity (PA) interventions in children. However, little is known about the PA levels and characteristics of PA among families. This study used a repeated measures design and multiple data sources to explore the variability and characteristics of weekend PA among families. Methods Families (including a ‘target’ child aged 9–11 years, their primary caregiver(s) and siblings aged 6–8 years) were recruited through primary schools in Liverpool, UK. Participants completed a paper-based PA diary and wore an ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer on their left wrist for up to 16 weekend days. ActiGraph.csv files were analysed using the R-package GGIR version 1.1–4. Mean minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) for each weekend of measurement were calculated using linear mixed models, and variance components were estimated for participant (inter-individual), weekend of measurement, and residual error (intra-individual). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated from the proportion of total variance accounted for by inter-individual sources, and used as a measure of reliability. Diary responses were summed to produce frequency counts. To offer contextual insight into weekend PA among family units, demographic, accelerometer, and diary data were combined to form two case studies representative of low and high active families. Results Twenty-five participants from 7 families participated, including 7 ‘target’ children (mean age 9.3 ± 1.1 years, 4 boys), 6 siblings (mean age 7.2 ± 0.7 years; 4 boys) and 12 adults (7 mothers and 5 fathers). There was a high degree of variability in target children’s (ICC = 0.55), siblings (ICC = 0.38), and mothers’ MVPA (ICC = 0.58), but not in fathers’ MVPA (ICC = 0.83). Children’s weekend PA was mostly unstructured in nature and undertaken with friends, whereas a greater proportion of parents’ weekend PA was undertaken alone in structured settings. The family case studies demonstrated that in the selected cases MVPA levels and variability across weekends were contingent on mode of PA participation. Conclusions These novel findings enhance understanding of the variability and characteristics of weekend PA among family units. The study demonstrates the utility of PA diaries in conjunction with accelerometers to provide understanding of the mode and contexts of out-of-school and family-based PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Noonan
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK. .,Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK.
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK.,Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Zoe R Knowles
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lynne M Boddy
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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10
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Morgan SK, Willis S, Shepherd ML. Survey of owner motivations and veterinary input of owners feeding diets containing raw animal products. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3031. [PMID: 28265510 PMCID: PMC5337082 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The practice of feeding of diets containing raw animal products (RAP) to pets (dogs and cats) is discouraged by veterinary organizations and governmental public health organizations. Nevertheless, the practice of feeding RAP to pets is increasing in popularity. Pet owner motivations for feeding RAP diets to pets have not been explored and the benefits of RAP diets remain largely anecdotal. We hypothesized that pet owners feeding RAP diets would not rely on veterinary advice in choosing their pet’s diet. We also hypothesized that these owners would have lower levels of trust in veterinary advice with respect to nutrition relative to pet owners not feeding RAP. Methods An anonymous web-based survey was developed to identify pet owner motivations for feeding RAP diets, and to characterize the veterinarian-client relationships of individuals feeding RAP diets. Results There were 2,337 respondents and 2,171 completed surveys. Of survey respondents, 804 reported feeding RAP at the time of the survey. While 20% of pet owners feeding RAP relied on online resources to determine what or how much RAP to feed, only 9% reported consulting with a veterinarian in making decisions about feeding RAP. Pet owners feeding RAP reported lower levels of trust in veterinary advice both ‘in general’ and ‘with respect to nutrition’ than pet owners not feeding RAP. Most pet owners reported that a discussion regarding their pet’s nutrition does not occur at every veterinary appointment. Discussion Pet owners feeding a RAP diet have lower trust in veterinary advice than pet owners not feeding a RAP diet. Owners feeding RAP are more reliant on online resources than their own veterinarian in deciding what and how much RAP to feed. Pet owners perceive that nutrition is not discussed at most veterinary appointments. Therefore, there is room for improvement in the veterinarian-client communication with regards to nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart K Morgan
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences/Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) , Blacksburg , VA , United States
| | - Susan Willis
- Center for Survey Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) , Blacksburg , VA , United States
| | - Megan L Shepherd
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences/Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) , Blacksburg , VA , United States
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Taner T, Sivrioglu M. Data on energy, exergy analysis and optimisation for a sugar factory. Data Brief 2015; 5:408-10. [PMID: 26958601 PMCID: PMC4773381 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A huge amount of energy is consumed during sugar production in the food industry. The large amount of steam used and the power of the turbine power plant are key factors. This makes energy and exergy analysis important in sugar factories. The data given in the following paper are related to input and output information of the paper entitled Energy – exergy analysis and optimisation of a model sugar factory in Turkey by Taner and Sivrioglu (2015) [1]. Factory total energy efficiency and exergy efficiency are found to be ηenT=72.2% and ηexT=37.4%, respectively, and according to these results, the total energy quality ∅T=0.64. These results indicate higher efficiency than similar studies (Vuckovic et al., 2014; Pellegrini and Oliviera Junior, 2011; Deshmukh et al., 2013; Palacios-Bereche et al., 2015) [2], [3], [4], [5]. This study can be a model for these similar factories by Taner and Sivrioglu (2015) [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Taner
- Department of Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Mecit Sivrioglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Gazi University, 06570 Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Xiao L, Lee J, Zhang G, Ebeler SE, Wickramasinghe N, Seiber J, Mitchell AE. HS-SPME GC/MS characterization of volatiles in raw and dry-roasted almonds (Prunus dulcis). Food Chem 2013; 151:31-9. [PMID: 24423498 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A robust HS-SPME and GC/MS method was developed for analyzing the composition of volatiles in raw and dry-roasted almonds. Almonds were analyzed directly as ground almonds extracted at room temperature. In total, 58 volatiles were identified in raw and roasted almonds. Straight chain aldehydes and alcohols demonstrated significant but minimal increases, while the levels of branch-chain aldehydes, alcohols, heterocyclic and sulfur containing compounds increased significantly (500-fold) in response to roasting (p<0.05). Benzaldehyde decreased from 2934.6±272.5 ng/g (raw almonds) to 315.8±70.0 ng/g (averaged across the roasting treatments evaluated i.e. 28, 33 and 38 min at 138 °C) after roasting. Pyrazines were detected in only the roasted almonds, with the exception of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, which was also found in raw almonds. The concentration of most alcohols increased in the roasted samples with the exception of 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-phenylethyl alcohol, which decreased 68%, 80%, and 86%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xiao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gong Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Susan E Ebeler
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Niramani Wickramasinghe
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - James Seiber
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alyson E Mitchell
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Humphreys GB, Jud MC, Monroe KM, Kimball SS, Higley M, Shipley D, Vrablik MC, Bates KL, Letsou A. Mummy, A UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase, modulates DPP signaling in the embryonic epidermis of Drosophila. Dev Biol 2013; 381:434-45. [PMID: 23796903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved JNK/AP-1 (Jun N-terminal kinase/activator protein 1) and BMP (Bone Morphogenetic Protein) signaling cascades are deployed hierarchically to regulate dorsal closure in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In this developmental context, the JNK/AP-1 signaling cascade transcriptionally activates BMP signaling in leading edge epidermal cells. Here we show that the mummy (mmy) gene product, which is required for dorsal closure, functions as a BMP signaling antagonist. Genetic and biochemical tests of Mmy's role as a BMP-antagonist indicate that its function is independent of AP-1, the transcriptional trigger of BMP signal transduction in leading edge cells. pMAD (phosphorylated Mothers Against Dpp) activity data show the mmy gene product to be a new type of epidermal BMP regulator - one which transforms a BMP ligand from a long- to a short-range signal. mmy codes for the single UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase in Drosophila, and its requirement for attenuating epidermal BMP signaling during dorsal closure points to a new role for glycosylation in defining a highly restricted BMP activity field in the fly. These findings add a new dimension to our understanding of mechanisms modulating the BMP signaling gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Humphreys
- Department of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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