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D Prabhu Y, Bhati M, Vellingiri B, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. The effect of γ-linolenic acid on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome associated Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis via TGF-β pathway. Life Sci 2021; 276:119456. [PMID: 33811895 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, female infertility from Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) has gained scientific interest. PCOS alters the metabolic and endocrine functioning in females. The elevation in androgens can damage the androgen receptors present on the kidney giving rise to renal disorders like Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) in the ovary is activated by activin for Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) secretion and in the kidney by thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) for cell growth and apoptosis. Studies show that gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) effectively treats breast cancer, eczema, inflammatory conditions and PCOS. AIM The study aimed to find out the possibility of FSGS development in PCOS and to understand the effect of GLA on FSGS via the TGF-β pathway. METHOD To carry out the study, the dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) induced PCOS model was used. Three groups namely vehicle control, DHEA, and DHEA+GLA, were used with six animals in each. TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TSP1 genes were studied using real-time PCR. RESULTS The study showed an increase in the level of renal fibrosis biomarker, TSP1, in the DHEA group, which was further decreased by an anti-inflammatory agent, GLA. The TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 genes associated with the TGF-β pathway were seen to be increased in DHEA-induced PCOS rats which showed a possible relation between the two conditions. CONCLUSION The study shows a possible development of renal fibrosis in the DHEA-induced PCOS model. The GLA might act as a ligand to regulate TGF-β signaling in glomerulosclerosis in a DHEA-induced PCOS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogamaya D Prabhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Monica Bhati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India.
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Allahverdy A, Rahbar S, Mirzaei HR, Ajami M, Namdar A, Habibi S, Hadjati J, Jafari AH. Extracting Mutual Interaction Rules Using Fuzzy Structured Agent-based Model of Tumor-Immune System Interactions. J Biomed Phys Eng 2021; 11:61-72. [PMID: 33564641 PMCID: PMC7859377 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: There are many studies to investigate the effects of each interacting component of tumor-immune system interactions. In all these studies, the distinct effect of each component was investigated. As the interaction of tumor-immune system has feedback and is complex, the alternation of each component may affect other components indirectly. Objective: Because of the complexities of tumor-immune system interactions, it is important to determine the mutual behavior of such components. We need a careful observation to extract these mutual interactions. Achieving these observations using experiments is costly and time-consuming. Material and Methods: In this experimental and based on mathematical modeling study, to achieve these observations, we presented a fuzzy structured agent-based model of tumor-immune system interactions. In this study, we consider the confronting of the effector cells of the adaptive immune system in the presence of the cytokines of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) as a fuzzy structured model. Using the experimental data of murine models of B16F10 cell line of melanoma cancer cells, we optimized the parameters of the model. Results: Using the output of this model, we determined the rules which could occur. As we optimized the parameters of the model using escape state of the tumor and then the rules which we obtained, are the rules of tumor escape. Conclusion: The results showed that using fuzzy structured agent-based model, we are able to show different output of the tumor-immune system interactions, which are caused by the stochastic behavior of each cell. But different output of the model just follow the predetermined behavior, and using this behavior, we can achieve the rules of interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Allahverdy
- PhD Candidate, Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- PhD Candidate, Research Center for Biomedical Technologies and Robotics (RCBTR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Rahbar
- PhD Candidate, Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- PhD Candidate, Research Center for Biomedical Technologies and Robotics (RCBTR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H R Mirzaei
- PhD Candidate, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Ajami
- PhD Candidate, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Namdar
- PhD, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - S Habibi
- MSc, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - J Hadjati
- PhD, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A H Jafari
- PhD, Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- PhD, Research Center for Biomedical Technologies and Robotics (RCBTR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lee SH, Shin JH, Shin MH, Kim YS, Chung KS, Song JH, Kim SY, Kim EY, Jung JY, Kang YA, Chang J, Park MS. The Effects of Retinoic Acid and MAPK Inhibitors on Phosphorylation of Smad2/3 Induced by Transforming Growth Factor β1. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2018; 82:42-52. [PMID: 29926545 PMCID: PMC6304329 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2017.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), retinoic acid (RA), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and MEK signaling play critical roles in cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. We investigated the effect of RA and the role of these signaling molecules on the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3) induced by TGF-β1. Methods A549 epithelial cells and CCD-11Lu fibroblasts were incubated and stimulated with or without all-trans RA (ATRA) and TGF-β1 and with MAPK or MEK inhibitors. The levels of p-Smad2/3 were analyzed by western blotting. For animal models, we studied three experimental mouse groups: control, bleomycin, and bleomycin+ATRA group. Changes in histopathology, lung injury score, and levels of TGF-β1 and Smad3 were evaluated at 1 and 3 weeks. Results When A549 cells were pre-stimulated with TGF-β1 prior to RA treatment, RA completely inhibited the p-Smad2/3. However, when A549 cells were pre-treated with RA prior to TGF-β1 stimulation, RA did not completely suppress the p-Smad2/3. When A549 cells were pre-treated with MAPK inhibitor, TGF-β1 failed to phosphorylate Smad2/3. In fibroblasts, p38 MAPK inhibitor suppressed TGF-β1-induced p-Smad2. In a bleomycin-induced lung injury mouse model, RA decreased the expression of TGF-β1 and Smad3 at 1 and 3 weeks. Conclusion RA had inhibitory effects on the phosphorylation of Smad induced by TGF-β1 in vitro, and RA also decreased the expression of TGF-β1 at 1 and 3 weeks in vivo. Furthermore, pre-treatment with a MAPK inhibitor showed a preventative effect on TGF-β1/Smad phosphorylation in epithelial cells. As a result, a combination of RA and MAPK inhibitors may suppress the TGF-β1-induced lung injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Younsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ju Hye Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Younsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Hwa Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Younsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sam Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Younsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Chung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Younsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Han Song
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Younsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Song Yee Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Younsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Younsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Ye Jung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Younsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ae Kang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Younsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Younsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moo Suk Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Younsei University Health System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Roquilly A, McWilliam HEG, Jacqueline C, Tian Z, Cinotti R, Rimbert M, Wakim L, Caminschi I, Lahoud MH, Belz GT, Kallies A, Mintern JD, Asehnoune K, Villadangos JA. Local Modulation of Antigen-Presenting Cell Development after Resolution of Pneumonia Induces Long-Term Susceptibility to Secondary Infections. Immunity 2017; 47:135-147.e5. [PMID: 28723546 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lung infections cause prolonged immune alterations and elevated susceptibility to secondary pneumonia. We found that, after resolution of primary viral or bacterial pneumonia, dendritic cells (DC), and macrophages exhibited poor antigen-presentation capacity and secretion of immunogenic cytokines. Development of these "paralyzed" DCs and macrophages depended on the immunosuppressive microenvironment established upon resolution of primary infection, which involved regulatory T (Treg) cells and the cytokine TGF-β. Paralyzed DCs secreted TGF-β and induced local Treg cell accumulation. They also expressed lower amounts of IRF4, a transcription factor associated with increased antigen-presentation capacity, and higher amounts of Blimp1, a transcription factor associated with tolerogenic functions, than DCs present during primary infection. Blimp1 expression in DC of humans suffering sepsis or trauma correlated with severity and complicated outcomes. Our findings describe mechanisms underlying sepsis- and trauma-induced immunosuppression, reveal prognostic markers of susceptibility to secondary infections and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Roquilly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Medical University of Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Hotel Dieu, University Hospital of Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Cedric Jacqueline
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Medical University of Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Zehua Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Raphael Cinotti
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Medical University of Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Hotel Dieu, University Hospital of Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Marie Rimbert
- CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d'immunologie, Center for Immuno-Monitoring Nantes Atlantic (CIMNA), Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Linda Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Irina Caminschi
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Mireille H Lahoud
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Karim Asehnoune
- EA3826 Thérapeutiques Anti-Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2 Nantes Biotech, Medical University of Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Hotel Dieu, University Hospital of Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Diana G, Patel DS, Entchev EV, Zhan M, Lu H, Ch'ng Q. Genetic control of encoding strategy in a food-sensing neural circuit. eLife 2017; 6:e24040. [PMID: 28166866 PMCID: PMC5295820 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine circuits encode environmental information via changes in gene expression and other biochemical activities to regulate physiological responses. Previously, we showed that daf-7 TGFβ and tph-1 tryptophan hydroxylase expression in specific neurons encode food abundance to modulate lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans, and uncovered cross- and self-regulation among these genes (Entchev et al., 2015). Here, we now extend these findings by showing that these interactions between daf-7 and tph-1 regulate redundancy and synergy among neurons in food encoding through coordinated control of circuit-level signal and noise properties. Our analysis further shows that daf-7 and tph-1 contribute to most of the food-responsiveness in the modulation of lifespan. We applied a computational model to capture the general coding features of this system. This model agrees with our previous genetic analysis and highlights the consequences of redundancy and synergy during information transmission, suggesting a rationale for the regulation of these information processing features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Diana
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dhaval S Patel
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eugeni V Entchev
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Zhan
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States,Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States,School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | - Hang Lu
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States,Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States,School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | - QueeLim Ch'ng
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,
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Begam H, Nandi SK, Kundu B, Chanda A. Strategies for delivering bone morphogenetic protein for bone healing. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2016; 70:856-869. [PMID: 27770964 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the most significant growth factors that belong to the Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) super-family. Though more than twenty members of this family have been identified so far in humans, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved two growth factors: BMP-2 and BMP-7 for treatments of spinal fusion and long-bone fractures with collagen carriers. Currently BMPs are clinically used in spinal fusion, oral and maxillofacial surgery and also in the repair of long bone defects. The efficiency of BMPs depends a lot on the selection of suitable carriers. At present, different types of carrier materials are used: natural and synthetic polymers, calcium phosphate and ceramic-polymer composite materials. Number of research articles has been published on the minute intricacies of the loading process and release kinetics of BMPs. Despite the significant evidence of its potential for bone healing demonstrated in animal models, future clinical investigations are needed to define dose, scaffold and route of administration. The efficacy and application of BMPs in various levels with a proper carrier and dose is yet to be established. The present article collates various aspects of success and limitation and identifies the prospects and challenges associated with the use of BMPs in orthopaedic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howa Begam
- School of Bioscience and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Samit Kumar Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Radiology West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, India.
| | - Biswanath Kundu
- Bioceramics and Coating Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Abhijit Chanda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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Clark CR, Robinson JY, Sanchez NS, Townsend TA, Arrieta JA, Merryman WD, Trykall DZ, Olivey HE, Hong CC, Barnett JV. Common pathways regulate Type III TGFβ receptor-dependent cell invasion in epicardial and endocardial cells. Cell Signal 2016; 28:688-98. [PMID: 26970186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation (EMT) and the subsequent invasion of epicardial and endocardial cells during cardiac development is critical to the development of the coronary vessels and heart valves. The transformed cells give rise to cardiac fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells or valvular interstitial cells, respectively. The Type III Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβR3) receptor regulates EMT and cell invasion in both cell types, but the signaling mechanisms downstream of TGFβR3 are not well understood. Here we use epicardial and endocardial cells in in vitro cell invasion assays to identify common mechanisms downstream of TGFβR3 that regulate cell invasion. Inhibition of NF-κB activity blocked cell invasion in epicardial and endocardial cells. NF-κB signaling was found to be dysregulated in Tgfbr3(-/-) epicardial cells which also show impaired cell invasion in response to ligand. TGFβR3-dependent cell invasion is also dependent upon Activin Receptor-Like Kinase (ALK) 2, ALK3, and ALK5 activity. A TGFβR3 mutant that contains a threonine to alanine substitution at residue 841 (TGFβR3-T841A) induces ligand-independent cell invasion in both epicardial and endocardial cells in vitro. These findings reveal a role for NF-κB signaling in the regulation of epicardial and endocardial cell invasion and identify a mutation in TGFβR3 which stimulates ligand-independent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia R Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Jamille Y Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Nora S Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Todd A Townsend
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Julian A Arrieta
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - W David Merryman
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212.
| | - David Z Trykall
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Harold E Olivey
- Dept. of Biology, Indiana University-Northwest, Gary, IN 46408, United States.
| | - Charles C Hong
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs TVHS, Nashville, TN 37212, United States.
| | - Joey V Barnett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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Phan NT, Cabot PJ, Wallwork BD, Cervin AU, Panizza BJ. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of chronic rhinosinusitis and potential therapeutic strategies: review on cytokines, nuclear factor kappa B and transforming growth factor beta. J Laryngol Otol 2015; 129 Suppl 3:S2-7. [PMID: 26073199 DOI: 10.1017/S0022215115001322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis is characterised by persistent inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa. Multiple pathophysiological mechanisms are likely to exist. Previous research has focused predominantly on T-helper type cytokines to highlight the inflammatory mechanisms. However, proteins such as nuclear factor kappa B and transforming growth factor beta are increasingly recognised to have important roles in sinonasal inflammation and tissue remodelling. OBJECTIVE This review article explores the roles of T-helper type cytokines, nuclear factor kappa B and transforming growth factor beta in the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic rhinosinusitis. An understanding of these mechanisms will allow for better identification and classification of chronic rhinosinusitis endotypes, and, ultimately, improved therapeutic strategies.
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Baharlou R, Khezri A, Razmkhah M, Habibagahi M, Hosseini A, Ghaderi A, Jaberipour M. Increased interleukin-17 transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a link between T-helper 17 and proinflammatory responses in bladder cancer. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2015; 17:e9244. [PMID: 25793121 PMCID: PMC4353256 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.9244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Interleukin (IL)-17-producing CD4+ T helper (Th17) cells thatare known by producing IL-17 have recently been defined as a unique subset of proinflammatory helper cells. IL-17 is an inflammatory cytokine with robust effect on many cells and it can play important roles in pathogenesis of diverse groups of immune-mediated diseases. Objectives: The aim of this case-control study was to determine the gene expression of IL-6, IL-17, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in Iranian patients with bladder cancer. Patients and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 37 patients with bladder cancer and 37 healthy individuals with no history of malignancies or autoimmune disorders, based of simple sampling. The expression of IL-6, IL-17, and TGF-β were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: The mean of IL-17 transcripts was significantly higher in patients with bladder cancer compared with healthy individuals (0.33 ± 0.06 vs. 0.42 ± 0.14, ) (P = 0.04), but their TGF-β was lower (12.53 ± 8.41 vs. 54.94 ± 17.95, ) (P = 0.04). However, the IL-6 transcripts level was similar in both groups (5.34 ± 2.40 vs. 8.07 ± 3.28, ) (P > 0.05) and there was not any significant difference between the noted cytokines expressions among patients with different stages and grades. Conclusions: As most of the cases studied in this investigation were in stages I and II, IL-17 as a prominent proinflammatory cytokine may play an important role in recruiting and infiltrating of antitumor immune responses in early stages of bladder cancer. Furthermore, it can be used as predictor for the clinical stage and prognosis of cancers such as bladder carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Baharlou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, IR Iran
| | - Abdolaziz Khezri
- Department of Urology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Razmkhah
- Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mojtaba Habibagahi
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Ahmad Hosseini
- Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Abbas Ghaderi
- Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Mansooreh Jaberipour
- Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Mansooreh Jaberipour, Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-7112303687, +98-7112304952, E-mail:
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Song KM, Chung JS, Choi MJ, Jin HR, Yin GN, Kwon MH, Park JM, Kim WJ, Lee SJ, Kim SJ, Ryu JK, Suh JK. Effectiveness of intracavernous delivery of adenovirus encoding Smad7 gene on erectile function in a mouse model of cavernous nerve injury. J Sex Med 2013; 11:51-63. [PMID: 24433558 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Men with erectile dysfunction (ED) respond poorly to oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors following radical prostatectomy. Recent studies have reported that up-regulation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and activation of the Smad signaling pathway play important roles in cavernous fibrosis and in the deterioration of erectile function in a mouse model of cavernous nerve injury (CNI) and in patients with spinal cord injury. The mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 (Smad7) is known to inhibit the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3. AIM To investigate the effectiveness of adenoviruses encoding Smad7 gene (Ad-Smad7) on erectile function in a mouse model of CNI. METHODS Twelve-week-old C57BL/6J mice were used and distributed into 7 groups: sham operation group, untreated CNI group, and CNI groups receiving a single intracavernous injection of adenovirus encoding LacZ (1 × 10(8) virus particles [vp]/20 μL) or adenovirus encoding Smad7 (Ad-Smad7; 1 × 10(7), 1 × 10(8), 2 × 10(8), or 1 × 10(9) vp/20 μL). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Two weeks after bilateral cavernous nerve crushing and treatment, erectile function was measured by electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve. The penis was harvested for histologic examinations and Western blot analysis. RESULTS The highest erectile response was noted in CNI mice treated with Ad-Smad7 at a dose of 1 × 10(8) vp, which reached up to 82-85% of sham control values. Local delivery of Ad-Smad7 significantly decreased endothelial cell apoptosis and the production of extracellular matrix proteins, including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, fibronectin, collagen I, and collagen IV, and induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation in the corpus cavernosum tissue of CNI mice. CONCLUSION The adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of Smad7 successfully restored erectile function by enhancing endothelial cell function and through antifibrotic effects. These findings suggest that inhibition of the TGF-β signaling pathway by use of Smad7 may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for ED induced by radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Moon Song
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Khorramdelazad H, Hassanshahi G, Nasiri Ahmadabadi B, Kazemi Arababadi M. High Serum Levels of TGF-β in Iranians With Chronic HBV Infection. Hepat Mon 2012; 12:e7581. [PMID: 23346151 PMCID: PMC3549612 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.7581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is an important cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVES The main purpose of this study was to compare the serum levels of TGF-β in a group of chronic HBV infected (CHB) patients as well as healthy individuals from South-East of Iran. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty patients with CHB as well as sixty healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. ELISA technique was applied to measure the serum levels of TGF-β in both groups. RESULTS Our results revealed that the serum levels of TGF-β were significantly increased in CHB patients in compare to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS According to this result, it may be concluded that high serum levels of TGF-β may be a mechanism by which immune response against HBV is suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IR Iran
| | | | - Behzad Nasiri Ahmadabadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi, Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-3915234003-5, Fax: +98-3915225209, E-mail:
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Han JY, Kim YJ, Kim L, Choi SJ, Park IS, Kim JM, Chu YC, Cha DR. PPARgamma agonist and angiotensin II receptor antagonist ameliorate renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25:35-41. [PMID: 20052345 PMCID: PMC2799997 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)gamma agonist is used as antidiabetic agent with antihyperglycemic and antihyperinsulinemic actions. Beyond these actions, antifibrotic effects have been reported. We examined antifibrotic effects of PPARgamma agonist and interaction with angiotensin receptor antagonist in the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. After UUO, mice were divided to four groups: no treatment (CONT), pioglitazone treatment, L158809 treatment, and L158809+ pioglitazone treatment. On day 14, CONT mice showed severe fibrosis and all treated mice showed decreased fibrosis. The immunohistochmistry of PAI-1, F4/80 and p-Smad2 demonstrated that their expressions were increased in CONT group and decreased in the all treated groups compared to CONT. PAI-1 and p-Smad2 determined from Western blotting, among treated groups, was decreased compared to CONT group. The expression of TGF-beta1 from real time RT PCR showed markedly increased in the CONT group and decreased in all treated groups compared to CONT. These data suggest the pioglitazone inhibited tubulointerstitial fibrosis, however, the synergism between pioglitazone and L158809 is not clear. Considering decreased expression of PAI-1 and TGF-beta/Smad2 in the treated groups, PAI-1 and TGF-beta are likely linked to the decreased renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. According to these results, the PPARgamma agonist might be used in the treatment of renal fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Young Han
- Department of Pathology, Inha University Hospital, Inha University Medical College, Incheon, Korea.
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