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Villalobos-Puma E, Suarez L, Gillardoni S, Zubieta R, Martinez-Castro D, Miranda-Corzo A, Bonasoni P, Silva Y. Atmospheric black carbon observations and its valley-mountain dynamics: Eastern cordillera of the central Andes of Peru. Environ Pollut 2024; 355:124089. [PMID: 38729508 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Glacial bodies in the Peruvian Andes Mountains store and supply freshwater to hundreds of thousands of people in central Peru. Atmospheric black carbon (BC) is known to accelerate melting of snow and ice, in addition to contributing to air pollution and the health of people. Currently there is limited understanding on the sources and temporal variability of BC in valley and mountain environments in Peru. To address this problem, this study combined surface observations of BC collected during 2022-2023 with WRF model simulations and HYSPLIT trajectories to analyze the dispersion and sources of BC in valley and high elevation environments and the associated local atmospheric circulations. Results show high BC concentrations are associated with the valley-mountain wind system that occurs on both sides of the Huaytapallana mountain range. A pronounced circulation occurs on the western slopes of Huaytapallana when concentrations of BC increase during daylight hours, which transports atmospheric pollutants from cities in the Mantaro River Valley to the Huaytapallana mountain range. Low concentrations of BC are associated with circulations from the east that are channeled by the pronounced ravines of the Andes-Amazon transition. On average, during the season of highest BC concentrations (July-November), the relative contributions of fossil fuels are dominant to biomass burning at the valley observatory and are slightly lower at the Huaytapallana observatory. These results demonstrate the need to promote mitigation actions to reduce emissions of BC and air pollution associated with forest fires and local anthropogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elver Villalobos-Puma
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaci'on en Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña (INAIGEM), Av. Miroquesada 455, Lima, Peru.
| | - Luis Suarez
- Instituto Geofisico del Peru (IGP), Mayorazgo-Ate, Lima, Peru
| | - Stefania Gillardoni
- National Research Council Institute of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), 20125, Milan, Italy
| | - Ricardo Zubieta
- Instituto Geofisico del Peru (IGP), Mayorazgo-Ate, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Andrea Miranda-Corzo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaci'on en Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña (INAIGEM), Av. Miroquesada 455, Lima, Peru
| | - Paolo Bonasoni
- National Research Council Institute of Polar Sciences (CNR-ISP), 20125, Milan, Italy
| | - Yamina Silva
- Instituto Geofisico del Peru (IGP), Mayorazgo-Ate, Lima, Peru
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2
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Carvalho-Madrigal S, Sanín MJ. The role of introgressive hybridization in shaping the geographically isolated gene pools of wax palm populations (genus Ceroxylon). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 193:108013. [PMID: 38195012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The speciation continuum is the process by which genetic groups diverge until they reach reproductive isolation. It has become common in the literature to show that this process is gradual and flickering, with possibly many instances of secondary contact and introgression after divergence has started. The level of divergence might vary among genomic regions due to, among others, the different forces and roles of selection played by the shared regions. Through hybrid capture, we sequenced ca. 4,000 nuclear regions in populations of six species of wax palms, five of which form a monophyletic group (genus Ceroxylon, Arecaceae: Ceroxyloideae). We show that in this group, the different populations show varying degrees of introgressive hybridization, and two of them are backcrosses of the other three 'pure' species. This is particularly interesting because these three species are dioecious, have a shared main pollinator, and have slightly overlapping reproductive seasons but highly divergent morphologies. Our work supports shows wax palms diverge under positive and background selection in allopatry, and hybridize due to secondary contact and inefficient reproductive barriers, which sustain genetic diversity. Introgressed regions are generally not under positive selection. Peripheral populations are backcrosses of other species; thus, introgressive hybridization is likely modulated by demographic effects rather than selective pressures. In general, these species might function as an 'evolutionary syngameon' where expanding, peripheral, small, and isolated populations maintain diversity by crossing with available individuals of other wax palms. In the Andean context, species can benefit from gained variation from a second taxon or the enhancement of population sizes by recreating a common genetic pool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María José Sanín
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, West Valley Campus, Glendale, United States.
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Cifuentes F, González CM, Aristizábal BH. Dataset for evaluating WRF-Chem sensitivity to biogenic emission inventories in a tropical region. Global online model (MEGAN) vs local offline model (BIGA). Data Brief 2021; 38:107438. [PMID: 34660858 PMCID: PMC8503576 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents a dataset comparing emissions of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) in a zone of complex topography in the tropical Andes, which presents elevations ranging from 250 to more than 4000 m above sea level in a radius of only 50 km. Two approximations were evaluated, (1) online with the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) coupled with the Weather Research and Forecast model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) and (2) offline applying the Biogenic Altitudinal Gradient Model (BIGA). Modeled concentrations of pollutants (mainly isoprene and tropospheric ozone) were obtained with WRF-Chem employing the biogenic emission models mentioned previously. This information identified areas where BVOC emissions vary significantly, comparing the global emission inventory (MEGAN) and the local inventory (BIGA). Re-evaluation of the emission factors and land cover assigned to those areas in the global online biogenic models should be considered in order to reduce the uncertainty in the values. In addition, the dataset shows the impact of the biogenic emission inventories on the air quality simulations on a tropical high mountain area, where vegetation is diverse, and the altitudinal changes influence meteorological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cifuentes
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group (GTAIHA), Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Carrera 27 64-60, Manizales, Colombia
| | - C M González
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group (GTAIHA), Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Carrera 27 64-60, Manizales, Colombia
| | - B H Aristizábal
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group (GTAIHA), Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Carrera 27 64-60, Manizales, Colombia
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4
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Donoso JM, Rios-Touma B. Microplastics in tropical Andean rivers: A perspective from a highly populated Ecuadorian basin without wastewater treatment. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04302. [PMID: 32685712 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the problem of microplastic pollution has begun to receive more attention. Currently, it is known that these particles, less than 5 mm in diameter, can lead to problems for both ecosystems and human health due to the toxicity of their components. In spite of this, research on this topic has focused mainly on the oceans, leaving aside rivers, which are the main source of these pollutants to oceans. Additionally, information is limited to certain rivers in countries of the northern hemisphere where wastewater treatment plants can retain up to 80% of microplastics. In South America, microplastic pollution is practically unknown, and wastewater treatment in several areas is still limited. This study focused on quantifying the microplastics present in the upper basin of the Guayllabamba River, in the Tropical Andes, a biodiversity hotspot. This basin is where the capital city of Ecuador, Quito, is located. Less than 10% of the wastewater in Quito is treated and the rest is dumped to rivers without treatment. We performed a physical analysis of microplastics, by weight and by category of microplastic, in various sampling points before and after urban areas. We found microplastic pollution beginning in the headwaters of the basin, with significant increases in urban areas of the Metropolitan District of Quito. Values of suspended microplastics in rivers after urban areas were higher than those recorded in the literature. Plastic levels in sediment were also higher after urban areas. Microplastics were highly correlated with other water pollutants, showing the prevailing necessity of wastewater treatment plants, because all of this pollution is dumped into rivers that flow from 2800 m a.s.l. to highly diverse freshwater ecosystems and human populations located downstream that depend on these aquatic sources, and finally to the Pacific Ocean.
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Montoya AL, Wolff M. Description of six new large species of Argentinomyia Lynch-Arribálzaga, 1891 and redescription of Talahua fervida (Fluke, 1945) (Diptera, Syrphidae, Syrphinae). Zookeys 2020; 929:19-51. [PMID: 32377147 PMCID: PMC7192955 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.929.37666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological similarities between five new large Argentinomyia species and Talahua fervida Fluke are characterized and presented. Six new species of Argentinomyia (10-12 mm long) are described: Argentinomyia andina Montoya & Wolff, sp. nov. (Colombia), Argentinomyia choachi Montoya, sp. nov. (Colombia), Argentinomyia quimbaya Montoya & Wolff, sp. nov. (Colombia), Argentinomyia huitepecensis Montoya, sp. nov. (México), Argentinomyia puntarena Montoya, sp. nov. (Costa Rica), and Argentinomyia talamanca Thompson, sp. nov. (Costa Rica). The genus Talahua Fluke is re-diagnosed and, Talahua fervida redescribed. A taxonomic key and a comparison of diagnostic characters are presented. Photographs of head, abdominal and wing maculae patterns, as well as illustrations of male genitalia are provided for species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto L. Montoya
- Grupo de Entomología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 67 # 53-108, Medellín, Colombia
Universidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Marta Wolff
- Grupo de Entomología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 67 # 53-108, Medellín, Colombia
Universidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
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Carrillo-Rojas G, Schulz HM, Orellana-Alvear J, Ochoa-Sánchez A, Trachte K, Célleri R, Bendix J. Atmosphere-surface fluxes modeling for the high Andes: The case of páramo catchments of Ecuador. Sci Total Environ 2020; 704:135372. [PMID: 31836229 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interest in atmosphere-surface flux modeling over the mountainous regions of the globe has increased recently, with a major focus on the prediction of water, carbon and other functional indicators in natural and disturbed conditions. However, less research has been centered on exploring energy fluxes (net radiation; sensible, latent and soil heat) and actual evapotranspiration (ETa) over the Neotropical Andean biome of the páramo. The present study assesses the implementation and parameterization of a state-of-art Land-Surface Model (LSM) for simulation of these fluxes over two representative páramo catchments of southern Ecuador. We evaluated the outputs of the LSM Community Land Model (CLM ver. 4.0) with (i) ground-level flux observations from the first (and highest) Eddy Covariance (EC) tower of the Northern Andean páramos; (ii) spatial ETa estimates from the energy balance-based model METRIC (based on Landsat imagery); and (iii) derived ETa from the closure of the water balance (WB). CLM's energy predictions revealed a significant underestimation on net radiation, which impacts the sensible and soil heat fluxes (underestimation), and delivers a slight overestimation on latent heat flux. Modeled CLM ETa showed acceptable goodness-of-fit (Pearson R = 0.82) comparable to ETa from METRIC (R = 0.83). Contrarily, a poor performance of ETa WB was observed (R = 0.46). These findings provide solid evidence on the CLM's accuracy for the ETa modeling, and give insights in the selection of other ETa methods. The study contributes to a better understanding of ecosystem functioning in terms of water loss through evaporative processes, and might help in the development of future LSMs' implementations focused on climate / land use change scenarios for the páramo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galo Carrillo-Rojas
- Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geography, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 12, Marburg 35032, Germany; Departamento de Recursos Hídricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Cuenca, Campus Balzay, Cuenca 010207, Ecuador; Departamento de Química Aplicada y Sistemas de Producción, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. 12 de Abril y A. Cueva, Cuenca 010203, Ecuador.
| | - Hans Martin Schulz
- Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geography, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 12, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Johanna Orellana-Alvear
- Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geography, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 12, Marburg 35032, Germany; Departamento de Recursos Hídricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Cuenca, Campus Balzay, Cuenca 010207, Ecuador
| | - Ana Ochoa-Sánchez
- Departamento de Recursos Hídricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Cuenca, Campus Balzay, Cuenca 010207, Ecuador
| | - Katja Trachte
- Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geography, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 12, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Rolando Célleri
- Departamento de Recursos Hídricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Cuenca, Campus Balzay, Cuenca 010207, Ecuador
| | - Jörg Bendix
- Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geography, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 12, Marburg 35032, Germany
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7
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Medrano-Vizcaíno P, Gutiérrez-Salazar P. Current and future suitable habitat areas for Nasuella olivacea (Gray, 1865) in Colombia and Ecuador and analysis of its distribution across different land uses. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e49164. [PMID: 32047359 PMCID: PMC7000484 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e49164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasuella olivacea is an endemic mammal from the Andes of Ecuador and Colombia. Due to its rarity, aspects about its natural history, ecology and distribution patterns are not well known, therefore, research is needed to generate knowledge about this carnivore and a first step is studying suitable habitat areas. We performed Ecological Niche Models and applied future climate change scenarios (2.6 and 8.5 RCP) to determine the potential distribution of this mammal in Colombia and Ecuador, with current and future climate change conditions; furthermore, we analysed its distribution along several land covers. We found that N. olivacea is likely to be found in areas where no records have been reported previously; likewise, climate change conditions would increase suitable distribution areas. Concerning land cover, 73.4% of N. olivacea potential distribution was located outside Protected Areas (PA), 46.1% in Forests and 40.3% in Agricultural Lands. These findings highlight the need to further research understudied species, furthering our understanding about distribution trends and responses to changing climatic conditions, as well as informig future PA designing. These are essential tools for supporting wildlife conservation plans, being applicable for rare species whose biology and ecology remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Medrano-Vizcaíno
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading Reading United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Gutiérrez-Salazar
- Grupo de Investigación Ambiental para el Desarrollo Sustentable (GIADES), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Quito, Ecuador Grupo de Investigación Ambiental para el Desarrollo Sustentable (GIADES), Universidad Politécnica Salesiana Quito Ecuador
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8
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Gil-Vargas DL, Sedano-Cruz RE. Genetic variation of avian malaria in the tropical Andes: a relationship with the spatial distribution of hosts. Malar J 2019; 18:129. [PMID: 30971233 PMCID: PMC6458820 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian haemosporidia are obligate blood parasites with an ample range of hosts worldwide. To understand how host communities may influence the diversity of parasites of the neotropics, the spatial genetic variation of avian Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon was examined between areas of host endemism and along the elevational gradient in the tropical Andes. METHODS A total of 1686 accessions of the cytochrome b gene of avian haemosporidia were selected from 43 publications, that further provides additional information on 14.2% of bird species in the Neotropics. Haplotype groups were identified using a similarity-based clustering of sequences using a cut-off level ≥ 99.3% of sequence identity. Phylogenetic-based analyses were implemented to examine the spatial genetic structure of avian haemosporidia among areas of host endemism and the elevation gradient in the tropical Andes. RESULTS The areas of avian endemism, including the tropical Andes, can explain the differential distribution of the haemosporidia cytochrome b gene variation. In the tropical Andes region, the total number of avian haemosporidia haplotypes follows a unimodal pattern that peaks at mid-elevation between 2000 and 2500 m above sea level. Furthermore, the haplotype assemblages of obligate blood parasites tend to overlap towards mid-elevation, where avian host diversity tends to be maximized. CONCLUSIONS Spatial analyses revealed that richness and turnover in haemosporidia suggest an association with montane host diversity, according to elevation in the tropical Andes. In addition, the spatial distribution of haemosporidia diversity is closely associated with patterns of host assemblages over large geographical scale in the tropical Andes and areas of avian endemism nearby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lorena Gil-Vargas
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Animal, Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No 100-00, Edif. E20, Room 3120, Cali, Colombia
| | - Raul Ernesto Sedano-Cruz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología Animal, Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No 100-00, Edif. E20, Room 3120, Cali, Colombia.
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecofisiología, Evolución y Biogeografía, Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
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Pandey A, Yarzábal LA. Bioprospecting cold-adapted plant growth promoting microorganisms from mountain environments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:643-657. [PMID: 30465306 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mountain soils are challenging environments for all kinds of living things, including plants and microorganisms. Many cold-adapted microorganisms colonizing these extreme soils play important roles as promoters of plant growth and development; for that reason, they are called collectively plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM). Even though there is seldom doubt concerning the usefulness of PGPM to develop eco-friendly bioinoculants, including biofertilizers and biocontrollers, a series of aspects need to be addressed in order to make this technology field-applicable. Among these aspects, the ecological and rhizosphere competences of PGPM are of paramount importance, particularly when considering the development of bioinoculants, well suited for the intensification of mountainous agricultural production. Studies on native, cold-adapted PGPM conducted in the Indian Himalayan region (IHR) and the Tropical Andes (TA) lead nowadays the research in this field. Noticeably, some common themes are emerging. For instance, soils in these mountain environments are colonized by many cold-adapted PGPM able to mobilize soil nutrients and to inhibit growth of plant pathogens. Studies aimed at deeply characterizing the abilities of such PGPM is likely to substantially contribute towards a better crop productivity in mountainous environments. The present review focuses on the importance of this microbial resource to improve crop productivity in IHR and TA. We also present a number of successful examples, which emphasize the effectiveness of some bioinoculants-developed from naturally occurring PGPM-when applied in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Pandey
- Centre for Environmental Assessment and Climate Change, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, 263643, India.
| | - Luis Andrés Yarzábal
- Unidad de Salud y Bienestar, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Av. Las Américas y Humboldt, Cuenca, Ecuador.,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Av. Alberto Carnevalli, Mérida, Venezuela
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Pedraza-Peñalosa P. New blueberry and mortiño relatives (Ericaceae) from northwestern Colombia. PhytoKeys 2015; 49:33-58. [PMID: 25987884 PMCID: PMC4432232 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.49.8383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The inventory of the vascular plants of one of the richest and least studied floras, the Andean and Chocó regions of northwestern Colombia, targets Las Orquídeas National Park. As a result of field trips to areas never before collected, several epiphytic and small terrestrial shrubs in the family Ericaceae have been discovered in the Park's humid forests. Five new, morphologically remarkable species of Ericaceae (tribe Vaccinieae), are here described and illustrated. In a separate phylogenetic analysis, Psammisiapinnata Pedraza, Psammisiapseudoverticillata Pedraza, Satyriaorquidiensis Pedraza, and Satyriapterocalyx Pedraza, were placed by molecular sequence data within clades of the non-monophyletic genera Psammisia and Satyria; phylogenetic evidence for the placement of Psammisiasophiae Pedraza is still lacking. Their affinities are here discussed, along with their preliminary conservation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pedraza-Peñalosa
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458
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11
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Särkinen T, Gonzáles P, Knapp S. Four new non-spiny Solanum (Solanaceae) species from South America. PhytoKeys 2015; 44:39-64. [PMID: 25698893 PMCID: PMC4329390 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.44.8693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Four new species of "non-spiny" Solanum from South America are described. Solanumlongifilamentum Särkinen & P.Gonzáles, sp. nov. (Morelloid clade) is widespread from Ecuador to Bolivia and is most similar to Solanummacrotonum Dunal from Central and northern South America. Solanumantisuyo Särkinen & S.Knapp, sp. nov. (Morelloid clade) is found on the eastern Andean slopes in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia and is most similar to the widespread lower elevation species Solanumpolytrichostylum Bitter. Solanumarenicola Särkinen & P.Gonzáles, sp. nov. (Morelloid clade) is found in low elevation habitats on the eastern Andean slopes and in Amazonia of Peru and Bolivia and is most similar to the higher elevation species Solanumaloysiifolium Dunal of Bolivia and Argentina. Solanummariae Särkinen & S.Knapp, sp. nov. (Potato clade) is endemic to Cajamarca Department in Peru, and is most similar to the widespread Solanumcaripense Dunal. Complete descriptions, distributions and preliminary conservation assessments of all new species are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Särkinen
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, EH3 5LR Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paúl Gonzáles
- Laboratorio de Florística, Departamento de Dicotiledóneas, Museo de Historia Natural - Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Avenida Arenales 1256, Apartado Postal 14-0434, Lima, Peru
| | - Sandra Knapp
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD London, United Kingdom
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12
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Gilroy JJ, Woodcock P, Edwards FA, Wheeler C, Medina Uribe CA, Haugaasen T, Edwards DP. Optimizing carbon storage and biodiversity protection in tropical agricultural landscapes. Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:2162-2172. [PMID: 24764180 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With the rapidly expanding ecological footprint of agriculture, the design of farmed landscapes will play an increasingly important role for both carbon storage and biodiversity protection. Carbon and biodiversity can be enhanced by integrating natural habitats into agricultural lands, but a key question is whether benefits are maximized by including many small features throughout the landscape ('land-sharing' agriculture) or a few large contiguous blocks alongside intensive farmland ('land-sparing' agriculture). In this study, we are the first to integrate carbon storage alongside multi-taxa biodiversity assessments to compare land-sparing and land-sharing frameworks. We do so by sampling carbon stocks and biodiversity (birds and dung beetles) in landscapes containing agriculture and forest within the Colombian Chocó-Andes, a zone of high global conservation priority. We show that woodland fragments embedded within a matrix of cattle pasture hold less carbon per unit area than contiguous primary or advanced secondary forests (>15 years). Farmland sites also support less diverse bird and dung beetle communities than contiguous forests, even when farmland retains high levels of woodland habitat cover. Landscape simulations based on these data suggest that land-sparing strategies would be more beneficial for both carbon storage and biodiversity than land-sharing strategies across a range of production levels. Biodiversity benefits of land-sparing are predicted to be similar whether spared lands protect primary or advanced secondary forests, owing to the close similarity of bird and dung beetle communities between the two forest classes. Land-sparing schemes that encourage the protection and regeneration of natural forest blocks thus provide a synergy between carbon and biodiversity conservation, and represent a promising strategy for reducing the negative impacts of agriculture on tropical ecosystems. However, further studies examining a wider range of ecosystem services will be necessary to fully understand the links between land-allocation strategies and long-term ecosystem service provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Gilroy
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, 1430, Norway
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Särkinen T, Gonzáles P, Knapp S. Distribution models and species discovery: the story of a new Solanum species from the Peruvian Andes. PhytoKeys 2013; 31:1-20. [PMID: 24399901 PMCID: PMC3881343 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.31.6312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new species of Solanum sect. Solanum from Peru is described here. Solanum pseudoamericanum Särkinen, Gonzáles & S.Knapp sp. nov. is a member of the Morelloid clade of Solanum, and is characterized by the combination of mostly forked inflorescences, flowers with small stamens 2.5 mm long including the filament, and strongly exerted styles with capitate stigmas. The species was first thought to be restricted to the seasonally dry tropical forests of southern Peru along the dry valleys of Río Pampas and Río Apurímac. Results from species distribution modelling (SDM) analysis with climatic predictors identified further potential suitable habitat areas in northern and central Peru. These areas were visited during field work in 2013. A total of 17 new populations across the predicted distribution were discovered using the model-based sampling method, and five further collections were identified amongst herbarium loans. Although still endemic to Peru, Solanum pseudoamericanum is now known from across northern, central and southern Peru. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of SDM for predicting new occurrences of rare plants, especially in the Andes where collection densities are still low in many areas and where many new species remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Särkinen
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, EH3 5LR Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Plants Division, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, SW7 5BD London, United Kingdom
| | - Paúl Gonzáles
- Laboratorio de Florística, Departamento de Dicotiledóneas, Museo de Historia Natural - Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Avenida Arenales 1256, Apartado Postal 14-0434, Lima, Peru
| | - Sandra Knapp
- Plants Division, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, SW7 5BD London, United Kingdom
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