1
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Hayek H, Rehbini O, Kosmider B, Brandt T, Chatila W, Marchetti N, Criner GJ, Bolla S, Kishore R, Bowler RP, Bahmed K. The Regulation of Fatty Acid Synthase by Exosomal miR-143-5p and miR-342-5p in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 70:259-282. [PMID: 38117249 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0232oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive disease caused by an aberrant repair of injured alveolar epithelial cells. The maintenance of the alveolar epithelium and its regeneration after the damage is fueled by alveolar type II (ATII) cells. Injured cells release exosomes containing microRNAs (miRNAs), which can alter the recipient cells' function. Lung tissue, ATII cells, fibroblasts, plasma, and exosomes were obtained from naive patients with IPF, patients with IPF taking pirfenidone or nintedanib, and control organ donors. miRNA expression was analyzed to study their impact on exosome-mediated effects in IPF. High miR-143-5p and miR-342-5p levels were detected in ATII cells, lung tissue, plasma, and exosomes in naive patients with IPF. Decreased FASN (fatty acid synthase) and ACSL-4 (acyl-CoA-synthetase long-chain family member 4) expression was found in ATII cells. miR-143-5p and miR-342-5p overexpression or ATII cell treatment with IPF-derived exosomes containing these miRNAs lowered FASN and ACSL-4 levels. Also, this contributed to ATII cell injury and senescence. However, exosomes isolated from patients with IPF taking nintedanib or pirfenidone increased FASN expression in ATII cells compared with naive patients with IPF. Furthermore, fibroblast treatment with exosomes obtained from naive patients with IPF increased SMAD3, CTGF, COL3A1, and TGFβ1 expression. Our results suggest that IPF-derived exosomes containing miR-143-5p and miR-342-5p inhibited the de novo fatty acid synthesis pathway in ATII cells. They also induced the profibrotic response in fibroblasts. Pirfenidone and nintedanib improved ATII cell function and inhibited fibrogenesis. This study highlights the importance of exosomes in IPF pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hayek
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research
| | | | - Beata Kosmider
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raj Kishore
- Center for Translational Medicine, and
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Russell P Bowler
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Karim Bahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery
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2
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Thomas SP, Domm JM, van Vloten JP, Xu L, Vadivel A, Yates JGE, Pei Y, Ingrao J, van Lieshout LP, Jackson SR, Minott JA, Achuthan A, Mehrani Y, McAusland TM, Zhang W, Karimi K, Vaughan AE, de Jong J, Kang MH, Thebaud B, Wootton SK. A promoterless AAV6.2FF-based lung gene editing platform for the correction of surfactant protein B deficiency. Mol Ther 2023; 31:3457-3477. [PMID: 37805711 PMCID: PMC10727957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein B (SP-B) deficiency is a rare genetic disease that causes fatal respiratory failure within the first year of life. Currently, the only corrective treatment is lung transplantation. Here, we co-transduced the murine lung with adeno-associated virus 6.2FF (AAV6.2FF) vectors encoding a SaCas9-guide RNA nuclease or donor template to mediate insertion of promoterless reporter genes or the (murine) Sftpb gene in frame with the endogenous surfactant protein C (SP-C) gene, without disrupting SP-C expression. Intranasal administration of 3 × 1011 vg donor template and 1 × 1011 vg nuclease consistently edited approximately 6% of lung epithelial cells. Frequency of gene insertion increased in a dose-dependent manner, reaching 20%-25% editing efficiency with the highest donor template and nuclease doses tested. We next evaluated whether this promoterless gene editing platform could extend survival in the conditional SP-B knockout mouse model. Administration of 1 × 1012 vg SP-B-donor template and 5 × 1011 vg nuclease significantly extended median survival (p = 0.0034) from 5 days in the untreated off doxycycline group to 16 days in the donor AAV and nuclease group, with one gene-edited mouse living 243 days off doxycycline. This AAV6.2FF-based gene editing platform has the potential to correct SP-B deficiency, as well as other disorders of alveolar type II cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia P Thomas
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jakob M Domm
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jacob P van Vloten
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Liqun Xu
- Regenerative Medicine Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), and CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Arul Vadivel
- Regenerative Medicine Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), and CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Jacob G E Yates
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yanlong Pei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Joelle Ingrao
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Sergio R Jackson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica A Minott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adithya Achuthan
- Regenerative Medicine Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), and CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Yeganeh Mehrani
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Thomas M McAusland
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrew E Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jondavid de Jong
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Martin H Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Bernard Thebaud
- Regenerative Medicine Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), and CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Albers GJ, Amouret A, Ciupka K, Montes-Cobos E, Feldmann C, Reichardt HM. Glucocorticoid Nanoparticles Show Full Therapeutic Efficacy in a Mouse Model of Acute Lung Injury and Concomitantly Reduce Adverse Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16843. [PMID: 38069173 PMCID: PMC10705980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used to treat inflammatory disorders such as acute lung injury (ALI). Here, we explored inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticles (IOH-NPs) as a new delivery vehicle for GCs in a mouse model of ALI. Betamethasone (BMZ) encapsulated into IOH-NPs (BNPs) ameliorated the massive infiltration of neutrophils into the airways with a similar efficacy as the free drug. This was accompanied by a potent inhibition of pulmonary gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, whereas the alveolar-capillary barrier integrity was only restored by BMZ in its traditional form. Experiments with genetically engineered mice identified myeloid cells and alveolar type II (AT II) cells as essential targets of BNPs in ALI therapy, confirming their high cell-type specificity. Consequently, adverse effects were reduced when using IOH-NPs for GC delivery. BNPs did not alter T and B cell numbers in the blood and also prevented the induction of muscle atrophy after three days of treatment. Collectively, our data suggest that IOH-NPs target GCs to myeloid and AT II cells, resulting in full therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of ALI while being associated with reduced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa J. Albers
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Agathe Amouret
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ciupka
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elena Montes-Cobos
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Holger M. Reichardt
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Niu R, Cheng J, Sun J, Li F, Fang H, Lei R, Shen Z, Hu H, Li J. Alveolar Type II Cell Damage and Nrf2-SOD1 Pathway Downregulation Are Involved in PM 2.5-Induced Lung Injury in Rats. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:12893. [PMID: 36232201 PMCID: PMC9566353 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The general toxicity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been intensively studied, but its pulmonary toxicities are still not fully understood. To investigate the changes of lung tissue after PM2.5 exposure and identify the potential mechanisms of pulmonary toxicity, PM2.5 samples were firstly collected and analyzed. Next, different doses of PM2.5 samples (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg) were intratracheally instilled into rats to simulate lung inhalation of polluted air. After instillation for eight weeks, morphological alterations of the lung were examined, and the levels of oxidative stress were detected. The data indicated that the major contributors to PM2.5 mass were organic carbon, elemental carbon, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium. Different concentrations of PM2.5 could trigger oxidative stress through increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, and decreasing expression of antioxidant-related proteins (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and catalase). Histochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy displayed pulmonary inflammation, collagen deposition, mitochondrial swelling, and a decreasing number of multilamellar bodies in alveolar type II cells after PM2.5 exposure, which was related to PM2.5-induced oxidative stress. These results provide a basis for a better understanding of pulmonary impairment in response to PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Niu
- Medical College, Xi’an Peihua University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Fan Li
- Basic Medical Experiment Teaching Center, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Huanle Fang
- Medical College, Xi’an Peihua University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Ronghui Lei
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Basic Medical Experiment Teaching Center, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China
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5
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Wick KD, Fang X, Maishan M, Matsumoto S, Spottiswoode N, Sarma A, Simoneau C, Khakoo M, Langelier C, Calfee CS, Gotts JE, Matthay MA. Impact of e-cigarette aerosol on primary human alveolar epithelial type 2 cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L152-L164. [PMID: 35670478 PMCID: PMC9559034 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00503.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are designed to simulate combustible cigarette smoking and to aid in smoking cessation. Although the number of e-cigarette users has been increasing, the potential health impacts and biological effects of e-cigarettes are still not fully understood. Previous research has focused on the biological effects of e-cigarettes on lung cancer cell lines and distal airway epithelial cells; however, there have been few published studies on the effect of e-cigarettes on primary lung alveolar epithelial cells. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the direct effect of e-cigarette aerosol on primary human lung alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cells, both alone and in the presence of viral infection. The Melo-3 atomizer caused direct AT2 cell toxicity, whereas the more popular Juul pod's aerosol did not have a detectable cytotoxic effect on AT2 cells. Juul nicotine aerosol also did not increase short-term susceptibility to viral infection. However, 3 days of exposure upregulated genes central to the generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and carcinogen metabolism and downregulated key innate immune system genes related to cytokine and chemokine signaling. These findings have implications for the potentially injurious impact of long-term use of popular low-power e-cigarette pods on the human alveolar epithelium. Gene expression data might be an important endpoint for evaluating the potential harmful effects of vaping devices that do not cause overt toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Wick
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Xiaohui Fang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Mazharul Maishan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Shotaro Matsumoto
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Natasha Spottiswoode
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Aartik Sarma
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Camille Simoneau
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Manisha Khakoo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Chaz Langelier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California
| | - Carolyn S Calfee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey E Gotts
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, California
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6
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Dacheux MA, Lee SC, Shin Y, Norman DD, Lin KH, E S, Yue J, Benyó Z, Tigyi GJ. Prometastatic Effect of ATX Derived from Alveolar Type II Pneumocytes and B16-F10 Melanoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061586. [PMID: 35326737 PMCID: PMC8946623 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although metastases are the principal cause of cancer-related deaths, the molecular aspects of the role of stromal cells in the establishment of the metastatic niche remain poorly understood. One of the most prevalent sites for cancer metastasis is the lungs. According to recent research, lung stromal cells such as bronchial epithelial cells and resident macrophages secrete autotaxin (ATX), an enzyme with lysophospholipase D activity that promotes cancer progression. In fact, several studies have shown that many cell types in the lung stroma could provide a rich source of ATX in diseases. In the present study, we sought to determine whether ATX derived from alveolar type II epithelial (ATII) pneumocytes could modulate the progression of lung metastasis, which has not been evaluated previously. To accomplish this, we used the B16-F10 syngeneic melanoma model, which readily metastasizes to the lungs when injected intravenously. Because B16-F10 cells express high levels of ATX, we used the CRISPR-Cas9 technology to knock out the ATX gene in B16-F10 cells, eliminating the contribution of tumor-derived ATX in lung metastasis. Next, we used the inducible Cre/loxP system (Sftpc-CreERT2/Enpp2fl/fl) to generate conditional knockout (KO) mice in which ATX is specifically deleted in ATII cells (i.e., Sftpc-KO). Injection of ATX-KO B16-F10 cells into Sftpc-KO or Sftpc-WT control littermates allowed us to investigate the specific contribution of ATII-derived ATX in lung metastasis. We found that targeted KO of ATX in ATII cells significantly reduced the metastatic burden of ATX-KO B16-F10 cells by 30% (unpaired t-test, p = 0.028) compared to Sftpc-WT control mice, suggesting that ATX derived from ATII cells could affect the metastatic progression. We detected upregulated levels of cytokines such as IFNγ (unpaired t-test, p < 0.0001) and TNFα (unpaired t-test, p = 0.0003), which could favor the increase in infiltrating CD8+ T cells observed in the tumor regions of Sftpc-KO mice. Taken together, our results highlight the contribution of host ATII cells as a stromal source of ATX in the progression of melanoma lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie A. Dacheux
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.A.D.); (S.C.L.); (Y.S.); (D.D.N.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.A.D.); (S.C.L.); (Y.S.); (D.D.N.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Yoojin Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.A.D.); (S.C.L.); (Y.S.); (D.D.N.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Derek D. Norman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.A.D.); (S.C.L.); (Y.S.); (D.D.N.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.A.D.); (S.C.L.); (Y.S.); (D.D.N.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Shuyu E
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.E.); (J.Y.)
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (S.E.); (J.Y.)
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1428 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Gábor J. Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.A.D.); (S.C.L.); (Y.S.); (D.D.N.); (K.-H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-901-448-4793
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Abstract
Pulmonary emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveolar septa and irreversible airflow limitation. Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of this disease development. It induces oxidative stress and disturbs lung physiology and tissue homeostasis. Alveolar type II (ATII) cells have stem cell potential and can repair the denuded epithelium after injury; however, their dysfunction is evident in emphysema. There is no effective treatment available for this disease. Challenges in this field involve the large complexity of lung pathophysiological processes and gaps in our knowledge on the mechanisms of emphysema progression. It implicates dysregulation of various signaling pathways, including aberrant inflammatory and oxidative responses, defective antioxidant defense system, surfactant dysfunction, altered proteostasis, disrupted circadian rhythms, mitochondrial damage, increased cell senescence, apoptosis, and abnormal proliferation and differentiation. Also, genetic predispositions are involved in this disease development. Here, we comprehensively review studies regarding dysregulated cell signaling, especially in ATII cells, and their contribution to alveolar wall destruction in emphysema. Relevant preclinical and clinical interventions are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ru Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Karim Bahmed
- Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Beata Kosmider
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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8
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Schiefermeier-Mach N, Perkhofer S, Heinrich L, Haller T. Stimulation of surfactant exocytosis in primary alveolar type II cells by A. fumigatus. Med Mycol 2021; 59:168-179. [PMID: 32459847 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen with small airborne spores (conidia) that may escape clearance by upper airways and directly impact the alveolar epithelium. Consequently, innate alveolar defense mechanisms are being activated, including professional phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages, recruitment of circulating neutrophils and probably enhanced secretion of pulmonary surfactant by the alveolar type II (AT II) cells. However, no data are available in support of the latter hypothesis. We therefore used a coculture model of GFP-Aspergillus conidia with primary rat AT II cells and studied fungal growth, cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and pulmonary surfactant exocytosis by live cell video microscopy. We observed all stages of fungal development, including reversible attachment, binding and internalization of conidia as well as conidial swelling, formation of germ tubes and outgrowth of hyphae. In contrast to resting conidia, which did not provoke immediate cellular effects, metabolically active conidia, fungal cellular extracts (CE) and fungal culture filtrates (CF) prepared from swollen conidia caused a Ca2+-independent exocytosis. Ca2+ signals of greatly varying delays, durations and amplitudes were observed by applying CE or CF obtained from hyphae of A. fumigatus, suggesting compounds secreted by filamentous A. fumigatus that severely interfere with AT II cell Ca2+ homeostasis. The mechanisms underlying the stimulatory effects, with respect to exocytosis and Ca2+ signaling, are unclear and need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Perkhofer
- FH Gesundheit, Health University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, Innrain 98, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lea Heinrich
- FH Gesundheit, Health University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, Innrain 98, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Haller
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstrasse 41, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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9
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Lin CR, Bahmed K, Simborio H, Hayek H, Bolla S, Marchetti N, Criner GJ, Kosmider B. Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Factors in Human Alveolar Type II Cells in Aging and Emphysema. Biomedicines 2021; 9:779. [PMID: 34356843 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type II (ATII) cells proliferate and restore the injured epithelium. It has been described that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes diffuse alveolar damage in the lungs. However, host factors facilitating virus infection in ATII cells are not well known. We determined the SARS-CoV-2-related genes and protein expression using RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively, in ATII cells isolated from young and elderly non-smokers, smokers, and ex-smokers. Cells were also obtained from lung transplants of emphysema patients. ACE2 has been identified as the receptor for SARS-CoV-2, and we found significantly increased levels in young and elderly smokers and emphysema patients. The viral entry depends on TMPRSS2 protease activity, and a higher expression was detected in elderly smokers and ex-smokers and emphysema patients. Both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA levels were higher in this disease in comparison with non-smokers. CD209L serves as a receptor for SARS-CoV-2, and we found increased levels in ATII cells obtained from smokers and in emphysema patients. Also, our data suggest CD209L regulation by miR142. Endoplasmic reticulum stress was detected in ATII cells in this disease. Our results suggest that upregulation of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in ATII cells in aging, smokers, and emphysema patients may facilitate infection.
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10
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Ciechanowicz AK, Sielatycka K, Cymer M, Skoda M, Suszyńska M, Bujko K, Ratajczak MZ, Krause DS, Kucia M. Bone Marrow-Derived VSELs Engraft as Lung Epithelial Progenitor Cells after Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury. Cells 2021; 10:1570. [PMID: 34206516 PMCID: PMC8303224 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells and bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASC) perform critical regenerative functions in response to lung damage. Published data show that nonhematopoietic, bone marrow-derived "very small embryonic-like stem cells" (VSELs) can differentiate in vivo into surfactant protein C (SPC)-producing AT2 cells in the lung. Here, we test directly whether VSEL-derived BASC and AT2 cells function to produce differentiated progeny. METHODS using a reporter mouse in which the H2B-GFP fusion protein is driven from the murine SPC promoter, we tested whether bone marrow-derived VSELs or non-VSEL/nonhematopoietic stem cells (non-VSEL/non-HSCs) can differentiate into AT2 and BASC cells that function as progenitor cells. Immediately following bleomycin administration, WT recipient mice underwent intravenous administration of VSELs or non-VSEL/non-HSCs from SPC H2B-GFP mice. GFP+ AT2 and BASC were isolated and tested for progenitor activity using in vitro organoid assays. RESULTS after 21 days in vivo, we observed differentiation of VSELs but not non-VSEL/non-HSCs into phenotypic AT2 and BASC consistent with previous data in irradiated recipients. Subsequent in vitro organoid assays revealed that VSEL-derived AT2 and BASC maintained physiological potential for differentiation and self-renewal. CONCLUSION these findings prove that VSELs produce functional BASC and AT2 cells, and this may open new avenues using VSELs to develop effective cell therapy approaches for patients with lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej K. Ciechanowicz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (M.Z.R.)
| | - Katarzyna Sielatycka
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Szczecin, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Monika Cymer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (M.Z.R.)
| | - Marta Skoda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (M.Z.R.)
| | - Malwina Suszyńska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Kamila Bujko
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Mariusz Z. Ratajczak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (M.Z.R.)
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (M.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Diane S. Krause
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Cell Biology and Pathology and the Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06509, USA;
| | - Magdalena Kucia
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.C.); (M.C.); (M.S.); (M.Z.R.)
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (M.S.); (K.B.)
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11
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Zhang B, Li H, Zhang J, Hang Y, Xu Y. Overexpression of microRNA-340-5p Ameliorates Inflammatory Response and Intracellular Survival of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Alveolar Type II Cells. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:1573-1584. [PMID: 33911883 PMCID: PMC8071707 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s291867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of microRNAs (miRs) has been documented in infections. This study estimated the role of miR-340-5p in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected alveolar type II cells. Methods The microarray of GEO database was analyzed to find the differentially expressed miRs caused by Mtb infection, and miR-340-5p was selected as the research object. The effects of Mtb infection on A549 cells were studied by MTT, CFU, EdU, flow cytometry and ELISA assays. miR-340-5p expression was altered in Mtb-infected A549 cells. The downstream target of miR-340-5p was found by bioinformatics analysis and verified by the rescue experiment. The pathways regulated by miR-340-5p and its target gene were further studied. Results Mtb infection suppressed the activity of A549 cells and promoted the release of inflammatory factors. Mtb infection inhibited miR-340-5p expression. Overexpression of miR-340-5p enhanced the resistance of A549 cells to Mtb infection. Moreover, miR-340-5p targeted TMED7. Overexpression of TMED7 reversed the protective effect of miR-340-5p on Mtb-infected A549 cells. miR-340-5p inhibited the activation of NF-κB by targeting TMED7. Conclusion miR-340-5p inhibits the activation of NF-κB by targeting TMED7, thus alleviating the injury of A549 cells caused by Mtb infection. This study may offer a novel approach to Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieling Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Hang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, People's Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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12
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Ruaro B, Salton F, Braga L, Wade B, Confalonieri P, Volpe MC, Baratella E, Maiocchi S, Confalonieri M. The History and Mystery of Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells: Focus on Their Physiologic and Pathologic Role in Lung. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2566. [PMID: 33806395 PMCID: PMC7961977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type II (ATII) cells are a key structure of the distal lung epithelium, where they exert their innate immune response and serve as progenitors of alveolar type I (ATI) cells, contributing to alveolar epithelial repair and regeneration. In the healthy lung, ATII cells coordinate the host defense mechanisms, not only generating a restrictive alveolar epithelial barrier, but also orchestrating host defense mechanisms and secreting surfactant proteins, which are important in lung protection against pathogen exposure. Moreover, surfactant proteins help to maintain homeostasis in the distal lung and reduce surface tension at the pulmonary air-liquid interface, thereby preventing atelectasis and reducing the work of breathing. ATII cells may also contribute to the fibroproliferative reaction by secreting growth factors and proinflammatory molecules after damage. Indeed, various acute and chronic diseases are associated with intensive inflammation. These include oedema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, fibrosis and numerous interstitial lung diseases, and are characterized by hyperplastic ATII cells which are considered an essential part of the epithelialization process and, consequently, wound healing. The aim of this review is that of revising the physiologic and pathologic role ATII cells play in pulmonary diseases, as, despite what has been learnt in the last few decades of research, the origin, phenotypic regulation and crosstalk of these cells still remain, in part, a mystery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ruaro
- Pulmonology Department, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesco Salton
- Pulmonology Department, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Luca Braga
- ICGEB, Area Science Park, Padriciano, 34128 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Barbara Wade
- City of Health and Science of Turin, Department of Science of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 34128 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Paola Confalonieri
- Pulmonology Department, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Concetta Volpe
- Life Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (M.C.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Elisa Baratella
- Department of Radiology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Science, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Serena Maiocchi
- Life Sciences Department, University of Trieste, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (M.C.V.); (S.M.)
| | - Marco Confalonieri
- Pulmonology Department, University Hospital of Cattinara, 34128 Trieste, Italy; (F.S.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
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13
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Hou J, Ji J, Chen X, Cao H, Tan Y, Cui Y, Xiang Z, Han X. Alveolar epithelial cell-derived Sonic hedgehog promotes pulmonary fibrosis through OPN-dependent alternative macrophage activation. FEBS J 2020; 288:3530-3546. [PMID: 33314622 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The alternative activation of macrophages in the lungs has been considered as a major factor promoting pulmonary fibrogenesis; however, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still elusive. In this study, we investigated the interaction between macrophages and fibrosis-associated alveolar epithelial cells using a bleomycin-induced mouse pulmonary fibrosis model and a coculture system. We demonstrated that fibrosis-promoting macrophages are spatially proximate to alveolar type II (ATII) cells, permissive for paracrine-induced macrophage polarization. Importantly, we revealed that fibrosis-associated ATII cells secrete Sonic hedgehog (Shh), a hedgehog pathway ligand, and that ATII cell-derived Shh promotes the development of pulmonary fibrosis by osteopontin (OPN)-mediated macrophage alternative activation. Mechanistically, Shh promotes the secretion of OPN in macrophages via Shh/Gli signaling cascade. The secreted OPN acts on the surrounding macrophages in an autocrine or paracrine manner and induces macrophage alternative activation through activating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Tissue samples from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients confirmed the increased expression of Shh and OPN in ATII cells and macrophages, respectively. Together, our study illustrated an alveolar epithelium-dependent mechanism for macrophage M2 polarization and pulmonary fibrogenesis and suggested that targeting Shh may offer a selective and efficient therapeutic strategy for the development and progression of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Hou
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, China
| | - Honghui Cao
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, China
| | - Yi Tan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, China
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14
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Meyer-Berg H, Zhou Yang L, Pilar de Lucas M, Zambrano A, Hyde SC, Gill DR. Identification of AAV serotypes for lung gene therapy in human embryonic stem cell-derived lung organoids. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:448. [PMID: 33097094 PMCID: PMC7582027 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is being investigated for a range of serious lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and emphysema. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a well-established, safe, viral vector for gene delivery with multiple naturally occurring and artificial serotypes available displaying alternate cell, tissue, and species-specific tropisms. Efficient AAV serotypes for the transduction of the conducting airways have been identified for several species; however, efficient serotypes for human lung parenchyma have not yet been identified. Here, we screened the ability of multiple AAV serotypes to transduce lung bud organoids (LBOs)—a model of human lung parenchyma generated from human embryonic stem cells. Microinjection of LBOs allowed us to model transduction from the luminal surface, similar to dosing via vector inhalation. We identified the naturally occurring rAAV2 and rAAV6 serotypes, along with synthetic rAAV6 variants, as having tropism for the human lung parenchyma. Positive staining of LBOs for surfactant proteins B and C confirmed distal lung identity and suggested the suitability of these vectors for the transduction of alveolar type II cells. Our findings establish LBOs as a new model for pulmonary gene therapy and stress the relevance of LBOs as a viral infection model of the lung parenchyma as relevant in SARS-CoV-2 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Meyer-Berg
- Gene Medicine Research Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucia Zhou Yang
- Department of Biotechnology of Stem Cells and Organoids, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar de Lucas
- Department of Cellular Biology, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Zambrano
- Department of Biotechnology of Stem Cells and Organoids, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen C Hyde
- Gene Medicine Research Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah R Gill
- Gene Medicine Research Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Ortiz Bezara ME, Thurman A, Pezzulo AA, Leidinger MR, Klesney-Tait JA, Karp PH, Tan P, Wohlford-Lenane C, McCray PB, Meyerholz DK. Heterogeneous expression of the SARS-Coronavirus-2 receptor ACE2 in the human respiratory tract. bioRxiv 2020:2020.04.22.056127. [PMID: 32577664 PMCID: PMC7302220 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.22.056127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotically transmitted coronaviruses are responsible for three disease outbreaks since 2002, including the current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2. Its efficient transmission and range of disease severity raise questions regarding the contributions of virus-receptor interactions. ACE2 is a host ectopeptidase and the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Numerous reports describe ACE2 mRNA abundance and tissue distribution; however, mRNA abundance is not always representative of protein levels. Currently, there is limited data evaluating ACE2 protein and its correlation with other SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS We systematically examined the human upper and lower respiratory tract using single-cell RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry to determine receptor expression and evaluated its association with risk factors for severe COVID-19. FINDINGS Our results reveal that ACE2 protein is highest within regions of the sinonasal cavity and pulmonary alveoli, sites of presumptive viral transmission and severe disease development, respectively. In the lung parenchyma, ACE2 protein was found on the apical surface of a small subset of alveolar type II cells and colocalized with TMPRSS2, a cofactor for SARS-CoV2 entry. ACE2 protein was not increased by pulmonary risk factors for severe COVID-19. Additionally, ACE2 protein was not reduced in children, a demographic with a lower incidence of severe COVID-19. INTERPRETATION These results offer new insights into ACE2 protein localization in the human respiratory tract and its relationship with susceptibility factors to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel E. Ortiz Bezara
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Andrew Thurman
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Alejandro A. Pezzulo
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Mariah R. Leidinger
- Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Julia A. Klesney-Tait
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Philip H. Karp
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Ping Tan
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Christine Wohlford-Lenane
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Paul B. McCray
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - David K. Meyerholz
- Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
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16
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Guillamat-Prats R, Camprubí-Rimblas M, Puig F, Herrero R, Tantinyà N, Serrano-Mollar A, Artigas A. Alveolar Type II Cells or Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Comparison of Two Different Cell Therapies for the Treatment of Acute Lung Injury in Rats. Cells 2020; 9:E1816. [PMID: 32751857 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of cell therapies has recently increased for the treatment of pulmonary diseases. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and alveolar type II cells (ATII) are the main cell-based therapies used for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Many pre-clinical studies have shown that both therapies generate positive outcomes; however, the differences in the efficiency of MSCs or ATII for reducing lung damage remains to be studied. We compared the potential of both cell therapies, administering them using the same route and dose and equal time points in a sustained acute lung injury (ALI) model. We found that the MSCs and ATII cells have similar therapeutic effects when we tested them in a hydrochloric acid and lipopolysaccharide (HCl-LPS) two-hit ALI model. Both therapies were able to reduce proinflammatory cytokines, decrease neutrophil infiltration, reduce permeability, and moderate hemorrhage and interstitial edema. Although MSCs and ATII cells have been described as targeting different cellular and molecular mechanisms, our data indicates that both cell therapies are successful for the treatment of ALI, with similar beneficial results. Understanding direct cell crosstalk and the factors released from each cell will open the door to more accurate drugs being able to target specific pathways and offer new curative options for ARDS.
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17
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Bahmed K, Lin CR, Simborio H, Karim L, Aksoy M, Kelsen S, Tomar D, Madesh M, Elrod J, Messier E, Mason R, Unterwald EM, Eisenstein TK, Criner GJ, Kosmider B. The role of DJ-1 in human primary alveolar type II cell injury induced by e-cigarette aerosol. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L475-L485. [PMID: 31313616 PMCID: PMC6842910 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00567.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The alveolus participates in gas exchange, which can be impaired by environmental factors and toxins. There is an increase in using electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes); however, their effect on human primary alveolar epithelial cells is unknown. Human lungs were obtained from nonsmoker organ donors to isolate alveolar type II (ATII) cells. ATII cells produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant and restore the epithelium after damage, and mitochondrial function is important for their metabolism. Our data indicate that human ATII cell exposure to e-cigarette aerosol increased IL-8 levels and induced DNA damage and apoptosis. We also studied the cytoprotective effect of DJ-1 against ATII cell injury. DJ-1 knockdown in human primary ATII cells sensitized cells to mitochondrial dysfunction as detected by high mitochondrial superoxide production, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and calcium elevation. DJ-1 knockout (KO) mice were more susceptible to ATII cell apoptosis and lung injury induced by e-cigarette aerosol compared with wild-type mice. Regulation of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is important for mitochondrial function and protection against oxidative stress. Major subunits of the OXPHOS system are encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. We found dysregulation of OXPHOS complexes in DJ-1 KO mice after exposure to e-cigarette aerosol, which could disrupt the nuclear/mitochondrial stoichiometry, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. Together, our results indicate that DJ-1 deficiency sensitizes ATII cells to damage induced by e-cigarette aerosol leading to lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Bahmed
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chih-Ru Lin
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah Simborio
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Loukmane Karim
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark Aksoy
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven Kelsen
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Elrod
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elise Messier
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Robert Mason
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Ellen M Unterwald
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Toby K Eisenstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard J Criner
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Beata Kosmider
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
- Department of Physiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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18
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Lin CR, Bahmed K, Tomar D, Marchetti N, Criner GJ, Bolla S, Wilson MA, Madesh M, Kosmider B. The relationship between DJ-1 and S100A8 in human primary alveolar type II cells in emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L791-L804. [PMID: 31313618 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00494.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary emphysema is characterized by alveolar type II (ATII) cell death, destruction of alveolar wall septa, and irreversible airflow limitation. Cigarette smoke induces oxidative stress and is the main risk factor for this disease development. ATII cells isolated from nonsmokers, smokers, and patients with emphysema were used for this study. ATII cell apoptosis in individuals with this disease was detected. DJ-1 and S100A8 have cytoprotective functions against oxidative stress-induced cell injury. Reduced DJ-1 and S100A8 interaction was found in ATII cells in patients with emphysema. The molecular function of S100A8 was determined by an analysis of the oxidation status of its cysteine residues using chemoselective probes. Decreased S100A8 sulfination was observed in emphysema patients. In addition, its lower levels correlated with higher cell apoptosis induced by cigarette smoke extract in vitro. Cysteine at position 106 within DJ-1 is a central redox-sensitive residue. DJ-1 C106A mutant construct abolished the cytoprotective activity of DJ-1 against cell injury induced by cigarette smoke extract. Furthermore, a molecular and complementary relationship between DJ-1 and S100A8 was detected using gain- and loss-of-function studies. DJ-1 knockdown sensitized cells to apoptosis induced by cigarette smoke extract, and S100A8 overexpression provided cytoprotection in the absence of DJ-1. DJ-1 knockout mice were more susceptible to ATII cell apoptosis induced by cigarette smoke compared with wild-type mice. Our results indicate that the impairment of DJ-1 and S100A8 function may contribute to cigarette smoke-induced ATII cell injury and emphysema pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ru Lin
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karim Bahmed
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nathaniel Marchetti
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard J Criner
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sudhir Bolla
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark A Wilson
- Redox Biology Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Beata Kosmider
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Reyfman PA, Walter JM, Joshi N, Anekalla KR, McQuattie-Pimentel AC, Chiu S, Fernandez R, Akbarpour M, Chen CI, Ren Z, Verma R, Abdala-Valencia H, Nam K, Chi M, Han S, Gonzalez-Gonzalez FJ, Soberanes S, Watanabe S, Williams KJN, Flozak AS, Nicholson TT, Morgan VK, Winter DR, Hinchcliff M, Hrusch CL, Guzy RD, Bonham CA, Sperling AI, Bag R, Hamanaka RB, Mutlu GM, Yeldandi AV, Marshall SA, Shilatifard A, Amaral LAN, Perlman H, Sznajder JI, Argento AC, Gillespie CT, Dematte J, Jain M, Singer BD, Ridge KM, Lam AP, Bharat A, Bhorade SM, Gottardi CJ, Budinger GRS, Misharin AV. Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Lung Provides Insights into the Pathobiology of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:1517-1536. [PMID: 30554520 PMCID: PMC6580683 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201712-2410oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 696] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The contributions of diverse cell populations in the human lung to pulmonary fibrosis pathogenesis are poorly understood. Single-cell RNA sequencing can reveal changes within individual cell populations during pulmonary fibrosis that are important for disease pathogenesis. Objectives: To determine whether single-cell RNA sequencing can reveal disease-related heterogeneity within alveolar macrophages, epithelial cells, or other cell types in lung tissue from subjects with pulmonary fibrosis compared with control subjects. Methods: We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on lung tissue obtained from eight transplant donors and eight recipients with pulmonary fibrosis and on one bronchoscopic cryobiospy sample from a patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We validated these data using in situ RNA hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and bulk RNA-sequencing on flow-sorted cells from 22 additional subjects. Measurements and Main Results: We identified a distinct, novel population of profibrotic alveolar macrophages exclusively in patients with fibrosis. Within epithelial cells, the expression of genes involved in Wnt secretion and response was restricted to nonoverlapping cells. We identified rare cell populations including airway stem cells and senescent cells emerging during pulmonary fibrosis. We developed a web-based tool to explore these data. Conclusions: We generated a single-cell atlas of pulmonary fibrosis. Using this atlas, we demonstrated heterogeneity within alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells from subjects with pulmonary fibrosis. These results support the feasibility of discovery-based approaches using next-generation sequencing technologies to identify signaling pathways for targeting in the development of personalized therapies for patients with pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Reyfman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - James M. Walter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Nikita Joshi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | - Stephen Chiu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | | | | | - Ching-I Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Ziyou Ren
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Rohan Verma
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Kiwon Nam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Monica Chi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - SeungHye Han
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Saul Soberanes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Annette S. Flozak
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Cara L. Hrusch
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Robert D. Guzy
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Catherine A. Bonham
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Anne I. Sperling
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Remzi Bag
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Robert B. Hamanaka
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Gökhan M. Mutlu
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | | | - Stacy A. Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Luis A. N. Amaral
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | | | - Jacob I. Sznajder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - A. Christine Argento
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Colin T. Gillespie
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Jane Dematte
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Manu Jain
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Benjamin D. Singer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karen M. Ridge
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Anna P. Lam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Ankit Bharat
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | | | - Cara J. Gottardi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
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20
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Kononenko V, Warheit DB, Drobne D. Grouping of Poorly Soluble Low (Cyto)Toxic Particles: Example with 15 Selected Nanoparticles and A549 Human Lung Cells. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:nano9050704. [PMID: 31064102 PMCID: PMC6566622 DOI: 10.3390/nano9050704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Poorly soluble, low (cyto)toxic particles (PSLTs) are often regarded as one group, but it is important that these particles can be further differentiated based on their bioactivity. Currently, there are no biological endpoint based groupings for inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) that would allow us to subgroup PSLTs based on their mode of action. The aim of this study was to group NPs based on their cytotoxicity and by using the in vitro response of the endo-lysosomal system as a biological endpoint. The endo-lysosomal system is a main cellular loading site for NPs. An impaired endo-lysosomal system in alveolar type II cells may have serious adverse effects on the maintenance of pulmonary surfactant homeostasis. The 15 different NPs were tested with human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. The highly soluble NPs were most cytotoxic. With respect to PSLTs, only three NPs increased the cellular load of acid and phospholipid rich organelles indicating particle biopersistence. All the rest PSLTs could be regarded as low hazardous. The presented in vitro test system could serve as a fast screening tool to group particles according to their ability to interfere with lung surfactant metabolism. We discuss the applicability of the suggested test system for bringing together substances with similar modes-of-action on lung epithelium. In addition, we discuss this approach as a benchmark test for the comparative assessment of biopersistence of PSLTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veno Kononenko
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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21
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Leach SM, Finigan J, Vasu VT, Mishra R, Ghosh M, Foster D, Mason R, Kosmider B, Farias Hesson E, Kern JA. The Kinome of Human Alveolar Type II and Basal Cells, and Its Reprogramming in Lung Cancer. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 61:481-491. [PMID: 30917006 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0283oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of mutant tyrosine kinases as oncogenic drivers of lung adenocarcinomas has changed the basic understanding of lung cancer development and therapy. Yet, expressed kinases (kinome) in lung cancer progenitor cells, as well as whether kinase expression and the overall kinome changes or is reprogrammed upon transformation, is incompletely understood. We hypothesized that the kinome differs between lung cancer progenitor cells, alveolar type II cells (ATII), and basal cells (BC) and that their respective kinomes undergo distinct lineage-specific reprogramming to adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas upon transformation. We performed RNA sequencing on freshly isolated human ATII, BC, and lung cancer cell lines to define the kinome in nontransformed cells and transformed cells. Our studies identified a unique kinome for ATII and BC and changes in their kinome upon transformation to their respective carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M Leach
- Department of Biomedical Research.,Center for Genes, Environment and Health, and
| | - Jay Finigan
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Vihas T Vasu
- Department of Zoology, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India; and
| | - Rangnath Mishra
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Moumita Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Daniel Foster
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Robert Mason
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Beata Kosmider
- Department of Physiology.,Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, and.,Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jeffrey A Kern
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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22
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Abstract
Rab38 is highly expressed in alveolar type II cells, melanocytes, and platelets. These cells are specifically-differentiated cells and contain characteristic intracellular organelles called lysosome-related organelles, i.e., lamellar bodies in alveolar type II cells, melanosomes in melanocytes, and dense granules in platelets. There are Rab38-mutant rodents, i.e., chocolate mice and Ruby rats. While chocolate mice only show oculocutaneous albinism, Ruby rats show oculocutaneous albinism and prolonged bleeding time and, hence, are a rat model of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS). Most patients with HPS suffer from fatal interstitial pneumonia by middle age. The lungs of both chocolate mice and Ruby rats show remarkably increased amounts of lung surfactant and conspicuously enlarged lysosome-related organelles, i.e., lamellar bodies, which are also characteristic of the lungs in human HPS. There are 16 mutant HPS-mouse strains, of which ten mutant genes have been identified to be causative in patients with HPS thus far. The gene products of eight of the ten genes constitute one of the three protein complexes, i.e., biogenesis of lysosome-related organelle complex-1, -2, -3 (BLOC-1, -2, -3). Patients with HPS of the mutant BLOC-3 genotype develop interstitial pneumonia. Recently, BLOC-3 has been elucidated to be a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab38. Growing evidence suggests that Rab38 is an additional candidate gene of human HPS that displays the lung phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Osanai
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada-Daigaku, Kahokugun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Uchinada-Daigaku, Kahokugun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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23
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Miller ML, Porollo A, Wert S. Ultrastructure of Highly Ordered Granules in Alveolar Type II Cells in Several Species. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1290-1302. [PMID: 29544026 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar Type II cells from seven mammalian species were examined for a protein in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), which showed a multilayered, repeating motif. Each motif, 100 nm in width, comprised two parallel outer dense layers, a less dense central layer, and often 1-3 faint layers on either side of the latter. Outer layers showed periodicities at 3-4 densities/100 nm of width, while layers on either side of the central layer showed 5-7 densities/100 nm of width. RER membranes were ribosome-free when parallel to these layers, but showed four ribosomes per motif at the growing ends: one ribosome at each outer dense layer, and one on either side of the less dense central layer. Granules appeared as single or as multiple motifs, stacked, curved, folded, or branching together within the same RER profile. Hexagons of around 30 nm in diameter with central densities were seen in tangential cuts of outer dense layers. Granule incidence varied: guinea pig > ferret > dog. Possible homologous structures occurred in rabbit and cat, but not in rat or mouse. Surfactant protein A (SP-A), a C-type lectin produced in Type II cells, forms trimers and bouquet-like 18-mer and can oligomerize further. Two pairs of SP-A 18-mers with carbohydrate recognition domains pointing inwardly and outwardly, stacked vertically as a column of four molecules, then repeated side by side in rows, approximated the size and layering patterns observed in these granules. Sequence analyses of SP-A from these species showed phylogenetic distances consistent with the observed occurrence and frequency of patterned granules. Anat Rec, 301:1290-1302, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Susan Wert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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24
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Guillamat-Prats R, Puig F, Camprubí-Rimblas M, Herrero R, Serrano-Mollar A, Gómez MN, Tijero J, Matthay MA, Blanch L, Artigas A. Intratracheal instillation of alveolar type II cells enhances recovery from acute lung injury in rats. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017; 37:782-791. [PMID: 29229270 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are characterized by excess production of inflammatory factors. Alveolar type II (ATII) cells help repair damaged lung tissue, rapidly proliferating and differentiating into alveolar type I cells after epithelial cell injury. In ALI, the lack of viable ATII favors progression to more severe lung injury. ATII cells regulate the immune response by synthesizing surfactant and other anti-inflammatory proteins and lipids. Cross-talk between ATII and other cells such as macrophages may also be part of the ATII function. The aim of this study was to test the anti-inflammatory and reparative effects of ATII cells in an experimental model of ALI. METHODS In this study ATII cells (2.5 × 106 cells/animal) were intratracheally instilled in rats with HCl and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI and in healthy animals to check for side effects. The specific effect of ATII cells was compared with fibroblast transplantation. RESULTS ATII cell transplantation promoted recovery of lung function, decrease mortality and lung inflammation of the animals with ALI. The primary mechanisms for benefit were paracrine effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and surfactant protein A (SPA) released from ATII cells that modulate alveolar macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. To our knowledge, these data are the first to provide evidence that ATII cells secrete PGE2 and SPA, reducing pro-inflammatory macrophage activation and ALI. CONCLUSION ATII cells and their secreted molecules have shown an ability to resolve ALI, thereby highlighting a potential novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Guillamat-Prats
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain; Institut d' Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Ferranda Puig
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain; Institut d' Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Camprubí-Rimblas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain; Institut d' Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raquel Herrero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain; Intensive Care Medicine Service, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Spain
| | - Anna Serrano-Mollar
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain; Department of Experimental Pathology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Nieves Gómez
- Institut d' Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jessica Tijero
- Institut d' Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lluís Blanch
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain; Institut d' Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Critical Care Center, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antonio Artigas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain; Institut d' Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Critical Care Center, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain
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25
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Bahmed K, Messier EM, Zhou W, Tuder RM, Freed CR, Chu HW, Kelsen SG, Bowler RP, Mason RJ, Kosmider B. DJ-1 Modulates Nuclear Erythroid 2-Related Factor-2-Mediated Protection in Human Primary Alveolar Type II Cells in Smokers. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:439-49. [PMID: 27093578 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0304oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is a main source of oxidative stress and a key risk factor for emphysema, which consists of alveolar wall destruction. Alveolar type (AT) II cells are in the gas exchange regions of the lung. We isolated primary ATII cells from deidentified organ donors whose lungs were not suitable for transplantation. We analyzed the cell injury obtained from nonsmokers, moderate smokers, and heavy smokers. DJ-1 protects cells from oxidative stress and induces nuclear erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) expression, which activates the antioxidant defense system. In ATII cells isolated from moderate smokers, we found DJ-1 expression by RT-PCR, and Nrf2 and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 translocation by Western blotting and immunocytofluorescence. In ATII cells isolated from heavy smokers, we detected Nrf2 and HO-1 cytoplasmic localization. Moreover, we found high oxidative stress, as detected by 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) (immunoblotting), inflammation by IL-8 and IL-6 levels by ELISA, and apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay in ATII cells obtained from heavy smokers. Furthermore, we detected early DJ-1 and late Nrf2 expression after ATII cell treatment with CS extract. We also overexpressed DJ-1 by adenovirus construct and found that this restored Nrf2 and HO-1 expression and induced nuclear translocation in heavy smokers. Moreover, DJ-1 overexpression also decreased ATII cell apoptosis caused by CS extract in vitro. Our results indicate that DJ-1 activates the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense system. Furthermore, DJ-1 overexpression can restore the impaired Nrf2 pathway, leading to ATII cell protection in heavy smokers. This suggests a potential therapeutic strategy for targeting DJ-1 in CS-related lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Bahmed
- 1 Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery.,2 Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, and
| | - Elise M Messier
- 3 Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Wenbo Zhou
- 4 Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Rubin M Tuder
- 5 Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Curt R Freed
- 4 Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- 3 Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Steven G Kelsen
- 1 Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery.,2 Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, and
| | - Russell P Bowler
- 3 Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Robert J Mason
- 3 Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Beata Kosmider
- 1 Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery.,2 Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, and.,6 Department of Physiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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26
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Zemski Berry KA, Murphy RC, Kosmider B, Mason RJ. Lipidomic characterization and localization of phospholipids in the human lung. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:926-933. [PMID: 28280112 PMCID: PMC5408611 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m074955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids play a central role in lung physiology and pathology; however, a comprehensive lipidomic characterization of human pulmonary cells relevant to disease has not been performed. The cells involved in lung host defense, including alveolar macrophages (AMs), bronchial epithelial cells (BECs), and alveolar type II cells (ATIIs), were isolated from human subjects and lipidomic analysis by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS was performed. Additionally, pieces of lung tissue from the same donors were analyzed by MALDI imaging MS in order to determine lipid localization in the tissue. The unique distribution of phospholipids in ATIIs, BECs, and AMs from human subjects was accomplished by subjecting the large number of identified phospholipid molecular species to univariant statistical analysis. Specific MALDI images were generated based on the univariant statistical analysis data to reveal the location of specific cell types within the human lung slice. While the complex composition and function of the lipidome in various disease states is currently poorly understood, this method could be useful for the characterization of lipid alterations in pulmonary disease and may aid in a better understanding of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Beata Kosmider
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Robert J Mason
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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27
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Sarker RSJ, John-Schuster G, Bohla A, Mutze K, Burgstaller G, Bedford MT, Königshoff M, Eickelberg O, Yildirim AÖ. Coactivator-Associated Arginine Methyltransferase-1 Function in Alveolar Epithelial Senescence and Elastase-Induced Emphysema Susceptibility. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 53:769-81. [PMID: 25906418 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0216oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by an irreversible loss of lung function and is one of the most prevalent and severe diseases worldwide. A major feature of COPD is emphysema, which is the progressive loss of alveolar tissue. Coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase-1 (CARM1) regulates histone methylation and the transcription of genes involved in senescence, proliferation, and differentiation. Complete loss of CARM1 leads to disrupted differentiation and maturation of alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells. We thus hypothesized that CARM1 regulates the development and progression of emphysema. To address this, we investigated the contribution of CARM1 to alveolar rarefication using the mouse model of elastase-induced emphysema in vivo and small interfering (si)RNA-mediated knockdown in ATII-like LA4 cells in vitro. We demonstrate that emphysema progression in vivo is associated with a time-dependent down-regulation of CARM1. Importantly, elastase-treated CARM1 haploinsufficient mice show significantly increased airspace enlargement (52.5 ± 9.6 μm versus 38.8 ± 5.5 μm; P < 0.01) and lung compliance (2.8 ± 0.32 μl/cm H2O versus 2.4 ± 0.4 μl/cm H2O; P < 0.04) compared with controls. The knockdown of CARM1 in LA4 cells led to decreased sirtuin 1 expression (0.034 ± 0.003 versus 0.022 ± 0.001; P < 0.05) but increased expression of p16 (0.27 ± 0.013 versus 0.31 ± 0.010; P < 0.5) and p21 (0.81 ± 0.088 versus 1.28 ± 0.063; P < 0.01) and higher β-galactosidase-positive senescent cells (50.57 ± 7.36% versus 2.21 ± 0.34%; P < 0.001) compared with scrambled siRNA. We further demonstrated that CARM1 haploinsufficiency impairs transdifferentiation and wound healing (32.18 ± 0.9512% versus 8.769 ± 1.967%; P < 0.001) of alveolar epithelial cells. Overall, these results reveal a novel function of CARM1 in regulating emphysema development and premature lung aging via alveolar senescence as well as impaired regeneration, repair, and differentiation of ATII cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim S J Sarker
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerrit John-Schuster
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Bohla
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Mutze
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerald Burgstaller
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mark T Bedford
- 2 Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas; and
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany.,3 University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, München, Germany
| | - Ali Ö Yildirim
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Neuherberg, Germany
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Song D, Cretoiu D, Zheng M, Qian M, Zhang M, Cretoiu SM, Chen L, Fang H, Popescu LM, Wang X. Comparison of Chromosome 4 gene expression profile between lung telocytes and other local cell types. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 20:71-80. [PMID: 26678350 PMCID: PMC4717865 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are new cellular entities of mesenchymal origin described almost ubiquitously in human and mammalian organs (www.telocytes.com). Different subtypes of TCs were described, all forming networks in the interstitial space by homo- and heterocellular junctions. Previous studies analysed the gene expression profiles of chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 17 and 18 of murine pulmonary TCs. In this study, we analysed by bioinformatics tools the gene expression profiles of chromosome 4 for murine pulmonary TCs and compared it with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), fibroblasts (Fbs), alveolar type II cells (ATII), airway basal cells, proximal airway cells, CD8(+) T cells from bronchial lymph nodes (T-BL) and CD8(+) T cells from lungs (T-L). Key functional genes were identified with the aid of the reference library of the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus database. Seventeen genes were up-regulated and 56 genes were down-regulated in chromosome 4 of TCs compared with other cells. Four genes (Akap2, Gpr153, Sdc3 and Tbc1d2) were up-regulated between one and fourfold and one gene, Svep1, was overexpressed over fourfold. The main functional networks were identified and analysed, pointing out to a TCs involvement in cellular signalling, regulation of tissue inflammation and cell expansion and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Song
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai, China
| | - Dragos Cretoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Victor Babeş National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Minghuan Zheng
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjia Qian
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai, China
| | - Sanda M Cretoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Victor Babeş National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luonan Chen
- State Key Lab of Systems Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital and Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Laurentiu M Popescu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Victor Babeş National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai, China
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Sapoznikov A, Falach R, Mazor O, Alcalay R, Gal Y, Seliger N, Sabo T, Kronman C. Diverse profiles of ricin-cell interactions in the lung following intranasal exposure to ricin. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4817-31. [PMID: 26593946 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7114817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ricin, a plant-derived exotoxin, inhibits protein synthesis by ribosomal inactivation. Due to its wide availability and ease of preparation, ricin is considered a biothreat, foremost by respiratory exposure. We examined the in vivo interactions between ricin and cells of the lungs in mice intranasally exposed to the toxin and revealed multi-phasic cell-type-dependent binding profiles. While macrophages (MΦs) and dendritic cells (DCs) displayed biphasic binding to ricin, monophasic binding patterns were observed for other cell types; epithelial cells displayed early binding, while B cells and endothelial cells bound toxin late after intoxication. Neutrophils, which were massively recruited to the intoxicated lung, were refractive to toxin binding. Although epithelial cells bound ricin as early as MΦs and DCs, their rates of elimination differed considerably; a reduction in epithelial cell counts occurred late after intoxication and was restricted to alveolar type II cells only. The differential binding and cell-elimination patterns observed may stem from dissimilar accessibility of the toxin to different cells in the lung and may also reflect unequal interactions of the toxin with different cell-surface receptors. The multifaceted interactions observed in this study between ricin and the various cells of the target organ should be considered in the future development of efficient post-exposure countermeasures against ricin intoxication.
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30
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Vanderbilt JN, Gonzalez RF, Allen L, Gillespie A, Leaffer D, Dean WB, Chapin C, Dobbs LG. High-efficiency type II cell-enhanced green fluorescent protein expression facilitates cellular identification, tracking, and isolation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:14-21. [PMID: 25692334 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0348ma] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a transgenic mouse expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in virtually all type II (TII) alveolar epithelial cells. The CBG mouse (SPC-BAC-EGFP) contains a bacterial artificial chromosome modified to express EGFP within the mouse surfactant protein (SP)-C gene 3' untranslated region. EGFP mRNA expression is limited to the lung. EGFP fluorescence is both limited to and exhibited by all cells expressing pro-SP-C; fluorescence is uniform throughout all lobes of the lung and does not change as mice age. EGFP(+) cells also express SP-B but do not express podoplanin, a type I (TI) cell marker. CBG mice show no evidence of lung disease with aging. In 3 hours, TII cells can be isolated in >99% purity from CBG mice by FACS; the yield of 3.7 ± 0.6 × 10(6) cells represents approximately 25 to 60% of the TII cells in the lung. By FACS analysis, approximately 0.9% of TII cells are in mitosis in uninjured lungs; after bleomycin injury, 4.1% are in mitosis. Because EGFP fluorescence can be detected for >14 days in culture, at a time that SP-C mRNA expression is essentially nil, this line may be useful for tracking TII cells in culture and in vivo. When CBG mice are crossed to transgenic mice expressing rat podoplanin, TI and TII cells can be easily simultaneously identified and isolated. When bred to other strains of mice, EGFP expression can be used to identify TII cells without the need for immunostaining for SP-C. These mice should be useful in models of mouse pulmonary disease and in studies of TII cell biology, biochemistry, and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leland G Dobbs
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Institute and.,Departments of 2 Pediatrics and.,3 Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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31
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Wang Y, Huang C, Chintagari NR, Xi D, Weng T, Liu L. miR-124 regulates fetal pulmonary epithelial cell maturation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L400-13. [PMID: 26071557 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00356.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a family of small noncoding RNAs that regulate the expression of their target proteins at the posttranscriptional level. Their functions cover almost every aspect of cell physiology. However, the roles of microRNAs in fetal lung development are not completely understood. The objective of this study is to investigate the regulation and molecular mechanisms of alveolar epithelial cell maturation during fetal lung development by miR-124. We discovered that miR-124 was downregulated during rat fetal lung development and predominantly expressed in the epithelial cells at late stage of the lung development. Overexpression of miR-124 with an adenovirus vector led to the inhibition of epithelial maturation in rat fetal lung organ cultures and fetal alveolar epithelial type II cells, as demonstrated by a decrease in the type II cell marker expression and an increase in glycogen content. We further demonstrated by luciferase reporter assays that miR-124 inhibited the NF-κB, cAMP/PKA, and MAPK/ERK pathways. In addition, nuclear factor I/B (NFIB), a critical protein in fetal lung maturation, was validated as a direct target of miR-124. Furthermore, miR-124 expression was induced by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway through a direct interaction of LEF1 and the miR-124 promoter region. We concluded that miR-124 downregulation is critical to fetal lung epithelial maturation and miR-124 inhibits this maturation process at least partially through the inhibition of NFIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; and
| | - Chaoqun Huang
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; and Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Narendranath Reddy Chintagari
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; and
| | - Dong Xi
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; and
| | - Tingting Weng
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; and
| | - Lin Liu
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; and Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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32
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Sun X, Zheng M, Zhang M, Qian M, Zheng Y, Li M, Cretoiu D, Chen C, Chen L, Popescu LM, Wang X. Differences in the expression of chromosome 1 genes between lung telocytes and other cells: mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, alveolar type II cells, airway epithelial cells and lymphocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 18:801-10. [PMID: 24826900 PMCID: PMC4119386 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are a unique type of interstitial cells with specific, extremely long prolongations named telopodes (Tps). Our previous study showed that TCs are distinct from fibroblasts (Fbs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as concerns gene expression and proteomics. The present study explores patterns of mouse TC-specific gene profiles on chromosome 1. We investigated the network of main genes and the potential functional correlations. We compared gene expression profiles of mouse pulmonary TCs, MSCs, Fbs, alveolar type II cells (ATII), airway basal cells (ABCs), proximal airway cells (PACs), CD8+ T cells from bronchial lymph nodes (T-BL) and CD8+ T cells from lungs (T-LL). The functional and feature networks were identified and compared by bioinformatics tools. Our data showed that on TC chromosome 1, there are about 25% up-regulated and 70% down-regulated genes (more than onefold) as compared with the other cells respectively. Capn2, Fhl2 and Qsox1 were over-expressed in TCs compared to the other cells, indicating that biological functions of TCs are mainly associated with morphogenesis and local tissue homoeostasis. TCs seem to have important roles in the prevention of tissue inflammation and fibrogenesis development in lung inflammatory diseases and as modulators of immune cell response. In conclusion, TCs are distinct from the other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Sun
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Fudan University, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Shanghai, China; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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33
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Silveyra P, Chroneos ZC, DiAngelo SL, Thomas NJ, Noutsios GT, Tsotakos N, Howrylak JA, Umstead TM, Floros J. Knockdown of Drosha in human alveolar type II cells alters expression of SP-A in culture: a pilot study. Exp Lung Res 2014; 40:354-66. [PMID: 25058539 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2014.929757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human surfactant protein A (SP-A) plays an important role in surfactant metabolism and lung innate immunity. SP-A is synthesized and secreted by alveolar type II (ATII) cells, one of the two cell types of the distal lung epithelium (ATII and ATI). We have shown that miRNA interactions with sequence polymorphisms on the SP-A mRNA 3'UTRs mediate differential expression of SP-A1 and SP-A2 gene variants in vitro. In the present study, we describe a physiologically relevant model to study miRNA regulation of SP-A in human ATII. For these studies, we purified and cultured human ATII on an air-liquid interface matrix (A/L) or plastic wells without matrix (P). Gene expression analyses confirmed that cells cultured in A/L maintained the ATII phenotype for over 5 days, whereas P-cultured cells differentiated to ATI. When we transfected ATII with siRNAs to inhibit the expression of Drosha, a critical effector of miRNA maturation, the levels of SP-A mRNA and protein increased in a time dependent manner. We next characterized cultured ATII and ATI by studying expression of 1,066 human miRNAs using miRNA PCR arrays. We detected expression of >300 miRNAs with 24 miRNAs differentially expressed in ATII versus ATI, 12 of which predicted to bind SP-A 3'UTRs, indicating that these may be implicated in SP-A downregulation in ATI. Thus, miRNAs not only affect SP-A expression, but also may contribute to the maintenance of the ATII cell phenotype and/or the trans-differentiation of ATII to ATI cells, and may represent new molecular markers that distinguish ATII and ATI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Silveyra
- 1Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania , USA
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