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Durfee C, Temiz NA, Levin-Klein R, Argyris PP, Alsøe L, Carracedo S, de la Vega AA, Proehl J, Holzhauer AM, Seeman ZJ, Lin YHT, Vogel RI, Sotillo R, Nilsen H, Harris RS. Human APOBEC3B promotes tumor heterogeneity in vivo including signature mutations and metastases. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.24.529970. [PMID: 36865194 PMCID: PMC9980288 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.24.529970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B has been implicated as a source of mutation in many different cancers. Despite over 10 years of work, a causal relationship has yet to be established between APOBEC3B and any stage of carcinogenesis. Here we report a murine model that expresses tumor-like levels of human APOBEC3B after Cre-mediated recombination. Animals appear to develop normally with full-body expression of APOBEC3B. However, adult males manifest infertility and older animals of both sexes show accelerated rates of tumorigenesis (mostly lymphomas or hepatocellular carcinomas). Interestingly, primary tumors also show overt heterogeneity, and a subset spreads to secondary sites. Both primary and metastatic tumors exhibit increased frequencies of C-to-T mutations in TC dinucleotide motifs consistent with the established biochemical activity of APOBEC3B. Elevated levels of structural variation and insertion-deletion mutations also accumulate in these tumors. Together, these studies provide the first cause-and-effect demonstration that human APOBEC3B is an oncoprotein capable of causing a wide range of genetic changes and driving tumor formation in vivo .
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Durfee
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 78229
| | - Nuri Alpay Temiz
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, 55455
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, 55455
| | - Rena Levin-Klein
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, 55455
| | - Prokopios P Argyris
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 43210
| | - Lene Alsøe
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, 0318, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sergio Carracedo
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia Alonso de la Vega
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TRLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Joshua Proehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 78229
| | - Anna M Holzhauer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, 55455
| | - Zachary J Seeman
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, 55455
| | - Yu-Hsiu T Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 78229
| | - Rachel I Vogel
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, 55455
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rocio Sotillo
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TRLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Hilde Nilsen
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, 0318, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 78229
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 78229
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Argyris PP, Wilkinson PE, Jarvis MC, Magliocca KR, Patel MR, Vogel RI, Gopalakrishnan R, Koutlas IG, Harris RS. Endogenous APOBEC3B overexpression characterizes HPV-positive and HPV-negative oral epithelial dysplasias and head and neck cancers. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:280-90. [PMID: 32632179 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B (A3B) is a newly recognized endogenous source of mutations in a range of human tumors, including head/neck cancer. A3B inflicts C-to-T and C-to-G base substitutions in 5'-TCA/T trinucleotide motifs, contributes to accelerated rates of tumor development, and affects clinical outcomes in a variety of cancer types. High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes A3B overexpression, and HPV-positive cervical and head/neck cancers are among tumor types with the highest degree of APOBEC signature mutations. A3B overexpression in HPV-positive tumor types is caused by the viral E6/E7 oncoproteins and may be an early off-to-on switch in tumorigenesis. In comparison, less is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible for A3B overexpression in HPV-negative head/neck cancers. Here, we utilize an immunohistochemical approach to determine whether A3B is turned from off-to-on or if it undergoes a more gradual transition to overexpression in HPV-negative head/neck cancers. As positive controls, almost all HPV-positive oral epithelial dysplasias and oropharyngeal cancers showed high levels of nuclear A3B staining regardless of diagnosis. As negative controls, A3B levels were low in phenotypically normal epithelium adjacent to cancer and oral epithelial hyperplasias. Interestingly, HPV-negative and low-grade oral epithelial dysplasias showed intermediate A3B levels, while high-grade oral dysplasias showed high A3B levels similar to oral squamous cell carcinomas. A3B levels were highest in grade 2 and grade 3 oral squamous cell carcinomas. In addition, a strong positive association was found between nuclear A3B and Ki67 scores suggesting a linkage to the cell cycle. Overall, these results support a model in which gradual activation of A3B expression occurs during HPV-negative tumor development and suggest that A3B overexpression may provide a marker for advanced grade oral dysplasia and cancer.
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3
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Maciejowski J, Chatzipli A, Dananberg A, Chu K, Toufektchan E, Klimczak LJ, Gordenin DA, Campbell PJ, de Lange T. APOBEC3-dependent kataegis and TREX1-driven chromothripsis during telomere crisis. Nat Genet 2020; 52:884-890. [PMID: 32719516 PMCID: PMC7484228 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0667-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromothripsis and kataegis are frequently observed in cancer and may arise from telomere crisis, a period of genome instability during tumorigenesis when depletion of the telomere reserve generates unstable dicentric chromosomes1-5. Here we examine the mechanism underlying chromothripsis and kataegis by using an in vitro telomere crisis model. We show that the cytoplasmic exonuclease TREX1, which promotes the resolution of dicentric chromosomes4, plays a prominent role in chromothriptic fragmentation. In the absence of TREX1, the genome alterations induced by telomere crisis primarily involve breakage-fusion-bridge cycles and simple genome rearrangements rather than chromothripsis. Furthermore, we show that the kataegis observed at chromothriptic breakpoints is the consequence of cytosine deamination by APOBEC3B. These data reveal that chromothripsis and kataegis arise from a combination of nucleolytic processing by TREX1 and cytosine editing by APOBEC3B.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maciejowski
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Alexandra Dananberg
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevan Chu
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eleonore Toufektchan
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leszek J Klimczak
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Dmitry A Gordenin
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Sanger Institute Campus, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Titia de Lange
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Serebrenik AA, Argyris PP, Jarvis MC, Brown WL, Bazzaro M, Vogel RI, Erickson BK, Lee SH, Goergen KM, Maurer MJ, Heinzen EP, Oberg AL, Huang Y, Hou X, Weroha SJ, Kaufmann SH, Harris RS. The DNA Cytosine Deaminase APOBEC3B is a Molecular Determinant of Platinum Responsiveness in Clear Cell Ovarian Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3397-3407. [PMID: 32060098 PMCID: PMC7334080 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clear cell ovarian carcinoma (CCOC) is an aggressive disease that often demonstrates resistance to standard chemotherapies. Approximately 25% of patients with CCOC show a strong APOBEC mutation signature. Here, we determine which APOBEC3 enzymes are expressed in CCOC, establish clinical correlates, and identify a new biomarker for detection and intervention. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS APOBEC3 expression was analyzed by IHC and qRT-PCR in a pilot set of CCOC specimens (n = 9 tumors). The IHC analysis of APOBEC3B was extended to a larger cohort to identify clinical correlates (n = 48). Dose-response experiments with platinum-based drugs in CCOC cell lines and carboplatin treatment of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were done to address mechanistic linkages. RESULTS One DNA deaminase, APOBEC3B, is overexpressed in a formidable subset of CCOC tumors and is low or absent in normal ovarian and fallopian tube epithelial tissues. High APOBEC3B expression associates with improved progression-free survival (P = 0.026) and moderately with overall survival (P = 0.057). Cell-based studies link APOBEC3B activity and subsequent uracil processing to sensitivity to cisplatin and carboplatin. PDX studies extend this mechanistic relationship to CCOC tissues. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that APOBEC3B is overexpressed in a subset of CCOC and, contrary to initial expectations, associated with improved (not worse) clinical outcomes. A likely molecular explanation is that APOBEC3B-induced DNA damage sensitizes cells to additional genotoxic stress by cisplatin. Thus, APOBEC3B is a molecular determinant and a candidate predictive biomarker of the therapeutic response to platinum-based chemotherapy. These findings may have broader translational relevance, as APOBEC3B is overexpressed in many different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur A Serebrenik
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Prokopios P Argyris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Matthew C Jarvis
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - William L Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Martina Bazzaro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rachel I Vogel
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Britt K Erickson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Krista M Goergen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew J Maurer
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ethan P Heinzen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yajue Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xiaonan Hou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - S John Weroha
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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5
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Nikkilä J, Kumar R, Campbell J, Brandsma I, Pemberton HN, Wallberg F, Nagy K, Scheer I, Vertessy BG, Serebrenik AA, Monni V, Harris RS, Pettitt SJ, Ashworth A, Lord CJ. Elevated APOBEC3B expression drives a kataegic-like mutation signature and replication stress-related therapeutic vulnerabilities in p53-defective cells. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:113-123. [PMID: 28535155 PMCID: PMC5520199 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated APOBEC3B expression in tumours correlates with a kataegic pattern of localised hypermutation. We assessed the cellular phenotypes associated with high-level APOBEC3B expression and the influence of p53 status on these phenotypes using an isogenic system. METHODS We used RNA interference of p53 in cells with inducible APOBEC3B and assessed DNA damage response (DDR) biomarkers. The mutational effects of APOBEC3B were assessed using whole-genome sequencing. In vitro small-molecule inhibitor sensitivity profiling was used to identify candidate therapeutic vulnerabilities. RESULTS Although APOBEC3B expression increased the incorporation of genomic uracil, invoked DDR biomarkers and caused cell cycle arrest, inactivation of p53 circumvented APOBEC3B-induced cell cycle arrest without reversing the increase in genomic uracil or DDR biomarkers. The continued expression of APOBEC3B in p53-defective cells not only caused a kataegic mutational signature but also caused hypersensitivity to small-molecule DDR inhibitors (ATR, CHEK1, CHEK2, PARP, WEE1 inhibitors) as well as cisplatin/ATR inhibitor and ATR/PARP inhibitor combinations. CONCLUSIONS Although loss of p53 might allow tumour cells to tolerate elevated APOBEC3B expression, continued expression of this enzyme might impart a number of therapeutic vulnerabilities upon tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Nikkilä
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Rahul Kumar
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - James Campbell
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Inger Brandsma
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Helen N Pemberton
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Fredrik Wallberg
- FACS Facility, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kinga Nagy
- Department of Applied Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Str. 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Scheer
- Department of Applied Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Str. 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Beata G Vertessy
- Department of Applied Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Artur A Serebrenik
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Valentina Monni
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Stephen J Pettitt
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alan Ashworth
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Christopher J Lord
- The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
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Leonard B, McCann JL, Starrett GJ, Kosyakovsky L, Luengas EM, Molan AM, Burns MB, McDougle RM, Parker PJ, Brown WL, Harris RS. The PKC/NF-κB signaling pathway induces APOBEC3B expression in multiple human cancers. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4538-47. [PMID: 26420215 PMCID: PMC4631676 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2171-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the antiviral DNA cytosine deaminase APOBEC3B has been linked to somatic mutagenesis in many cancers. Human papillomavirus infection accounts for APOBEC3B upregulation in cervical and head/neck cancers, but the mechanisms underlying nonviral malignancies are unclear. In this study, we investigated the signal transduction pathways responsible for APOBEC3B upregulation. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by the diacylglycerol mimic phorbol-myristic acid resulted in specific and dose-responsive increases in APOBEC3B expression and activity, which could then be strongly suppressed by PKC or NF-κB inhibition. PKC activation caused the recruitment of RELB, but not RELA, to the APOBEC3B promoter, implicating noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Notably, PKC was required for APOBEC3B upregulation in cancer cell lines derived from multiple tumor types. By revealing how APOBEC3B is upregulated in many cancers, our findings suggest that PKC and NF-κB inhibitors may be repositioned to suppress cancer mutagenesis, dampen tumor evolution, and decrease the probability of adverse outcomes, such as drug resistance and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Leonard
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jennifer L McCann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Gabriel J Starrett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Leah Kosyakovsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Luengas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amy M Molan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael B Burns
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rebecca M McDougle
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Peter J Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom. Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William L Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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7
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Abstract
Restriction factors are natural cellular proteins that defend individual cells from viral infection. These factors include the APOBEC3 family of DNA cytidine deaminases, which restrict the infectivity of HIV-1 by hypermutating viral cDNA and inhibiting reverse transcription and integration. HIV-1 thwarts this restriction activity through its accessory protein virion infectivity factor (Vif), which uses multiple mechanisms to prevent APOBEC3 proteins such as APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F from entering viral particles. Here, we review the basic biology of the interactions between human APOBEC3 proteins and HIV-1 Vif. We also summarise, for the first time, current clinical data on the in vivo effects of APOBEC3 proteins, and survey strategies and progress towards developing therapeutics aimed at the APOBEC3-Vif axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Albin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 55455, Phone: +1 612-624-0457; Fax: +1 612-625-2163
| | - Reuben S. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 55455, Phone: +1 612-624-0457; Fax: +1 612-625-2163
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