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Yan R, Yang H, Liu Y, Wang Y, Liu S, Xie R, Ren L. A Dual Functional Bioinspired Lubricant for Osteoarthritis Treatment and Potential Prevention. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024. [PMID: 38608288 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), primarily characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage, is a highly prevalent joint-disabling disease. The pathological onset and progression of OA are closely related to cartilage lubrication dysfunction and synovial inflammation. Synergistic options targeted at restorative lubrication and anti-inflammation are expected to be the most attractive candidates to treat OA and perhaps help prevent it. Herein, a bioinspired lubricant (HA/PA@Lipo) was fabricated by combining anionic hyaluronan-graft-poly(2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid sodium salt) (HA/PA) with cationic liposomes (Lipo) via electrostatic interaction. HA/PA@Lipo mimicked the lubrication complex located on the outer cartilage surface and was endowed cartilage with excellent cartilage-lubricating performances. After the antioxidant gallic acid (GA) was loaded for dual functionality, HA/PA@Lipo-GA was prepared with added anti-inflammatory properties. HA/PA@Lipo-GA showed favorable biocompatibility with C28/I2 cells, inhibited the production of reactive oxygen, and regulated the expression levels of anabolic genes and proteins. The therapeutic effects of HA/PA@Lipo-GA were evaluated using a sodium iodoacetate-induced OA rat model, and the preventive effects of HA/PA@Lipo-GA were estimated in vivo. The results suggested the robust potential of HA/PA@Lipo-GA with dual functions as a candidate option for OA treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sa Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Renjian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases (Ministry of Education), Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Li Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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2
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Damen AHA, van Donkelaar CC, Sharma PK, Wan H, Cardinaels R, Schmidt TA, Ito K. Friction reducing ability of a poly-l-lysine and dopamine modified hyaluronan coating for polycaprolactone cartilage resurfacing implants. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023. [PMID: 36959715 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Frictional properties of cartilage resurfacing implants should be sufficiently low to limit damaging of the opposing cartilage during articulation. The present study determines if native lubricious molecule proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) can adsorb onto a layer-by-layer bioinspired coating composed of poly-l-lysine (PLL) and dopamine modified hyaluronic acid (HADN) and thereby can reduce the friction between implant and articular cartilage. An ELISA was developed to quantify the amount of immobilized human recombinant (rh)PRG4 after exposure to the PLL-HADN coating. The effect on lubrication was evaluated by comparing the coefficient of friction (CoF) of bare polycaprolactone (PCL) disks to that of PLL-HADN coated PCL disks while articulated against cartilage using a ring-on-disk geometry and a lubricant solution consisting of native synovial fluid components including rhPRG4. The PLL-HADN coating effectively immobilized rhPRG4. The surface roughness of PCL disks significantly increased while the water contact angle significantly decreased after application of the coating. The average CoF measured during the first minute of bare PCL against cartilage exceeded twice the CoF of the PLL-HADN coated PCL against cartilage. After 60 min, the CoF reached equilibrium values which were still significantly higher for bare PCL compared to coated PCL. The present study demonstrated that PCL can effectively be coated with PLL-HADN. Additionally, this coating reduces the friction between PCL and cartilage when a PRG4-rich lubricant is used, similar to the lubricating surface of native cartilage. This makes PLL-HADN coating a promising application to improve the clinical success of PCL-based cartilage resurfacing implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H A Damen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - C C van Donkelaar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - P K Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - R Cardinaels
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polymer Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - T A Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - K Ito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and its derivatives have been clinically used as an acetabular liner material in total hip joint replacement (THR) over last six decades. Despite significant efforts, the longevity of UHMWPE implants is still impaired due to their compromised tribological performance, leading to osteolysis and aseptic loosening. The present study aims to critically evaluate and analyze the tribological performance, of the next generation acetabular liner material, that is, a chemically modified graphene oxide (GO) reinforced HDPE/UHMWPE (HU) bionanocomposite (HUmGO), against stainless steel (SS 316L) counterface in lubricated conditions. This work also provides a performance comparative assessment of HUmGO with respect to medical grades, UHMWPE (UC) and crosslinked UHMWPE (XL-UC). Significant attempts have been made to correlate the tribological properties (frictional behavior, wear rate, wear debris shape and size, wear mechanism) with the physicomechanical conditions (contact stresses) at sliding contact and the variation in molecular architecture of different UHMWPE materials. Additionally, an emphasis is put forward to critically anlyze the nature of lubrication regime based on the bearing characterstic parameters. HUmGO exhibited a lower COF (0.07) and specific wear rate (2.86 × 10-8 mm3/Nm) than UC and XL-UC under identical sliding conditions. The worn surfaces on HUmGO revealed the signatures of less abrasive wear and limited deformation. Based on the estimated lambda (λ) ratio and Sommerfield number, all the investigated sliding contacts exhibited boundary lubrication. Taken together, the modified GO reinforced HDPE/UHMWPE bionanocomposite can be considered as a new generation biomaterial for the fabrication of acetabular liner for hip-joint prosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidushi Sharma
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Centre, 29120Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre of Excellence for Dental and Orthopedic Applications, Material Research Centre, 29120Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rajeev K Gupta
- Surface Interaction and Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 29120Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Satish V Kailas
- Surface Interaction and Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 29120Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Bikramjit Basu
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Centre, 29120Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre of Excellence for Dental and Orthopedic Applications, Material Research Centre, 29120Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, 29120Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Adnan M, Qureshi W, Umer M, Botto D. Tribological Characterization of Electrical Discharge Machined Surfaces for AISI 304L. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:1028. [PMID: 35160972 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Surface treatments are normally carried out after machining. Surface treatment is a costly and time-consuming process. Hence, it makes sense to reduce the requirement of surface treatment as much as possible. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a frequently used machining process. EDM produces a recast layer on the surface of machined components. The tribological performance of this recast layer is not very well understood. The properties of the recast layer formed as a result of EDM depend upon the discharge current, electrodes and dielectrics. This work aims to study the effects of each on the tribological performance — in terms of the wear depth, friction coefficient, friction force and contact surface temperature of recast layers. Subsequent improvement in the quality of surfaces will significantly reduce the cost and time required to treat surfaces after machining. Hence, various combinations of discharge current, dielectrics and electrodes have been used to characterize and deduce their effects. The tribo-tests are performed in the boundary lubrication regime under pin-on-disc configuration to analyze sliding friction, contact surface temperature and the wear of the recast layers formed on AISI 304L. The surface morphology of the test pins has been performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) before and after the tests. The results show that indeed it is possible to control the tribological performance of the recast layers by varying EDM parameters. This approach promises to be a useful methodology to improve the tribological performance of the layers formed after EDM and reduce the time and costs required for surface treatments post machining.
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Li Y, Yuan Z, Yang H, Zhong H, Peng W, Xie R. Recent Advances in Understanding the Role of Cartilage Lubrication in Osteoarthritis. Molecules 2021; 26:6122. [PMID: 34684706 PMCID: PMC8540456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The remarkable lubrication properties of normal articular cartilage play an essential role in daily life, providing almost frictionless movements of joints. Alterations of cartilage surface or degradation of biomacromolecules within synovial fluid increase the wear and tear of the cartilage and hence determining the onset of the most common joint disease, osteoarthritis (OA). The irreversible and progressive degradation of articular cartilage is the hallmark of OA. Considering the absence of effective options to treat OA, the mechanosensitivity of chondrocytes has captured attention. As the only embedded cells in cartilage, the metabolism of chondrocytes is essential in maintaining homeostasis of cartilage, which triggers motivations to understand what is behind the low friction of cartilage and develop biolubrication-based strategies to postpone or even possibly heal OA. This review firstly focuses on the mechanism of cartilage lubrication, particularly on boundary lubrication. Then the mechanotransduction (especially shear stress) of chondrocytes is discussed. The following summarizes the recent development of cartilage-inspired biolubricants to highlight the correlation between cartilage lubrication and OA. One might expect that the restoration of cartilage lubrication at the early stage of OA could potentially promote the regeneration of cartilage and reverse its pathology to cure OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (H.Z.)
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhongrun Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China;
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (H.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Haijian Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (H.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Weijie Peng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (H.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Renjian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Y.L.); (H.Y.); (H.Z.)
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Biofabrication for Tissue Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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6
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Chen L, Hu W, Du M, Song Y, Wu Z, Zheng Q. Bioinspired, Recyclable, Stretchable Hydrogel with Boundary Ultralubrication. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:42240-42249. [PMID: 34436862 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although hydrogels exhibit excellent low frictional behavior, their friction coefficients cannot meet the requirements for biology, especially at low sliding velocities. Inspired by the natural lubrication mechanism from animals, plants, or even microorganisms, a nonionic surfactant, Tween 80, was introduced into a biofriendly poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel to construct a composite hydrogel with ultralubrication. Such a combination endows PVA hydrogels with an ultralow coefficient of friction (10-3 to 10-4) under an extremely low sliding velocity (0.01 mm/s). Tween 80 micelles and aggregates, together with hydrophobic molds, induce rough surfaces and high carbon contents on the surface of the hydrogel, promoting excellent lubrication behavior of the composite hydrogel. In addition to the desirable lubrication, this environmentally friendly composite hydrogel also exhibited excellent flexibility at subzero temperatures, tensile properties, and good recyclability. Additionally, the method of introducing Tween 80 into hydrogels to reduce friction is also effective in chemically crosslinked double-network hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - WenXuan Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Miao Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yihu Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ziliang Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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7
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Abstract
Healthy articular cartilage, covering the ends of bones in major joints such as hips and knees, presents the most efficiently-lubricated surface known in nature, with friction coefficients as low as 0.001 up to physiologically high pressures. Such low friction is indeed essential for its well-being. It minimizes wear-and-tear and hence the cartilage degradation associated with osteoarthritis, the most common joint disease, and, by reducing shear stress on the mechanotransductive, cartilage-embedded chondrocytes (the only cell type in the cartilage), it regulates their function to maintain homeostasis. Understanding the origins of such low friction of the articular cartilage, therefore, is of major importance in order to alleviate disease symptoms, and slow or even reverse its breakdown. This progress report considers the relation between frictional behavior and the cellular mechanical environment in the cartilage, then reviews the mechanism of lubrication in the joints, in particular focusing on boundary lubrication. Following recent advances based on hydration lubrication, a proposed synergy between different molecular components of the synovial joints, acting together in enabling the low friction, has been proposed. Additionally, recent development of natural and bio-inspired lubricants is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Lin
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Jacob Klein
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Liu C, Tian Y, Meng Y. A Chemical Potential Equation for Modeling Triboelectrochemical Reactions on Solid-Liquid Interfaces. Front Chem 2021; 9:650880. [PMID: 33968900 PMCID: PMC8103171 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.650880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triboelectrochemical reactions occur on solid–liquid interfaces in wide range of applications when an electric field strong enough and a frictional stress high enough are simultaneously imposed on the interfaces. A characteristic of triboelectrochemical reactions is that not only the thermal energy but also the electrical and mechanical energies can activate, assist, or mitigate the solid–liquid interface chemical reactions, the products of which affect electrical and tribological behavior of the interfaces inversely. In previous studies, we have found that the coupling of frictional and electric effects could physically change the migration, adsorption, and desorption behaviors of the polar molecules, ions, or charged particles included in aqueous or nonaqueous base lubricant toward or away from the interfaces and thus control the boundary lubrication. Recently, we have found that the friction coefficient and surface appearance of some kinds of metals could also be modulated to some extent even in pure water or pure base oils under external electric stimulations. We attribute these changes to the triboelectrochemical reactions occurred when a strong external electric field is imposed on. Based on the effective collision model of chemical reactions, a chemical potential equation, which includes both electrical and mechanical contributions, has been derived. The proposed chemical potential equation can be used to explain the observed triboelectrochemical phenomenon in experiments. Based on the model, a novel method for oxidation coloring of the selected areas in metal surfaces is proposed. Together with the physical adsorption and desorption model of lubricant additives, the triboelectrochemical reaction model can well explain the phenomena of potential-controlled boundary lubrication in different lubrication systems and also provides a theoretical basis for other solid–liquid interface processes under the effects of electromechanical coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonggang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Lee T, Jeong H, Lee S, Kim D, Kim H. Effect of the Lapping Platen Groove Density on the Characteristics of Microabrasive-Based Lapping. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:mi11080775. [PMID: 32823978 PMCID: PMC7463435 DOI: 10.3390/mi11080775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microabrasive-based lapping is widely used in the manufacturing of single-crystal substrates such as sapphire, SiC, and GaN. Although many studies have been conducted to improve the lapping process characteristics, most of them focused on process conditions or consumables. In this study, the effect of the lapping platen groove density on the lapping characteristics was studied using a sapphire substrate. Groove density was defined as the ratio of groove width to groove pitch, and the displacement of the lapping head was measured to calculate the oil film thickness. It was confirmed that, for groove densities below 0.30, hydroplaning occurs when the oil film thickness increases. When the oil film thickness is larger than the abrasive particle size, the material removal rate is low because the abrasive does not participate in the lapping process. When the oil film was developed, the experimental results showed a high surface roughness and poor flatness of the substrate, as only large abrasive particles participated in the lapping process. Therefore, to improve the lapping characteristics, it is important to reduce the groove density by reducing the groove pitch, which prevents the development of the oil film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyung Lee
- Dongnam Regional Division, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46938, Korea; (T.L.); (S.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Haedo Jeong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Sangjik Lee
- Dongnam Regional Division, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46938, Korea; (T.L.); (S.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Doyeon Kim
- Dongnam Regional Division, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46938, Korea; (T.L.); (S.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Hyoungjae Kim
- Dongnam Regional Division, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Busan 46938, Korea; (T.L.); (S.L.); (D.K.)
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10
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Prünte S, Music D, Terziyska VL, Mitterer C, Schneider JM. Molecular Coverage Determines Sliding Wear Behavior of n-Octadecylphosphonic Acid Functionalized Cu-O Coated Steel Disks against Aluminum. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E280. [PMID: 31936336 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The sliding wear behavior of Cu–O coated steel disks functionalized with n-octadecyl-phosphonic acids was evaluated against aluminum in ball-on-disk tribometer experiments. After 5 m of sliding the friction coefficient of the functionalized sample with maximum molecular coverage is ≤0.3 ± 0.1. Surfaces with lower coverage mitigate friction and wear as well exhibiting initially similar low friction coefficients but reveal the breakdown of lubrication for sliding distances <5 m. The length of the low friction sliding distance before breakdown scales with the coverage of n-octadecylphosphonic acids on the Cu–O surface. Coverage hence determines the tribological behavior of the functionalized surface against sliding aluminum. As the coverage is increased, detrimental asperity contacts between the rubbing surfaces are reduced.
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Derry MJ, Smith T, O’Hora PS, Armes SP. Block Copolymer Nanoparticles Prepared via Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly Provide Excellent Boundary Lubrication Performance for Next-Generation Ultralow-Viscosity Automotive Engine Oils. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:33364-33369. [PMID: 31430432 PMCID: PMC7007003 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Core cross-linked poly(stearyl methacrylate)-poly(benzyl methacrylate)-poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) [S31-B200-E20] triblock copolymer nanoparticles were synthesized directly in an industrial mineral oil via polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). Gel permeation chromatography analysis of the S31-B200 diblock copolymer precursor chains indicated a well-controlled reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer dispersion polymerization, while transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light-scattering (DLS), and small-angle X-ray scattering studies indicated the formation of well-defined spheres. Moreover, DLS studies performed in THF, which is a common solvent for the S and B blocks, confirmed successful covalent stabilization because well-defined solvent-swollen spheres were obtained under such conditions. Tribology experiments using a mini-traction machine (MTM) indicated that 0.50% w/w dispersions of S31-B200-E20 spheres dramatically reduce the friction coefficient of base oil within the boundary lubrication regime. Given their efficient and straightforward PISA synthesis at high solids, such nanoparticles offer new opportunities for the formulation of next-generation ultralow-viscosity automotive engine oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Derry
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- E-mail: . Phone: +44(0)114-222-9503
| | - Timothy Smith
- Lubrizol
Ltd., The Knowle, Nether
Lane, Hazelwood, Derbyshire DE56 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S. O’Hora
- Lubrizol
Ltd., The Knowle, Nether
Lane, Hazelwood, Derbyshire DE56 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton
Building, Department of Chemistry, University
of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, S3 7HF South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- E-mail: . Phone: +44(0)114-222-9342
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Rohlmann P, Munavirov B, Furó I, Antzutkin O, Rutland MW, Glavatskih S. Non-halogenated Ionic Liquid Dramatically Enhances Tribological Performance of Biodegradable Oils. Front Chem 2019; 7:98. [PMID: 30891442 PMCID: PMC6413702 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is demonstrated that a phosphonium orthoborate ionic liquid may serve as a wear reducing additive in biodegradable oils at steel-steel surfaces in the boundary lubrication regime. Tribological tests were performed in a ball-on-three plate configuration. A set of surface characterization techniques—SEM/EDS, FIB and white light interferometry were used to characterize surfaces following the tribotests and to observe the formation of any tribofilms. 11B NMR was used to follow changes in the composition of the ionic-liquid-oil blends and to identify boron-containing decomposition products after the tribotests. The ionic liquid reduces the wear of steel surfaces by up to 92% compared to the neat oil at 90°C; it is shown that the reduction in wear can be correlated with the formation of boron enriched patches in the boundary films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rohlmann
- Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bulat Munavirov
- Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - István Furó
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oleg Antzutkin
- Chemistry of Interfaces, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Mark William Rutland
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Surfaces, Processes and Formulation, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergei Glavatskih
- Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Electrical Energy, Metals, Mechanical Constructions and Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Abubacker S, McPeak A, Dorosz SG, Egberts P, Schmidt TA. Effect of counterface on cartilage boundary lubricating ability by proteoglycan 4 and hyaluronan: Cartilage-glass versus cartilage-cartilage. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2923-2931. [PMID: 29978918 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different sliding interface materials (counterface) on the cartilage lubricating ability of proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) and hyaluronan (HA) by measuring the kinetic coefficient of friction on cartilage-glass and cartilage-cartilage interfaces over a wide range of sliding velocities. The lubrication properties of PRG4 and HA were assessed at cartilage-glass and cartilage-cartilage interfaces using a previously described test setup with a stationary area of contact. Samples were articulated at varying effective sliding velocities of 10, 3, 1, 0.3, 0.1, and 0.01 mm/s. The response of PRG4 and HA as effective friction-reducing cartilage boundary lubricants was varied and was dependent primarily on the test counterface. At a physiological cartilage-cartilage interface both HA and PRG4 effectively reduced friction compared to PBS at slower speeds while at higher speeds PRG4 was similar to PBS, and HA similar to SF. Conversely, at a cartilage-glass interface HA demonstrated no friction reducing ability compared to PBS, and PRG4 appeared just as effective as SF. Cartilage-glass friction coefficients were also significantly greater than cartilage-cartilage friction coefficients. These results indicate the in vitro friction coefficient of putative cartilage boundary lubricants can be affected by the test counterface and suggest that use of synthetic surfaces in studying cartilage boundary lubrication may not always be appropriate for all molecules of interest. As such, care should be taken when interpreting such data, specifically when comparing to in vitro data obtained at a cartilage-cartilage interface, and especially when extrapolating to in vivo situations. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2923-2931, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Abubacker
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Allison McPeak
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sam G Dorosz
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Philip Egberts
- Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tannin A Schmidt
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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14
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Abstract
Advanced lubrication is essential in human life for improving mobility, durability, and efficiency. Here we report the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of two groups of oil-suspendable silver nanoparticles (NPs) as candidate lubricant additives. Two types of thiolated ligands, 4-(tert-butyl)benzylthiol (TBBT) and dodecanethiol (C12), were used to modify Ag NPs in two size ranges, 1-3 and 3-6 nm. The organic surface layer successfully suspended the Ag NPs in a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO) base oil with concentrations up to 0.19-0.50 wt %, depending on the particle type. Use of the Ag NPs in the base oil reduced friction by up to 35% and wear by up to 85% in boundary lubrication. The two TBBT-modified NPs produced a lower friction coefficient than the C12-modified one, while the two larger NPs (3-6 nm) had better wear protection than the smaller one (1-3 nm). Results suggested that the molecular structure of the organic ligand might have a dominant effect on the friction behavior, while the NP size could be more influential in the wear protection. No mini-ball-bearing or surface smoothening effects were observed in the Stribeck scans. Instead, the wear protection in boundary lubrication was attributed to the formation of a silver-rich 50-100 nm thick tribofilm on the worn surface, as revealed by morphology examination and composition analysis from both the top surface and cross section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanaka Kumara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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15
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Abstract
The major synovial joints such as hips and knees are uniquely efficient tribological systems, able to articulate over a wide range of shear rates with a friction coefficient between the sliding cartilage surfaces as low as 0.001 up to pressures of more than 100 atm. No human-made material can match this. The means by which such surfaces maintain their very low friction has been intensively studied for decades and has been attributed to fluid-film and boundary lubrication. Here, we focus especially on the latter: the reduction of friction by molecular layers at the sliding cartilage surfaces. In particular, we discuss such lubrication in the light of very recent advances in our understanding of boundary effects in aqueous media based on the paradigms of hydration lubrication and of the synergism between different molecular components of the synovial joints (namely hyaluronan, lubricin, and phospholipids) in enabling this lubrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Jahn
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Jasmine Seror
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Jacob Klein
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
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16
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Desanker M, He X, Lu J, Liu P, Pickens DB, Delferro M, Marks TJ, Chung YW, Wang QJ. Alkyl-Cyclens as Effective Sulfur- and Phosphorus-Free Friction Modifiers for Boundary Lubrication. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:9118-9125. [PMID: 28219241 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern automotive engines operate at higher power densities than ever before, driving a need for new lubricant additives capable of reducing friction and wear further than ever before while not poisoning the catalytic converter. Reported in this paper is a new class of molecular friction modifier (FM), represented by 1,4,7,10-tetradodecyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (1a), designed to employ thermally stable, sulfur- and phosphorus-free alkyl-substituted nitrogen heterocycles with multiple nitrogen centers per molecule. The multiple nitrogen centers enable cooperative binding to a surface which provides strong surface adsorption and lubricant film durability in the boundary lubrication (BL) regime. A 1 wt % loading of the cyclen FM 1a in Group III base oil exhibits strong surface adsorption, leading to excellent reductions in friction (70%) and wear (95%) versus the pure Group III oil across a wide temperature range. The lubricant with the new FM additive also outperforms two commercially available noncyclic amine-based FMs and a fully formulated commercial 5W30 motor oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Desanker
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingliang He
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Pinzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - David B Pickens
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yip-Wah Chung
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Q Jane Wang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and ∥Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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17
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Samaroo KJ, Tan M, Putnam D, Bonassar LJ. Binding and lubrication of biomimetic boundary lubricants on articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:548-557. [PMID: 27419808 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The glycoprotein, lubricin, is the primary boundary lubricant of articular cartilage and has been shown to prevent cartilage damage after joint injury. In this study, a library of eight bottle-brush copolymers were synthesized to mimic the structure and function of lubricin. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) grafted onto a polyacrylic acid (pAA) core mimicked the hydrophilic mucin-like domain of lubricin, and a thiol terminus anchored the polymers to cartilage surfaces much like lubricin's C-terminus. These copolymers, abbreviated as pAA-g-PEG, rapidly bound to cartilage surfaces with binding time constants ranging from 20 to 39 min, and affected lubrication under boundary mode conditions with coefficients of friction ranging from 0.140 ± 0.024 to 0.248 ± 0.030. Binding and lubrication were highly correlated (r2 = 0.89-0.99), showing that boundary lubrication in this case strongly depends on the binding of the lubricant to the surface. Along with time-dependent and dose-dependent behavior, lubrication and binding of the lubricin-mimetics also depended on copolymer structural parameters including pAA backbone length, PEG side chain length, and PEG:AA brush density. Polymers with larger backbone sizes, brush sizes, or brush densities took longer to bind (p < 0.05). Six of the eight polymers reduced friction relative to denuded cartilage plugs (p < 0.05), suggesting their potential to lubricate and protect cartilage in vivo. In copolymers with shorter pAA backbones, increasing hydrodynamic size inhibited lubrication (p < 0.08), while the opposite was observed in copolymers with longer backbones (p < 0.05). These polymers show similar in vitro lubricating efficacy as recombinant lubricins and as such have potential for in vivo treatment of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:548-557, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk J Samaroo
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Mingchee Tan
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 149 Weill Hall, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - David Putnam
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 149 Weill Hall, Ithaca, New York, 14853
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 149 Weill Hall, Ithaca, New York, 14853
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18
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Singh MK, Ilg P, Espinosa-Marzal RM, Spencer ND, Kröger M. Influence of Chain Stiffness, Grafting Density and Normal Load on the Tribological and Structural Behavior of Polymer Brushes: A Nonequilibrium-Molecular-Dynamics Study. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E254. [PMID: 30974530 PMCID: PMC6431904 DOI: 10.3390/polym8070254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have performed coarse-grained molecular-dynamics simulations on both flexible and semiflexible multi-bead-spring model polymer brushes in the presence of explicit solvent particles, to explore their tribological and structural behaviors. The effect of stiffness and tethering density on equilibrium-brush height is seen to be well reproduced within a Flory-type theory. After discussing the equilibrium behavior of the model brushes, we first study the shearing behavior of flexible chains at different grafting densities covering brush and mushroom regimes. Next, we focus on the effect of chain stiffness on the tribological behavior of polymer brushes. The tribological properties are interpreted by means of the simultaneously recorded density profiles. We find that the friction coefficient decreases with increasing persistence length, both in velocity and separation-dependency studies, over the stiffness range explored in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjesh K Singh
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick Ilg
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AX, UK.
| | - Rosa M Espinosa-Marzal
- Laboratory for Smart Interfaces in Environmental Nanotechnology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Nicholas D Spencer
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Kröger
- Polymer Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, CH⁻8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Fan X, Wang L, Li W, Wan S. Improving Tribological Properties of Multialkylated Cyclopentanes under Simulated Space Environment: Two Feasible Approaches. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:14359-14368. [PMID: 26067481 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Space mechanisms require multialkylated cyclopentanes (MACs) more lubricious, more reliable, more durable, and better adaptive to harsh space environments. In this study, two kinds of additives were added into MACs for improving the tribological properties under simulated space environments: (a) solid nanoparticles (tungsten disulfide (WS2), tungsten trioxide (WO3), lanthanum oxide (La2O3), and lanthanum trifluoride (LaF3)) for steel/steel contacts; (b) liquid additives like zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate (MoDTC) for steel/steel and steel/diamond-like carbon (DLC) contacts. The results show that, under harsh simulated space environments, addition of the solid nanoparticles into MACs allows the wear to be reduced by up to one order magnitude, while liquid additives simultaneously reduce friction and wear by 80% and 93%, respectively. Friction mechanisms were proposed according to surface/interface analysis techniques, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS). The role of solid nanoparticles in reducing friction and wear mainly depends on their surface enhancement effect, and the liquid additives are attributed to the formation of tribochemical reaction film derived from ZDDP and MoDTC on the sliding surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Fan
- †State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
- ‡University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- †State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wen Li
- †State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
- ‡University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Shanhong Wan
- †State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
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20
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Coles JM, Blum JJ, Jay GD, Darling EM, Guilak F, Zauscher S. In situ friction measurement on murine cartilage by atomic force microscopy. J Biomech 2007; 41:541-8. [PMID: 18054362 PMCID: PMC2274896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 09/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage provides a low-friction, wear-resistant surface for the motion of diarthrodial joints. The objective of this study was to develop a method for in situ friction measurement of murine cartilage using a colloidal probe attached to the cantilever of an atomic force microscope. Sliding friction was measured between a chemically functionalized microsphere and the cartilage of the murine femoral head. Friction was measured at normal loads ranging incrementally from 20 to 100 nN with a sliding speed of 40 microm/s and sliding distance of 64 microm. Under these test conditions, hydrostatic pressurization and biphasic load support in the cartilage were minimized, providing frictional measurements that predominantly reflect boundary lubrication properties. Friction coefficients measured on murine tissue (0.25+/-0.11) were similar to those measured on porcine tissue (0.23+/-0.09) and were in general agreement with measurements of boundary friction on cartilage by other researchers. Using the colloidal probe as an indenter, the elastic mechanical properties and surface roughness were measured in the same configuration. Interfacial shear was found to be the principal mechanism of friction generation, with little to no friction resulting from plowing forces, collision forces, or energy losses due to normal deformation. This measurement technique can be applied to future studies of cartilage friction and mechanical properties on genetically altered mice or other small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Coles
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham NC
- Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Jason J. Blum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham NC
| | - Gregory D. Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Division of Engineering Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Eric M. Darling
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC
- Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC
- Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Stefan Zauscher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham NC
- Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
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