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Graves LV, Tarraf W, Gonzalez K, Bondi MW, Gallo LC, Isasi CR, Daviglus M, Lamar M, Zeng D, Cai J, González HM. Characterizing cognitive profiles in diverse middle-aged and older Hispanics/Latinos: Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (HCHS/SOL). Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2024; 16:e12592. [PMID: 38655549 PMCID: PMC11035970 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Introduction We investigated cognitive profiles among diverse, middle-aged and older Hispanic/Latino adults in the Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (SOL-INCA) cohort using a cross-sectional observational study design. Methods Based on weighted descriptive statistics, the average baseline age of the target population was 56.4 years, slightly more than half were women (54.6%), and 38.4% reported less than a high school education. We used latent profile analysis of demographically adjusted z scores on SOL-INCA neurocognitive tests spanning domains of verbal memory, language, processing speed, and executive function. Results Statistical fit assessment indices combined with clinical interpretation suggested five profiles: (1) a Higher Global group performing in the average-to-high-average range across all cognitive and instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) tests (13.8%); (2) a Higher Memory group with relatively high performance on memory tests but average performance across all other cognitive/IADL tests (24.6%); (3) a Lower Memory group with relatively low performance on memory tests but average performance across all other cognitive/IADL tests (32.8%); (4) a Lower Executive Function group with relatively low performance on executive function and processing speed tests but average-to-low-average performance across all other cognitive/IADL tests (16.6%); and (5) a Lower Global group performing low-average-to-mildly impaired across all cognitive/IADL tests (12.1%). Discussion Our results provide evidence of heterogeneity in the cognitive profiles of a representative, community-dwelling sample of diverse Hispanic/Latino adults. Our analyses yielded cognitive profiles that may assist efforts to better understand the early cognitive changes that may portend Alzheimer's disease and related dementias among diverse Hispanics/Latinos. Highlights The present study characterized cognitive profiles among diverse middle-aged and older Hispanic/Latino adults.Latent profile analysis of neurocognitive test scores was the primary analysis conducted.The target population consists of middle-aged and older Hispanic/Latino adults enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos and ancillary Study of Latinos - Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa V. Graves
- Department of PsychologyCalifornia State University San MarcosSan MarcosCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Kevin Gonzalez
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mark W. Bondi
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of California San DiegoSchool of MedicineLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Linda C. Gallo
- Department of PsychologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carmen R. Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology & Population HealthAlbert Einstein College of MedicineJack and Pearl Resnick CampusBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Martha Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health ResearchUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoCollege of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Melissa Lamar
- Institute for Minority Health ResearchUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoCollege of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease CenterRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Donglin Zeng
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jianwen Cai
- Department of BiostatisticsUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Hector M. González
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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Wingbermühle E, Roelofs RL, Oomens W, Kramer J, Draaisma JMT, Leenders E, Kleefstra T, Kessels RPC, Egger JIM. Cognitive Phenotype and Psychopathology in Noonan Syndrome Spectrum Disorders through Various Ras/MAPK Pathway Associated Gene Variants. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164735. [PMID: 36012976 PMCID: PMC9410383 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive difficulties are argued to be common in patients with Noonan syndrome spectrum disorders (NSSDs), but findings are based on studies in which patients with variants in PTPN11 (prevalence ~50%) were overrepresented. The current study, using a structured clinical approach, describes the cognitive phenotype and psychopathology of 100 patients (aged 6 to 61 years) with nine different gene variants in the Ras/MAPK pathway underlying NSSDs (PTPN11n = 61, PTPN11 Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines n = 3, SOS1n = 14, KRASn = 7, LZTR1n = 5, RAF1n = 4, SHOC2n = 2, CBLn = 2, SOS2n = 2). After weighted assessment and bootstrapping of the results of individual neuropsychological assessments and measures of psychopathology, cognitive performances in most variant groups were within the ranges of expectation. IQs were significantly lower in patients with variants in PTPN11, KRAS, RAF1, and SHOC2, but no specific cognitive impairments were found. The performances of younger participants (<16 years of age) did not differ from those of adults. Alexithymia and internalizing problems were more frequent in patients with variants in PTPN11 and SOS1, while PTPN11 patients also showed higher levels of externalizing problems. These results stress the need to take intelligence into account when interpreting lower cognitive performances in individual neuropsychological assessments, which is crucial for an adequate understanding and guidance of patients with NSSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Wingbermühle
- Center of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, 5803 DM Venray, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Renée L. Roelofs
- Center of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, 5803 DM Venray, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Oomens
- Center of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, 5803 DM Venray, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Kramer
- Center of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, 5803 DM Venray, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M. T. Draaisma
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erika Leenders
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Center of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, 5803 DM Venray, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy P. C. Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Center of Excellence for Korsakoff and Alcohol-Related Cognitive Disorders, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, 5803 DN Venray, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology and Radboudumc Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos I. M. Egger
- Center of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, 5803 DM Venray, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Center of Excellence for Korsakoff and Alcohol-Related Cognitive Disorders, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, 5803 DN Venray, The Netherlands
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Benjamins JS, Dalmaijer ES, Ten Brink AF, Nijboer TCW, Van der Stigchel S. Multi-target visual search organisation across the lifespan: cancellation task performance in a large and demographically stratified sample of healthy adults. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 2018; 26:731-748. [PMID: 30221584 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2018.1521508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Accurate tests of cognition are vital in (neuro)psychology. Cancellation tasks are popular tests of attention and executive function, in which participants find and 'cancel' targets among distractors. Despite extensive use in neurological patients, it remains unclear whether demographic variables (that vary among patients) affect cancellation performance. Here, we describe performance in 523 healthy participants of a web-based cancellation task. Age, sex, and level of education did not affect cancellation performance in this sample. We provide norm scores for indices of spatial bias, perseverations, revisits, processing speed, and search organisation. Furthermore, a cluster analysis identified four cognitive profiles among participants, characterised by many omissions (N=18), many revisits (N=18), relatively poor search organisation (N=125), and relatively good search organisation (N=362). Thus, patient scores pertaining to search organisation should be interpreted cautiously: Given the large proportion of healthy individuals with poor search organisation, disorganised search in patients might be pre-existing rather than disorder-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen S Benjamins
- a Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.,b Department of Social, Health, and Organisational Psychology, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Edwin S Dalmaijer
- c Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK.,d MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Antonia F Ten Brink
- a Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Tanja C W Nijboer
- a Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands.,e Centre of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation Centre de Hoogstraat , Utrecht , Netherlands.,f Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Stefan Van der Stigchel
- a Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
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Saez I, Set E, Hsu M. From genes to behavior: placing cognitive models in the context of biological pathways. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:336. [PMID: 25414628 PMCID: PMC4220121 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Connecting neural mechanisms of behavior to their underlying molecular and genetic substrates has important scientific and clinical implications. However, despite rapid growth in our knowledge of the functions and computational properties of neural circuitry underlying behavior in a number of important domains, there has been much less progress in extending this understanding to their molecular and genetic substrates, even in an age marked by exploding availability of genomic data. Here we describe recent advances in analytical strategies that aim to overcome two important challenges associated with studying the complex relationship between genes and behavior: (i) reducing distal behavioral phenotypes to a set of molecular, physiological, and neural processes that render them closer to the actions of genetic forces, and (ii) striking a balance between the competing demands of discovery and interpretability when dealing with genomic data containing up to millions of markers. Our proposed approach involves linking, on one hand, models of neural computations and circuits hypothesized to underlie behavior, and on the other hand, the set of the genes carrying out biochemical processes related to the functioning of these neural systems. In particular, we focus on the specific example of value-based decision-making, and discuss how such a combination allows researchers to leverage existing biological knowledge at both neural and genetic levels to advance our understanding of the neurogenetic mechanisms underlying behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Saez
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Program, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eric Set
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Program, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA ; Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ming Hsu
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Program, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
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Gallistel CR, Tucci V, Nolan PM, Schachner M, Jakovcevski I, Kheifets A, Barboza L. Cognitive assessment of mice strains heterozygous for cell-adhesion genes reveals strain-specific alterations in timing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20120464. [PMID: 24446498 PMCID: PMC3895989 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a fully automated system for the behavioural measurement of physiologically meaningful properties of basic mechanisms of cognition to test two strains of heterozygous mutant mice, Bfc (batface) and L1, and their wild-type littermate controls. Both of the target genes are involved in the establishment and maintenance of synapses. We find that the Bfc heterozygotes show reduced precision in their representation of interval duration, whereas the L1 heterozygotes show increased precision. These effects are functionally specific, because many other measures made on the same mice are unaffected, namely: the accuracy of matching temporal investment ratios to income ratios in a matching protocol, the rate of instrumental and classical conditioning, the latency to initiate a cued instrumental response, the trials on task and the impulsivity in a switch paradigm, the accuracy with which mice adjust timed switches to changes in the temporal constraints, the days to acquisition, and mean onset time and onset variability in the circadian anticipation of food availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valter Tucci
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Patrick M. Nolan
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Departments of Genetics and Neurobiology, D251 Nelson Labs, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-6999, USA
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitaetskrankenhaus Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, Hamburg D20251, Germany
| | - Aaron Kheifets
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
| | - Luendro Barboza
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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