1
|
Ferreira JS, Baccili CC, Nemoto BS, Vieira FK, Sviercoski LM, Ienk T, Pagno JT, Gomes V. Biosecurity practices in the dairy farms of southern Brazil. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1326688. [PMID: 38601907 PMCID: PMC11004291 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1326688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Biosecurity refers to a set of practices that prevents and/or controls the introduction, spread, and elimination of harmful biological agents in a production system. In this study, we aimed to survey the biosecurity practices and determine their correlation with the size of production systems. A biosecurity assessment form was provided to 69 farms in the Campos Gerais region of Paraná, Brazil. The questionnaire was divided into two sections: general and bovine viral diarrhea virus- and bovine herpesvirus type-1-specific sections. The general section covered topics on traffic control, quarantine and animal isolation, hygiene practices, carcass disposal, and disease monitoring/control. The specific section consisted of questions on the reproductive and respiratory factors, use of antimicrobials, and vaccination schedule. The 69 farms were also classified into small (≤ 61), medium (62-201), and large (≥ 202) size farms based on the number of lactating cows. Moreover, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was performed between the biosecurity measures and farm size. The main risk factors and variability were related to the traffic control of people, animals, and vehicles/equipment, animal quarantine/isolation, and hygiene practices. MCA revealed that the small farms exhibited a lack of biosecurity measures, including those related to traffic control, animal quarantine, and hygiene. In medium-size farms, contact between bovine animals of different ages and difficulty in animal isolation in the quarantine system were among the main risk factors. In contrast, isolation of sick animals was easy, but the need to frequently purchase cattle was an important risk factor in large farms. These results highlight the relationship between biosecurity measures and farm size, providing valuable insights for the development of better biosecurity plans for production systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Santos Ferreira
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Costa Baccili
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S. Nemoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tanaane Ienk
- Frísia Cooperative Agroindustrial, Carambeí, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Viviani Gomes
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodríguez-Madrid MN, Pastor-Moreno G, Albert-Lopez E, Pastor-Valero M. Corrigendum: "You knew you had to be there, it had to be done": experiences of health professionals who faced the COVID-19 pandemic in one public hospital in Spain. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1233836. [PMID: 37457282 PMCID: PMC10338836 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1233836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1089565.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Guadalupe Pastor-Moreno
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain
- Grupo 50 del CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación del Gobierno de España, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique Albert-Lopez
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - María Pastor-Valero
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecología, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
- Grupo 26 del CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación del Gobierno de España, Madrid, Spain
- Programa de pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mlinaric M, Bonham JR, Kožich V, Kölker S, Majek O, Battelino T, Torkar AD, Koracin V, Perko D, Remec ZI, Lampret BR, Scarpa M, Schielen PCJI, Zetterström RH, Groselj U. Newborn Screening in a Pandemic-Lessons Learned. Int J Neonatal Screen 2023; 9:ijns9020021. [PMID: 37092515 PMCID: PMC10123726 DOI: 10.3390/ijns9020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic affected many essential aspects of public health, including newborn screening programs (NBS). Centers reported missing cases of inherited metabolic disease as a consequence of decreased diagnostic process quality during the pandemic. A number of problems emerged at the start of the pandemic, but from the beginning, solutions began to be proposed and implemented. Contingency plans were arranged, and these are reviewed and described in this article. Staff shortage emerged as an important issue, and as a result, new work schedules had to be implemented. The importance of personal protective equipment and social distancing also helped avoid disruption. Staff became stressed, and this needed to be addressed. The timeframe for collecting bloodspot samples was adapted in some cases, requiring reference ranges to be modified. A shortage of essential supplies and protective equipment was evident, and laboratories described sharing resources in some situations. The courier system had to be adapted to make timely and safe transport possible. Telemedicine became an essential tool to enable communication with patients, parents, and medical staff. Despite these difficulties, with adaptations and modifications, some centers evaluated candidate conditions, continued developments, or began new NBS. The pandemic can be regarded as a stress test of the NBS under real-world conditions, highlighting critical aspects of this multidisciplinary system and the need for establishing local, national, and global strategies to improve its robustness and reliability in times of shortage and overloaded national healthcare systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matej Mlinaric
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, UMC Ljubljana, Bohoričeva Ulica 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - James R Bonham
- Office of the International Society for Neonatal Screening, Reigerskamp 273, 3607 HP Maarssen, The Netherlands
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TH, UK
| | - Viktor Kožich
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University-First Faculty of Medicine, and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 455/2, 128 08 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Division of Child Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ondrej Majek
- National Screening Centre, Institute of Health Information & Statistics of the Czech Republic, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tadej Battelino
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, UMC Ljubljana, Bohoričeva Ulica 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Drole Torkar
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, UMC Ljubljana, Bohoričeva Ulica 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vanesa Koracin
- Department of Dermatovenerology, General Hospital Novo Mesto, 8000 Novo Mesto, Slovenia
| | - Dasa Perko
- Clinical Institute for Special Laboratory Diagnostics, University Children's Hospital, UMC Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ziga Iztok Remec
- Clinical Institute for Special Laboratory Diagnostics, University Children's Hospital, UMC Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbka Repic Lampret
- Clinical Institute for Special Laboratory Diagnostics, University Children's Hospital, UMC Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maurizio Scarpa
- Regional Coordinating Center for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network for Hereditary Metabolic Diseases (MetabERN), Udine University Hospital, Piazzale Santa Maria Della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Peter C J I Schielen
- Office of the International Society for Neonatal Screening, Reigerskamp 273, 3607 HP Maarssen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf H Zetterström
- Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urh Groselj
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, UMC Ljubljana, Bohoričeva Ulica 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rodríguez-Madrid MN, Pastor-Moreno G, Albert-Lopez E, Pastor-Valero M. "You knew you had to be there, it had to be done": Experiences of health professionals who faced the COVID-19 pandemic in one public hospital in Spain. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1089565. [PMID: 37181727 PMCID: PMC10170551 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1089565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the lack of a government contingency plan for an effective response to an unexpected health crisis. This study uses a phenomenological approach to explore the experience of healthcare professionals during the first three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in a public health hospital in the Valencia region, Spain. It assesses the impact on their health, coping strategies, institutional support, organizational changes, quality of care, and lessons learned. Methods We carried out a qualitative study with semi-structured interviews with doctors and nurses from the Preventive Medicine, Emergency, and Internal Medicine Services and the Intensive Care Unit, using the Colaizzi's 7-step data analysis method. Results During the first wave, lack of information and leadership led to feelings of uncertainty, fear of infection, and transmission to family members. Continuous organizational changes and lack of material and human resources brought limited results. The lack of space to accommodate patients, along with insufficient training in treating critical patients, and the frequent moving around of healthcare workers, reduced the quality of care. Despite the high levels of emotional stress reported, no sick leave was taken; the high levels of commitment and professional vocation helped in adapting to the intense work rhythms. Healthcare professionals in the medical services and support units reported higher levels of stress, and a greater sense of neglect by their institution than their colleagues in managerial roles. Family, social support, and camaraderie at work were effective coping strategies. Health professionals showed a strong collective spirit and sense of solidarity. This helped them cope with the additional stress and workload that accompanied the pandemic. Conclusion In the wake of this experience, they highlight the need for a contingency plan adapted to each organizational context. Such a plan should include psychological counseling and continuous training in critical patient care. Above all, it needs to take advantage of the hard-won knowledge born of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Nieves Rodríguez-Madrid
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- *Correspondence: María Nieves Rodríguez-Madrid,
| | - Guadalupe Pastor-Moreno
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain
- Grupo 50 del CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación del Gobierno de España, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique Albert-Lopez
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - María Pastor-Valero
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Historia de la Ciencia y Ginecología, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
- Grupo 26 del CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación del Gobierno de España, Madrid, Spain
- Programa de pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Franchi C, Giacalone E, Di Giovanni D, Moramarco S, Carestia M. Biological Risk in Italian Prisons: From the COVID-19 Management to the Development of a Standardized Model for Emergency Response. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:10353. [PMID: 34639653 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Within the confinements of critical infrastructures, the COVID-19 pandemic is posing a series of challenges to Health Management. In the spotlight of highly contagious and quick spreading diseases within such enclosed facilities, whether it be a detention facility or otherwise, the health and safety of those living within its internment is paramount. This paper aims to highlight the specific challenges and the possible solutions to counteract this problem, starting from the lessons learnt from the Italian prison system case study. Following the general description of the available resources within the Italian prisons, the study aimed at specifically describing the first counteracting measures deployed by the Italian prison authorities during the first phase of the COVID-19 outbreak (February-July 2020). The aim was to propose an integrated plan capable of responding to a biological threat within the prisons. In particular, the study describes the actions and technical features that, in accordance with national and international legal frameworks and the relevant organisational bodies that run the Italian Prison Service, had been adopted in managing, right from the start, the COVID-19 pandemic until Summer 2020. Available information and data showed the ability of the prison administration to comply almost completely with WHO's technical and human rights recommendations and also, in successfully handling prison emergencies both in terms of the sick and the deceased in line with the epidemiological framework of the general population. In addition, the paper proposes a draft of guidelines that should involve the National Health Service and the Prison Service that are aimed at supporting the local prison facilities with drawing up their own biological incident contingency plans. An approved, legal, standardised plan could increase the awareness of prison managers. It could even increase their self-confidence, in particular, with regard to cases of dispute and their ability to respond to them. In fact, it is valuable and forward-thinking to be able to demonstrate that every endeavour has been taken and that 'certified' best practices have been put in place in accordance with the national standards.
Collapse
|
6
|
Brito Fernandes Ó, Lobo Julião P, Klazinga N, Kringos D, Marques N. COVID-19 Preparedness and Perceived Safety in Nursing Homes in Southern Portugal: A Cross-Sectional Survey-Based Study in the Initial Phases of the Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18157983. [PMID: 34360296 PMCID: PMC8345424 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Nursing homes’ preparedness in managing a public health emergency has been poor, with effects on safety culture. The objective of this study was to assess nursing homes’ COVID-19 preparedness in southern Portugal, including staff’s work experiences during the pandemic. (2) Methods: We used a COVID-19 preparedness checklist to be completed by management teams, followed by follow-up calls to nursing homes. Thereafter, a survey of staff was applied. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, and thematic analysis of open-end questions. (3) Results: In total, 71% (138/195) of eligible nursing homes returned the preparedness checklist. We conducted 83 follow-up calls and received 720 replies to the staff survey. On average, 25% of nursing homes did not have an adequate decision-making structure to respond to the pandemic. Outbreak capacity and training were areas for improvement among nursing homes’ contingency plans. We identified teamwork as an area of strength for safety culture, whereas compliance with procedures and nonpunitive response to mistakes need improvement. (4) Conclusions: To strengthen how nursing homes cope with upcoming phases of the COVID-19 pandemic or future public health emergencies, nursing homes’ preparedness and safety culture should be fostered and closely monitored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Brito Fernandes
- Department of Health Economics, Corvinus University of Budapest, Fővám tér 8, H-1093 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (D.K.)
- Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center, Campus Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (P.L.J.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Pedro Lobo Julião
- Algarve Biomedical Center, Campus Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (P.L.J.); (N.M.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Campus Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Niek Klazinga
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Dionne Kringos
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Nuno Marques
- Algarve Biomedical Center, Campus Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (P.L.J.); (N.M.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Campus Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Constantinou C, Kolokotroni O, Mosquera M, Heraclides A, Demetriou C, Karayiannis P, Quattrocchi A, Charalambous A. Developing a holistic contingency plan: Challenges and dilemmas for cancer patients during the COVID-19. Cancer Med 2020; 9:6082-6092. [PMID: 32687677 PMCID: PMC7405276 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the first quarter of 2020 the world is experiencing a pandemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel beta coronavirus that is responsible for the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The COVID-19 pandemic revealed that healthcare systems around the world were not prepared to deal with either the direct effects of the pandemic or with the indirect effects that are imposed on the health of patients with chronic disorders such as cancer patients. Some challenges and dilemmas currently faced during the pandemic include the management of cancer patients during the treatment and follow-up phases, the assessment of the safety of treatments currently used for the management of SARS-CoV-2 for use in cancer patients, the development of psychoeducation and emotional support for cancer patients and the safe conduct of clinical trials involving participation of cancer patients. Evidence from the literature supports the need for the urgent development of a holistic contingency plan which will include clear guidelines for the protection and comprehensive care of cancer patients. The implementation of such a plan is expected to have many beneficial effects by mainly minimizing the increased morbidity and mortality of cancer patients that could result as an adverse consequence of the COVID-19 or future pandemics.
Collapse
|
8
|
Darafsheh A, Lavvafi H, Taleei R, Khan R. Mitigating disruptions, and scalability of radiation oncology physics work during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2020; 21:187-195. [PMID: 32432389 PMCID: PMC7285927 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The COVID-19 pandemic has led to disorder in work and livelihood of a majority of the modern world. In this work, we review its major impacts on procedures and workflow of clinical physics tasks, and suggest alternate pathways to avoid major disruption or discontinuity of physics tasks in the context of small, medium, and large radiation oncology clinics. We also evaluate scalability of medical physics under the stress of "social distancing". METHODS Three models of facilities characterized by the number of clinical physicists, daily patient throughput, and equipment were identified for this purpose. For identical objectives of continuity of clinical operations, with constraints such as social distancing and unavailability of staff due to system strain, however with the possibility of remote operations, the performance of these models was investigated. General clinical tasks requiring on-site personnel presence or otherwise were evaluated to determine the scalability of the three models at this point in the course of disease spread within their surroundings. RESULTS The clinical physics tasks within three models could be divided into two categories. The former, which requires individual presence, include safety-sensitive radiation delivery, high dose per fraction treatments, brachytherapy procedures, fulfilling state and nuclear regulatory commission's requirements, etc. The latter, which can be handled through remote means, include dose planning, physics plan review and supervision of quality assurance, general troubleshooting, etc. CONCLUSION: At the current level of disease in the United States, all three models have sustained major system stress in continuing reduced operation. However, the small clinic model may not perform if either the current level of infections is maintained for long or staff becomes unavailable due to health issues. With abundance, and diversity of innovative resources, medium and large clinic models can sustain further for physics-related radiotherapy services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Darafsheh
- Department of Radiation OncologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMO63110USA
| | - Hossein Lavvafi
- William E. Kahlert Regional Cancer CenterWestminsterMD21157USA
| | - Reza Taleei
- Department of Radiation OncologySidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphiaPA19107USA
| | - Rao Khan
- Department of Radiation OncologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMO63110USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Delahay RJ, Smith GC, Hutchings MR, Smith GC, Taylor MA, Delahay RJ. Risk Assessment and Contingency Planning for Exotic Disease Introductions. Management of Disease in Wild Mammals 2009. [PMCID: PMC7120340 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-77134-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Globalisation has greatly enhanced opportunities for the spread of infectious diseases throughout the world, giving rise to serious threats to human and animal health. This is illustrated by the recent introduction and subsequent spread of West Nile virus in the USA, and outbreaks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in South-East Asia. It is therefore becoming increasingly important that national (and potentially regional) governments should not only have robust systems in place to reduce the risk of disease introductions, but that they need to also consider how to identify and deal with outbreaks of pathogens in wild and domestic animals. In this chapter we will discuss the roles of risk assessment and contingency planning in the management of exotic disease risks involving wild mammals. The principal purpose of contingency planning is to ensure that a State of preparedness exists in the event of a disease introduction. This requires that the most likely risks of pathogen introduction are identified, that there are adequate means of detecting the pathogen's presence, and that a set of instructions exists describing the best available methods for its rapid and cost-effective containment and control. Contingency planning will involve some of the approaches to disease surveillance (Chapter 10) and management (Chapters 6–8) discussed in other chapters, and so will entail many of the associated challenges, costs and benefits. However, as the aim of a contingency plan is likely to be the rapid containment and subsequent elimination of a pathogen (that is either exotic or endemic but emergent) within a restricted area, the methods of management should reflect this urgency. This may mean that it is appropriate to deploy more severe or costly measures over a short period than would be considered for the sustained control of an endemic pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Delahay
- Wildlife Disease Ecology Team, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ UK
| | - Graham C. Smith
- Wildlife Disease Ecology Team, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ UK
| | - Michael R. Hutchings
- Disease Systems Team, Scottish Agricultural College (SAC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|