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Thompson DA, Tsaava T, Rishi A, Nadella S, Mishra L, Tuveson DA, Pavlov VA, Brines M, Tracey KJ, Chavan SS. Optogenetic stimulation of the brainstem dorsal motor nucleus ameliorates acute pancreatitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166212. [PMID: 37180135 PMCID: PMC10167283 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inflammation is an inherently self-amplifying process, resulting in progressive tissue damage when unresolved. A brake on this positive feedback system is provided by the nervous system which has evolved to detect inflammatory signals and respond by activating anti-inflammatory processes, including the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway mediated by the vagus nerve. Acute pancreatitis, a common and serious condition without effective therapy, develops when acinar cell injury activates intrapancreatic inflammation. Prior study has shown that electrical stimulation of the carotid sheath, which contains the vagus nerve, boosts the endogenous anti-inflammatory response and ameliorates acute pancreatitis, but it remains unknown whether these anti-inflammatory signals originate in the brain. Methods Here, we used optogenetics to selectively activate efferent vagus nerve fibers originating in the brainstem dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN) and evaluated the effects on caerulein-induced pancreatitis. Results Stimulation of the cholinergic neurons in the DMN significantly attenuates the severity of pancreatitis as indicated by reduced serum amylase, pancreatic cytokines, tissue damage, and edema. Either vagotomy or silencing cholinergic nicotinic receptor signaling by pre-administration of the antagonist mecamylamine abolishes the beneficial effects. Discussion These results provide the first evidence that efferent vagus cholinergic neurons residing in the brainstem DMN can inhibit pancreatic inflammation and implicate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway as a potential therapeutic target for acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane A. Thompson
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Surgery, Northshore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Tea Tsaava
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Arvind Rishi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Sandeep Nadella
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - David A. Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Valentin A. Pavlov
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Michael Brines
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Sangeeta S. Chavan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
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Kressel AM, Tsaava T, Levine YA, Chang EH, Addorisio ME, Chang Q, Burbach BJ, Carnevale D, Lembo G, Zador AM, Andersson U, Pavlov VA, Chavan SS, Tracey KJ. Identification of a brainstem locus that inhibits tumor necrosis factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29803-29810. [PMID: 33168718 PMCID: PMC7703602 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008213117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, compact clusters of neuron cell bodies, termed nuclei, are essential for maintaining parameters of host physiology within a narrow range optimal for health. Neurons residing in the brainstem dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) project in the vagus nerve to communicate with the lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs. Vagus nerve-mediated reflexes also control immune system responses to infection and injury by inhibiting the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and other cytokines in the spleen, although the function of DMN neurons in regulating TNF release is not known. Here, optogenetics and functional mapping reveal cholinergic neurons in the DMN, which project to the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglia, significantly increase splenic nerve activity and inhibit TNF production. Efferent vagus nerve fibers terminating in the celiac-superior mesenteric ganglia form varicose-like structures surrounding individual nerve cell bodies innervating the spleen. Selective optogenetic activation of DMN cholinergic neurons or electrical activation of the cervical vagus nerve evokes action potentials in the splenic nerve. Pharmacological blockade and surgical transection of the vagus nerve inhibit vagus nerve-evoked splenic nerve responses. These results indicate that cholinergic neurons residing in the brainstem DMN control TNF production, revealing a role for brainstem coordination of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Kressel
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Tea Tsaava
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | | | - Eric H Chang
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Meghan E Addorisio
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Qing Chang
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | | | - Daniela Carnevale
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lembo
- Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ulf Andersson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030;
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030;
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030;
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY 11549
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Hermann GE, Viard E, Rogers RC. Hindbrain glucoprivation effects on gastric vagal reflex circuits and gastric motility in the rat are suppressed by the astrocyte inhibitor fluorocitrate. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10488-96. [PMID: 25100584 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1406-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting and hypoglycemia elicit powerful gastrointestinal contractions. Whereas the relationship between utilizable nutrient and gastric motility is well recognized, the explanation of this phenomenon has remained incomplete. A relatively recent controversial report suggested that astrocytes in the dorsal hindbrain may be the principal detectors of glucoprivic stimuli. Our own studies also show that a subset of astrocytes in the solitary nucleus (NST) is activated by low glucose. It is very likely that information about glucopenia may directly impact gastric control because the hindbrain is also the location of the vago-vagal reflex circuitry regulating gastric motility. Our in vivo single unit neurophysiological recordings in intact rats show fourth ventricular application of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) inhibits NST neurons and activates dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) neurons involved in the gastric accommodation reflex. Additionally, as shown in earlier studies, either systemic insulin or central 2-DG causes an increase in gastric motility. These effects on motility were blocked by fourth ventricle pretreatment with the astrocyte inactivator fluorocitrate. Fluorocitrate administered alone has no effect on gastric-NST or -DMN neuron responsiveness, or on gastric motility. These results suggest that glucoprivation-induced increases in gastric motility are dependent on intact hindbrain astrocytes.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The vagus nerve is the major neural connection between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. During fetal development, axons from the cell bodies of the nodose ganglia and the dorsal motor nucleus grow into the gut to find their enteric targets, providing the vagal sensory and motor innervations respectively. Vagal sensory and motor axons innervate selective targets, suggesting a role for guidance cues in the establishment of the normal pattern of enteric vagal innervation. PURPOSE This review explores known molecular mechanisms that guide vagal innervation in the gastrointestinal tract. Guidance and growth factors, such as netrin-1 and its receptor, deleted in colorectal cancer, extracellular matrix molecules, such as laminin-111, and members of the neurotrophin family of molecules, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor have been identified as mediating the guidance of vagal axons to the fetal mouse gut. In addition to increasing our understanding of the development of enteric innervation, studies of vagal development may also reveal clinically relevant insights into the underlying mechanisms of vago-vagal communication with the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Ratcliffe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Grill HJ, Ginsberg AB, Seeley RJ, Kaplan JM. Brainstem application of melanocortin receptor ligands produces long-lasting effects on feeding and body weight. J Neurosci 1998; 18:10128-35. [PMID: 9822766 PMCID: PMC6793290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the central melanocortin (MC) system is a prominent contributor to food intake and body weight control. MC receptor (MC-R) populations in the arcuate and paraventricular nuclei are considered probable sites of action mediating the orexigenic effects of systemically or intracerebroventricularly administered ligands. Yet, the highest MC4-R density in the brain is found in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, situated subjacent to the commissural nucleus of the solitary tract, a site of pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA expression. We evaluated the contribution of the caudal brainstem MC system by (1) performing respective dose-response analyses for an MC-R agonist (MTII) and antagonist (SHU9119) delivered to the fourth ventricle, (2) comparing, in the same rats, the fourth intracerebroventricular dose-response profiles to those obtained with lateral intracerebroventricular delivery, and (3) delivering an effective dose of MTII or SHU9119 to rats before a 24 hr period of food deprivation. Fourth intracerebroventricular agonist treatment yielded a dose-dependent reduction of short-term (2 and 4 hr) and longer-term (24 hr) food intake and body weight. Fourth intracerebroventricular antagonist treatment produced the opposite pattern of results: dose-related increases in food intake and corresponding increases in body weight change for the 24-96 hr observation period. Comparable dose-response functions for food intake and body weight were observed when these compounds were delivered to the lateral ventricle. Results from deprived rats (no effect of MTII or SHU9119 on weight loss) support the impression derived from the dose-response analyses that the body weight change that follows MC treatments is secondary to their respective effects on food intake. Results support the relevance of the brainstem MC-R complement to the control of feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Grill
- Department of Psychology and Institute of Neurological Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Abstract
Behavioral and physiological studies have revealed increasing evidence in thirst, hunger, energy and water metabolism for the importance of visceral input to the brain as well as central modulation of visceral events. Recent work in our laboratory has now revealed some new information about the central course of these afferent and efferent systems. From our work and others there is now good evidence that the bed of the hepatic-portal system contains sodium and osmoreceptors. Our electrophysiological and histochemical studies show that one branch overlaps the gustatory pathway. That is, involves the vagus nerve, nucleus tractus solitarius, parabrachial nucleus and ventro-basal thalamus (VBC). Another branch goes not to VBC but to the supra-optic nucleus. At the one level so far investigated clear evidence was obtained for convergence on single cells of visceral and gustatory inputs. It may well occur at other levels. A parallel and perhaps interacting efferent system more related to energy regulation has also been explored. The major parasympathetic output to the viscera are the axons of the brain stem dorsal-motor nucleus (DMV) forming the vagus nerves. We have shown that the paraventricular nucleus, which was known to project to DMV, is the only structure above the brain stem that has a direct input to DMV. However, since the nucleus of the solitary tract and reticular formation send fibers to the DMV the neural substrate exists for considerable indirect input. The significance of these results is that it provides a central neural substrate of the 2-way pathways linking brain and viscera. Thus, we now know more about neural control mechanisms involved in several motivational and metabolic systems. The close contiguity and even convergence of gustatory and visceral afferents may help to explain taste-aversion learning and alterations in the hedonics of taste under different nutritional states. The unique place of the paraventricular nucleus in relation to parasympathetic efferents will doubtless lead to new knowledge of the role of the brain in control of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Novin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, USA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, USA
| | - R C Rogers
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, USA
- Center for Ulcer Research and Education, Wadsworth VA Hospital Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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