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Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Steffensen I, Tlustos C, Van Loveren H, Vernis L, Zorn H, Andryszkiewicz M, Boinowitz E, Glandorf B, Kovalkovicova N, Di Piazza G, Liu Y, Lunardi S, Cavanna D, Roos Y, Chesson A. Safety evaluation of the food enzyme leucyl aminopeptidase from the genetically modified Aspergillus oryzae strain NZYM-BU. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8717. [PMID: 38634009 PMCID: PMC11022145 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The food enzyme leucyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1) is produced with the genetically modified Aspergillus oryzae strain NZYM-BU by Novozymes A/S. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism and its DNA. It is intended to be used in five food manufacturing processes. Dietary exposure to the food enzyme TOS was estimated to be up to 1.508 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not indicate a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 4,928 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, which, when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, resulted in a margin of exposure of at least 3,268. A search for the similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and no match was found. The Panel considered that the risk of allergic reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that the food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.
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Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Steffensen I, Tlustos C, Van Loveren H, Vernis L, Zorn H, Roos Y, Aguilera J, Andryszkiewicz M, Cavanna D, Fernàndez‐Fraguas C, Lunardi S, Liu Y, di Piazza G, Norby K, Nielsen E, Chesson A. Safety evaluation of the food enzyme leucyl aminopeptidase from the non-genetically modified Aspergillus sp. strain AE-MB. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8506. [PMID: 38213414 PMCID: PMC10782226 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The food enzyme leucyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1) is produced with the non-genetically modified Aspergillus sp. strain AE-MB by Amano Enzyme Inc. The food enzyme is considered free from viable cells of the production organism. It is intended to be used in five food manufacturing processes: processing of dairy products for the production of (1) flavouring preparations; processing of plant- and fungal-derived products for the production of (2) protein hydrolysates; processing of meat and fish products for the production of (3) protein hydrolysates, (4) modified meat and fish products and processing of (5) yeast and yeast products. Dietary exposure to the food enzyme-total organic solids (TOS) was estimated to be up to 2.273 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not indicate a safety concern. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 183 mg TOS/kg bw per day. The calculated margin of exposure for each age group was 135 (infants), 81 (toddlers), 83 (children), 109 (adolescents), 160 (adults) and 184 (the elderly). A search for the similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and no matches were found. The Panel considered that the risk of allergic reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood is low. The safety of the food enzyme could not be established given the derived margins of exposure. Therefore, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme could not be considered safe under the intended conditions of use.
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Li H, Shen Y, Dong Z, Li W, Yuan L. Rational Design of Tunable Near-Infrared Oxazine Probe with Large Stokes Shift for Leucine Aminopeptidase Detection and Imaging. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300701. [PMID: 37733480 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Near-Infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging with the advantages of deep tissue penetration and minimum background, has been widely employed and developed in the study of biological applications. However, small Stokes shifts, difficulty in optical tuning, and pH sensitivity are still the major limitations faced by current NIR dyes. To solve these problems, we rationally designed a pH insensitive amino-tunable NIR oxazine fluorophore DQF-NH2 , which exhibited large Stokes shift (125 nm) accompanied with NIR excitation/emission due to the introduction an asymmetrical alternating vibronic feature. By benefiting from the excellent photophysical properties of DQF-NH2 , we have successfully constructed the probe DQF-NH2 -LAP with the ability to detect endogenous LAP. Bioimaging assays demonstrated that DQF-NH2 -LAP can not only effectively detect LAP in living cells, but also was successfully applied to image tumor tissue in vivo. We anticipate that the functionalizable dye DQF-NH2 may be a potential new NIR dye platform with an optically tunable group for the development of future desirable probes for bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhengkun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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Bhattacharya O, Ortiz I, Hendricks N, Walling LL. The tomato chloroplast stromal proteome compendium elucidated by leveraging a plastid protein-localization prediction Atlas. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1020275. [PMID: 37701797 PMCID: PMC10493611 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a model species for studying fruit development, wounding, herbivory, and pathogen attack. Despite tomato's world-wide economic importance and the role of chloroplasts as metabolic hubs and integrators of environmental cues, little is known about the stromal proteome of tomato. Using a high-yielding protocol for chloroplast and stromal protein isolation, MudPIT nano-LC-MS/MS analyses, a robust in-house protein database (the Atlas) for predicting the plastid localization of tomato proteins, and rigorous selection criteria for inclusion/exclusion in the stromal proteome, we identified 1,278 proteins of the tomato stromal proteome. We provide one of the most robust stromal proteomes available to date with empirical evidence for 545 and 92 proteins not previously described for tomato plastids and the Arabidopsis stroma, respectively. The relative abundance of tomato stromal proteins was determined using the exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI). Comparison of the abundance of tomato and Arabidopsis stromal proteomes provided evidence for the species-specific nature of stromal protein homeostasis. The manual curation of the tomato stromal proteome classified proteins into ten functional categories resulting in an accessible compendium of tomato chloroplast proteins. After curation, only 91 proteins remained as unknown, uncharacterized or as enzymes with unknown functions. The curation of the tomato stromal proteins also indicated that tomato has a number of paralogous proteins, not present in Arabidopsis, which accumulated to different levels in chloroplasts. As some of these proteins function in key metabolic pathways or in perceiving or transmitting signals critical for plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress, these data suggest that tomato may modulate the bidirectional communication between chloroplasts and nuclei in a novel manner. The stromal proteome provides a fertile ground for future mechanistic studies in the field of tomato chloroplast-nuclear signaling and are foundational for our goal of elucidating the dynamics of the stromal proteome controlled by the solanaceous-specific, stromal, and wound-inducible leucine aminopeptidase A of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oindrila Bhattacharya
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Irma Ortiz
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Nathan Hendricks
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Linda L. Walling
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Chen YJ, Zhang H, Liu YZ, Shi L, Xiang FF, Lin RD, Liu YH, Chen SY, Yu XQ, Li K. Rational Design of pH-Independent and High-Fidelity Near-Infrared Tunable Fluorescent Probes for Tracking Leucine Aminopeptidase In Vivo. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2359-2367. [PMID: 37265237 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate detection of target analytes and generation of high-fidelity fluorescence signals are particularly critical in life sciences and clinical diagnostics. However, the majority of current NIR-I fluorescent probes are vulnerable to pH effects resulting in signal distortion. In this work, a series of fluorescence-tunable and pH-independent probes are reported by combining optically tunable groups of unsymmetric Si-rhodamines and introducing the methoxy instead of the spiro ring on the benzene ring at position 9. To validate the concept, the leucine aminopeptidase response site was introduced into Si-2,6OMe-NH2 with the best optical properties to synthesize Si-LAP for monitoring the intrahepatic LAP in vivo. Therefore, the design approach may provide a new and practical strategy for designing innovative functional fluorescent probes and generating high-stability and high-fidelity fluorescent signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Zhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Fei-Fan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ru-De Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Shan-Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29, Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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Changklungmoa N, Cheukamud W, Jaikua W, Meemon K, Sobhon P, Kueakhai P. Combination Vaccines of Fasciola gigantica Saposin-like Protein-2 and Leucine Aminopeptidase. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:334. [PMID: 37505630 PMCID: PMC10384649 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8070334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Saposin-like protein-2 (SAP-2) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) are major proteins involved in the digestive process of Fasciola gigantica (Fg). Both SAP-2 and LAP are highly expressed in F. gigantica; therefore, they could be vaccine candidates for fasciolosis. The aims of this study are (1) to observe the tissue expression of F. gigantica SAP-2 (FgSAP-2) and F. gigantica LAP (FgLAP) in F. gigantica by indirect immunofluorescence technique under confocal microscopy and (2) to test the vaccine potentials of individual and combined recombinant (r) FgSAP-2 and rFgLAP against F. gigantica in Imprinting Control Region (ICR) mice (n = 10 per group). By indirect immunofluorescence-confocal microscopy, FgSAP-2 and FgLAP were localized in the caecal epithelium but at different sites: FgSAP-2 appeared in small granules that are distributed in the middle and lower parts of the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, while FgLAP appeared as a line or zone in the apical cytoplasm of caecal epithelial cells. For vaccine testing, the percent protection of combined rFgSAP-2 and rFgLAP vaccines against F. gigantica was at 80.7 to 81.4% when compared with aluminum hydroxide (alum) adjuvant and unimmunized controls, respectively. The levels of IgG1 and IgG2a in the sera were significantly increased in single and combine vaccinated groups compared with the control groups. Vaccinated mice showed reduced liver damage when compared with control groups. This study indicates that the combined rFgSAP-2 and rFgLAP vaccine had a higher vaccine potential than a single vaccine. These results support the further testing and application of this combined vaccine against F. gigantica infection in farmed livestock animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Changklungmoa
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-District, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Research Unit for Vaccine and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Werachon Cheukamud
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-District, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Research Unit for Vaccine and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Wipaphorn Jaikua
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-District, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Research Unit for Vaccine and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Krai Meemon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornanan Kueakhai
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saen Sook Sub-District, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Research Unit for Vaccine and Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases, Burapha University, Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Mueang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
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Matsukawa T, Mizutani S, Matsumoto K, Kato Y, Yoshihara M, Kajiyama H, Shibata K. Placental Leucine Aminopeptidase as a Potential Specific Urine Biomarker for Invasive Ovarian Cancer. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010222. [PMID: 35011963 PMCID: PMC8746293 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A non-invasive and sensitive biomarker for the detection of ovarian cancer (OvCa) is lacking. We aim to investigate if urinary placental leucine aminopeptidase (P-LAP) can serve as a reliable biomarker for OvCa. METHODS P-LAP activity was measured using a LAP assay kit (Serotech Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan) in the urine of 22 patients with benign or borderline malignant ovarian tumors and 18 patients with OvCa. In this assay, L-methionine was added at 20 mM because P-LAP is functional, but other aminopeptidases are inhibited at this dose of L-methionine. RESULTS The mean urinary P-LAP activity was significantly higher in the OvCa group than in the benign or borderline malignant tumor group. When the cut-off value of P-LAP was determined as 11.00 U/L, its sensitivity and specificity for differentiating invasive cancer were 77.8% and 95.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION Although the usefulness of this test should be confirmed in a larger cohort of cases and controls, our study is the first to highlight the importance of urinary P-LAP as a biomarker for OvCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Matsukawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University Bantane Hospital, Aichi 454-8509, Japan;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi 466-8550, Japan;
| | | | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Yukio Kato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Masato Yoshihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi 466-8550, Japan;
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (K.S.); Tel.: +81-52-744-2261 (M.Y.); +81-52-321-8171 (K.S.)
| | - Hiroaki Kajiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi 466-8550, Japan;
| | - Kiyosumi Shibata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fujita Health University Bantane Hospital, Aichi 454-8509, Japan;
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (K.S.); Tel.: +81-52-744-2261 (M.Y.); +81-52-321-8171 (K.S.)
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8
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Zhang M, Tian Z, Wang J, Tian X, Wang C, Cui J, Huo X, Feng L, Yu Z, Ma X. Visual Analysis and Inhibitor Screening of Leucine Aminopeptidase, a Key Virulence Factor for Pathogenic Bacteria-Associated Infection. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3604-3610. [PMID: 34420297 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is a hydrolase for the hydrolysis of peptides or proteins containing a leucine residue at the N-terminal. It is also known to be a key virulence factor for the pathogenic abilities of various pathogens causing infectious diseases, which indicated a new insight into the diagnosis and therapy of pathogenic infections. A new fluorescent probe (S)-2-amino-N-(4-(((6,8-dichloro-9,9-dimethyl-7-oxo-7,9-dihydroacridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)phenyl)-4-methylpentanamide (DDBL) containing DDAO as the fluorophore and leucine as the recognition group was developed for LAP. By real-time visual sensing of LAP, six bacteria with LAP expression were identified efficiently from human feces, as well as by sensitive visual analysis using native-PAGE specially stained with DDBL. Furthermore, a high throughput screening system established with DDBL was applied to identify a natural inhibitor (3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid, AKBA), which could attenuate mouse sepsis induced by Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, the visual sensing of LAP by DDBL suggested the application for target bacteria identification and LAP homolog analysis as well as potential inhibitor expounding for treatment of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian 116044, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhenhao Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Jiayue Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian 116044, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Xiangge Tian
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jingnan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian 116044, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhenlong Yu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian 116044, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
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9
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Malcolm TR, Swiderska KW, Hayes BK, Webb CT, Drag M, Drinkwater N, McGowan S. Mapping the substrate specificity of the Plasmodium M1 and M17 aminopeptidases. Biochem J 2021; 478:2697-713. [PMID: 34133730 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20210172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
During malarial infection, Plasmodium parasites digest human hemoglobin to obtain free amino acids for protein production and maintenance of osmotic pressure. The Plasmodium M1 and M17 aminopeptidases are both postulated to have an essential role in the terminal stages of the hemoglobin digestion process and are validated drug targets for the design of new dual-target anti-malarial compounds. In this study, we profiled the substrate specificity fingerprints and kinetic behaviors of M1 and M17 aminopeptidases from Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, and the mouse model species, Plasmodium berghei. We found that although the Plasmodium M1 aminopeptidases share a largely similar, broad specificity at the P1 position, the P. falciparum M1 displays the greatest diversity in specificity and P. berghei M1 showing a preference for charged P1 residues. In contrast, the Plasmodium M17 aminopeptidases share a highly conserved preference for hydrophobic residues at the P1 position. The aminopeptidases also demonstrated intra-peptide sequence specificity, particularly the M1 aminopeptidases, which showed a definitive preference for peptides with fewer negatively charged intrapeptide residues. Overall, the P. vivax and P. berghei enzymes had a faster substrate turnover rate than the P. falciparum enzymes, which we postulate is due to subtle differences in structural dynamicity. Together, these results build a kinetic profile that allows us to better understand the catalytic nuances of the M1 and M17 aminopeptidases from different Plasmodium species.
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10
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Malcolm TR, Belousoff MJ, Venugopal H, Borg NA, Drinkwater N, Atkinson SC, McGowan S. Active site metals mediate an oligomeric equilibrium in Plasmodium M17 aminopeptidases. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100173. [PMID: 33303633 PMCID: PMC7948507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
M17 leucyl aminopeptidases are metal-dependent exopeptidases that rely on oligomerization to diversify their functional roles. The M17 aminopeptidases from Plasmodium falciparum (PfA-M17) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv-M17) function as catalytically active hexamers to generate free amino acids from human hemoglobin and are drug targets for the design of novel antimalarial agents. However, the molecular basis for oligomeric assembly is not fully understood. In this study, we found that the active site metal ions essential for catalytic activity have a secondary structural role mediating the formation of active hexamers. We found that PfA-M17 and Pv-M17 exist in a metal-dependent dynamic equilibrium between active hexameric species and smaller inactive species that can be controlled by manipulating the identity and concentration of metals available. Mutation of residues involved in metal ion binding impaired catalytic activity and the formation of active hexamers. Structural resolution of Pv-M17 by cryoelectron microscopy and X-ray crystallography together with solution studies revealed that PfA-M17 and Pv-M17 bind metal ions and substrates in a conserved fashion, although Pv-M17 forms the active hexamer more readily and processes substrates faster than PfA-M17. On the basis of these studies, we propose a dynamic equilibrium between monomer ↔ dimer ↔ tetramer ↔ hexamer, which becomes directional toward the large oligomeric states with the addition of metal ions. This sophisticated metal-dependent dynamic equilibrium may apply to other M17 aminopeptidases and underpin the moonlighting capabilities of this enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess R Malcolm
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Belousoff
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hariprasad Venugopal
- Ramacciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie A Borg
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Immunity and Immune Evasion Laboratory, Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nyssa Drinkwater
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah C Atkinson
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Immunity and Immune Evasion Laboratory, Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Research, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheena McGowan
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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11
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Shevchenko KV, Andreeva LA, Nagaev IY, Shevchenko VP, Myasoedov NF. [Study of stability of proline-containing derivatives of dopamine and serotonin in the biological media in vitro experiments]. Biomed Khim 2019; 65:498-506. [PMID: 31876520 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20196506498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Boc-Gly-Pro-DP, Z-Gly-Pro-DP, LA-Gly-Pro-DP, Boc-Gly-Pro-Srt, Z-Gly-Pro-Srt were synthesized for the first time. The stability of these compounds in the presence of leucine aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase Y, carboxypeptidase B and proline endopeptidase (PEP) was determined. It turned out that the compounds are stable in the presence of aminopeptidases and carboxypeptidases. In the presence of PEP, dopamine (DP) and serotonin (Srt) are cleaved from the synthesized preparations. Thus, new proline-containing Srt and DP derivatives were obtained, Srt and DP could be gradually released from them. This suggest the possibility of a prolonged action of these biologically active compounds on the vital activity of cells and, consequently, of the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Shevchenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Andreeva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - I Yu Nagaev
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V P Shevchenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N F Myasoedov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation between proteolytic enzymes and microangiogenesis in degenerative intervertebral disc nucleus. Methods: Forty patients with degenerative disc nucleus pulposus who were admitted to our hospital were selected incase group and 20 healthy subjects were selected into the normal group. The specimens from the case group and the control group were collected to observe the degeneration of nucleus pulposus tissues with different degrees of classification, including H&E staining and immunohistochemical staining, and observe cathepsin such as aminopeptidase and vascular endothelial positive cells. The distribution of microvessels was also performed by the Weidner method. Results: After H&E staining, chondrocytes in the normal group clustered in the cartilage depression under the microscope. The matrix staining was uniform, while the number of chondrocytes in the case group decreased, and the nucleus was lightly stained or disappeared. Immunohistochemistry assay revealed little or no expression of aminopeptidase N (APN) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) in the nucleus pulposus of the normal group, but noticeable APN and LAP expressions in the degenerative intervertebral disc nucleus. Endothelial cells were stained singly or in clusters by CD31-labeled microvascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Conclusion: The expression level of various proteolytic enzymes such as aminopeptidase in the intervertebral disc and the linear relationship between microvessel formation and nerve fiber ingrowth in the intervertebral disc are helpful to further explore the molecular level of disc degeneration and pathophysiological mechanisms to aid clinical diagnosis and treatment of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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13
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Wu M, Yan M, Xu J, Liang Y, Gu X, Xie Y, Jing B, Lai W, Peng X, Yang G. Expression, Tissue Localization and Serodiagnostic Potential of Echinococcus granulosus Leucine Aminopeptidase. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1063. [PMID: 29614002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE), a widespread parasitic zoonosis. Leucine aminopeptidases (LAPs) of the M17 peptidase family have important functions in regulating the balance of catabolism and anabolism, cell maintenance, growth and defense. In this study, we presented a bioinformatic characterization and experimentally determined the tissue distribution characteristics of E. granulosus LAP (Eg-LAP), and explored its potential value for diagnosis of CE in sheep based on indirect ELISA. Through fluorescence immunohistochemistry, we found that Eg-LAP was present in the tegument and hooks of PSCs, the whole germinal layer and adult worm parenchymatous tissue. Western blotting results revealed that the recombinant protein could be identified using E. granulosus-infected sheep serum. The diagnostic value of this recombinant protein was assessed by indirect ELISA, and compared with indirect ELISA based on hydatid fluid antigen. The sensitivity and specificity rEgLAP-ELISA were 95.8% (23/24) and 79.09% (87/110), respectively, while using hydatid fluid as antigen showed the values 41.7% (10/24) and 65.45% (72/110). This is the first report concerning leucine aminopeptidase from E. granulosus, and the results showed that Eg-LAP belong to M17 peptidase families, and that it is involved in important biological function of E. granulosus. Furthermore, rEg-LAP is appropriate for diagnosing and monitoring CE in sheep in field. Development of a rapid test using rEg-LAP to diagnose sheep CE deserves further study.
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Ayo B, Abad N, Artolozaga I, Azua I, Baña Z, Unanue M, Gasol JM, Duarte CM, Iriberri J. Imbalanced nutrient recycling in a warmer ocean driven by differential response of extracellular enzymatic activities. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:4084-4093. [PMID: 28593723 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ocean oligotrophication concurrent with warming weakens the capacity of marine primary producers to support marine food webs and act as a CO2 sink, and is believed to result from reduced nutrient inputs associated to the stabilization of the thermocline. However, nutrient supply in the oligotrophic ocean is largely dependent on the recycling of organic matter. This involves hydrolytic processes catalyzed by extracellular enzymes released by bacteria, which temperature dependence has not yet been evaluated. Here, we report a global assessment of the temperature-sensitivity, as represented by the activation energies (Ea ), of extracellular β-glucosidase (βG), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) enzymatic activities, which enable the uptake by bacteria of substrates rich in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, respectively. These Ea were calculated from two different approaches, temperature experimental manipulations and a space-for-time substitution approach, which generated congruent results. The three activities showed contrasting Ea in the subtropical and tropical ocean, with βG increasing the fastest with warming, followed by LAP, while AP showed the smallest increase. The estimated activation energies predict that the hydrolysis products under projected warming scenarios will have higher C:N, C:P and N:P molar ratios than those currently generated, and suggest that the warming of oceanic surface waters leads to a decline in the nutrient supply to the microbial heterotrophic community relative to that of carbon, particularly so for phosphorus, slowing down nutrient recycling and contributing to further ocean oligotrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Ayo
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE-UPV/EHU, Plentzia-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Naiara Abad
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Itxaso Artolozaga
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iñigo Azua
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Zuriñe Baña
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marian Unanue
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Josep M Gasol
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Department of Global Change Research, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
- Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering Division, Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juan Iriberri
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa-Bizkaia, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PiE-UPV/EHU, Plentzia-Bizkaia, Spain
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Timm J, Valente M, García-Caballero D, Wilson KS, González-Pacanowska D. Structural Characterization of Acidic M17 Leucine Aminopeptidases from the TriTryps and Evaluation of Their Role in Nutrient Starvation in Trypanosoma brucei. mSphere 2017; 2:e00226-17. [PMID: 28815215 DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00226-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine aminopeptidases (LAPs) catalyze the hydrolysis of the N-terminal amino acid of peptides and are considered potential drug targets. They are involved in multiple functions ranging from host cell invasion and provision of essential amino acids to site-specific homologous recombination and transcription regulation. In kinetoplastid parasites, there are at least three distinct LAPs. The availability of the crystal structures provides important information for drug design. Here we report the structure of the acidic LAPs from three kinetoplastids in complex with different inhibitors and explore their role in Trypanosoma brucei survival under various nutrient conditions. Importantly, the acidic LAP is dispensable for growth both in vitro and in vivo, an observation that questions its use as a specific drug target. While LAP-A is not essential, leucine depletion and subcellular localization studies performed under starvation conditions suggest a possible function of LAP-A in the response to nutrient restriction. Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is found in all kingdoms of life and catalyzes the metal-dependent hydrolysis of the N-terminal amino acid residue of peptide or amino acyl substrates. LAPs have been shown to participate in the N-terminal processing of certain proteins in mammalian cells and in homologous recombination and transcription regulation in bacteria, while in parasites, they are involved in host cell invasion and provision of essential amino acids for growth. The enzyme is essential for survival in Plasmodium falciparum, where its drug target potential has been suggested. We report here the X-ray structures of three kinetoplastid acidic LAPs (LAP-As from Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania major) which were solved in the metal-free and unliganded forms, as well as in a number of ligand complexes, providing insight into ligand binding, metal ion requirements, and oligomeric state. In addition, we analyzed mutant cells defective in LAP-A in Trypanosoma brucei, strongly suggesting that the enzyme is not required for the growth of this parasite either in vitro or in vivo. In procyclic cells, LAP-A was equally distributed throughout the cytoplasm, yet upon starvation, it relocalizes in particles that concentrate in the perinuclear region. Overexpression of the enzyme conferred a growth advantage when parasites were grown in leucine-deficient medium. Overall, the results suggest that in T. brucei, LAP-A may participate in protein degradation associated with nutrient depletion. IMPORTANCE Leucine aminopeptidases (LAPs) catalyze the hydrolysis of the N-terminal amino acid of peptides and are considered potential drug targets. They are involved in multiple functions ranging from host cell invasion and provision of essential amino acids to site-specific homologous recombination and transcription regulation. In kinetoplastid parasites, there are at least three distinct LAPs. The availability of the crystal structures provides important information for drug design. Here we report the structure of the acidic LAPs from three kinetoplastids in complex with different inhibitors and explore their role in Trypanosoma brucei survival under various nutrient conditions. Importantly, the acidic LAP is dispensable for growth both in vitro and in vivo, an observation that questions its use as a specific drug target. While LAP-A is not essential, leucine depletion and subcellular localization studies performed under starvation conditions suggest a possible function of LAP-A in the response to nutrient restriction.
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16
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Correa AF, Bastos IMD, Neves D, Kipnis A, Junqueira-Kipnis AP, de Santana JM. The Activity of a Hexameric M17 Metallo-Aminopeptidase Is Associated With Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:504. [PMID: 28396657 PMCID: PMC5366330 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most prevalent human pathogens causing millions of deaths in the last years. Moreover, tuberculosis (TB) treatment has become increasingly challenging owing to the emergence of multidrug resistant M. tuberculosis strains. Thus, there is an immediate need for the development of new anti-TB drugs. Proteases appear to be a promising approach and may lead to shortened and effective treatments for drug-resistant TB. Although the M. tuberculosis genome predicts more than 100 genes encoding proteases, only a few of them have been studied. Aminopeptidases constitute a set of proteases that selectively remove amino acids from the N-terminus of proteins and peptides and may act as virulence factors, essential for survival and maintenance of many microbial pathogens. Here, we characterized a leucine aminopeptidase of M. tuberculosis (MtLAP) as a cytosolic oligomeric metallo-aminopeptidase. Molecular and enzymatic properties lead us to classify MtLAP as a typical member of the peptidase family M17. Furthermore, the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin strongly inhibited MtLAP activity, in vitro M. tuberculosis growth and macrophage infection. In murine model of TB, bestatin treatment reduced bacterial burden and lesion in the lungs of infected mice. Thus, our data suggest that MtLAP participates in important metabolic pathways of M. tuberculosis necessary for its survival and virulence and consequently may be a promising target for new anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre F Correa
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Biologia Universidade de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública Universidade Federal de GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| | - Izabela M D Bastos
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Biologia Universidade de Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - David Neves
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Biologia Universidade de Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Andre Kipnis
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ana P Junqueira-Kipnis
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Jaime M de Santana
- Laboratório de Interação Patógeno-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Biologia Universidade de Brasília Brasília, Brazil
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17
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Gu K, Liu Y, Guo Z, Lian C, Yan C, Shi P, Tian H, Zhu WH. In Situ Ratiometric Quantitative Tracing of Intracellular Leucine Aminopeptidase Activity via an Activatable Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:26622-26629. [PMID: 27667645 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), one of the important proteolytic enzymes, is intertwined with the progress of many pathological disorders as a well-defined biomarker. To explore fluorescent aminopeptidase probe for quantitative detection of LAP distribution and dynamic changes, herein we report a LAP-targeting near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (DCM-Leu) for ratiometric quantitative trapping of LAP activity in different kinds of living cells. DCM-Leu is composed of a NIR-emitting fluorophore (DCM) as a reporter and l-leucine as a triggered moiety, which are linked together by an amide bond specific for LAP cleavage. High contrast on the ratiometric NIR fluorescence signal can be achieved in response to LAP activity, thus enabling quantification of endogenous LAP with "build-in calibration" as well as minimal background interference. Its ratiometric NIR signal can be blocked in a dose-dependent manner by bestatin, an LAP inhibitor, indicating that the alteration of endogenous LAP activity results in these obviously fluorescent signal responses. It is worth noting that DCM-Leu features striking characteristics such as a large Stokes shift (∼205 nm), superior selectivity, and strong photostability responding to LAP. Impressively, not only did we successfully exemplify DCM-Leu in situ ratiometric trapping and quantification of endogenous LAP activity in various types of living cells, but also, with the aid of three-dimensional confocal imaging, the intracellular LAP distribution is clearly observed from different perspectives for the first time, owing to the high signal-to-noise of ratiometric NIR fluorescent response. Collectively, these results demonstrate preclinical potential value of DCM-Leu serving as a useful NIR fluorescent probe for early detection of LAP-associated disease and screening inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhiqian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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18
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Jarocki VM, Santos J, Tacchi JL, Raymond BBA, Deutscher AT, Jenkins C, Padula MP, Djordjevic SP. MHJ_0461 is a multifunctional leucine aminopeptidase on the surface of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Open Biol 2015; 5:140175. [PMID: 25589579 PMCID: PMC4313372 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidases are part of the arsenal of virulence factors produced by bacterial pathogens that inactivate host immune peptides. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a genome-reduced pathogen of swine that lacks the genetic repertoire to synthesize amino acids and relies on the host for availability of amino acids for growth. M. hyopneumoniae recruits plasmin(ogen) onto its cell surface via the P97 and P102 adhesins and the glutamyl aminopeptidase MHJ_0125. Plasmin plays an important role in regulating the inflammatory response in the lungs of pigs infected with M. hyopneumoniae. We show that recombinant MHJ_0461 (rMHJ_0461) functions as a leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) with broad substrate specificity for leucine, alanine, phenylalanine, methionine and arginine and that MHJ_0461 resides on the surface of M. hyopneumoniae. rMHJ_0461 also binds heparin, plasminogen and foreign DNA. Plasminogen bound to rMHJ_0461 was readily converted to plasmin in the presence of tPA. Computational modelling identified putative DNA and heparin-binding motifs on solvent-exposed sites around a large pore on the LAP hexamer. We conclude that MHJ_0461 is a LAP that moonlights as a multifunctional adhesin on the cell surface of M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M Jarocki
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jerran Santos
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jessica L Tacchi
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Benjamin B A Raymond
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Ania T Deutscher
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Private Bag 4008, Narellan, New South Wales 2567, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Private Bag 4008, Narellan, New South Wales 2567, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia Proteomics Core Facility, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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Abstract
The activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), carboxypeptidase N (CPN), and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) has been investigated in the fetoplacental complex (FPC) in normal and placental insufficiency (FPI). ACE and LAP activities were significantly higher in the placental tissue than in maternal serum and umbilical vein serum. CPN activity was significantly lower in umbilical vein serum as compared to that of women in childbirth. Probably, the studied enzymes are involved in formation of reduced sensitivity of FPC of blood vessels during physiological pregnancy. In cases of placental insufficiency a significant increase of LAP activity was found in the placental tissue and umbilical vein serum. In addition, the pathological course of pregnancy caused a significant increase of CPN activity in serum of pregnant women in comparison to the norm. The obtained data suggest that during FPI proteolytic enzymes participate in the formation of compensatoty-adaptive reactions in the FPC. Results of this study are interesting in context of development of methods for prevention and correction of metabolic disorders in pathologies of pregnancy.
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Shen Y, Wang F, Lan D, Liu Y, Yang B, Wang Y. Biochemical properties and potential applications of recombinant leucine aminopeptidase from Bacillus kaustophilus CCRC 11223. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:7609-25. [PMID: 22174620 PMCID: PMC3233426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12117609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of various factors on the activity and conformation of recombinant leucine aminopeptidase of Bacillus kaustophilus CCRC 11223 (BkLAP) and potential utilization of BkLAP in the hydrolysis of anchovy protein. Optimal temperature and pH of BkLAP were 70 °C and 8.0 in potassium-phosphate buffer, respectively, and the activity was strongly stimulated by Ni2+, followed by Mn2+ and Co2+. Conformational studies via circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that various factors could influence the secondary structure of BkLAP to different extents and further induce the changes in enzymatic activity. The secondary structure of BkLAP was slightly modified by Ni2+ at the concentration of 1×10−4 M, however, significant changes on the secondary structures of the enzyme were observed when Hg2+ was added to the concentration of 1×10−4 M. The potential application of BkLAP was evaluated through combination with the commercial or endogenous enzyme to hydrolysis the anchovy protein. Results showed that combining the BkLAP with other enzymes could significantly increase the degree of hydrolysis and amino acid component of hydrolysate. In this regard, BkLAP is a potential enzyme that can be used in the protein hydrolysate industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Shen
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience & Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; E-Mail:
| | - Fanghua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; E-Mails: (F.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dongming Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; E-Mail:
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; E-Mails: (F.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioscience & Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (B.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-0-20-3938-0696 (B.Y.); +86-0-20-8711-3842 (Y.W.)
| | - Yonghua Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; E-Mails: (F.W.); (Y.L.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (B.Y.); (Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-0-20-3938-0696 (B.Y.); +86-0-20-8711-3842 (Y.W.)
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Waditee-Sirisattha R, Hattori A, Shibato J, Rakwal R, Sirisattha S, Takabe T, Tsujimoto M. Role of the Arabidopsis leucine aminopeptidase 2. Plant Signal Behav 2011; 6:1581-3. [PMID: 21918372 PMCID: PMC3256389 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.10.17105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis-related genes have diverse functions across taxa and have long been considered as key players for intracellular protein turnover. Growing evidence indicates the biological significance of peptidases in degradation, maturation and modulation of bioactive peptides/proteins. By screening T-DNA tagged lines and functional analysis approaches we unraveled the Arabidopsis leucine aminopeptidase (AtLAP2) function in amino acid turnover. Transcriptomics and metabolomics profiling data suggested involvement of AtLAP2 in specific metabolic pathways. Loss-of-function of AtLAP2 resulted in early-leaf senescent and stress-sensitive phenotypes. Our work indicates an important in planta role for AtLAP2 contributing to a further understanding of the proteases having several implications in higher plants.
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Huynh KH, Natarajan S, Choi J, Song NH, Kim JG, Lee BM, Ahn YJ, Kang LW. Cloning, expression, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) from the pepA gene of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:952-5. [PMID: 19724142 PMCID: PMC2795610 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309109031467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes the serious disease bacterial blight in rice. The pepA (Xoo0834) gene from Xoo is one of around 100 genes that have been selected for the design of antibacterial drugs. The pepA gene encodes leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), an exopeptidase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of leucine residues from the N-terminus of a protein or peptide. This enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized, and preliminary X-ray structural studies have been carried out. The LAP crystal diffracted to 2.6 A resolution and belonged to the cubic space group P2(1)3. The unit-cell volume of the crystal was compatible with the presence of two monomers in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Hung Huynh
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sampath Natarajan
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyoon Choi
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Hyun Song
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, 7 Hongji-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Gu Kim
- Microbial Genetics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (NIAB), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Moo Lee
- Microbial Genetics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (NIAB), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeh-Jin Ahn
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, 7 Hongji-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Lin-Woo Kang
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Salerno M, Stoecker DK. ECTOCELLULAR GLUCOSIDASE AND PEPTIDASE ACTIVITY OF THE MIXOTROPHIC DINOFLAGELLATE PROROCENTRUM MINIMUM (DINOPHYCEAE)(1). J Phycol 2009; 45:34-45. [PMID: 27033643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2008.00622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The activities of the enzymes α- and β-glucosidase, and leucine aminopeptidase were measured in cultures of the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum (Pavill.) J. Schiller and in field samples collected during dinoflagellate blooms occurring in tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA. Activities were measured using fluorogenic artificial substrates and partitioned among the >5 μm size fraction, small microbes fraction (0.1-5 μm), and dissolved phase (<0.1 μm). P. minimum and most other photosynthetic dinoflagellates are >5 μm in size and thus can be separated from the small microbes fraction, which contains most bacteria. Little to no glucosidase activity was detected associated with the >5 μm size fraction in cultures or in field samples, with most of the activity (67% to 93% in cultures, 54% to 100% in field samples) in the small microbes size fraction for both α and β glucosidase. In contrast, 67% to 90% of the total leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity in cultures was measured in the >5 μm fraction. Within a culture, LAP activity in the size fraction containing P. minimum decreased in response to ammonium and urea additions, but not in response to nitrate. In field samples, LAP activity was positively correlated with dinoflagellate abundance and chl a, and negatively correlated with ammonium concentration. During blooms, up to 34% of LAP activity was associated with the >5 μm fraction, indicating that when abundant, dinoflagellates may make a substantial contribution to ectocellular LAP activity in the water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Salerno
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, Maryland 21613, USA
| | - Diane K Stoecker
- Horn Point Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, P.O. Box 775, Cambridge, Maryland 21613, USA
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25
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Abstract
Neuropeptides are neurotransmitters and modulators distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system. Their abnormalities cause neurological and mental diseases. Neuropeptidases are enzymes crucial for the biosynthesis and biodegradation of neuropeptides. We here focus on the peptidases involved in the metabolism of the well-studied opioid peptides. Bioactive enkephalins are formed from propeptides by processing enzymes—prohormone thiol protease, prohormone convertase 1 and 2 (PC 1 and 2), carboxypeptidase H/E, and Arg/Lys aminopeptidase. After they exert their biological effects, enkephalins are likely to be inactivated by degrading enzymes—angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), aminopeptidase N (APN), puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA), and endopeptidase 24.11. Recently, a neuron-specific aminopeptidase (NAP), which was a putative enkephalin-inactivating enzyme at the synapses, was found. Neuropeptidases are useful drug targets and their inhibitors can be therapeutic. Synthetic anti-enkephalinases and anti-aminopeptidases are being developed. They are potent analgesics but have fewer side effects than the opiates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Lajtha
- grid.250263.00000000121894777Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, Newyork, 10962, USA
| | - Naren Banik
- grid.259828.c0000000121893475Department of Neurosciences Division of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street Suite 309, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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26
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Fernandes VLC, Bhasin DK, Rana SV. Study of enzyme activities in the descending part of the duodenum in patients of duodenal ulcer. Indian J Clin Biochem 2006; 21:169-72. [PMID: 23105592 PMCID: PMC3453778 DOI: 10.1007/bf02913089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the levels of lactase, sucrase, maltase, leucine amino peptidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in duodenum of Indian patients with duodenal ulcer. The effect of duodenum inflammation on these brush border enzymes has also been analysed in this study. Levels of lactase, sucrase, maltase, leucine amino peptidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were assessed in duodenal biopsies of 20 patients of duodenal ulcer and 20 non-ulcer dyspepsia. The duodenal biopsy specimens were also examined histopathologically for presence or absence of inflammation. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the activity of above mentioned enzyme levels in both the groups. Only levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were significantly decreased in patients of duodenal ulcer with duodenal inflammation. This study shows that only the levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were significantly decreased in patients of duodenal ulcer with inflammation but no change in duodenal enzymes due to duodenal ulcer as compared to non-ulcer dyspepsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. L. C. Fernandes
- Department of internal medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, H.No. 137, Sector 15-A, 160015 Chandigarh, India
| | - D. K. Bhasin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, H.No. 137, Sector 15-A, 160015 Chandigarh, India
| | - S. V. Rana
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, H.No. 137, Sector 15-A, 160015 Chandigarh, India
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27
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Abstract
Bestatin, an inhibitor of leucine aminopeptidase (LAPase), significantly decreased HIV infection as reflected by a reduced number of positive immunofluorescent cells, p24 levels, reverse transcriptase activity and the number of proviral copies found in Bestatin-treated cells. Cellular and extracellular LAPase activity in infected cells was higher than the LAPase activity found in uninfected cells. However, cellular and extracellular LAPase activity as well as total protein kinase C activity was lower in Bestatin-treated cells. Conversely, the incubation of human lymphocytic HUT78 cells with LAPase promotes HIV infectivity. The possible role of LAPase in the pathophysiology of HIV was assessed by determining LAPase serum levels in HIV infected patients. LAPase activity levels were three orders of magnitude greater in sera obtained from HIV patients than those detected in sera of uninfected individuals. Although Bestatin reduced HIV infection, a moderate decrease in the reverse transcriptase activity of chronically-infected H9 human T-lymphocytic cells was observed. Based on the higher levels of LAPase present in the serum of HIV patients and on the combined inhibitory effect of Bestatin on LAPase and on protein kinase C activities, we suggest that LAPase may play an important role in the early events of HIV infection such as viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pulido-Cejudo
- Bureau of HIV/AIDS, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont
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