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Dahm SF, Sachse P. Let's do it: Response times in Mental Paper Folding and its execution. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024:17470218241249727. [PMID: 38616184 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241249727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Action imagery is the ability to mentally simulate the execution of an action without physically performing it. Action imagery is assumed to rely at least partly on similar mechanisms as action execution. Therefore, we expected that imagery and execution durations would be constrained by the number of folds in a Paper Folding Task. Analogously, individual differences in execution durations were expected to be reflected in imagery durations. Twenty-eight participants performed two imagery conditions (computer vs. paper) and one execution condition (paper) where two-dimensional grids of a three-dimensional cube were (mentally) folded to determine whether two selected edges overlapped or not. As expected, imagery performance and execution performance were strongly correlated and decreased with the number of folds. Further, the number of folds influenced imagery durations even more than execution durations. This may be due to the additional cognitive load in imagery that emerges when tracking the folds to follow up with the next ones. The results indicate that Mental Paper Folding predominantly involves dynamic visual representations that are not functionally associated with one's own movements as in action imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Frederic Dahm
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pierre Sachse
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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2
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Goldstein AT, Stanford TR, Salinas E. Coupling of saccade plans to endogenous attention during urgent choices. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.01.583058. [PMID: 38496491 PMCID: PMC10942325 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.01.583058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The neural mechanisms that willfully direct attention to specific locations in space are closely related to those for generating targeting eye movements (saccades). However, the degree to which the voluntary deployment of attention to a location is necessarily accompanied by a corresponding saccade plan remains unclear. One problem is that attention and saccades are both automatically driven by salient sensory events; another is that the underlying processes unfold within tens of milliseconds only. Here, we use an urgent task design to resolve the evolution of a visuomotor choice on a moment-by-moment basis while independently controlling the endogenous (goal-driven) and exogenous (salience-driven) contributions to performance. Human participants saw a peripheral cue and, depending on its color, either looked at it (prosaccade) or looked at a diametrically opposite, uninformative non-cue (antisaccade). By varying the luminance of the stimuli, the exogenous contributions could be cleanly dissociated from the endogenous process guiding the choice over time. According to the measured timecourses, generating a correct antisaccade requires about 30 ms more processing time than generating a correct prosaccade based on the same perceptual signal. The results indicate that saccade plans are biased toward the location where attention is endogenously deployed, but the coupling is weak and can be willfully overridden very rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison T Goldstein
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA
| | - Terrence R Stanford
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA
| | - Emilio Salinas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA
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3
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Fierro-Marrero J, Corujo-Merino A, La Touche R, Lerma-Lara S. Motor imagery ability in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and evidence map. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1325548. [PMID: 38379703 PMCID: PMC10876901 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1325548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral palsy (CP) refers to a group of permanent movement and posture disorders. Motor imagery (MI) therapy is known to provide potential benefits, but data on MI ability in children and adolescents with CP is lacking. Objective A systematic review was performed to explore MI abilities in children and adolescents with CP compared to typically developed (TD) subjects. Methods We searched on PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), EBSCO, Google Scholar, and PEDro including observational studies. Methodological quality was assessed with the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and evidence map was created to synthesize the evidence qualitatively and quantitatively. Results Seven cross-sectional studies were selected, which included 174 patients with CP and 321 TD subjects. Three studies explored explicit MI, two MI-execution synchrony, and four implicit MI domains. Methodological quality ranged from 6 to 8 stars. Moderate evidence supported the absence of differences in vividness between the groups. As there was only limited evidence, establishing a clear direction for the results was not possible, especially for the capacity to generate MI, mental chronometry features, and MI-execution synchrony domains. Moderate evidence supported a lower efficiency in cases for hand recognition, derived from a lower accuracy rate, while reaction time remained similar between the two groups. Moderate evidence indicated that patients with CP and TD controls showed similar features on whole-body recognition. Conclusion Moderate evidence suggests that patients with CP present a reduced ability in hand recognition, which is not observed for whole-body recognition compared to healthy controls. Severe limitations concerning sample size calculations and validity of assessment tools clearly limits establishing a direction of results, especially for explicit MI and MI-Execution synchrony domains. Further research is needed to address these limitations to enhance our comprehension of MI abilities in children, which is crucial for prescribing suitable MI-based therapies in this child population.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Fierro-Marrero
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain
- Motion in Brains Research Group, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Corujo-Merino
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roy La Touche
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain
- Motion in Brains Research Group, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Dolor Craneofacial y Neuromusculoesquelético (INDCRAN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Lerma-Lara
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain
- Motion in Brains Research Group, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Aravaca, Madrid, Spain
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Carr TH, Arrington CM, Fitzpatrick SM. Integrating cognition in the laboratory with cognition in the real world: the time cognition takes, task fidelity, and finding tasks when they are mixed together. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1137698. [PMID: 37691795 PMCID: PMC10491893 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1137698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now possible for real-life activities, unfolding over their natural range of temporal and spatial scales, to become the primary targets of cognitive studies. Movement toward this type of research will require an integrated methodological approach currently uncommon in the field. When executed hand in hand with thorough and ecologically valid empirical description, properly developed laboratory tasks can serve as model systems to capture the essentials of a targeted real-life activity. When integrated together, data from these two kinds of studies can facilitate causal analysis and modeling of the mental and neural processes that govern that activity, enabling a fuller account than either method can provide on its own. The resulting account, situated in the activity's natural environmental, social, and motivational context, can then enable effective and efficient development of interventions to support and improve the activity as it actually unfolds in real time. We believe that such an integrated multi-level research program should be common rather than rare and is necessary to achieve scientifically and societally important goals. The time is right to finally abandon the boundaries that separate the laboratory from the outside world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Carr
- Program in Cognition and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - Susan M. Fitzpatrick
- LSRT Associates, St. Louis, MO, United States
- James S. McDonnell Foundation, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Nakagawa K, Kawashima S, Fukuda K, Mizuguchi N, Muraoka T, Kanosue K. Constraints on hand-foot coordination associated with phase dependent modulation of corticospinal excitability during motor imagery. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1133279. [PMID: 37457499 PMCID: PMC10348420 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1133279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Interlimb coordination involving cyclical movements of hand and foot in the sagittal plane is more difficult when the limbs move in opposite directions compared with the same direction (directional constraint). Here we first investigated whether the directional constraint on hand-foot coordination exists in motor imagery (imagined motion). Participants performed 10 cyclic coordinated movements of right wrist flexion-extension and right ankle dorsiflexion-plantarflexion as quickly and precisely as possible, in the following three conditions; (1) actual movements of the two limbs, (2) imaginary movements of the two limbs, and (3) actual movement of one limb combined with imaginary movement of the other limb. Each condition was performed under two directions; the same and the opposite direction. Task execution duration was measured as the time between the first and second press of a button by the participants. The opposite directional movement took a significantly longer time than did the same directional movement, irrespective of the condition type. This suggests that directional constraint of hand-foot coordination occurs even in motor imagery without actual motor commands or kinesthetic signals. We secondarily examined whether the corticospinal excitability of wrist muscles is modulated in synchronization with an imaginary foot movement to estimate the neural basis of directional constraint on imaginary hand-foot coordination. The corticospinal excitability of the forearm extensor in resting position increased during dorsiflexion and decreased during plantarflexion similarly in both actual and imaginary foot movements. This corticospinal modulation depending on imaginary movement phase likely produces the directional constraint on the imaginary hand-foot coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Nakagawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saeko Kawashima
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fukuda
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Mizuguchi
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyuki Kanosue
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
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6
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Voudouris D, Schuetz I, Schinke T, Fiehler K. Pupil dilation scales with movement distance of real but not of imagined reaching movements. J Neurophysiol 2023. [PMID: 37283453 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00024.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pupillary responses have been reliably identified for cognitive and motor tasks, but less is known about their relation to mentally simulated movements (known as motor imagery). Previous work found pupil dilations during the execution of simple finger movements, where peak pupillary dilation scaled with the complexity of the finger movement and force required. Recently, pupillary dilations were reported during imagery of grasping and piano playing. Here we examined whether pupillary responses are sensitive to the dynamics of the underlying motor task for both executed and imagined reach movements. Participants reached or imagined reaching to one of three targets placed at different distances from a start position. Both executed and imagined movement times scaled with target distance, and they were highly correlated, confirming previous work and suggesting that participants did imagine the respective movement. Increased pupillary dilation was evident during motor execution compared to rest, with stronger dilations for larger movements. Pupil dilations also occurred during motor imagery, however they were generally weaker than those during motor execution and they were not influenced by imagined movement distance. Instead, dilations during motor imagery resembled pupil responses obtained during a non-motor imagery task (imagining a previously viewed painting). Our results demonstrate that pupillary responses can reliably capture the dynamics of an executed goal-directed reaching movement, but suggest that pupillary responses during imagined reaching movements reflect general cognitive processes, rather than motor-specific components related to the simulated dynamics of the sensorimotor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Voudouris
- Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Immo Schuetz
- Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tabea Schinke
- Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja Fiehler
- Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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7
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Hatchi V, Guillot A, Robin N. Revisiting Motor Imagery Guidelines in a Tropical Climate: The Time-of-Day Effect. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:ijerph20105855. [PMID: 37239581 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Motor imagery (MI) is relevantly used to improve motor performance and promote rehabilitation. As MI ability and vividness can be affected by circadian modulation, it has been proposed that MI should ideally be performed between 2 p.m. and 8 p.m. Whether such a recommendation remains effective in a hot and humid environment, such as a tropical climate, remains unknown. (2) Methods: A total of 35 acclimatized participants completed a MI questionnaire and a mental chronometry test at 7 a.m., 11 a.m., 2 p.m., and 6 p.m. Visual (VI) and kinesthetic imagery (KI) abilities, as well as temporal congruence between actual walking and MI, were collected. Ambient temperature, chronotypes, thermal comfort, affect, and fatigue were also measured. (3) Results: VI scores were higher at 6 p.m. than at 7 a.m., 11 a.m., and 2 p.m., and temporal congruence was higher at 6 p.m. than at 7 a.m. Comfort, thermal sensation, and positive affect scores were higher at 7 a.m. and 6 p.m. (4) Conclusion: Data support greater imagery ability and accuracy when participants perceive the environment as more pleasant and comfortable. MI guidelines typically provided in neutral climates should therefore be adapted to tropical climates, with MI training sessions ideally scheduled in the late afternoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hatchi
- Laboratory "Adaptation au Climat Tropical, Exercice & Santé" (UPRES EA 3596), Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Pointe-à-Pitre, Campus Fouillole, Université des Antilles, BP 592, CEDEX, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology-EA 7424, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Robin
- Laboratory "Adaptation au Climat Tropical, Exercice & Santé" (UPRES EA 3596), Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Pointe-à-Pitre, Campus Fouillole, Université des Antilles, BP 592, CEDEX, 97159 Pointe-à-Pitre, France
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8
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Moreno-Verdú M, Ferreira-Sánchez MDR, Martín-Casas P, Atín-Arratibel MÁ. Imagined Timed Up and Go test (iTUG) in people with Parkinson's Disease: test-retest reliability and validity. Disabil Rehabil 2023:1-11. [PMID: 36890615 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2185688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the test-retest reliability and validity of the Imagined Timed Up and Go Test (iTUG) as a Motor Imagery measure of temporal accuracy in people with Parkinson's Disease (PD). MATERIALS AND METHODS A descriptive study was conducted following the GRRAS recommendations. Thirty-two people with idiopathic, mild to moderate PD (Hoehn and Yahr I-III), without cognitive impairment (MMSE ≥ 24), were assessed twice (7-15 days apart) with the iTUG. The absolute unadjusted difference in seconds, and the absolute adjusted difference as percentage of estimation error, between real and imagined TUG times, were calculated as outcome measures. Test-retest reliability was assessed using a two-way mixed-effects model of the ICC. Construct validity was tested with the Imagined Box and Blocks Test (iBBT) and convergent validity with clinical characteristics of PD, using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS The ICC for the unadjusted and adjusted measures of the iTUG was ICC = 0.61 and ICC = 0.55, respectively. Correlations between iTUG and iBBT were not statistically significant. The iTUG was partially correlated to clinical characteristics of PD. CONCLUSIONS Test-retest reliability of the iTUG was moderate. Construct validity between iTUG and iBBT was poor, so caution should be taken when using them concurrently to assess imagery's temporal accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Moreno-Verdú
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Therapy, Madrid Parkinson Association, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Brain Injury and Movement Disorders Neurorehabilitation Group (GINDAT), Institute of Life Sciences, Francisco de Vitoria University, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - María Del Rosario Ferreira-Sánchez
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiotherapy, Catholic University of Avila, Avila, Spain
| | - Patricia Martín-Casas
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Atín-Arratibel
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Richards E, Tales A, Bayer A, Norris JE, Hanley CJ, Thornton IM. Reaction Time Decomposition as a Tool to Study Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:625-636. [PMID: 34632300 PMCID: PMC8461746 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The study of reaction time (RT) and its intraindividual variability (IIV) in aging, cognitive impairment, and dementia typically fails to investigate the processing stages that contribute to an overall response. Applying “mental chronometry” techniques makes it possible to separately assess the role of processing components during environmental interaction. Objective: To determine whether RT and IIV-decomposition techniques can shed light on the nature of underlying deficits in subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Using a novel iPad task, we examined whether VCI deficits occur during both initiation and movement phases of a response, and whether they are equally reflected in both RT and IIV. Methods: Touch cancellation RT and its IIV were measured in a group of younger adults (n = 22), cognitively healthy older adults (n = 21), and patients with VCI (n = 21) using an iPad task. Results: Whereas cognitively healthy aging affected the speed (RT) of response initiation and movement but not its variability (IIV), VCI resulted in both slowed RT and increased IIV for both response phases. Furthermore, there were group differences with respect to response phase. Conclusion: These results indicate that IIV can be more sensitive than absolute RT in separating VCI from normal aging. Furthermore, compared to cognitively healthy aging, VCI was characterized by significant deficits in planning/initiating action as well as performing movements. Such deficits have important implications for real life actions such as driving safety, employment, and falls risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Richards
- Centre for Innovative Ageing, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Andrea Tales
- Centre for Innovative Ageing, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Antony Bayer
- Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Jade E Norris
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Claire J Hanley
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Ian M Thornton
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of Malta, Malta
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Wajda DA, Zanotto T, Sosnoff JJ. Motor Imagery of Walking in People Living with and without Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Comparison of Mental Chronometry. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1131. [PMID: 34573154 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery represents the ability to simulate anticipated movements mentally prior to their actual execution and has been proposed as a tool to assess both individuals’ perception of task difficulty as well as their perception of their own abilities. People with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) often present with motor and cognitive dysfunction, which may negatively affect motor imagery. In this cross-sectional study, we explored differences in motor imagery of walking performance between pwMS (n = 20, age = 57.1 (SD = 8.6) years, 55% female) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 20, age = 58.1 (SD = 7.0) years, 60% female). Participants underwent mental chronometry assessments, a subset of motor imagery, which evaluated the difference between imagined and actual walking times across four walking tasks of increasing difficulty (i.e., large/narrow-width walkway with/without obstacles). Raw and absolute mental chronometry (A-MC) measures were recorded in single- (ST) and dual-task (DT) conditions. In ST conditions, pwMS had higher A-MC scores across all walking conditions (p ≤ 0.031, η2 ≥ 0.119), indicating lower motor imagery ability compared to healthy controls. During DT, all participants tended to underestimate their walking ability (3.38 ± 6.72 to 5.63 ± 9.17 s). However, after physical practice, pwMS were less able to adjust their imagined walking performance compared to healthy controls. In pwMS, A-MC scores were correlated with measures of balance confidence (ρ = −0.629, p < 0.01) and the self-reported expanded disability status scale (ρ = 0.747, p < 0.01). While the current study revealed that pwMS have lower motor imagery of walking performance compared to healthy individuals, further work is necessary to examine how the disassociation between mental chronometry and actual performance relates to quality of life and well-being.
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11
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Abstract
In response time (RT) research, RT outliers are typically excluded from statistical analysis to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Nevertheless, there exist several methods for outlier exclusion. This poses the question, how these methods differ with respect to recovering the uncontaminated RT distribution. In the present simulation study, two RT distributions with a given population difference were simulated in each iteration. RTs were replaced by outliers following two different approaches. The first approach generated outliers at the tails of the distribution, the second one inserted outliers overlapping with the genuine RT distribution. We applied ten different outlier exclusion methods and tested, how many pairs of distributions significantly differed. Outlier exclusion methods were compared in terms of bias. Bias was defined as the deviation of the proportion of significant differences after outlier exclusion from the proportion of significant differences in the uncontaminated samples (before introducing outliers). Our results showed large differences in bias between the exclusion methods. Some methods showed a high rate of Type-I errors and should therefore clearly not be used. Overall, our results showed that applying an exclusion method based on z-scores / standard deviations introduced only small biases, while the absence of outlier exclusion showed the largest absolute bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Berger
- Section for Cognitive Electrophysiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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12
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Kramer MR, Cox PH, Yu AB, Kravitz DJ, Mitroff SR. Moving Beyond the Keypress: As Technology Advances, so Should Psychology Response Time Measurements. Perception 2021; 50:555-565. [PMID: 33947285 DOI: 10.1177/03010066211012356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research in cognitive psychology have largely relied on simple key or button presses to quantify human behavior. While many valuable discoveries have been made, a richer response modality may reveal more information regarding the different processes that underlie complex human behavior. This study provides a proof of concept for using a touch-and-swipe response method to separate response time into two components to extract more meaningful behavioral insights. Across several analyses, the two components were consistently shown to be separable, independent measurements of behavior. Furthermore, evaluating these isolated response time components improved inferential power and clarity of behavioral patterns. The touch-and-swipe response method is simple and easy-to-use, and it shows promise for more accurately targeting mechanisms of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Kramer
- The George Washington University, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Patrick H Cox
- The George Washington University, District of Columbia, United States.,The George Washington University, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Alfred B Yu
- CCDC Army Research Laboratory, Maryland, United States.,The George Washington University, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Dwight J Kravitz
- The George Washington University, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Stephen R Mitroff
- The George Washington University, District of Columbia, United States
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13
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Nakano H, Murata S, Shiraiwa K, Nonaka K. Increased Time Difference between Imagined and Physical Walking in Older Adults at a High Risk of Falling. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060332. [PMID: 32486010 PMCID: PMC7349598 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Walking motor imagery ability is thought to be associated with a fear of falling; however, no studies have compared fall risk and motor imagery ability. This study aimed to ascertain the time difference between imagined and physical walking in older adults at low and high risks of falling. Motor imagery ability was assessed using mental chronometry, which measures the imagined time required for movement. Participants included 31 older adults classified as having a high (n = 15) or low (n = 16) risk of falling based on single leg stance time. The time required for imagined and physical walking was measured using 5 m long walkways with three different widths (15, 25, and 50 cm), and the temporal errors (absolute and constant error) were compared. Physical walking time was significantly longer in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group for the 15 and 25 cm wide walkways. The absolute error between the imagined and physical walking times was significantly larger in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group for the 15 and 25 cm wide walkways. There was also a significant difference in the constant error between the high- and low-risk groups between the imagined and physical walking times for all three walkways. Older adults who may be at a higher risk of falling showed longer walking times during action execution but overestimated their performance (i.e., they believe they would be faster) during motor imagery. Therefore, the time difference between imagined and physical walking could, in part, be useful as a tool for assessing fall risk based on motor imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Nakano
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, 34 Yamada-cho, Oyake, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan; (S.M.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-571-1111; Fax: +81-75-574-4122
| | - Shin Murata
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, 34 Yamada-cho, Oyake, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan; (S.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Kayoko Shiraiwa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, 34 Yamada-cho, Oyake, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan; (S.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Koji Nonaka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Naragakuen University, 3-15-1 Nakatomigaoka, Nara-city, Nara 631-8524, Japan;
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Lanata A, Sebastiani L, Di Gruttola F, Di Modica S, Scilingo EP, Greco A. Nonlinear Analysis of Eye-Tracking Information for Motor Imagery Assessments. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1431. [PMID: 32009892 PMCID: PMC6974582 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the assessment of motor imagery (MI) ability in humans. Commonly, MI ability is measured through two methodologies: a self-administered questionnaire (MIQ-3) and the mental chronometry (MC), which measures the temporal discrepancy between the actual and the imagined motor tasks. However, both measures rely on subjects' self-assessment and do not use physiological measures. In this study, we propose a novel set of features extracted from the nonlinear dynamics of the eye gaze signal to discriminate between good and bad imagers. To this aim, we designed an experiment where twenty volunteers, categorized as good or bad imagers according to MC, performed three tasks: a motor task (MT), a visual Imagery task (VI), and a kinaesthetic Imagery task (KI). Throughout the experiment, the subjects' eye gaze was continuously monitored using an eye-tracking system. Eye gaze time series were analyzed through recurrence quantification analysis of the reconstructed phase space and compared between the two groups. Statistical results have shown how nonlinear eye behavior can express an inner dynamics of imagery mental process and may be used as a more objective and physiological-based measure of MI ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lanata
- Department of Information Engineering & Research Centre E. Piaggio, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Sebastiani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Gruttola
- Department of Information Engineering & Research Centre E. Piaggio, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Modica
- Department of Information Engineering & Research Centre E. Piaggio, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enzo Pasquale Scilingo
- Department of Information Engineering & Research Centre E. Piaggio, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Greco
- Department of Information Engineering & Research Centre E. Piaggio, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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15
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Errante A, Bozzetti F, Sghedoni S, Bressi B, Costi S, Crisi G, Ferrari A, Fogassi L. Explicit Motor Imagery for Grasping Actions in Children With Spastic Unilateral Cerebral Palsy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:837. [PMID: 31447762 PMCID: PMC6692593 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Motor Imagery (MI) refers to mental simulation of a motor action without producing any overt movement. Previous studies showed that children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (UCP) are impaired in implicit MI, as demonstrated by the performance of Hand Laterality Judgment tasks. The aim of this study was to examine the specificity of explicit MI deficits in UCP children. Methods: A group of UCP children (n = 10; aged 9-14) performed a mental chronometry task consisting in grasping an object and placing it into a container, or in imagining to perform the same action. As control, a group of typically developing (TD) children, matched by age, performed the same task. Movement durations for executed and imagined trials were recorded. A subgroup of 7 UCP children and 10 TD children also underwent a session of functional MRI to examine the activation of parieto-frontal areas typically associated to MI processes, during the imagination of reaching-grasping actions performed with the paretic hand. Results: Behavioral results revealed the existence of a correlation between executed and imagined movement durations both in TD and UCP groups. Moreover, the regression analysis in TD children showed that higher scores in mental chronometry tasks were positively correlated to increased bilateral activation of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), superior parietal lobule (SPL), and dorsal premotor (PMd) cortex. A similar analysis revealed in the UCP group a positive correlation between a higher score in the mental chronometry task and bilateral activations of IPS, and to activation of contralesional, right PMd, and putamen during imagination of grasping movements. Conclusions: These results provide new insights on the relationship between MI capacity and motor deficits in UCP children, suggesting the possibility of the use of explicit MI training to improve patient's upper limb motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Errante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Bozzetti
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Sghedoni
- Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Barbara Bressi
- Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Costi
- Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Girolamo Crisi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Adriano Ferrari
- Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Leonardo Fogassi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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16
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Paris-Alemany A, La Touche R, Agudo-Carmona D, Fernández-Carnero J, Gadea-Mateos L, Suso-Martí L, Cuenca-Martínez F. Visual motor imagery predominance in professional Spanish dancers. Somatosens Mot Res 2019; 36:179-188. [PMID: 31322027 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2019.1641480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The main objectives of the study were to analyse the predominant motor imagery modality used by professional Spanish dancers and to compare Spanish dancers' ability to perform mental motor imagery with that of non-dancers, and to analyse differences between male and female dancers. As a secondary aim, to compare the motor imagery ability between two styles of Spanish dance: classical Spanish dancers and Flamenco dancers. Methods: A total of 74 participants were classified into two groups: professional Spanish dancers (n = 37) and sedentary participants (n = 37). The professional Spanish dancer group was composed of two dance disciplines: flamenco dancers (n = 17), and classical dancers (n = 20). Results: Professional Spanish dancers used predominantly visual imagery modalities over kinesthetics to generate motor imagery, with a moderate effect size (p < .01, d = 0.68). Regarding the ability to generate motor imagery, significant intergroup differences between professional Spanish dancers and sedentary participants were observed in all variables, with a large effect size (p < .05, d > 0.80). Differences were obtained between men and women among non-dancers group (t = -3.34; p = .03; d = 0.5). No differences between Flamenco and classical dancers were observed. Conclusion: Visual motor imagery modality was easier than the kinaesthetic modality in the generation of motor imagery for professional Spanish dancers regardless of the dance style. Spanish dancers had a greater ability to perform motor imagery compared with non-dancer individuals, needing less time to perform these mental tasks. Men non-dancers had a greater ability to generate motor imagery than women. Reinforcing the training of kinaesthetic motor imagery might be useful for professional Spanish dancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Paris-Alemany
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,Neuroscience and Craniofacial Pain Institute (INDCRAN) , Madrid , Spain.,Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Madrid , Spain
| | - Roy La Touche
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,Neuroscience and Craniofacial Pain Institute (INDCRAN) , Madrid , Spain.,Health Research Institute of La Paz University Hospitall, (IdiPAZ) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Diego Agudo-Carmona
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Josué Fernández-Carnero
- Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,Health Research Institute of La Paz University Hospitall, (IdiPAZ) , Madrid , Spain.,Physiotherapy Department, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Alcorcón , Spain
| | | | - Luis Suso-Martí
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ferran Cuenca-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain.,Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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17
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Salinas E, Steinberg BR, Sussman LA, Fry SM, Hauser CK, Anderson DD, Stanford TR. Voluntary and involuntary contributions to perceptually guided saccadic choices resolved with millisecond precision. eLife 2019; 8:46359. [PMID: 31225794 PMCID: PMC6645714 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the antisaccade task, which is considered a sensitive assay of cognitive function, a salient visual cue appears and the participant must look away from it. This requires sensory, motor-planning, and cognitive neural mechanisms, but what are their unique contributions to performance, and when exactly are they engaged? Here, by manipulating task urgency, we generate a psychophysical curve that tracks the evolution of the saccadic choice process with millisecond precision, and resolve the distinct contributions of reflexive (exogenous) and voluntary (endogenous) perceptual mechanisms to antisaccade performance over time. Both progress extremely rapidly, the former driving the eyes toward the cue early on (∼100 ms after cue onset) and the latter directing them away from the cue ∼40 ms later. The behavioral and modeling results provide a detailed, dynamical characterization of attentional and oculomotor capture that is not only qualitatively consistent across participants, but also indicative of their individual perceptual capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Salinas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Benjamin R Steinberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Lauren A Sussman
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Sophia M Fry
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Christopher K Hauser
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Denise D Anderson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Terrence R Stanford
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
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18
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Bazilinskyy P, de Winter J. Crowdsourced Measurement of Reaction Times to Audiovisual Stimuli With Various Degrees of Asynchrony. Hum Factors 2018; 60:1192-1206. [PMID: 30036098 PMCID: PMC6207992 DOI: 10.1177/0018720818787126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to replicate past research concerning reaction times to audiovisual stimuli with different stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) using a large sample of crowdsourcing respondents. BACKGROUND Research has shown that reaction times are fastest when an auditory and a visual stimulus are presented simultaneously and that SOA causes an increase in reaction time, this increase being dependent on stimulus intensity. Research on audiovisual SOA has been conducted with small numbers of participants. METHOD Participants ( N = 1,823) each performed 176 reaction time trials consisting of 29 SOA levels and three visual intensity levels, using CrowdFlower, with a compensation of US$0.20 per participant. Results were verified with a local Web-in-lab study ( N = 34). RESULTS The results replicated past research, with a V shape of mean reaction time as a function of SOA, the V shape being stronger for lower-intensity visual stimuli. The level of SOA affected mainly the right side of the reaction time distribution, whereas the fastest 5% was hardly affected. The variability of reaction times was higher for the crowdsourcing study than for the Web-in-lab study. CONCLUSION Crowdsourcing is a promising medium for reaction time research that involves small temporal differences in stimulus presentation. The observed effects of SOA can be explained by an independent-channels mechanism and also by some participants not perceiving the auditory or visual stimulus, hardware variability, misinterpretation of the task instructions, or lapses in attention. APPLICATION The obtained knowledge on the distribution of reaction times may benefit the design of warning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Bazilinskyy
- Pavlo Bazilinskyy, Department of BioMechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands; e-mail:
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19
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Liesefeld HR. Estimating the Timing of Cognitive Operations With MEG/EEG Latency Measures: A Primer, a Brief Tutorial, and an Implementation of Various Methods. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:765. [PMID: 30410431 PMCID: PMC6209629 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The major advantage of MEG/EEG over other neuroimaging methods is its high temporal resolution. Examining the latency of well-studied components can provide a window into the dynamics of cognitive operations beyond traditional response-time (RT) measurements. While RTs reflect the cumulative duration of all time-consuming cognitive operations involved in a task, component latencies can partition this time into cognitively meaningful sub-steps. Surprisingly, most MEG/EEG studies neglect this advantage and restrict analyses to component amplitudes without considering latencies. The major reasons for this neglect might be that, first, the most easily accessible latency measure (peak latency) is often unreliable and that, second, more complex measures are difficult to conceive, implement, and parametrize. The present article illustrates the key advantages and disadvantages of the three main types of latency-measures (peak latency, onset latency, and percent-area latency), introduces a MATLAB function that extracts all these measures and is compatible with common analysis tools, discusses the most important parameter choices for different research questions and components of interest, and demonstrates its use by various group analyses on one planar gradiometer pair of the publicly available Wakeman and Henson (2015) data. The introduced function can extract from group data not only single-subject latencies, but also grand-average and jackknife latencies. Furthermore, it gives the choice between different approaches to automatically set baselines and anchor points for latency estimation, approaches that were partly developed by me and that capitalize on the informational richness of MEG/EEG data. Although the function comes with a wide range of customization parameters, the default parameters are set so that even beginners get reasonable results. Graphical depictions of latency estimates, baselines, and anchor points overlaid on individual averages further support learning, understanding and trouble-shooting. Once extracted, latency estimates can be submitted to any analysis also available for (averaged) RTs, including tests for mean differences, correlational approaches and cognitive modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich René Liesefeld
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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20
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Kang YHR, Petzschner FH, Wolpert DM, Shadlen MN. Piercing of Consciousness as a Threshold-Crossing Operation. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2285-2295.e6. [PMID: 28756951 PMCID: PMC5558038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Many decisions arise through an accumulation of evidence to a terminating threshold. The process, termed bounded evidence accumulation (or drift diffusion), provides a unified account of decision speed and accuracy, and it is supported by neurophysiology in human and animal models. In many situations, a decision maker may not communicate a decision immediately and yet feel that at some point she had made up her mind. We hypothesized that this occurs when an accumulation of evidence reaches a termination threshold, registered, subjectively, as an “aha” moment. We asked human participants to make perceptual decisions about the net direction of dynamic random dot motion. The difficulty and viewing duration were controlled by the experimenter. After indicating their choice, participants adjusted the setting of a clock to the moment they felt they had reached a decision. The subjective decision times (tSDs) were faster on trials with stronger (easier) motion, and they were well fit by a bounded drift-diffusion model. The fits to the tSDs alone furnished parameters that fully predicted the choices (accuracy) of four of the five participants. The quality of the prediction provides compelling evidence that these subjective reports correspond to the terminating process of a decision rather than a post hoc inference or arbitrary report. Thus, conscious awareness of having reached a decision appears to arise when the brain’s representation of accumulated evidence reaches a threshold or bound. We propose that such a mechanism might play a more widespread role in the “piercing of consciousness” by non-conscious thought processes. Perceptual decisions can arise through an accumulation of evidence to a threshold After a stimulus, participants set a clock to the moment they had reached a decision An evidence accumulation model fit to these times allowed predictions of accuracy The sense of having decided is mediated by a threshold on accumulated evidence
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Affiliation(s)
- Yul H R Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Frederike H Petzschner
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit (TNU), Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel M Wolpert
- Computational and Biological Learning Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Michael N Shadlen
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Kavli Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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21
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Yoxon E, Welsh TN. Independent Development of Imagination and Perception of Fitts' Law in Late Childhood and Adolescence. J Mot Behav 2017. [PMID: 28644766 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2017.1327408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent neurophysiological and behavioral research suggests perception-action systems are tightly coupled. Accordingly, Fitts' law has been observed when individuals execute, perceive, and imagine actions. Developmental research has found that (a) children demonstrate Fitts' law in imagined actions and (b) imagined movement time (MT) becomes closer to actual MT as age increases. However, action execution, imagination, and perception have yet to be assessed together in children. The authors investigated how imagined and perceived MTs related to actual MTs in children and adolescents. It was found that imagined MTs were longer than execution MTs were. Perception MTs were lower than execution MTs for children and more consistent with execution MTs for adolescents. These results suggest potential mechanistic differences in action imagination and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Yoxon
- a Center for Motor Control, Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education , University of Toronto , Canada
| | - Timothy N Welsh
- a Center for Motor Control, Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education , University of Toronto , Canada
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22
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Dubarry AS, Llorens A, Trébuchon A, Carron R, Liégeois-Chauvel C, Bénar CG, Alario FX. Estimating Parallel Processing in a Language Task Using Single-Trial Intracerebral Electroencephalography. Psychol Sci 2017; 28:414-426. [PMID: 28406383 DOI: 10.1177/0956797616681296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide a quantitative assessment of the parallel-processing hypothesis included in various language-processing models. First, we highlight the importance of reasoning about cognitive processing at the level of single trials rather than using averages. Then, we report the results of an experiment in which the hypothesis was tested at an unprecedented level of granularity with intracerebral data recorded during a picture-naming task. We extracted patterns of significant high-gamma activity from multiple patients and combined them into a single analysis framework that identified consistent patterns. Average signals from different brain regions, presumably indexing distinct cognitive processes, revealed a large degree of concurrent activity. In comparison, at the level of single trials, the temporal overlap of detected significant activity was unexpectedly low, with the exception of activity in sensory cortices. Our novel methodology reveals some limits on the degree to which word production involves parallel processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Sophie Dubarry
- 1 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPC, Marseille, France.,2 Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Marseille, France
| | - Anais Llorens
- 1 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPC, Marseille, France.,2 Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Marseille, France
| | - Agnès Trébuchon
- 2 Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Marseille, France.,3 Aix-Marseille Université, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Carron
- 2 Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Marseille, France.,4 Aix-Marseille Université, APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Service de Neurochirurgie Fonctionnelle, Marseille, France
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23
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Liepert J, Büsching I, Sehle A, Schoenfeld MA. Mental chronometry and mental rotation abilities in stroke patients with different degrees of sensory deficit. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 34:907-914. [PMID: 27689548 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor imagery is used for treatment of motor deficits after stroke. Clinical observations suggested that motor imagery abilities might be reduced in patients with severe sensory deficits. This study investigated the influence of somatosensory deficits on temporal (mental chronometry, MC) and spatial aspects of motor imagery abilities. METHODS Stroke patients (n = 70; <6 months after stroke) were subdivided into 3 groups according to their somatosensory functions. Group 1 (n = 31) had no sensory deficits, group 2 (n = 27) had a mild to moderate sensory impairment and group 3 (n = 12) had severe sensory deficits. Patients and a healthy age-matched control group (n = 23) participated in a mental chronometry task (Box and Block Test, BBT) and a mental rotation task (Hand Identification Test, HIT). MC abilities were expressed as a ratio (motor execution time-motor imagery time/motor execution time). RESULTS MC for the affected hand was significantly impaired in group 3 in comparison to stroke patients of group 1 (p = 0.006), group 2 (p = 0.005) and healthy controls (p < 0.001). For the non-affected hand MC was similar across all groups. Stroke patients had a slower BBT motor execution than healthy controls (p < 0.001), and group 1 executed the task faster than group 3 (p = 0.002). The percentage of correct responses in the HIT was similar for all groups. CONCLUSION Severe sensory deficits impair mental chronometry abilities but have no impact on mental rotation abilities. Future studies should explore whether the presence of severe sensory deficits in stroke patients reduces the benefit from motor imagery therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Liepert
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany
| | - Imke Büsching
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany
| | - Aida Sehle
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany
| | - Mircea Ariel Schoenfeld
- Department of Behavioural Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Abstract
We used event-related brain potentials to explore the impact of mental perspective taking on processes of aesthetic appreciation of visual art. Participants (non-experts) were first presented with information about the life and attitudes of a fictitious artist. Subsequently, they were cued trial-wise to make an aesthetic judgment regarding an image depicting a piece of abstract art either from their own perspective or from the imagined perspective of the fictitious artist [i.e., theory of mind (ToM) condition]. Positive self-referential judgments were made more quickly and negative self-referential judgments were made more slowly than the corresponding judgments from the imagined perspective. Event-related potential analyses revealed significant differences between the two tasks both within the preparation period (i.e., during the cue-stimulus interval) and within the stimulus presentation period. For the ToM condition we observed a relative centro-parietal negativity during the preparation period (700-330 ms preceding picture onset) and a relative centro-parietal positivity during the stimulus presentation period (700-1100 ms after stimulus onset). These findings suggest that different subprocesses are involved in aesthetic appreciation and judgment of visual abstract art from one's own vs. from another person's perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Beudt
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces HamburgHamburg, Germany
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25
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Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between two of the most common measures of motor imagery ability, self-report ratings, and chronometric assessment. This was done for three types of imagery modalities: external visual imagery (EVI), internal visual imagery (IVI), and kinesthetic imagery (KI). Measures of imagery ability (i.e. self-report and mental chronometry) were also compared across skill levels. Participants (N = 198) completed the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 (MIQ-3) to generate self-report ratings. Chronometric assessment was obtained by recording the duration of each MIQ-3 movement imaged and physically performed and then calculating a discrepancy score. There were no significant correlations between self-report and mental chronometry for any of the three motor imagery types (p > .05). When assessing the different types of motor imagery ability using self-report ratings, elite athletes had significantly higher KI than IVI, which was in turn significantly higher than EVI (p < .05). When assessing motor imagery ability using mental chronometry, there were no significant differences in imagery type (p > .05). Findings suggest both measures address different components of MI quality and should be used together to obtain a more comprehensive assessment of motor imagery ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Williams
- a School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham , B15 2TT , UK
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- b Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport , Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1 , Lyon , France
| | - Franck Di Rienzo
- b Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport , Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1 , Lyon , France
| | - Jennifer Cumming
- a School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham , B15 2TT , UK
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Lo S, Andrews S. To transform or not to transform: using generalized linear mixed models to analyse reaction time data. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1171. [PMID: 26300841 PMCID: PMC4528092 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear mixed-effect models (LMMs) are being increasingly widely used in psychology to analyse multi-level research designs. This feature allows LMMs to address some of the problems identified by Speelman and McGann (2013) about the use of mean data, because they do not average across individual responses. However, recent guidelines for using LMM to analyse skewed reaction time (RT) data collected in many cognitive psychological studies recommend the application of non-linear transformations to satisfy assumptions of normality. Uncritical adoption of this recommendation has important theoretical implications which can yield misleading conclusions. For example, Balota et al. (2013) showed that analyses of raw RT produced additive effects of word frequency and stimulus quality on word identification, which conflicted with the interactive effects observed in analyses of transformed RT. Generalized linear mixed-effect models (GLMM) provide a solution to this problem by satisfying normality assumptions without the need for transformation. This allows differences between individuals to be properly assessed, using the metric most appropriate to the researcher's theoretical context. We outline the major theoretical decisions involved in specifying a GLMM, and illustrate them by reanalysing Balota et al.'s datasets. We then consider the broader benefits of using GLMM to investigate individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steson Lo
- School of Psychology, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
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Spruijt S, van der Kamp J, Steenbergen B. Current insights in the development of children's motor imagery ability. Front Psychol 2015; 6:787. [PMID: 26113832 PMCID: PMC4461854 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the number of studies on motor imagery in children has witnessed a large expansion. Most studies used the hand laterality judgment paradigm or the mental chronometry paradigm to examine motor imagery ability. The main objective of the current review is to collate these studies to provide a more comprehensive insight in children’s motor imagery development and its age of onset. Motor imagery is a form of motor cognition and aligns with forward (or predictive) models of motor control. Studying age-related differences in motor imagery ability in children therefore provides insight in underlying processes of motor development during childhood. Another motivation for studying age-related differences in motor imagery is that in order to effectively apply motor imagery training in children (with motor impairments), it is pertinent to first establish the age at which children are actually able to perform motor imagery. Overall, performance in the imagery tasks develops between 5 and 12 years of age. The age of motor imagery onset, however, remains equivocal, as some studies indicate that children of 5 to 7 years old can already enlist motor imagery in an implicit motor imagery task, whereas other studies using explicit instructions revealed that children do not use motor imagery before the age of 10. From the findings of the current study, we can conclude that motor imagery training is potentially a feasible method for pediatric rehabilitation in children from 5 years on. We suggest that younger children are most likely to benefit from motor imagery training that is presented in an implicit way. Action observation training might be a beneficial adjunct to implicit motor imagery training. From 10 years of age, more explicit forms of motor imagery training can be effectively used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffie Spruijt
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - John van der Kamp
- Research Institute Move, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Institute of Human Performance, University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Bert Steenbergen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands ; School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University Melbourne, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Medina
- Departamento de Óptica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada Granada, Spain
| | - Willy Wong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - José A Díaz
- Departamento de Óptica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada Granada, Spain
| | - Hans Colonius
- Department für Psychologie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
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Mizuguchi N, Yamagishi T, Nakata H, Kanosue K. The effect of somatosensory input on motor imagery depends upon motor imagery capability. Front Psychol 2015; 6:104. [PMID: 25729373 PMCID: PMC4325658 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated that the relationship between motor imagery ability and the effect of tactile input associated with holding a tennis racket on motor imagery of the forehand and backhand swings. The effect was assessed by the time utilized for motor imagery (mental chronometry). Seventeen tennis players imagined forehand and backhand swings with a forehand grip, a backhand grip or while holding nothing. In all cases, imaging the swings took longer than the time taken for a real swing. For imagery of the backhand swing, holding a racket with a backhand grip decreased the imaging time (p < 0.05) as compared to the trials with a forehand grip or while holding nothing. On the other hand, holding the racket with a backhand grip tended to increase the time required for forehand swing imagery. These results suggest that a congruent grip improves, and an incongruent grip deteriorates, motor imagery of the backhand swing. For players who took a longer time in the condition where they held nothing (i.e., poor imaging ability), the effect of a congruent backhand grip was greater (r = 0.67, p < 0.01). However, a congruent forehand grip did not improve motor imagery of the forehand swing. Since 15 of the participants in the present study favored the forehand swing compared to the backhand swing, the participants would have been more familiar with the forehand swing. Thus it would have been easy to vividly imagine the (familiar) forehand swing even when they were not holding a racket. We speculate that tactile input associated with holding a tool improves a vividness of motor imagery of a less familiar movement, especially for those who have poor imaging ability. In the future, it will be important to clarify whether the effect of tactile input associated with holding a tool is dependent upon movement familiarity/performance level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Mizuguchi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University , Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamagishi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University , Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakata
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University , Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kanosue
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University , Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Widmann A, Engbert R, Schröger E. Microsaccadic responses indicate fast categorization of sounds: a novel approach to study auditory cognition. J Neurosci 2014; 34:11152-8. [PMID: 25122911 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1568-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mental chronometry of the human brain's processing of sounds to be categorized as targets has intensively been studied in cognitive neuroscience. According to current theories, a series of successive stages consisting of the registration, identification, and categorization of the sound has to be completed before participants are able to report the sound as a target by button press after ∼300-500 ms. Here we use miniature eye movements as a tool to study the categorization of a sound as a target or nontarget, indicating that an initial categorization is present already after 80-100 ms. During visual fixation, the rate of microsaccades, the fastest components of miniature eye movements, is transiently modulated after auditory stimulation. In two experiments, we measured microsaccade rates in human participants in an auditory three-tone oddball paradigm (including rare nontarget sounds) and observed a difference in the microsaccade rates between targets and nontargets as early as 142 ms after sound onset. This finding was replicated in a third experiment with directed saccades measured in a paradigm in which tones had to be matched to score-like visual symbols. Considering the delays introduced by (motor) signal transmission and data analysis constraints, the brain must have differentiated target from nontarget sounds as fast as 80-100 ms after sound onset in both paradigms. We suggest that predictive information processing for expected input makes higher cognitive attributes, such as a sound's identity and category, available already during early sensory processing. The measurement of eye movements is thus a promising approach to investigate hearing.
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Bennabi D, Monnin J, Haffen E, Carvalho N, Vandel P, Pozzo T, Papaxanthis C. Motor imagery in unipolar major depression. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:413. [PMID: 25538580 PMCID: PMC4255608 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Motor imagery is a potential tool to investigate action representation, as it can provide insights into the processes of action planning and preparation. Recent studies suggest that depressed patients present specific impairment in mental rotation. The present study was designed to investigate the influence of unipolar depression on motor imagery ability. Methods: Fourteen right-handed patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for unipolar depression were compared to 14 matched healthy controls. Imagery ability was accessed by the timing correspondence between executed and imagined movements during a pointing task, involving strong spatiotemporal constraints (speed/accuracy trade-off paradigm). Results: Compared to controls, depressed patients showed marked motor slowing on both actual and imagined movements. Furthermore, we observed greater temporal discrepancies between actual and mental movements in depressed patients than in healthy controls. Lastly, depressed patients modulated, to some extent, mental movement durations according to the difficulty of the task, but this modulation was not as strong as that of healthy subjects. Conclusion: These results suggest that unipolar depression significantly affects the higher stages of action planning and point out a selective decline of motor prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Bennabi
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon , Besançon , France ; EA 481 Neurosciences, University Hospital of Besançon , Besançon , France ; FondaMental Foundation , Créteil , France
| | - Julie Monnin
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon , Besançon , France ; EA 481 Neurosciences, University Hospital of Besançon , Besançon , France ; Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Innovation Technologique de Besançon (CIC-IT 808) INSERM , Besançon , France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon , Besançon , France ; EA 481 Neurosciences, University Hospital of Besançon , Besançon , France ; FondaMental Foundation , Créteil , France ; Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Innovation Technologique de Besançon (CIC-IT 808) INSERM , Besançon , France ; FHU Integrated Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (InCREASe) INSERM , Besançon , France
| | - Nicolas Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon , Besançon , France ; EA 481 Neurosciences, University Hospital of Besançon , Besançon , France
| | - Pierre Vandel
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon , Besançon , France ; Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Innovation Technologique de Besançon (CIC-IT 808) INSERM , Besançon , France ; FHU Integrated Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (InCREASe) INSERM , Besançon , France
| | - Thierry Pozzo
- UFR STAPS, Université de Bourgogne , Dijon , France ; Unité 1093, Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, INSERM , Dijon , France ; Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Genoa , Italy ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) , Dijon , France
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- UFR STAPS, Université de Bourgogne , Dijon , France ; Unité 1093, Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, INSERM , Dijon , France
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van der Linden L, Riès SK, Legou T, Burle B, Malfait N, Alario FX. A comparison of two procedures for verbal response time fractionation. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1213. [PMID: 25386153 PMCID: PMC4208410 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To describe the mental architecture between stimulus and response, cognitive models often divide the stimulus-response (SR) interval into stages or modules. Predictions derived from such models are typically tested by focusing on the moment of response emission, through the analysis of response time (RT) distributions. To go beyond the single response event, we recently proposed a method to fractionate verbal RTs into two physiologically defined intervals that are assumed to reflect different processing stages. The analysis of the durations of these intervals can be used to study the interaction between cognitive and motor processing during speech production. Our method is inspired by studies on decision making that used manual responses, in which RTs were fractionated into a premotor time (PMT), assumed to reflect cognitive processing, and a motor time (MT), assumed to reflect motor processing. In these studies, surface EMG activity was recorded from participants' response fingers. EMG onsets, reflecting the initiation of a motor response, were used as the point of fractionation. We adapted this method to speech-production research by measuring verbal responses in combination with EMG activity from facial muscles involved in articulation. However, in contrast to button-press tasks, the complex task of producing speech often resulted in multiple EMG bursts within the SR interval. This observation forced us to decide how to operationalize the point of fractionation: as the first EMG burst after stimulus onset (the stimulus-locked approach), or as the EMG burst that is coupled to the vocal response (the response-locked approach). The point of fractionation has direct consequences on how much of the overall task effect is captured by either interval. Therefore, the purpose of the current paper was to compare both onset-detection procedures in order to make an informed decision about which of the two is preferable. We concluded in favor or the response-locked approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotje van der Linden
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive-UMR 7290, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie K Riès
- Department of Psychology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Thierry Legou
- Laboratoire Parole et Langage-UMR 7309, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Borís Burle
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives-UMR 7291, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Nicole Malfait
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone-UMR 7289, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - F-Xavier Alario
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive-UMR 7290, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université Marseille, France
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Salinas E, Scerra VE, Hauser CK, Costello MG, Stanford TR. Decoupling speed and accuracy in an urgent decision-making task reveals multiple contributions to their trade-off. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:85. [PMID: 24795559 PMCID: PMC4005963 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A key goal in the study of decision making is determining how neural networks involved in perception and motor planning interact to generate a given choice, but this is complicated due to the internal trade-off between speed and accuracy, which confounds their individual contributions. Urgent decisions, however, are special: they may range between random and fully informed, depending on the amount of processing time (or stimulus viewing time) available in each trial, but regardless, movement preparation always starts early on. As a consequence, under time pressure it is possible to produce a psychophysical curve that characterizes perceptual performance independently of reaction time, and this, in turn, makes it possible to pinpoint how perceptual information (which requires sensory input) modulates motor planning (which does not) to guide a choice. Here we review experiments in which, on the basis of this approach, the origin of the speed-accuracy trade-off becomes particularly transparent. Psychophysical, neurophysiological, and modeling results in the "compelled-saccade" task indicate that, during urgent decision making, perceptual information-if and whenever it becomes available-accelerates or decelerates competing motor plans that are already ongoing. This interaction affects both the reaction time and the probability of success in any given trial. In two experiments with reward asymmetries, we find that speed and accuracy can be traded in different amounts and for different reasons, depending on how the particular task contingencies affect specific neural mechanisms related to perception and motor planning. Therefore, from the vantage point of urgent decisions, the speed-accuracy trade-off is not a unique phenomenon tied to a single underlying mechanism, but rather a typical outcome of many possible combinations of internal adjustments within sensory-motor neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Salinas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Veronica E Scerra
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Christopher K Hauser
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - M Gabriela Costello
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Terrence R Stanford
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Smith D, Wakefield C. A timely review of a key aspect of motor imagery: a commentary on Guillot et al. (2012). Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:761. [PMID: 24265614 PMCID: PMC3821274 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of motor imagery has recently received attention from a number of researchers, culminating in a comprehensive review by Guillot and colleagues. This paper aims to further explore this issue, building upon the said review to suggest a number of other important timing-related issues. Specifically, we consider the possible role of bio-informational theory (Lang, 1979, 1985) and the recent proposal of "behavioral matching" in conjunction with the PETTLEP model (Holmes and Collins, 2001) of motor imagery. Furthermore, we explore the possibility that timing has important implications for motivational aspects of imagery. We then discuss the potential role of rhythm, an important but often overlooked aspect of skilled motor performance, and its links to the timing issue. Finally, we conclude by offering suggestions for future imagery timing research to examine this relatively under-researched area of imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Smith
- 1Department for Exercise and Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University Crewe, UK
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35
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van der Meulen M, Allali G, Rieger SW, Assal F, Vuilleumier P. The influence of individual motor imagery ability on cerebral recruitment during gait imagery. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 35:455-70. [PMID: 23015531 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) is often used in combination with neuroimaging techniques to study the cognitive control of gait. However, imagery ability (IA) varies widely across individuals, potentially influencing the pattern of cerebral recruitment during MI. The aim of the current study was to investigate this effect of IA on the neural correlates of gait control using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty healthy young subjects were subdivided into a good and bad imagers group, on the basis of their performance on two mental chronometry tests. For the whole group, MI activated a bilateral network of areas highly consistent with previous studies, encompassing primary motor cortex (BA 4), supplementary motor area, and other frontal and parietal areas, anterior insula, and cerebellum. Compared to bad imagers, good imagers showed higher activation in the right BA 4, left prefrontal cortex (BA 10), right thalamus, and bilateral cerebellum. Good imagers thus appear better able to recruit motor areas during MI, but also activate a prefrontal executive area (BA 10), which integrates information from the body and the environment and participates in higher-order gait control. These differences were found even though the two groups did not differ in other imagery abilities according to a standard questionnaire for vividness of motor and visual imagery. Future studies on MI should take into account these effects, and control for IA when comparing different populations, using appropriate measures. A better understanding of the neural mechanisms that underlie MI ability is crucial to accurately evaluate locomotor skills in clinical measures and neurorehabilitation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian van der Meulen
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory for Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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Stanford TR, Salinas E. Clocking perceptual processing speed: From chance to 75% correct in less than 30 milliseconds. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 3:287-9. [PMID: 20714416 DOI: 10.4161/cib.3.3.11707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
THE NEURAL BASIS OF CHOICE BEHAVIOR HAS BEEN INTENSELY STUDIED WITH LABORATORY TASKS IN WHICH A SUBJECT SEES A STIMULUS AND MAKES A CORRESPONDING MOTOR RESPONSE, BUT THE ISSUE OF TIMING HAS BEEN HARD TO TACKLE: How much time is necessary to make the perceptual judgment versus executing the motor report? When and how does a subject commit to a particular choice, and what neural mechanisms determine that? A major limitation has been that reaction times (RTs) are affected by sensory and motor factors (e.g., task difficulty, urgency, expectation) that can be covertly traded. Recently, we designed a task that overcomes these problems and allows us to construct a new curve that unambiguously reveals how a subject's perceptual judgment unfolds in time. Specifically, the slope of this "tachometric" curve depends on the perceptual difficulty of the task and the perceptual capacity of the subject, but not on motor execution. This technique shows that monkeys can make accurate color discriminations in less than 30 ms. More importantly, it provides a novel metric for correlating the time courses of pyschophysical and neuronal responses, opening up a new avenue for investigating choice behaviors in a wide variety of experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence R Stanford
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy; Wake Forest University School of Medicine; Winston-Salem, NC USA
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Salinas E, Shankar S, Costello MG, Zhu D, Stanford TR. Waiting is the Hardest Part: Comparison of Two Computational Strategies for Performing a Compelled-Response Task. Front Comput Neurosci 2010; 4:153. [PMID: 21191474 PMCID: PMC3010742 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2010.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural basis of choice behavior is commonly investigated with tasks in which a subject analyzes a stimulus and reports his or her perceptual experience with an appropriate motor action. We recently developed a novel task, the compelled-saccade task, with which the influence of the sensory information on the subject's choice can be tracked through time with millisecond resolution, thus providing a new tool for correlating neuronal activity and behavior. This paradigm has a crucial feature: the signal that instructs the subject to make an eye movement is given before the cue that indicates which of two possible choices is the correct one. Previously, we found that psychophysical performance in this task could be accurately replicated by a model in which two developing oculomotor plans race to a threshold and the incoming perceptual information differentially accelerates their trajectories toward it. However, the task design suggests an alternative mechanism: instead of modifying an ongoing oculomotor plan on the fly as the sensory information becomes available, the subject could try to wait, withholding the oculomotor response until the sensory cue is revealed. Here, we use computer simulations to explore and compare the performance of these two types of model. We find that both reproduce the main features of the psychophysical data in the compelled-saccade task, but they give rise to distinct behavioral and neurophysiological predictions. Although, superficially, the waiting model is intuitively appealing, it is ultimately inconsistent with experimental results from this and other tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Salinas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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38
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Abstract
Onset of a movement-related brain potential (lateralized readiness potential, LRP) was used to divide reaction time (RT) into two intervals: (1) stimulus onset to LRP onset, and (2) LRP onset to onset of the overt response. Effects on these intervals of advance information about the to-be-signaled response and of the mapping between fingers and response buttons were examined. These effects were used to reach conclusions about the organization of response preparation and about the identity of the processes influenced by advance information. In the absence of advance information, response preparation involved two steps. First, two of the four possible response alternatives were prepared, then one of these two was prepared further. Which pair of responses was prepared during the first step depended on the spatial arrangement of the fingers on the buttons, rather than on any common anatomical feature. Advance information about the upcoming response allowed the first step to be performed prior to the response signal, thus removing its contribution to RT. The second step, however, remained unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Osman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3815 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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