A novel method for genomic-enabled prediction of cultivars in new environments

Introduction

Genomic selection (GS) has gained global importance due to its potential to accelerate genetic progress and improve the efficiency of breeding programs.

Objectives of the research

In this research we proposed a method to improve the prediction accuracy of tested lines in new (untested) environments.

Method-1

The new method trained the model with a modified response variable (a difference of response variables) that decreases the lack of a non-stationary distribution between the training and testing and improved the prediction accuracy.

Comparing new and conventional method

We compared the prediction accuracy of the conventional genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) model (M1) including (or not) genotype × environment interaction (GE) (M1_GE; M1_NO_GE) versus the proposed method (M2) on several data sets.

Results and discussion

The gain in prediction accuracy of M2, versus M1_GE, M1_NO_GE in terms of Pearson´s correlation was of at least 4.3%, while in terms of percentage of top-yielding lines captured when was selected the 10% (Best10) and 20% (Best20) of lines was at least of 19.5%, while in terms of Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (NRMSE) was of at least of 42.29%.

A novel method of ultrasound-guided positive staining using indocyanine green fluorescence in laparoscopic anatomical liver resection of segments VII and VIII

Background

Recently, in many Asian centers, laparoscopic anatomical liver resection (LALR) using the indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging technique has been increasingly applied in resecting hepatocellular carcinoma, even in colorectal liver metastases. However, LALR techniques have not been fully standardized, especially in right superior segments. Due to the anatomical position, prevailing positive staining using a PTCD (percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage) needle was superior to negative staining in right superior segments hepatectomy, while it was difficult to manipulate. Herein, we design a novel method of ICG-positive staining for LALR of right superior segments.

Methods

Between April 2021 and October 2022, we retrospectively studied patients in our institute who underwent LALR of right superior segments using a novel method of ICG-positive staining, which comprised a customized puncture needle and an adaptor. Compared to the PTCD needle, the customized needle was not limited by the abdominal wall and could be punctured from the liver dorsal surface, which was more flexible to manipulate. The adapter was attached to the guide hole of the laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) probe to ensure the precise puncture path of the needle. Guided by preoperative three-dimensional (3D) simulation and intraoperative laparoscopic ultrasound imaging, we punctured the transhepatic needle into the target portal vein through the adaptor and then slowly injected 5-10 ml of 0.025 mg/ml ICG solution into the vessel. LALR can be guided by the demarcation line under fluorescence imaging after injection. Demographic, procedural and postoperative data were collected and analyzed.

Results

In this study, 21 patients underwent LALR of the right superior segments with ICG fluorescence-positive staining, and the procedures had a success rate of 71.4%. The average staining time was 13.0 ± 6.4 min, the operative time was 230.4 ± 71.7 min, R0 resection was 100%, the postoperative hospital stay was 7.1 ± 2.4 days, and no severe puncture complications occurred.

Conclusions

The novel customized puncture needle approach seems to be feasible and safe for ICG-positive staining in LALR of right superior segments, with a high success rate and a short staining time.

Medical Experts' Agreement on Risk Assessment Based on All Possible Combinations of the COVID-19 Predictors-A Novel Approach for Public Health Screening and Surveillance

During the initial phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there was a critical need to create a valid and reliable screening and surveillance for university staff and students. Consequently, 11 medical experts participated in this cross-sectional study to judge three risk categories of either low, medium, or high, for all 1536 possible combinations of 11 key COVID-19 predictors. The independent experts' judgement on each combination was recorded via a novel dashboard-based rating method which presented combinations of these predictors in a dynamic display within Microsoft Excel. The validated instrument also incorporated an innovative algorithm-derived deduction for efficient rating tasks. The results of the study revealed an ordinal-weighted agreement coefficient of 0.81 (0.79 to 0.82, p-value < 0.001) that reached a substantial class of inferential benchmarking. Meanwhile, on average, the novel algorithm eliminated 76.0% of rating tasks by deducing risk categories based on experts' ratings for prior combinations. As a result, this study reported a valid, complete, practical, and efficient method for COVID-19 health screening via a reliable combinatorial-based experts' judgement. The new method to risk assessment may also prove applicable for wider fields of practice whenever a high-stakes decision-making relies on experts' agreement on combinations of important criteria.

Knowledge and awareness of celiac disease among the dental students

Consumption of gluten triggers an autoimmune disease known as celiac disease (CD). This is also referred to as nontropical sprue, celiac sprue, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy. Gluten is a protein present in wheat, barley, rye, and other grains. It is due to gluten that the dough becomes elastic and provides bread its chewy texture. The aim of this study is to assess the awareness and knowledge of CD among dental students. This survey is totally based on CD and its awareness among dental students. A survey was conducted among 100 students who are volunteers underneath. This survey contained questionnaires of CD causes, symptoms, treatment, etc., and the accrued was analyzed using SPSS statistics. The result shows that CD affects mainly the small intestine being chosen by 38.61% of students. The symptoms of CD as chronic diarrhea are chosen by 63.37%. The main cause of the disease is due to gluten chosen by 9.90%. Some of the gluten-free foods are chosen by 22.77% of students. In the Chi-square test, the association between the awareness of CD and students shows that postgraduate (PG) students are more aware than undergraduate (UG) students. However, this is not statistically significant since P > 0.05 (P = 0.088). The correlation graph says that the PGs are more aware than the undergraduates, and UGs have poor knowledge about this disease.

Effect of pit-and-fissure sealants on postbrushing simulation - A photogenic study

Pit-and-fissure sealants of the occlusal surfaces for the posterior teeth are well susceptible to develop dental caries compared to the smooth surfaces due to its complex morphology, which makes dental hygiene a challenging fact which give rise to increased plaque accumulation. The use of pit-and-fissure sealants is to provide inhibition toward microorganisms and aggregation of food particles, thereby inhibiting caries initiating and preventing caries progression. The study aimed to assess the effect of pit-and-fissure sealants postbrushing simulation through photography. For this photogenic original study, eight teeth were selected, with two groups each and four teeth present in each of the groups. Brushing simulator machines are well-established methods for analyzing the efficacy of toothbrushes. A total of 10,000 cycles were accounted for by the machine with linear X-axis and Y-axis = 2500 in each group. The clockwise and counterclockwise = 2500 in each group. From the research, it can be concluded that Group A is found to be more effective than Group B, where Group A is Clinpro sealant and Group B is YuSeal. This pit-and-fissure sealant application is very important in clinical practice to prevent the tooth from getting decayed. This research helps us to establish the amount of reduction in both the groups of sealants postbrushing as various brushing patterns influence the retention of pit-and-fissure sealants.

Antidiabetic activity of Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam

One of the traditional plants used in Siddha medicine is Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam. It is said to possess antiaging, life-strengthening, and disease-preventing activities that have an enormous influence on health care. It has significant therapeutic potential and ethnobotanical significance. The aim of this study is to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam. The antidiabetic potential of Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam was determined in vitro using established methods such as alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase activity. We used one-way ANOVA to see the statistical difference among the groups. The significance thresholds were considered at the P < 0.05 level. In comparison with the healthy group, the extract showed a significant antidiabetic effect. The proportion of inhibition increased as the concentrations increased. Previous studies established the antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antiasthmatic, immunomodulatory, and antipyretic effects of Kabasura Kudineer or Choornam. The current findings demonstrated that the Chooranam has good antidiabetic action at a significant concentration. Plant-based products have recently proven to be effective and economical antidiabetic items.

Knowledge and awareness of chronic bronchitis and its oral manifestation among dental students and practitioners

Chronic bronchitis (CB) is an inflammatory disease and is characterized by bronchial tube irritation. The bronchial tube irritation can result in the accumulation of mucus. CB is a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, causing blockage of airflow and thereby problems in breathing. Cigarette smoking is of utmost importance in causing CB. Besides pollution of air and the working environment can also play a key role. The study aimed to assess and create the awareness about CB among dental students and practitioners. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among dental students utilizing an online review entry called "Google forms." A total of 100 people were assessed using a structured questionnaire comprising 15 questions. The analysis of the result was done using the SPSS software of version 23. It has been shown that 78% of them are aware of CB. 75% of them responded that passive smokers were mostly affected by CB. Within the study limits, it was found that males who participated had increased awareness when compared to the females. The survey results showed that most of the participants were aware about CB but not its clinical features, oral manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment.

Awareness on hematological malignancies among college students

Cancers of blood arise when the abnormal blood cells undergo uncontrolled growth which outpaces the natural production of normal blood cells, interfering with the cells' normal functions. Leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma are the three types of blood cancers. The aim of our study is to assess and create awareness of hematological malignancies among college students. A questionnaire was prepared using Google Forms based on the awareness of the Hematological malignancies disinfection methods among dental students in Chennai. It was then circulated among a certain set of participants using an online Google Form link. The participants were asked about their knowledge level regarding hematological malignancies and a majority (68.97%) were aware of the same, whereas 27.59% were not aware and the rest (3.45%) were not sure. When asked about how dental care detects various hematological malignancies, 10.34% of the participants replied as "patient speaks about any abnormality," 75.86% replied as "oral manifestations," and 13.79% replied as "dentists cannot detect hematological malignancies." From the above results and discussion, we can come to the conclusion that most of the dental students who participated in the survey are aware of hematological malignancies and its various types.

Knowledge and awareness about fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva among dental students

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disorder which is autosomal dominant distinguished by congenital malformations of large toes and flare ups, etc. It is a disorder of connective tissue, with heterotopic ossifications seen with skeletal muscles, tendons, and cartilages and also called as Stone man disease, myositis ossificans, and Munchmeyer disease. The main objective of the study is to assess and create the awareness about FOP among dental students. An online-based survey was conducted among 103 dental students, undergraduates and postgraduates. About 20 questionnaires were prepared and circulated among the students through the "Google forms" across Chennai. A survey questionnaire asked about the knowledge of fibrodysplasia, its causes, treatment, and diagnosis was enquired. Thus, the data obtained were analyzed statistically using the SPSS software. In our study, about 64% were undergraduates and 35% of them were postgraduates. About 66% of the participants were aware of fibrodysplasia and 32% of them were not aware. Most of the undergraduate students were more aware of fibrodysplasia (40%) when compared to postgraduates (29%). However, this is statistically not significant. Fibrodysplasia ossificans reported to have a high incidence in 1 in 2 million people worldwide. Hence, an early diagnosis of this disorder can prevent further complications. Although the survey has provided significant knowledge about fibrodysplasia, awareness still has to be created among dental students.

Awareness about Patterson syndrome among dental students

The aim is to create awareness about Patterson syndrome among dental students. Patterson-Stevenson-Fontaine syndrome is a very rare condition marked by irregular facial bone and tissue growth (mandibulofacial dysostosis) as well as limb abnormalities. A recessed jaw (retrognathism), cleft palate, and external ear defects are all possible symptoms of this disorder. A total of 112 undergraduate dental students participated in a longitudinal cross-sectional sample. To assess college students' awareness about Patterson syndrome, a self-administered, closed-ended questionnaire was developed and distributed. The only language allowed was English. The results were analyzed in SPSS software version 23. 10.71% of females and 14.29% of males were aware about Patterson syndrome. 32.14% of females and 38.39% of males were aware that Patterson syndrome was a rare adrenal disorder. We can conclude that very few of the population which was only 25% of the dental students were aware about Patterson syndrome and this survey helped in creating awareness about this syndrome.

Prevalence of class I caries in the second maxillary primary molar in 3-6-year-old children: A retrospective study

Class I caries is located in the occlusal surface of molars and premolars. Dental care is an international public health challenge, mainly in young group children, as they are easily affected by caries with an increased addiction to sweets and chocolates. Caries begin early in life and progress rapidly and can affect a child in the long-term quality of life. The data were collected from the institutional patient records between June 2015 and February 2021. The details of 6831 pediatric patients were collected, of which 1500 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The data were collected and analyzed using SPSS software (IBM Corp, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY). P = 0.005 was set as level of significance. Highest prevalence of caries was seen in male children with P = 0.008 (<0.05), denoting that there is a significant association between gender and number of teeth affected with caries. When age group was considered, the caries prevalence was highest at the age of 4 years and the P value was statistically significant. The prevalence of class I caries in the second maxillary primary right molars was more than the second maxillary primary left molars and within the age group of 4 years.

Prevalence of pain following single-visit pulpectomy with stainless steel crown done by postgraduate students in a university sitting

Pain is usually a very unpleasant experience, it can be felt by any age group whose sensory and cognitive components have been developed. Children tend to experience pain in around 65% of dental procedures. It can affect daily activities, and in many situations, it can lead to crisis. Since it is a developing child, the concept of pain can influence adversely in the mind of the child. The clinical records of all pulpectomy cases during the period between January 1, 2020, and January 1, 2021, were analyzed. Gender and age of the patients were also included in the study. The majority of children in our study group were males; children who had a proper abscess of any kind of symptoms tend to have a higher incidence of postoperative pain compared to children with the least symptoms. The study identified that children experienced less pain following multi-visit pulpectomy when compared with single visits during the 1^st 3 days. In children who were treated with both single-visit pulpectomy and stainless steel crown experienced no difference in pain perception in the first 3 days of appointment.

Comparison of human and animal hair - A microscopical analysis

For nearly a century, hairs of animals and humans were employed in forensic research. It is found to be stable in certain environments, and thus, they are frequently retrieved at scenes of crime, and it is important to verify whether they are either human or animal. The present research was done at comparing the morphological differences among human hair and animal hair using a stereomicroscope. Samples of hair forming the outer coat of some autochthonous domestic and human remnants were evaluated in this study. Long strands of guard hair shaft were investigated by stereomicroscope accordingly. Microphotographs were taken in an iPad camera. The microscopic characteristics of cat hair samples showed the presence of small spikes on the surface, whereas the human hair sample showed a smooth appearance with no irregularities. The microscopic analyses of the human hair sample and cat hair sample under stereomicroscope suggest hair samples can be used as forensic evidence in crime scene investigation. The comparison of both the hair samples was done, and the differences were significantly evident.

Knowledge and awareness on Balo's disease among dental students: A survey

Balo's disease is an uncommon central nervous system disorder causing demyelination and is a form of multiple sclerosis. Concentric sclerosis, leukoencephalitis periaxialis concentrica, is also known as Balo's disease. Concentric sclerosis signalizes the bands of intact myelin and alternating rings of myelin loss present in several parts of the brainstem and brain. The present study aimed to assess and create awareness about Balo's disease among dental undergraduates. The study included an online survey about the knowledge and awareness of Balo's disease among dental students. A questionnaire was prepared, uploaded, and distributed in an online portal. The latest software version of SPSS was used to analyze the collected data. Descriptive statistical analysis and Chi-square test were done, and the P value was calculated. The survey showed that 54.55% of males and 45.45% of females participated in this survey. Most of the respondents (87.88%) knew about Balo's disease, whereas only 12.12% of participants were not aware of the disease. It was found that most of dental students are aware of Balo's disease. The study also showed that male respondents are more aware than the females.

Awareness of Vitamin and mineral supplements among college students

A Vitamin or mineral supplement is a kind of adjunct that aims to supplement the diet and it comprises a wide range of Vitamins, minerals, herbs, etc., that amplifies different nutrient levels. People intake such supplements for protection against health illnesses such as stress, cold, flu, osteoporosis, heart attacks, tooth decay, cancer, and neural tube defects in infants, etc. Anyhow, intake of large amounts without proper medical consideration can have severe negative consequences. This study aimed to assess the awareness on Vitamin and mineral supplements among College students. An online cross-sectional questionnaire was made using Google Forms and distributed among 100 College students. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive analysis and Chi-square tests were done. Results showed that the majority of 63.43% of UG students and 21.64% of PG students believed that its consumption was beneficial and in general awareness was more among UG students. When asked about the Vitamin that should be avoided during pregnancy, a majority of 20.30% of UG students opted for Vitamin E and 7.52% of PG students opted for Vitamin A which shows that both were feasible options as they were fat-soluble vitamins capable of causing congenital defects. The most probable issue related with the use of dietary supplements is that the people who include them in their diet might see it as a substitute, in lieu of a supplement, thus, more people should be made aware of the proper consumption and side effects of Vitamin and mineral supplements.

Knowledge and awareness of dental students on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent psychiatric illness marked by a short span of attention, impulsive decisions, and behavioral issues. They are vulnerable to trauma and dental problems. The dental health team faces a challenge due to behavioral disorders, cognitive deficiencies, and short attention spans. At all stages of prevention and treatment, the management of these children necessitates various changes in approach. To collect data and analyze the awareness level of dental students toward ADHD. An online portal was used for the survey and distributed to 106 dentistry students with self-structured 10 questions. The findings were gathered through the survey portal, and graphs were drawn to compare the results. The SPSS software version 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. The Chi-square test was used to determine the correlation between the variables. Forty percent of those polled are aware of ADHD, which is a mental health condition characterized by excessively active and impulsive behavior. The symptoms of a child with ADHD are aware to 31.43% of voters. About 30.48% of the respondents know the symptoms of an adult with ADHD. About 29.52% of the respondents were aware of the causes of ADHD. To conclude that most dental undergraduates are not aware of the basic characteristics of ADHD. This means that there should be a spreading of knowledge on the subject. A dental student or dentist must know how to manage a patient diagnosed with ADHD. Careful management and treatment will lead to a satisfied and happy patient. Mismanagement may cause problems in the future for both the dentist and the patient.

Awareness and knowledge of oral manifestations in cardiovascular diseases among the general public

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels. Periodontal problems, bleeding gums, dry mouth, and gingival hyperplasia are common oral manifestations seen in cardiovascular-related problems. To assess the extent of awareness and knowledge, the general public has toward the oral manifestation related to that of CVDs. A questionnaire was distributed among the general public in relation to that of the extent of awareness and knowledge of oral manifestations with regard to CVD. A total of 161 responses were collected from the survey. The collected data were compiled and analyzed by the SPSS software; the Pearson Chi-square test was done where P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study showed that 65.22% of the population is aware of the types of CVD. About 59.63% of the population do not know that periodontal problems lead to cardiovascular problems. About 39.75% have vague knowledge about the maintenance of poor oral health causing cardiovascular problems. The study concluded that the general public is not much aware of the oral manifestations related to that of CVDs.

A comparative study of different animal hairs: A microscopic analysis

Hair is a feature that is only found in mammals. In all species, it is an epidermal protrusion composed of an outer cuticle, middle cortex, and inner medulla. Hair's primary purpose in mammals is to aid with thermoregulation. Every domestic animal species has a distinct hair pattern that can be used in forensic investigations. The aim of the present study is to observe the different animal hairs under stereomicroscope for forensic analysis. Hair is a unique characteristic seen only in mammals. It is an epidermal protrusion composed of an outer cuticle, middle cortex, and inner medulla in all species. The primary function of hair in animals is to aid with thermoregulation. Every domestic animal species has a specific hair pattern that forensic investigators can employ. The shaft profile was straight in all the animal hairs. In the proximal end, the root was absent because the hair was cut from the respective animals. Cuticles were absent in all the hair strands. The surface texture was smooth in dog hair, rough and spiculated in cat hair, and coarse in horse and rat hair. Microscopic examination of hairs reveals morphological distinctions that allow animal hairs from different species to be distinguished. In forensic investigations, microscopic examinations of various animal hairs are useful.

Knowledge and awareness about Bowen's disease among dental students

The study aimed to assess the awareness and knowledge about Bowen's disease among dental students. Bowen disease is an infrequent skin disorder and is also referred to as squamous cell carcinoma in situ. It is a noninvasive form of intraepidermal squamous cell carcinoma with flat or slightly raised lesions. An online survey was conducted among 300 dental students between the age group of 18-30 years in the Chennai district based on Bowen's disease. This is the best approach to data collection due to the large population of the city of Chennai and is also appropriate in the current situation where people need to avoid gatherings and close contact. About 78.21% were BDS students and 21.79% were MDS students. In the age group of 10-20 years, 8.97% responded heard about Bowen disease and 3.85% responded not heard. Within the 21-30 years age group, 44.02% responded that Bowen disease is invasive and 20.09% responded noninvasive. Studies showed that the exact occurrence of Bowen's disease is not known. It is found to be more common in men than in women. To conclude, about 65% of participants were aware of Bowen's disease. Nevertheless, patients with Bowen's disease seem to be at an abnormal risk of internal malignancies, and they need to be educated about the various treatments available to prevent the cause as soon as possible.

Comparative study of male and female human hair: A microscopic analysis

The outer cuticle, middle cortex, and inner medulla make up hair, which is an epidermal outgrowth. Hair is resilient under harsh natural conditions, thus it is frequently collected at crime scenes, making human hair analysis important in the forensic sciences field. It aids in the formation of a triangle connecting a crime scene, a victim, and a culprit. The aim of this study is to observe the microscopic structure of male and female human hair. Samples of hair specimens from males and females were collected. The materials used were ethanol to degrease and a stereomicroscope to observe the structural differences between the male and female hair samples. The comparison between male and female hair is done on the grounds of color, shaft profiles, the proximal and distal ends of the hair, cuticle, and surface texture, and the other found characters. This study of comparison between male and female hair specimens revealed that the hair color at the distal end is found to be brown for females while it is completely black in that of males, and the surface texture of males is found to have some irregularities while there are no irregularities in female. This study can be concluded that the structural comparison between male and female hair specimens can be used as evidence for forensic analysis at crime scenes.

Knowledge and awareness of the Klinefelter Syndrome among the dental students

The presence of one or more extra X chromosomes in a male causes Klinefelter Syndrome (KS). KS affects 1 in 500-1 in 1000 men, while about half remain undiagnosed. KS is characterized by huge stature, increase in arm length, the feminine distribution of adipose tissues (including gynecomastia), less or pubic hair, infertility, hypotonia, reduced size of penis and less than average verbal IQ, struggle in learning and requirements for less specified speech therapy. KS is a primary testicular insufficiency with high levels of gonadotropin caused by a lack of pituitary gland feedback. The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge and awareness of the KS among the dental students. This cross-sectional survey was conducted among dental students of a private dental hospital. To evaluate the knowledge and awareness of the participants about KS, a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 10 questions was prepared. Percentage analysis and frequency analysis and percentage analysis were performed. A Chi-square test was done to assess the correlation using the SPSS software. In our study, most of the participants were aware of the KS. They also knew that the KS is caused due to the additional X chromosome. We would like to conclude that the dental students were much aware about the Klinefelter and they also had a thorough knowledge about it.

Awareness about the significance of acid-base balance of saliva in maintaining oral health

Saliva is a multilayered secretion. The quality of saliva is just as crucial as the quantity. Saliva is necessary for preserving the integrity of oral structures, personal connections, digestion, and acid-base balance. The acid-base balance in one's oral environment is always being challenged. It happens every time we eat a meal, and when microorganisms are present. At a pH of 5 or 5.5, the demineralization of the enamel and hard tooth structures occurs. This study aimed to raise awareness about the importance of acid-base balance of saliva in dental health. A self-structured questionnaire was prepared to assess the awareness on the importance of acid-base balance in maintaining oral health. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions, and the results were plotted in a graph. The Chi-square test was employed for evaluating the data, which was done with SPSS software. The study indicated that 91.74% of the participants were aware of the salivary pH in case of healthy gingiva, 34.82% of the respondents were aware of the salivary pH in case of chronic gingivitis, and 20.33% of the respondents were aware of the salivary pH in case of chronic periodontitis. We also correlated our results with gender and year of study. Oral health plays a major role in identifying systemic diseases and hence enough knowledge about various aspects about the oral cavity and its manifestations needs to be created among dental students to ensure that they become efficient dental surgeons in the future. Even though a fair amount of people knew the pH of clinically healthy gingiva, most of them did not know the pH at which periodontitis or gingivitis was caused. Hence, creating awareness about this topic stands vital. Further studies are required for a better understanding of salivary components and how they affect the caries process. The utilization of modified oral molecules as medicinal agents could become a reality with this understanding. Our findings imply that being aware of dietary composition has an impact on acid-base balance. To maintain the correct acid-base balance, more awareness of protein consumption is required.

Novel Repair Procedure for CFRP Components Instead of EOL

Today, numerous carbon fiber (CF) reinforced plastic (CFRP) components are in continuous usage under harsh environmental conditions. New components often replace damaged structural parts in safety-critical applications. In addition to this, there is also no effective repair method to initially restore the mechanics of these structures using dry fiber material. The high costs of CFRP components are not in proportion to their lifetime. The research project IGF-19946 BR "CFRP-Repair" addresses this specific challenge. By using an oxide semiconductor that is activated by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, the thermoset matrix can be depolymerized and thus locally removed from the damaged CFRP component. Afterward, the harmed fibers can be physically removed from the laminate in this certain area. A load-adjusted tailored fiber reinforcement patch is subsequently applied and consolidated by local thermoset re-infiltrating. Using this procedure, the structure can be locally repaired with new CF. As a result, repaired CFRP structures can be obtained with reduced mechanics and an approximately original surface. This article gives an insight into the developed repair procedure of CFRP components in an innovative and more efficient way than the state-of-the-art.

Comparing novel versus conventional technique of platelet-rich plasma therapy in periorbital hyperpigmentation: A randomized prospective split-face study

BACKGROUND

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been found to be effective in treating periorbital hyperpigmentation (POH). PRP prepared by double-spin (DS) method and activated by calcium has been used conventionally. PRP can be prepared by single spin (SS) and activated at low temperature (novel method), but the evidence is limited.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the novel and conventional PRP in the treatment of periorbital hyperpigmentation.

METHODS

We selected 21 patients of POH and randomly divided the face into two halves. One-half of the face (group A) was treated with novel PRP (SS and low-temperature activation). The other half (group B) was treated with conventional PRP (DS and calcium activation). A total of 3 PRP injections were given at 4 weekly intervals. Patients were observed and assessed on 12^th week by photography, dermoscopy, visual analog scale (VAS) score, and Dermatology life quality index (DLQI). Platelet counts and growth factors were assessed in PRP.

RESULTS

Mean platelet count in novel and conventional PRP was 7.41 ± 1.76 lacs and 8.17 ± 2.23 lacs (p = 0.348). Mean photographic and dermoscopic assessment at the end of the study in group A and group B was 52.33 ± 6.468 and 53.14 ± 6.99 (p = 0.151). Change in VAS in groups A and B was 3.85 ± 1.27 and 3.90 ± 1.04 (p = 0.895). Levels of various growth factors assessed by ELISA did not differ significantly. There was significant decline in DLQI.

CONCLUSION

The novel method is not inferior to conventional method of PRP in the treatment of periorbital hyperpigmentation.

Monitoring, sampling, and automated analysis

A review of the literature published in 2018 on topics related to monitoring, sampling, and automated analysis is presented. The review includes current developments in monitoring, sampling, and analysis of water, wastewater, and groundwater. This review includes the following sections: brief introduction; sample preparation and extraction techniques; real-time, high-frequency, and/or in situ monitoring (microbiological, inorganic, organic, metals, and others); passive monitoring; and the biosensors. In the end, the authors have discussed future of the topic. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Advances in monitoring, sampling and automated analysis of water and wastewater are summarized. Real-time, high-frequency, and in-situ monitoring and analysis of pollutants are summarized. Topics include sample preparation and extraction and passive monitoring, and biosensors for pollutants.

Stability of buried and networked salt-bridges (BNSB)in thermophilic proteins

Thermophilic proteins function at high temperature, unlike mesophilic proteins. Thermo-stability of these proteins is due to the unique buried and networked salt-bridge (BNSB). However, it is known that the desolvation cost of BNSB is too high compared to other favorable energy terms. Nonetheless, it is known that stability is provided generally by hydrophobic isosteres without the need for BNSB. We show in this analysis that the BNSB is the optimal evolutionary design of salt-bridge to offset desolvation cost efficiently. Hence, thermophilic proteins with a high level of BNSB provide thermo-stability.

Novel Methods to Improve the Efficiency of Radioimmunotherapy for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a novel strategy for treating non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Several studies have shown the promising results of using RIT in NHL, which have led to FDA approval for two RIT agents in treating low grade NHL. In spite of these favorable results in low-grade NHL, most of the aggressive or relapsed/refractory NHL subjects experience relapses following RIT. Although more aggressive treatments such as myeloablative doses of RIT followed by stem cell transplantation appear to be able to provide a longer survival for some patients these approaches are associated with significant treatment-related adverse events and challenging to deliver in most centers. Therefore, it seems reasonable to develop treatment approaches that enhance the efficiency of RIT, while reducing its toxicity. In this paper, novel methods that improve the efficiency of RIT and reduce its toxicity through various mechanisms are reviewed. Further clinical development of these methods could expand the NHL patient groups eligible for receiving RIT, and even extend the use of RIT to new indications and disease groups in future.

Novel method versus the Friedewald method for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in determination of the eligibility for statin treatment for primary prevention in the United States

Although the Friedewald method has been used as the clinical standard to estimate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, a novel method with better accuracy was suggested and is now being adopted in real practice. We investigated the effect of this novel method on determining the eligibility for statin treatment for primary prevention in the United States.In this cross-sectional study, we determined the discordance in the statin-eligible population for primary prevention according to the 2 different LDL-C estimating methods based on the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2014, we included 5302 nationally representative US adults aged between 40 and 75 years without history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Sampling weights were used in all statistical analyses to account for complex sampling design and nonresponse.If the Friedewald method is replaced by the novel method for analysis of the fasting samples, 0.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0-0.8) and 0.4% (95% CI, 0.3-0.6) of the population would no longer be eligible or would become newly eligible for statin treatment, respectively. Among the individuals with a TG level ≥150 mg/dL and LDL-C level estimated using the Friedewald method <70 mg/dL, 11.6% (95% CI, 4.0-29.3) would become newly eligible for the statin treatment when using the novel method.The use of the novel method for estimating LDL-C instead of the Friedewald method would be associated with a small net increase in statin eligible/needed US adults for primary prevention based on the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. Reassessment of individuals' statin eligibility using the novel method may be beneficial, particularly when their TG level is 150 mg/dL or higher and LDL-CF level is lower than 70 mg/dL.

A novel method of airway management in a case of penetrating neck injury

Direct injury to airway is a rare event and also a challenge to anaesthesiologist and surgeon. We present a case report of open tracheal injury with right pneumothorax in a young male following assault with a sharp weapon. In spite of a chest tube in situ, the patient came with collapse of one lung and tachypnoea which required surgical exploration. Lower airway was evaluated by fibre-optic bronchoscopy through the open tracheal wound while he was awake and tracheal tube was passed over the bronchoscope. There was no vascular or oesophageal injury detected. Although there was a pleural tear, there were no signs of injury to lung parenchyma. After evaluation, end to end anastomosis of the trachea was planned, for which orotracheal tube was passed with surgical assistance. Patient was shifted to post-operative high dependency unit and was electively ventilated for 7 days and was later successfully extubated under fibre-optic bronchoscope guidance.

A novel method for lymphadenectomy along the left laryngeal recurrent nerve during thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Due to limited space in the left upper mediastinum, complete dissection of lymph nodes (LN) along left recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is difficult. We herein present a novel method for lymphadenectomy along the left RLN during thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the semi-prone position for esophageal carcinoma. The method, suspension the esophagus and push aside trachea, allows en bloc lymphadenectomy along the left RLN from the below aortic arch to the thoracic inlet.

METHODS

Between September 2014 and September 2015, a total of 110 consecutive patients with esophageal carcinoma were treated with thoraco-laparoscopic esophagectomy with cervical anastomosis in the semi-prone position. Outcomes between those who received surgery with the novel method and conventional surgery were compared.

RESULTS

Fifty patients underwent the novel method and sixty received conventional surgery. The operative field around the left RLN was easier to explore with the novel method. The estimated blood loss was less (23.7±8.2 vs. 34.2±10.3 g, P=0.001), and the number of harvested LNs along the left RLN was greater (6.4±3.2 vs. 4.1±2.8 min, P=0.028) in the novel method group, while the duration of lymphadenectomy along left RLN was longer in the novel method group (28.2±3.9 vs. 20.3±2.8 min, P=0.005). The rate of hoarseness in the novel and conventional groups was 10% and 16.7%, respectively. No significant difference in postoperative morbidity related to the left RLN was noted between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The novel method during semi-prone esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma is associated with better surgeon ergonomics and operative exposure.