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Cho SH, Lee JY, Kim H, Kim SW, Kim JM, Shin IS. Case report: Periventricular heterotopia and early-onset bipolar disorder in adolescent patient with history of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1289850. [PMID: 38283846 PMCID: PMC10811127 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1289850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Periventricular heterotopia (PH) is a developmental malformation in the brain. Because the clinical symptoms are heterogeneous, few studies have investigated the psychiatric symptoms associated with PH. We describe the case of a 17-year-old male with bipolar disorder (BD), who had been treated for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and developmental delay in childhood. He had experienced depression for 1 year and was admitted to the emergency room following a suicide attempt. He was admitted to the psychiatric ward for further evaluation and treatment for elated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased sexuality, and delusion. The patient was diagnosed with BP-I disorder and PH via brain magnetic resonance imaging. After combined treatment with valproic acid and aripiprazole, his manic symptoms stabilized. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an adolescent PH case with a history of early onset BD and ADHD in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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2
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De Laurentiis A, Ciaccio C, Erbetta A, Pinelli M, Nigro V, Pantaleoni C, D'Arrigo S. Periventricular heterotopia in a male child with USP9X missense variant. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:1350-1354. [PMID: 36680497 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-specific protease USP9X has been found to play a role in multiple aspects of neural development including processes of neuronal migrations. In males, hemizygous partial loss of function variants in USP9X lead to a clinical phenotype primarily characterized by intellectual disability, hypotonia, speech and language impairment, behavioral disturbances accompanied by additional clinical features with variable expressivity. Structural brain abnormalities are reported in all cases where neuro-imaging was performed. The most common radiological features described include hypoplasia/agenesis of the corpus callosum, widened ventricles, white matter disturbances, and cerebellar hypoplasia. Here we report a child harboring a missense variant in USP9X presenting with the classical neurodevelopmental phenotype and a previously unreported radiological picture of periventricular heterotopia. This case expands the phenotypic landscape of this emergent condition and supports the critical role of USP9X in neuronal migration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna De Laurentiis
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Ciaccio
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Erbetta
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Pinelli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Pantaleoni
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Arrigo
- Department of Pediatric Neurosciences, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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3
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Akkol S, Kucyi A, Hu W, Zhao B, Zhang C, Sava-Segal C, Liu S, Razavi B, Zhang J, Zhang K, Parvizi J. Intracranial Electroencephalography Reveals Selective Responses to Cognitive Stimuli in the Periventricular Heterotopias. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3870-8. [PMID: 33727335 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2785-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent work suggests that non-lesional epileptic brain tissue is capable of generating normal neurophysiological responses during cognitive tasks, which are then seized by ongoing pathologic epileptic activity. Here, we aim to extend the scope of our work to epileptic periventricular heterotopias (PVH) and examine whether the PVH tissue also exhibits normal neurophysiological responses and network-level integration with other non-lesional cortical regions. As part of routine clinical assessment, three adult patients with PVH underwent implantation of intracranial electrodes and participated in experimental cognitive tasks. We obtained simultaneous recordings from PVH and remote cortical sites during rest as well as controlled experimental conditions. In all three subjects (two females), cognitive experimental conditions evoked significant electrophysiological responses in discrete locations within the PVH tissue that were correlated with responses seen in non-epileptic cortical sites. Moreover, the responsive PVH sites exhibited correlated electrophysiological activity with responsive, non-lesional cortical sites during rest conditions. Taken together, our work clearly demonstrates that the PVH tissue may be functionally organized and it may be functionally integrated within cognitively engaged cortical networks despite its anatomic displacement during neurodevelopment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Periventricular heterotopias (PVH) are developmentally abnormal brain tissues that frequently cause epileptic seizures. In a rare opportunity to obtain direct electrophysiological recordings from PVH, we were able to show that, contrary to common assumptions, PVH functional activity is similar to healthy cortical sites during a well-established cognitive task and exhibits clear resting state connectivity with the responsive cortical regions.
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4
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Arya R, Spaeth C, Zhang W. Epilepsy phenotypes associated with MAP1B-related brain malformations. Epileptic Disord 2021; 23:392-6. [PMID: 33772511 DOI: 10.1684/epd.2021.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, studies on whole-exome sequencing (WES) of large cohorts of people with periventricular heterotopia (PVH) have reported an association with loss-of-function variants in the MAP1B gene. However, neurological phenotypes of these patients remain poorly characterized. Four family members with seizures beginning in early childhood were evaluated. Integrated genomic analysis with WES and microarray was performed. Affected family members had various combinations of: febrile, fever-triggered and afebrile seizures; photo-sensitivity; comorbid mild developmental delays; obsessive-compulsive behaviors; and poor attention span. Neuroimaging showed PVH, corpus callosum abnormalities, and perisylvian polymicrogyria. A novel heterozygous frameshift variant in MAP1B was found in all affected family members. This report extends the clinical and neuroimaging phenotypes associated with MAP1B pathogenic variants. MAP1B variants may be considered in patients with febrile and afebrile seizures if characteristic neuroimaging, particularly PVH, is observed.
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5
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Buchsbaum IY, Kielkowski P, Giorgio G, O'Neill AC, Di Giaimo R, Kyrousi C, Khattak S, Sieber SA, Robertson SP, Cappello S. ECE2 regulates neurogenesis and neuronal migration during human cortical development. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48204. [PMID: 32207244 PMCID: PMC7202216 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, excitatory projection neurons migrate in the cerebral cortex giving rise to organised layers. Periventricular heterotopia (PH) is a group of aetiologically heterogeneous disorders in which a subpopulation of newborn projection neurons fails to initiate their radial migration to the cortex, ultimately resulting in bands or nodules of grey matter lining the lateral ventricles. Although a number of genes have been implicated in its cause, currently they only satisfactorily explain the pathogenesis of the condition for 50% of patients. Novel gene discovery is complicated by the extreme genetic heterogeneity recently described to underlie its cause. Here, we study the neurodevelopmental role of endothelin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ECE2) for which two biallelic variants have been identified in two separate patients with PH. Our results show that manipulation of ECE2 levels in human cerebral organoids and in the developing mouse cortex leads to ectopic localisation of neural progenitors and neurons. We uncover the role of ECE2 in neurogenesis, and mechanistically, we identify its involvement in the generation and secretion of extracellular matrix proteins in addition to cytoskeleton and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Y Buchsbaum
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg, Germany
| | - Pavel Kielkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Grazia Giorgio
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg, Germany
| | - Adam C O'Neill
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rossella Di Giaimo
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Shahryar Khattak
- DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies, Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Stephen P Robertson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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6
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O'Neill AC, Kyrousi C, Klaus J, Leventer RJ, Kirk EP, Fry A, Pilz DT, Morgan T, Jenkins ZA, Drukker M, Berkovic SF, Scheffer IE, Guerrini R, Markie DM, Götz M, Cappello S, Robertson SP. A Primate-Specific Isoform of PLEKHG6 Regulates Neurogenesis and Neuronal Migration. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2729-2741.e6. [PMID: 30517861 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex has undergone remarkable changes through evolution. A consequence of such rapid evolutionary events could be a trade-off that has rendered the brain susceptible to certain neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions. We analyzed the exomes of 65 patients with the structural brain malformation periventricular nodular heterotopia (PH). De novo coding variants were observed in excess in genes defining a transcriptomic signature of basal radial glia, a cell type linked to brain evolution. In addition, we located two variants in human isoforms of two genes that have no ortholog in mice. Modulating the levels of one of these isoforms for the gene PLEKHG6 demonstrated its role in regulating neuroprogenitor differentiation and neuronal migration via RhoA, with phenotypic recapitulation of PH in human cerebral organoids. This suggests that this PLEKHG6 isoform is an example of a primate-specific genomic element supporting brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C O'Neill
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany; Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Richard J Leventer
- Department of Neurology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Edwin P Kirk
- Sydney Children's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia; New South Wales Health Pathology, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Fry
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Daniela T Pilz
- West of Scotland Genetics Service, Laboratory Medicine Building, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Tim Morgan
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zandra A Jenkins
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Micha Drukker
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Samuel F Berkovic
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - David M Markie
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany; Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet, Munich, Germany; Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology (SYNERGY), 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Stephen P Robertson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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7
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O'Neill AC, Kyrousi C, Einsiedler M, Burtscher I, Drukker M, Markie DM, Kirk EP, Götz M, Robertson SP, Cappello S. Mob2 Insufficiency Disrupts Neuronal Migration in the Developing Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:57. [PMID: 29593499 PMCID: PMC5857600 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of neuronal mispositioning during brain development are phenotypically heterogeneous and their genetic causes remain largely unknown. Here, we report biallelic variants in a Hippo signaling factor—MOB2—in a patient with one such disorder, periventricular nodular heterotopia (PH). Genetic and cellular analysis of both variants confirmed them to be loss-of-function with enhanced sensitivity to transcript degradation via nonsense mediated decay (NMD) or increased protein turnover via the proteasome. Knockdown of Mob2 within the developing mouse cortex demonstrated its role in neuronal positioning. Cilia positioning and number within migrating neurons was also impaired with comparable defects detected following a reduction in levels of an upstream modulator of Mob2 function, Dchs1, a previously identified locus associated with PH. Moreover, reduced Mob2 expression increased phosphorylation of Filamin A, an actin cross-linking protein frequently mutated in cases of this disorder. These results reveal a key role for Mob2 in correct neuronal positioning within the developing cortex and outline a new candidate locus for PH development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C O'Neill
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Helmholtz Center, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Ingo Burtscher
- Helmholtz Center, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Center Munich, Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Garching, Germany
| | - Micha Drukker
- Helmholtz Center, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Munich, Germany.,Helmholtz Center, iPSC Core Facility, Munich, Germany
| | - David M Markie
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Edwin P Kirk
- Sydney Children's Hospital, University of New South Wales and New South Wales Health Pathology, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Helmholtz Center, Institute of Stem Cell Research, Munich, Germany.,Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology (SYNERGY), Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen P Robertson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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8
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Abstract
Advances in genetic testing have led to the identification of increasing numbers of novel gene mutations that underlie infantile-onset epileptic encephalopathies. Recently, a mutagenesis screen identified a novel gene, SZT2, with no known protein function that has been linked to epileptogenesis in mice. Thus far, two clinical reports have identified children with different recessive mutations in SZT2 and varying clinical phenotypes. One case report described patients with epileptic encephalopathy and the other noted patients with cognitive deficiencies, but normal MRI and no epilepsy. This case report identifies novel mutations (a compound heterozygous frameshift and a nonsense variant) in the SZT2 gene with distinct clinical and radiographic findings relative to those previously reported. Our patient presented with intractable epilepsy at 2 months of age. Seizures were refractory to numerous antiepileptic medications and the patient finally achieved seizure cessation at age 3 years with a combination of divalproex and lamotrigine. Our patient had similar facial dysmorphisms (macrocephaly, high forehead, and down-slanted palpebral fissures) to a previous case with truncating mutation. While developmental delay and cognitive deficiencies were present, our case had unique MRI findings suggesting migrational abnormalities not previously reported in other cases.
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9
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Kawauchi T, Nikolić M, Arai Y. Editorial: In vivo Cell Biology of Cerebral Cortical Development and Its Related Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:162. [PMID: 27445690 PMCID: PMC4914493 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and InnovationKobe, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencySaitama, Japan
| | - Margareta Nikolić
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, UK
| | - Yoko Arai
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France; Institut Jacques-Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7529, Université Paris DiderotParis, France
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10
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Abstract
Periventricular heterotopia (PH) is a cortical malformation characterized by aggregation of neurons lining the lateral ventricles due to abnormal neuronal migration. The molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of PH is unclear. Here we show that Regulators of calcineurin 1 (Rcan1), a Down syndrome-related gene, plays an important role in radial migration of rat cortical neurons. Downregulation of Rcan1 by expressing shRNA impaired neural progenitor proliferation and led to defects in radial migration and PH. Two isoforms of Rcan1 (Rcan1-1 and Rcan1-4) are expressed in the rat brain. Migration defects due to downregulation of Rcan1 could be prevented by shRNA-resistant expression of Rcan1-1 but not Rcan1-4. Furthermore, we found that Rcan1 knockdown significantly decreased the expression level of Flna, an F-actin cross-linking protein essential for cytoskeleton rearrangement and cell migration, mutation of which causes the most common form of bilateral PH in humans. Finally, overexpression of FLNA in Rcan1 knockdown neurons prevented migration abnormalities. Together, these findings demonstrate that Rcan1 acts upstream from Flna in regulating radial migration and suggest that impairment of Rcan1-Flna pathway may underlie PH pathogenesis.
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11
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Lian G, Sheen VL. Cytoskeletal proteins in cortical development and disease: actin associated proteins in periventricular heterotopia. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:99. [PMID: 25883548 PMCID: PMC4381626 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton regulates many important cellular processes in the brain, including cell division and proliferation, migration, and cytokinesis and differentiation. These developmental processes can be regulated through actin dependent vesicle and organelle movement, cell signaling, and the establishment and maintenance of cell junctions and cell shape. Many of these processes are mediated by extensive and intimate interactions of actin with cellular membranes and proteins. Disruption in the actin cytoskeleton in the brain gives rise to periventricular heterotopia (PH), a malformation of cortical development, characterized by abnormal neurons clustered deep in the brain along the lateral ventricles. This disorder can give rise to seizures, dyslexia and psychiatric disturbances. Anatomically, PH is characterized by a smaller brain (impaired proliferation), heterotopia (impaired initial migration) and disruption along the neuroependymal lining (impaired cell-cell adhesion). Genes causal for PH have also been implicated in actin-dependent processes. The current review provides mechanistic insight into actin cytoskeletal regulation of cortical development in the context of this malformation of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gewei Lian
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Volney L Sheen
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Recio-Rodríguez M, Fernández-Mayoralas DM, Fernández-Jaén A, Fernández-Perrone AL, Cano-Alonso R, Jiménez-de-La-Peña M. Prenatal diagnosis of frontonasal dysplasia associated with bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:NP122-6. [PMID: 24196422 DOI: 10.1177/0883073813508316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Frontonasal dysplasia is an etiologically heterogeneous development alteration including a set of anomalies affecting the eyes, forehead, and nose as a result of a malformation of the frontonasal elevation. It could occur either in isolation or as part of a syndrome such as frontonasal dysplasia associated with periventricular heterotopia. Our goal is to document the first clinical case of prenatal diagnosis for frontonasal dysplasia associated with periventricular heterotopia by fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at weeks 19.5 and 29 and postnatal MRI. In conclusion, the presence of frontonasal dysplasia in a prenatal ultrasonography should always be followed by a fetal MRI with routine screening for periventricular nodular heterotopias so as to establish a more adequate prognosis for the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Recio-Rodríguez
- Sección de Neurorradiología, Servicio de Diagnóstico por Imagen, Hospital Quirón, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, España
| | | | - Alberto Fernández-Jaén
- Sección de Neuropediatría, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Quirón, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, España
| | | | - Raquel Cano-Alonso
- Sección de Neurorradiología, Servicio de Diagnóstico por Imagen, Hospital Quirón, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, España
| | - Mar Jiménez-de-La-Peña
- Sección de Neurorradiología, Servicio de Diagnóstico por Imagen, Hospital Quirón, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, España
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13
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Sheen VL. Filamin A mediated Big2 dependent endocytosis: From apical abscission to periventricular heterotopia. Tissue Barriers 2014; 2:e29431. [PMID: 25097827 PMCID: PMC4117685 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.29431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Periventricular heterotopia (PH) is one of the most common malformations of cortical development (MCD). Nodules along the lateral ventricles of the brain, disruption of the ventricular lining, and a reduced brain size are hallmarks of this disorder. PH results in a disruption of the neuroependyma, inhibition of neural proliferation and differentiation, and altered neuronal migration. Human mutations in the genes encoding the actin-binding Filamin A (FLNA) and the vesicle trafficking Brefeldin A-associated guanine exchange factor 2 (BIG2 is encoded by the ARFGEF2 gene) proteins are implicated in PH formation. Recent studies have shown that the transition from proliferating neural progenitors to post-mitotic neurons relies on apical abscission along the neuroepithelium. This mechanism involves an actin dependent contraction of the apical portion of a neural progenitor along the ventricular lining to complete abscission. Actin also maintains stability of various cell adhesion molecules along the neuroependyma. Loss of cadherin directs disassembly of the primary cilium, which transduces sonic-hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Shh signaling is required for continued proliferation. In this context, apical abscission regulates neuronal progenitor exit and migration from the ventricular zone by detachment from the neuroependyma, relies on adhesion molecules that maintain the integrity of the neuroepithelial lining, and directs neural proliferation. Each of these processes is disrupted in PH, suggesting that genes causal for this MCD, may fundamentally mediate apical abscission in cortical development. Here we discuss several recent reports that demonstrate a coordinated role for actin and vesicle trafficking in modulating neural development along the neurepithelium, and potentially the neural stem cell to neuronal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volney L Sheen
- Department of Neurology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
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14
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Maya I, Vinkler C, Konen O, Kornreich L, Steinberg T, Yeshaya J, Latarowski V, Shohat M, Lev D, Baris HN. Abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging in two patients with Smith-Magenis syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1940-6. [PMID: 24788350 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a clinically recognizable contiguous gene syndrome ascribed to an interstitial deletion in chromosome 17p11.2. Seventy percent of SMS patients have a common deletion interval spanning 3.5 megabases (Mb). Clinical features of SMS include characteristic mild dysmorphic features, ocular anomalies, short stature, brachydactyly, and hypotonia. SMS patients have a unique neurobehavioral phenotype that includes intellectual disability, self-injurious behavior and severe sleep disturbance. Little has been reported in the medical literature about anatomical brain anomalies in patients with SMS. Here we describe two patients with SMS caused by the common deletion in 17p11.2 diagnosed using chromosomal microarray (CMA). Both patients had a typical clinical presentation and abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. One patient had subependymal periventricular gray matter heterotopia, and the second had a thin corpus callosum, a thin brain stem and hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis. This report discusses the possible abnormal MRI images in SMS and reviews the literature on brain malformations in SMS. Finally, although structural brain malformations in SMS patients are not a common feature, we suggest baseline routine brain imaging in patients with SMS in particular, and in patients with chromosomal microdeletion/microduplication syndromes in general. Structural brain malformations in these patients may affect the decision-making process regarding their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idit Maya
- The Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
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15
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Abstract
Nature often employs similar mechanisms to complete similar tasks, thus the evolution of homologous proteins across various organ systems to perform similar but slightly different functions. In this respect, disorders attributed to specific genetic mutations, while initially thought to be restricted in function and purpose, may provide broad insight into general cellular and molecular mechanisms of development and maintenance. One such example can be seen in the brain malformation, periventricular heterotopia (PH), which is characterized by very specific nodules of neurons that line the lateral ventricles beneath the cerebral cortex. PH is seen as a disorder of neuronal migration and can be caused by mutations in filamin A (FLNA), which encodes an actin-binding protein that regulates the cytoskeleton and cell motility. Recent advances in our understanding of the genetic causes of PH suggest that mutations in this gene, however, are also associated with the connective tissue disorder, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), in which affected individuals present with joint and skin hyperextensibility and vascular problems including aortic dissection, excessive bleeding and bruisability. While much still remains unknown regarding the mechanistic role of FLNA in giving rise to PH and EDS, a common cellular and molecular basis likely gives rise to these two seemingly unrelated clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volney L Sheen
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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