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Yan S, Li Y, Yang X, Jia X, Xu J, Song H. Photocatalytic H 2 O 2 Generation Reaction with a Benchmark Rate at Air-Liquid-Solid Joint Interfaces. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2307967. [PMID: 37910074 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The rapid charge recombination, low selectivity for two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and limited O2 diffusion rate hinder the practical applications of photocatalytic H2 O2 generation. Herein, a triphase photocatalytic system in which the H2 O2 generation occurs at the air-liquid-solid joint interfaces is developed, using polymeric carbon nitride (PCN). The introduction of pyrrole units and cyano group into PCN can promote the activation of oxygen molecules and facilitate the spatial separation of HOMO and LUMO orbits, hence improving the charge carrier separation efficiency and enhancing the formation of H2 O2 . Importantly, the gas-liquid-solid triphase interface system allows for the rapid transport of oxygen from the air to the reaction interface, overcoming the low solubility and slow diffusion of oxygen in the water in conventional liquid reaction systems. The triphase system shows a benchmark H2 O2 generation rate over PCN-based materials in pure water (2063.21 µmol g-1 h-1 ), which is an approximate tenfold enhancement as compared to powder photocatalyst (215.44 µmol g-1 h-1 ). Simulation and electrochemical tests reveal that the rapid oxygen diffusion rate of triphase interface can promote charge separation and provide more O2 to generate H2 O2 . This work provides a promising strategy for constructing an efficient and sustainable H2 O2 production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Yan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi' an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Yong Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi' an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xinyue Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi' an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xiaohua Jia
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi' an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Jingsan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, Australia
| | - Haojie Song
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi' an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
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2
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Li P, Kowalczyk D, Liessem J, Elnagar MM, Mitoraj D, Beranek R, Ziegenbalg D. Optimizing reaction conditions for the light-driven hydrogen evolution in a loop photoreactor. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:74-91. [PMID: 38264450 PMCID: PMC10804759 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen production from water is a promising way to fulfill energy demands and attain carbon emission reduction goals effectively. In this study, a loop photoreactor with a total volume of around 500 mL is presented for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution using a Pt-loaded polymeric carbon nitride photocatalyst under 365 nm irradiation in the presence of sacrificial reducing agents. The fluid flow pattern of the developed photoreactor was characterized experimentally and the photon flux incident to the loop photoreactor was measured by chemical actinometry. The system displayed exceptional stability, with operation sustained over 70 hours. A design of experiment (DOE) analysis was used to systematically investigate the influence of key parameters - photon flux, photocatalyst loading, stirring speed, and inert gas flow rate - on the hydrogen generation rate. Linear relationships were found between hydrogen evolution rate and photon flux as well as inert gas flow rate. Photocatalyst loading and stirring speed also showed linear correlations, but could not be correctly described by DOE analysis. Instead, linear single parameter correlations could be applied. Notably, the loop photoreactor demonstrated an external photon efficiency up to 17 times higher than reported in literature studies, while scaling the reactor size by a factor of 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Li
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Kowalczyk
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Liessem
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mohamed M Elnagar
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dariusz Mitoraj
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Radim Beranek
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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3
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Ba G, Hu H, Chen X, Hu S, Ye J, Wang D. Organic Molecule Bifunctionalized Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Production. ChemSusChem 2023; 16:e202300860. [PMID: 37602501 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Modifying the polymeric carbon nitride (CN) with organic molecules is a promising strategy to enhance the photocatalytic activity. However, most previously reported works show that interchain embedding and edge grafting of the organic molecule can hardly be achieved simultaneously. Herein, we successfully synthesized organic molecule bifunctionalized CN (MBCN) through copolymerization of melon and sulfanilamide at a purposely elevated temperature of 550 °C. In MBCN, the edge grafted and interchain embedded benzene rings act as the electron-donating group and charge-transfer channel, respectively, rendering efficient photocatalytic H2 O2 production. The optimal MBCN exhibits a significantly improved non-sacrificial photocatalytic H2 O2 generation rate (54.0 μmol g-1 h-1 ) from pure water, which is 10.4 times that of pristine CN. Experimental and density functional theory (DFT) calculation results reveal that the enhanced H2 O2 production activity of MBCN is mainly attributed to the improved photogenerated charge separation/transfer and decreased formation energy barrier (▵G) from O2- to the intermediate 1,4-endoperoxide (⋅OOH). This work suggests that simultaneous formation of electron donating group and charge transfer channel via organic molecule bifunctionalization is a feasible strategy for boosting the photocatalytic activity of CN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiming Ba
- TJU-NIMS International Collaboration Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education) and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huilin Hu
- TJU-NIMS International Collaboration Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education) and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xin Chen
- TJU-NIMS International Collaboration Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education) and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shan Hu
- TJU-NIMS International Collaboration Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education) and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jinhua Ye
- TJU-NIMS International Collaboration Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education) and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Defa Wang
- TJU-NIMS International Collaboration Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education) and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Tang R, Zeng H, Feng C, Xiong S, Li L, Zhou Z, Gong D, Tang L, Deng Y. Twisty C-TiO 2 /PCN S-Scheme Heterojunction with Enhanced n→π * Electronic Excitation for Promoted Piezo-Photocatalytic Effect. Small 2023; 19:e2207636. [PMID: 36772900 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a twisty C-TiO2 /PCN (CNT) Step-scheme (S-scheme) heterojunction is fabricated and applied to degrade ciprofloxacin (CIP) with the assistance of ultrasonic vibration and visible light irradiation. The nitrogen-rich twisty polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) can not only induce a non-centrosymmetric structure with enhanced polarity for a better piezoelectric effect but also provide abundant lone pair electrons to promote n→π* transition during photocatalysis. Its hybridization with C-TiO2 particles can construct S-scheme heterojunction in CNT. During the piezo-photocatalysis, the strain-induced polarization electric field in the heterojunction can regulate the electron migration between the two components, resulting in a more effective CIP degradation. With the synergistic effect of ultrasonic vibration and visible light irradiation, the reaction rate constant of CIP degradation by CNT increases to 0.0517 min-1 , which is 1.86 times that of photocatalysis and 6.46 times that of ultrasound. This system exhibits a stable CIP decomposition efficiency under the interference of various environmental factors. In addition, the in-depth investigation found that three pathways and 12 major intermediates with reduced toxicity are produced after the reaction. Hopefully, the construction of this twisty CNT S-scheme heterojunction with enhanced piezo-photocatalytic effect offers inspiration for the design of environmentally functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongdi Tang
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zeng
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, P. R. China
| | - Chengyang Feng
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheng Xiong
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, P. R. China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, P. R. China
| | - Zhanpeng Zhou
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, P. R. China
| | - Daoxin Gong
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, P. R. China
| | - Lin Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yaocheng Deng
- College of Resources & Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, P. R. China
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5
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Gupta A, Bhoyar T, Abraham BM, Kim DJ, Pasupuleti KS, Umare SS, Vidyasagar D, Gedanken A. Potassium Molten Salt-Mediated In Situ Structural Reconstruction of a Carbon Nitride Photocatalyst. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:18898-18906. [PMID: 37018662 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) materials are at the forefront of photocatalytic applications. Nevertheless, the overall functionality and performance of bulk PCN are limited by rapid charge recombination, high chemical inertness, and inadequate surface-active sites. To address these, here, we employed potassium molten salts (K+X-, where X- is Cl-, Br-, and I-) as a template for the in situ generation of surface reactive sites in thermal pyrolyzed PCN. Theoretical calculations imply that addition of KX salts to PCN-forming monomers causes halogen ions to be doped into C or N sites of PCN with a relative trend of halogen ion doping being Cl < Br < I. The experimental results show that reconstructing C and N sites in PCN develops newer reactive sites that are beneficial for surface catalysis. Interestingly, the photocatalytic H2O2 generation rate of KBr-modified PCN was 199.0 μmol h-1, about three times that of bulk PCN. Owing to the simple and straightforward approach, we expect molten salt-assisted synthesis to have wide exploration in modifying PCN photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Toshali Bhoyar
- Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, 440010 Maharashtra, India
| | - B Moses Abraham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Dong Jin Kim
- School of Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Suresh S Umare
- Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, 440010 Maharashtra, India
| | - Devthade Vidyasagar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Aharon Gedanken
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
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6
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Zhang Y, Liu J. Bioinspired Photocatalytic NADH Regeneration by Covalently Metalated Carbon Nitride for Enhanced CO 2 Reduction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201430. [PMID: 35758216 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Natural photosynthesis is a highly unified biocatalytic system, which coupled cofactor (NAD(P)H) regeneration and enzymatic CO2 reduction efficiently for solar energy conversion. Mimicking nature, a novel system with Rh complex covalently grafted onto NH2 -functionalized polymeric carbon nitride (NH2 -PCN) was constructed. The integrated connection of the light-harvesting and electron mediation modules as Rhm3 -N-PCN could promote the efficient NAD+ reduction to NADH. As a result, the integrated system exhibited a conversion of ∼66 % within 20 minutes. By further coupling in situ generated NADH with formate dehydrogenase (FDH), a photoenzymatic production of formic acid (HCOOH) from CO2 was accomplished. Moreover, by immobilizing FDH onto a hydrophobic membrane, an enhanced HCOOH production of ∼5.0 mM can be obtained due to the concentrated CO2 on the gas-liquid-solid three-phase interface. Our work herein provides an integrated strategy for coupling the anchored electron mediator with immobilized enzyme for enhanced artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China) E-mail: l.qust.edu.cn.,Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China) E-mail: l.qust.edu.cn.,Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, P. R. China
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7
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Li B, Guo Z, Feng Y, Meng M, Pan Y, Zhang Y. Boosting Photosynthetic H 2O 2 of Polymeric Carbon Nitride by Layer Configuration Regulation and Fluoride-Potassium Double-Site Modification. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:43328-43338. [PMID: 36112467 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production will become a burgeoning strategy for solar energy utilization by selective oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) shows relatively high two-electron ORR selectivity for H2O2 production but still limited low H2O2 production efficiency due to slow exciton dissociation. Herein, we constructed a heptazine/triazine layer stacked carbon nitride heterojunction with fluorine/potassium (F/K) dual sites (FKHTCN). The introduction of F/K not only can regulate layer components to enhance the charge separation efficiency but, more importantly, also optimize the adsorption of surface oxygen molecules and intermediate *OOH during H2O2 production. Consequently, FKHTCN efficiently improves the photocatalytic H2O2 production rate up to 3380.9 μmol h-1 g-1, nearly 15 times higher than that of traditional PCN. Moreover, a production-utilization cascade system was designed to explore their practical application in environmental remediation. This work lays out the importance of engineering a layer-stacked configuration and active sites for enhancing photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binrong Li
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhiwei Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yonghai Feng
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Minjia Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yunxiang Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yingping Zhang
- College of Information Technology, Jilin Normal University, Jilin 136000, China
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8
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Fan T, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Ma X, Huang P, Zhang S, Chen Z, Wang M, Dong Y, Yi X. Unraveling the Interfacial Polarization Effect between Pd and Polymeric Carbon Nitride toward Efficient CO 2 Electroreduction to CO. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:12314-12322. [PMID: 35239316 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The efficient electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) using renewable energy is an effective route to pursue carbon neutrality. Optimizing the binding energy of CO on palladium (Pd) metal-based materials used in this process is to make sure the timely desorption of CO from their active sites is critical. Tuning the electronic structure of the Pd center is an effective strategy to optimize its catalytic performance. Herein, we rationally design Pd nanoparticles (NPs)/polymeric carbon nitride (CN) (Pd/CN) composite, which alters the electronic structure of Pd by introducing the interfacial polarization effect to accelerate CO desorption and improve CO selectivity of Pd catalyst. The optimized Pd/CN exhibits a CO Faradaic efficiency of 92.7% at -0.9 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode in CO2-saturated 0.1 M KHCO3 solution. Experimental investigations and theoretical calculations jointly confirm that the enhanced CO selectivity and stability originate from the electron transfer at the Pd/CN interface, and the weakened *CO adsorption on the palladium hydride surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jiguang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xintao Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Pingping Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shuhong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Chen
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Miao Wang
- College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Department of Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yunyun Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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9
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Zhu X, Ai C, Zeng Y, Shi W, Zhang X, Zhang H, Si H, Li J, Wang CZ, Lin S. Photodepositing CdS on the Active Cyano Groups Decorated g-C 3 N 4 in Z-Scheme Manner Promotes Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution. Small 2021; 17:e2102699. [PMID: 34396696 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
g-C3 N4 /CdS heterojunctions are potential photocatalysts for hydrogen production but their traditional type-II configuration generally leads to weak oxidative and reductive activity. How to construct the novel Z-scheme g-C3 N4 /CdS counterparts to address this issue remains a great challenge in this field. In this work, a new direct Z-scheme heterojunction of defective g-C3 N4 /CdS is designed by introducing cyano groups (NC-) as the active bridge sites. Experimental observations in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the unique electron-withdrawing feature of cyano groups in the defective g-C3 N4 /CdS heterostructure can endow this photocatalyst with numerous advantageous properties including high light absorption ability, strong redox performance, satisfactory charge separation efficiency, and long lifetime of charge carriers. Consequently, the resultant photocatalytic system exhibits more active performance than CdS and g-C3 N4 under visible light and reaches an excellent hydrogen evolution rate of 1809.07 µmol h-1 g-1 , which is 6.09 times higher than pristine g-C3 N4 . Moreover, the defective g-C3 N4 /CdS photocatalyst maintains good stability after 40 h continuous test. This work provides new insights into design and construction of Z-scheme heterojunctions for regulating the visible-light-induced photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Zilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodi Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Changzhi Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Yamei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Xidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Hewei Si
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Jin Li
- School of Science, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Zhuang Wang
- Ames Laboratory-U. S. Department of Energy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Shiwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
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10
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Wang L, Si W, Ye Y, Wang S, Hou F, Hou X, Cai H, Dou SX, Liang J. Cu-Ion-Implanted and Polymeric Carbon Nitride-Decorated TiO 2 Nanotube Array for Unassisted Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:44184-44194. [PMID: 34499482 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting over TiO2 photoanodes is a promising strategy for hydrogen production due to its eco-friendly, energy-saving, and low-cost nature. However, the intrinsic drawbacks of TiO2, i.e., the too wide band gap and rapid exciton recombination, significantly limit further enhancement of its performance. Herein, we report a TiO2 nanotube array (TNA), which is implanted by Cu ions and decorated by polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) nanosheets, as a photoanode for the high-efficiency PEC water splitting. In such designed material, Cu-ion implantation can effectively tailor the electronic structure of TiO2, thus narrowing the band gap and enhancing the electronic conductivity. Meanwhile, the PCN decoration induces TiO2/PCN heterojunctions, enhancing the visible light absorption and accelerating the exciton separation. Upon this synergistic effect, the modified TNA photoanode shows significantly improved PEC capability. Its photocurrent density, solar-to-hydrogen efficiency, and applied bias photon-to-current efficiency achieve 1.89 mA cm-2 at 1.23 VRHE (V vs reversible hydrogen electrode), 2.31%, and 1.20% at 0.46 VRHE, respectively. Importantly, this modified TNA supported on a meshlike Ti substrate can be readily integrated with a perovskite solar cell to realize unassisted PEC water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Wang
- Applied Physics Department, College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Wenping Si
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuhang Ye
- Applied Physics Department, College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Sihui Wang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Tianjin Sino-German University of Applied Sciences, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Feng Hou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinggang Hou
- Applied Physics Department, College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hongkun Cai
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shi Xue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ji Liang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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11
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Che H, Gao X, Chen J, Hou J, Ao Y, Wang P. Iodide-Induced Fragmentation of Polymerized Hydrophilic Carbon Nitride for High-Performance Quasi-Homogeneous Photocatalytic H 2 O 2 Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25546-25550. [PMID: 34535960 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) as a class of two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2 e- ORR) photocatalyst has attracted much attention for H2 O2 production. However, the low activity and inferior selectivity of 2 e- ORR greatly restrict the H2 O2 production efficiency. Herein, we develop a new strategy to synthesize hydrophilic, fragmented PCN photocatalyst by the terminating polymerization (TP-PCN) effect of iodide ions. The obtained TP-PCN with abundant edge active sites (AEASs), which can form quasi-homogeneous photocatalytic system, exhibits superior H2 O2 generation rate (3265.4 μM h-1 ), far surpassing PCN and other PCN-based photocatalysts. DFT calculations further indicate that TP-PCN is more favorable for electron transiting from β spin-orbital to the π* orbitals of O2 , which optimizes O2 activation and reduces the energy barrier of H2 O2 formation. This work provides a new concept for designing functional photocatalysts and understanding the mechanism of O2 activation in ORR for H2 O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Che
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1, Xikang road, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1, Xikang road, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1, Xikang road, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Jun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1, Xikang road, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yanhui Ao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1, Xikang road, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No.1, Xikang road, Nanjing, 210098, China
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12
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Qiu C, Sun Y, Xu Y, Zhang B, Zhang X, Yu L, Su C. Photoredox-Catalyzed Simultaneous Olefin Hydrogenation and Alcohol Oxidation over Crystalline Porous Polymeric Carbon Nitride. ChemSusChem 2021; 14:3344-3350. [PMID: 34180144 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Booming of photocatalytic water splitting technology (PWST) opens a new avenue for the sustainable synthesis of high-value-added hydrogenated and oxidized fine chemicals, in which the design of efficient semiconductors for the in-situ and synergistic utilization of photogenerated redox centers are key roles. Herein, a porous polymeric carbon nitride (PPCN) with a crystalline backbone was constructed for visible light-induced photocatalytic hydrogen generation by photoexcited electrons, followed by in-situ utilization for olefin hydrogenation. Simultaneously, various alcohols were selectively transformed to valuable aldehydes or ketones by photoexcited holes. The porosity of PPCN provided it with a large surface area and a short transfer path for photogenerated carriers from the bulk to the surface, and the crystalline structure facilitated photogenerated charge transfer and separation, thus enhancing the overall photocatalytic performance. High reactivity and selectivity, good functionality tolerance, and broad reaction scope were achieved by this concerted photocatalysis system. The results contribute to the development of highly efficient semiconductor photocatalysts and synergistic redox reaction systems based on PWST for high-value-added fine chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntian Qiu
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, P. R. China
| | - Yangsen Xu
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Bing Zhang
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, P. R. China
| | - Chenliang Su
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Center and International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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13
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Aleksandrzak M, Baca M, Pacia M, Wenelska K, Zielinska B, Kalenczuk RJ, Mijowska E. 0D, 1D, 2D molybdenum disulfide functionalized by 2D polymeric carbon nitride for photocatalytic water splitting. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:355703. [PMID: 34034236 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac04d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic activity of molybdenum disulfide structures with different dimensions (0D, 1D and 2D) functionalized with polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) is presented. MoS2nanotubes (1D), nanoflakes (2D) and quantum dots (0D, QDs) were used, respectively, as co-catalysts of PCN in photocatalytic water splitting reaction to evolve hydrogen. Although, 2D-PCN showed the highest light absorption in visible range and the most enhanced photocurrent response after irradiation with light from 460 to 727 nm, QDs-PCN showed the highest photocatalytic efficiency. The detailed analysis revealed that the superior photocatalytic activity of QDs-PCN in comparison with other structures of MoS2arose from (i) the most effective separation of photoexcited electron-hole pairs, (ii) the most enhanced up-converted photoluminescence (UCPL), (iii) the highest reactivity of electrons in conduction band. Moreover, a narrowed size of QDs affected shorter diffusion path of charge carriers to active reaction sites, higher number of the sites and higher interfacial area between molybdenum disulfide and PCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Aleksandrzak
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Martyna Baca
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Michał Pacia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Wenelska
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Zielinska
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ryszard J Kalenczuk
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Mijowska
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
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14
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Aleksandrzak M, Kijaczko M, Kukulka W, Baranowska D, Baca M, Zielinska B, Mijowska E. Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2021; 12:473-484. [PMID: 34104624 PMCID: PMC8144906 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine is found to be a suitable element for the modification of polymeric carbon nitride properties towards an efficient visible-light photocatalytic activity. In this study, chlorine-doped polymeric carbon nitride (Cl-PCN) has been examined as a photocatalyst in the hydrogen evolution reaction. The following aspects were found to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of Cl-PCN: (i) unique location of Cl atoms at the interlayers of PCN instead of on its π-conjugated planes, (ii) slight bandgap narrowing, (iii) lower recombination rate of the electron-hole pairs, (iv) improved photogenerated charge transport and separation, and (v) higher reducing ability of the photogenerated electrons. The above factors affected the 4.4-fold enhancement of the photocatalytic efficiency in hydrogen evolution in comparison to the pristine catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Aleksandrzak
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Michalina Kijaczko
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kukulka
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Daria Baranowska
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Martyna Baca
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Zielinska
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Mijowska
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
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15
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Li Y, Wang H, Zhang X, Wang S, Jin S, Xu X, Liu W, Zhao Z, Xie Y. Exciton-Mediated Energy Transfer in Heterojunction Enables Infrared Light Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12891-12896. [PMID: 33829645 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although a few semiconductors can directly absorb infrared light, their intrinsic properties like improper band-edge position and strong electron-hole interaction restrict further photocatalytic applications. Herein, we propose an exciton-mediated energy transfer strategy for realizing efficient infrared light response in heterostructures. Using black phosphorous/polymeric carbon nitride (BP/CN) heterojunction, CN could be indirectly excited by infrared light with the aid of nonradiatively exciton-based energy transfer from BP. At the same time, excitons are dissociated into free charge carriers at the interface of BP/CN heterojunction, followed by hole injection to BP and electron retainment in CN. As a result of these unique photoexcitation processes, BP/CN heterojunction exhibits promoted conversion rate and selectivity in amine-amine oxidative coupling reaction even under infrared light irradiation. This study opens a new way for the design of efficient infrared light activating photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjin Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Sen Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiaoliang Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhi Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.,Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230031, China
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16
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Zhang D, He W, Ye J, Gao X, Wang D, Song J. Polymeric Carbon Nitride-Derived Photocatalysts for Water Splitting and Nitrogen Fixation. Small 2021; 17:e2005149. [PMID: 33690963 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a promising energy conversion and environmental restoration technology. The main focus of photocatalysis is the development and manufacture of highly efficient photocatalysts. Semiconductor-based photocatalysis technology based on harnessing solar energy is considered as an attractive approach to solve the problems of global energy shortage and environmental pollution. Since 2009 pioneering work has been carried out on polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) for visible photocatalytic water splitting, thus PCN-based photocatalysis has become a hot research topic, demanding significant research attention. This article reviews the physical and chemical properties, synthesis methods, and the methods to control the morphology, heteroatom doping, and construction of heterojunctions to improve the performance of PCN-based photocatalysts in water splitting and nitrogen fixation. Through different design strategies, the photo-generated electron-hole pair separation efficiency of PCN materials can be effectively improved, thereby improving their photocatalytic performance. Finally, the challenges of PCN-based photocatalysts in water splitting and nitrogen fixation applications are discussed herein. It is strongly believed that through different design strategies, efficient PCN-based photocatalysts can be constructed for both water splitting and nitrogen reduction. These excellent modification strategies can be used as a guiding theory for photocatalytic reactions of other promising catalysts and further promote the development of photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan, 250200, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (MOE), and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Wen He
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan, 250200, P. R. China
| | - Jiamin Ye
- MOE key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xing Gao
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Qilu Institute of Technology, Jinan, 250200, P. R. China
| | - Debao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (MOE), and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Jibin Song
- MOE key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
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17
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Li J, Karjule N, Qin J, Wang Y, Barrio J, Shalom M. Low-Temperature Synthesis of Solution Processable Carbon Nitride Polymers. Molecules 2021; 26:1646. [PMID: 33809488 PMCID: PMC8000294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nitride materials require high temperatures (>500 °C) for their preparation, which entails substantial energy consumption. Furthermore, the high reaction temperature limits the materials' processability and the control over their elemental composition. Therefore, alternative synthetic pathways that operate under milder conditions are still very much sought after. In this work, we prepared semiconductive carbon nitride (CN) polymers at low temperatures (300 °C) by carrying out the thermal condensation of triaminopyrimidine and acetoguanamine under a N2 atmosphere. These molecules are isomers: they display the same chemical formula but a different spatial distribution of their elements. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments and electrochemical and photophysical characterization confirm that the initial spatial organization strongly determines the chemical composition and electronic structure of the materials, which, thanks to the preservation of functional groups in their surface, display excellent processability in liquid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (J.L.); (N.K.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Neeta Karjule
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (J.L.); (N.K.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jiani Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (J.L.); (N.K.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (J.L.); (N.K.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jesús Barrio
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (J.L.); (N.K.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, UK
| | - Menny Shalom
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (J.L.); (N.K.); (J.Q.); (Y.W.)
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18
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Huang Y, Jian Y, Li L, Li D, Fang Z, Dong W, Lu Y, Luo B, Chen R, Yang Y, Chen M, Shi W. A NIR-Responsive Phytic Acid Nickel Biomimetic Complex Anchored on Carbon Nitride for Highly Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5245-5249. [PMID: 33247495 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A challenge in photocatalysis consists in improving the efficiency by harnessing a large portion of the solar spectrum. We report the design and realization of a robust molecular-semiconductor photocatalytic system (MSPS) consisting of an earth-abundant phytic acid nickel (PA-Ni) biomimetic complex and polymeric carbon nitride (PCN). The MSPS exhibits an outstanding activity at λ=940 nm with high apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 2.8 %, particularly λ>900 nm, as it outperforms all reported state-of-the-art near-infrared (NIR) hybrid photocatalysts without adding any noble metals. The optimum hydrogen (H2 ) production activity was about 52 and 64 times higher with respect to its pristine counterpart under the AM 1.5 G and visible irradiation, respectively, being equivalent to the platinum-assisted PCN. This work sheds light on feasible avenues to prepare highly active, stable, cheap NIR-harvesting photosystems toward sustainable and scalable solar-to-H2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyong Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Jian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Longhua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Di Li
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyuan Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Weixuan Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yahui Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Bifu Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Ruijie Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yingchen Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
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19
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Ren J, Lin L, Lieutenant K, Schulz C, Wong D, Gimm T, Bande A, Wang X, Petit T. Role of Dopants on the Local Electronic Structure of Polymeric Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts. Small Methods 2021; 5:e2000707. [PMID: 34927893 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) is a promising class of materials for solar-to-chemical energy conversion. The increase of the photocatalytic activity of PCN is often achieved by the incorporation of heteroatoms, whose impact on the electronic structure of PCN remains poorly explored. This work reveals that the local electronic structure of PCN is strongly altered by doping with sulfur and iron using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). From XAS at the carbon and nitrogen K-edges, sulfur atoms are found to mostly affect carbon atoms, in contrast to iron doping mostly altering nitrogen sites. In RIXS at the nitrogen K-edge, a vibrational progression, affected by iron doping, is evidenced, which is attributed to a vibronic coupling between excited electrons in nitrogen atoms and C-N stretching modes in PCN heterocycling rings. This work opens new perspectives for the characterization of vibronic coupling in polymeric photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ren
- Institute for Nanospectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, Berlin, 12489, Germany
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Lihua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Klaus Lieutenant
- Department of Methods for Characterization of Transport Phenomena in Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, Berlin, 12489, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Department of Methods for Characterization of Transport Phenomena in Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, Berlin, 12489, Germany
| | - Deniz Wong
- Department of Methods for Characterization of Transport Phenomena in Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, Berlin, 12489, Germany
| | - Thorren Gimm
- Joint Research Group Simulation of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin, 14109, Germany
| | - Annika Bande
- Young Investigator Group Theory of Electron Dynamics and Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin, 14109, Germany
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tristan Petit
- Institute for Nanospectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, Berlin, 12489, Germany
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20
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Tian J, Wang M, Shen M, Ma X, Hua Z, Zhang L, Shi J. Highly Efficient and Selective CO 2 Electro-Reduction to HCOOH on Sn Particle-Decorated Polymeric Carbon Nitride. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:6442-6448. [PMID: 33107175 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical conversion of CO2 into liquid fuels by efficient and earth-abundant catalysts is of broad interest but remains a great challenge in renewable energy production and environmental remediation. Herein, a Sn particle-decorated polymeric carbon nitride (CN) electrocatalyst was successfully developed for efficient, durable, and highly selective CO2 reduction to formic acid. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that the metallic Sn particles and CN matrix are bound by strong chemical interaction, rendering the composite catalyst a stable structure. More notably, the electronic structure of Sn was well tuned to be highly electron-rich due to the electron transfer from N atoms of CN to Sn atoms via metal-support interactions, which favored the adsorption and activation of CO2 molecules, promoted charge transport, and thus enhanced the electrochemical conversion of CO2 . The composite electrocatalyst demonstrated an excellent Faradaic efficiency of formic acid (FEHCOOH ) up to 96±2 % at the potential of -0.9 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, which remained at above 92 % during the electrochemical reaction of 10 h, indicating that the present Sn particle-decorated polymeric carbon nitride electrocatalyst is among the best in comparison with reported Sn-based electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Meng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, 19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zile Hua
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Lingxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
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21
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Meng A, Teng Z, Zhang Q, Su C. Intrinsic Defects in Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Photocatalysis Applications. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3405-3415. [PMID: 32902148 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Introducing intrinsic defects in polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) without the addition of exotic atoms have been verified as an available strategy to boost the photocatalytic performance. This minireview focuses on the fundamental classifications and positive roles of intrinsic defects in PCN for photocatalysis applications. The intrinsic defects in PCN are classified into several types, such as nitrogen vacancy, carbon vacancy and derivative functional groups such as cyano, amino and cyanamide groups. The critical roles of these defects on the electronic configuration, charge transfer and surface properties of PCN are also carefully classified and elaborated. Furthermore, the photocatalysis applications of the defective PCN including photocatalytic water splitting, N2 fixation, H2 O2 production, CO2 reduction and NO removal are summarized. In the end, the challenges and opportunities of defect chemistry in PCN for photocatalysis field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyun Meng
- International Collaboration Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyuan Teng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, 804-8550, Japan
| | - Qitao Zhang
- International Collaboration Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Chenliang Su
- International Collaboration Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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22
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Zhen W, Yuan X, Shi X, Xue C. Grafting Molecular Cobalt-oxo Cubane Catalyst on Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Efficient Photocatalytic Water Oxidation. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2480-2486. [PMID: 32558309 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have successfully constructed a cobalt-oxo (CoIII 4 O4 ) cubane complex on polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) through pyridine linkage. The covalently grafted CoIII 4 O4 cubane units were uniformly distributed on the PCN surface. The product exhibited greatly enhanced photocatalytic activities for water oxidation under visible-light irradiation. Further characterizations and spectroscopic analyses revealed that the grafted CoIII 4 O4 cubane units could effectively capture the photogenerated holes from excited PCN, lower the overpotential of oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and serve as efficient catalysts to promote the multi-electron water oxidation process. This work provides new insight into the future development of efficient photocatalysts by grafting molecular catalysts for artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xu Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiangyan Shi
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Can Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
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23
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Giusto P, Cruz D, Heil T, Arazoe H, Lova P, Aida T, Comoretto D, Patrini M, Antonietti M. Shine Bright Like a Diamond: New Light on an Old Polymeric Semiconductor. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1908140. [PMID: 31995254 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Brilliance usually refers to the light reflected by the facets of a gemstone such as diamond due to its high refractive index. Nowadays, high-refractive-index materials find application in many optical and photonic devices and are mostly of inorganic nature. However, these materials are usually obtained by toxic or expensive production processes. Herein, the synthesis of a thin-film organic semiconductor, namely, polymeric carbon nitride, by thermal chemical vapor deposition is presented. Among polymers, this organic material combines the highest intrinsic refractive index reported so far with high transparency in the visible spectrum, even reaching the range of diamond. Eventually, the herein presented deposition of high quality thin films and their optical characteristics open the way for numerous new applications and devices in optics, photonics, and beyond based on organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Giusto
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Cruz
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tobias Heil
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hiroki Arazoe
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Paola Lova
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Davide Comoretto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Maddalena Patrini
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Via Bassi, 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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24
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Zhen W, Yuan X, Ning X, Gong X, Xue C. Building Oxime-Ni 2+ Complex on Polymeric Carbon Nitride: Molecular-Level Design of Highly Efficient Hydrogen Generation Photocatalysts. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:868-876. [PMID: 31816223 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report an effective strategy to in situ construct the oxime-Ni2+ complex unit on polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) as a molecular catalyst for the highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The PCN was functionalized with oxime groups that allowed for immobilizing Ni2+ to form oxime-Ni2+ complex units on the PCN surface with uniform distribution. The electrochemical characterizations reveal that these oxime-Ni2+ units can effectively capture photogenerated electrons from PCN and serve as active catalytic sites for proton reduction. Notably, the oxime-Ni2+ enriched PCN showed even higher activities for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution than the Pt-loaded PCN. This work provides a new way to synthesize low-cost photocatalysts with surface grafting of noble-metal-free molecular HER catalysts for efficient light-driven hydrogen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 Singapore
| | - Xu Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 Singapore
| | - Xiaofeng Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , P. R. China
| | - Xuezhong Gong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 Singapore
| | - Can Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 Singapore
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25
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Aleksandrzak M, Jedrzejczak-Silicka M, Sielicki K, Piotrowska K, Mijowska E. Size-Dependent in Vitro Biocompatibility and Uptake Process of Polymeric Carbon Nitride. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:47739-47749. [PMID: 31774643 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN), which demonstrates unique properties, has been widely explored, mostly in photocatalysis; however, the evaluation of its biocompatibility is still needed. Herein, the cytocompatibility of PCN with different lateral size distributions (A-PCN with 160 nm, B-PCN with 20 nm, and C-PCN with 10 nm dominating lateral sizes) was investigated. The viability of three cell lines (L929, MCF-7, and HepG2) has been determined using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), neutral red uptake (NRU), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assays. It was found that the highest cytotoxicity of PCN was observed for flakes with a lateral size of ∼20 nm (B-PCN) in three cell lines after 48 h of exposition. The uptake process of B-PCN sheets labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) by cells was also the most effective. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed the nanomaterial distribution throughout the cytoplasm and perinuclear region. The results demonstrated the correlation among size, internalization process, and cytocompatibility of the tested polymeric carbon nitride structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Aleksandrzak
- Department of Physicochemistry of Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering , West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin , Piastow Ave. 42 , 71-065 Szczecin , Poland
| | - Magdalena Jedrzejczak-Silicka
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics , West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin , Klemensa Janickiego 29 , 71-270 Szczecin Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sielicki
- Department of Physicochemistry of Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering , West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin , Piastow Ave. 42 , 71-065 Szczecin , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piotrowska
- Department of Physiology , Pomeranian Medical University , Powstancow Wlkp. 72 , 70-111 Szczecin , Poland
| | - Ewa Mijowska
- Department of Physicochemistry of Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering , West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin , Piastow Ave. 42 , 71-065 Szczecin , Poland
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26
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Li Y, Kong T, Shen S. Artificial Photosynthesis with Polymeric Carbon Nitride: When Meeting Metal Nanoparticles, Single Atoms, and Molecular Complexes. Small 2019; 15:e1900772. [PMID: 30977981 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis for solar water splitting and CO2 reduction to produce hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels has been considered as one of the most promising ways to solve increasingly serious energy and environmental problems. As a well-documented metal-free semiconductor, polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) has been widely used and intensively investigated for photocatalytic water splitting and CO2 reduction, owing to its physicochemical stability, visible-light response, and facile synthesis. However, PCN as a photocatalyst still suffers from the fast recombination of electron-hole pairs and poor water redox reaction kinetics, greatly restricting its activity for artificial photosynthesis. Among the various modification approaches developed so far, decorating PCN with metals in different existences of nanoparticles, single atoms and molecular complexes, has been evidently very effective to overcome these limitations to improve photocatalytic performances. In this Review article, a systematic introduction to the state-of-the-art metal/PCN photocatalyst systems is given, with metals in versatility of nanoparticles, single atoms, and molecular complexes. Then, the recent processes of the metal/PCN photocatalyst systems in the applications of artificial photosynthesis, e.g., water splitting and CO2 reduction, are reviewed. Finally, the remaining challenges and opportunities for the development of high efficiency metal/PCN photocatalyst systems are presented and prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrui Li
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tingting Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Shaohua Shen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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27
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Nimbalkar DB, Stas M, Hou SS, Ke SC, Wu JJ. Microscopic Revelation of Charge-Trapping Sites in Polymeric Carbon Nitrides for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity by Correlating with Chemical and Electronic Structures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:19087-19095. [PMID: 31062573 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The influences of chemical and electronic structures on the photophysical properties of polymeric carbon nitrides (PCNs) photocatalysts, which govern the microscopic mechanisms of the superior photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation, have been resolved in this work. Time-resolved photoluminescence and in situ electron paramagnetic resonance measurements indicate that the photoexcited electrons in the fractured PCNs swiftly transfer to the C2p-localized states where the trapped photoelectrons exhibit longer lifetime compared to those in the ordinary PCNs. Moreover, the structure deviation at the carbon (Cb) atoms around the bridging sites of heptazine ring units, where trapped photoelectrons are localized, has been determined in the fractured PCNs based on the 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and the density functional theory calculations. Accordingly, the formation of fractured PCNs by breaking the in-plane hydrogen bonds at a high temperature is a promising strategy for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak B Nimbalkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 70101 , Taiwan
- Department of Physics , National Dong Hwa University , Hualien 97401 , Taiwan
| | - Monika Stas
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Molecular Modeling , Opole University , Opole 45052 , Poland
| | - Sheng-Shu Hou
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 70101 , Taiwan
| | - Shyue-Chu Ke
- Department of Physics , National Dong Hwa University , Hualien 97401 , Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jen Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan 70101 , Taiwan
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28
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Hayat A, Rahman MU, Khan I, Khan J, Sohail M, Yasmeen H, Liu SY, Qi K, Lv W. Conjugated Electron Donor⁻Acceptor Hybrid Polymeric Carbon Nitride as a Photocatalyst for CO 2 Reduction. Molecules 2019; 24:E1779. [PMID: 31071946 PMCID: PMC6539331 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work incorporates a variety of conjugated donor-acceptor (DA) co-monomers such as 2,6-diaminopurine (DP) into the structure of a polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) backbone using a unique nanostructure co-polymerization strategy and examines its photocatalytic activity performance in the field of photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO and H2 under visible light irradiation. The as-synthesized samples were successfully analyzed using different characterization methods to explain their electronic and optical properties, crystal phase, microstructure, and their morphology that influenced the performance due to the interactions between the PCN and the DPco-monomer. Based on the density functional theory (DFT) calculation result, pure PCN and CNU-DP15.0 trimers (interpreted as incorporation of the co-monomer at two different positions) were extensively evaluated and exhibited remarkable structural optimization without the inclusion of any symmetry constraints (the non-modified sample derived from urea, named as CNU), and their optical and electronic properties were also manipulated to control occupation of their respective highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Also, co-polymerization of the donor-acceptor 2,6-diamino-purine co-monomer with PCN influenced the chemical affinities, polarities, and acid-base functions of the PCN, remarkably enhancing the photocatalytic activity for the production of CO and H2 from CO2 by 15.02-fold compared than that of the parental CNU, while also improving the selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Hayat
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Mati Ur Rahman
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Iltaf Khan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 158308, China.
| | - Javid Khan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Environment and Energy Chemistry of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Humaira Yasmeen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Shu-Yuan Liu
- Department of pharmacology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China.
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China.
| | - Kezhen Qi
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China.
| | - Wenxiu Lv
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China.
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29
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Zang S, Zhang G, Yang P, Zheng D, Wang X. Polymeric Donor-Acceptor Heterostructures for Enhanced Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution without Using Pt Cocatalysts. Chemistry 2019; 25:6102-6107. [PMID: 30834604 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric carbon nitride (CN) is a promising material for photocatalytic water splitting. However, CN in its pristine form tends to show moderate activity due to fast recombination of the charge carriers. The design of efficient photocatalytic system is therefore highly desired, but it still remains a great challenge in chemistry. In this work, a pyrene-based polymer able to serve as an electron donor to accelerate the interface charge carrier transfer of CN is presented. The construction of donor-acceptor (D-A) heterojunction was confirmed to significantly restrain the charge recombination and, thus, improve the proton reduction process. This study provides a promising strategy to achieve solar H2 production in an efficient and low-cost manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohong Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Guigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Pengju Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
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30
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Barrio J, Lin L, Amo-Ochoa P, Tzadikov J, Peng G, Sun J, Zamora F, Wang X, Shalom M. Unprecedented Centimeter-Long Carbon Nitride Needles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications. Small 2018; 14:e1800633. [PMID: 29682900 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Free standing centimeter-long 1D nanostructures are highly attractive for electronic and optoelectronic devices due to their unique photophysical and electrical properties. Here a simple, large-scale synthesis of centimeter-long 1D carbon nitride (CN) needles with tunable photophysical, electric, and catalytic properties is reported. Successful growth of ultralong needles is acquired by the utilization of 1D organic crystal precursors comprised of CN monomers as reactants. Upon calcination at high temperatures, the shape of the starting crystal is fully preserved while the CN composition and porosity, and optical and electrical properties can be easily tuned by tailoring the starting elements ratio and final calcination temperature. The facile manipulation and visualization of the CN needles endow their direct electrical measurements by placing them between two conductive probes. Moreover, the CN needles exhibit good photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production owing to their improved light harvesting properties, high surface area, and advantageous energy bands position. The new growth strategy developed here may open opportunities for a rational design of CN and other metal-free materials with controllable directionality and tunable photophysical and electronic properties, toward their utilization in (photo)electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Barrio
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Lihua Lin
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Gong Ye Road 523, Fuzhou, Fujian, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Pilar Amo-Ochoa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonathan Tzadikov
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Guiming Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Jingwen Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Félix Zamora
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xinchen Wang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Gong Ye Road 523, Fuzhou, Fujian, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Menny Shalom
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
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